Analysis of Intake System for Modern Pelton

Wheel
Reduce Irreversibilities during Passive
Actions..
deepak kumar
Professor
Mechanical Engineering Department
General Layout of Intake system for HEPP
Power Tunnels : Constant Pressure & Accelerating
Flow
High Pressure Piping : Penstock
General Design of Under Ground Power Tunnels
Optimum Diameter of Power Tunnel
With increasing diameter,
the head losses and consequent energy losses in a power
tunnel decreases,
While construction cost increases.
The objection of economic analysis is to minimize total
annual costs.
Total cost consists of the annual charges from the
investment and monetary value of lost energy.

The energy lost per day
The energy loss during particular day i, due to friction is:
i
i
i
t
D
fQ
E A
|
|
.
|

\
|
= A
5
3
7 . 0
Energy loss, AE
Darcy Weisbach friction factor, f
Discharge through tubine system, Q
Duration of plant running, At
i
(h/day)

Monetary Loss due to Unavailable Energy & Annual
Capital Cost

=
A
|
.
|

\
|
=
N
i
i i
t Q
D
f
e ML
1
3
5
7 . 0
Annual Capital cost:
2
D n CRF C =
CRF : Capital Recovery Factor
n= Economic scaling factor
Total annual cost, T = ML+C
Niagara Hydro Power Project
The Niagara Plant Group operates hydroelectric generating
stations on the Niagara River and at DeCew Falls in
St.Catharines.
These stations have a total capacity of 2,278 MW.
SIR ADAM BECK I 498MW.
SIR ADAM BECK II 1,499MW.
Currently constructing the Niagara Tunnel which will
further increase the output from the Sir Adam Beck
complex by 14%.





HEPP with Pelton Wheel
Parts of Advanced Pelton Turbine
The main components of a Pelton turbine are:
(i) water distributor and casing,
(ii) nozzle and deflector with their operating mechanism,
(iii) runner with buckets,
(iv) shaft with bearing,
(v) auxiliary nozzle.
Auxiliary nozzle is used as brake for reducing the speed
during shut down.
The runner is located above maximum tail water to permit
operation at atmospheric pressure.

Key Parts of Pelton Turbine
Jet Coverage by Bucket during Displacement
Design of Nozzle is of Prime importance in Pelton Wheel
Nozzle used in 62.5 MW Pelton Wheel
Mechanism of Control of Jet dimensions
The Nozzle and Jet : A Key Step in Design
o
|
d
0

d
jet,VC

Free Surface Shape for Maximum Power
Geometrical Relations for Nozzle
The values of varies between 20 to 30
whereas varies from 30 to 45.
Industrial Correlations for Jet Area variation with
stroke
Optimal value of Outlet jet area, a
o

2
Bs As a
o
=
s is the displacement of spear
( )
( ) o |
o |
o t

=
sin
sin 2
o
r A
( )( )
( ) o |
o o | o | t

=
2
2
sin
sin sin sin
B
Geometrical Relations for Nozzle
d
O

2d
O
2.4d
O

5d
O
9d
O

0.8d
O
0.9d
O

1.2d
O
1.4d
O

1.1d
O
1.3d
O

Performance Analysis of Nozzle-Spear Valve
Ideal Nozzle-spear Valve:
constant
2
2
= + + gz
V
p

Along flow direction
friction total
p p
V
p
- constant
2
2
= = +

Real Nozzle-spear Valve:

penstock
penstock
friction
d
fLV
p
2
4
2

= A
2
9 . 0
Re
74 . 5
7 . 3
log
0625 . 0

(
(

+
=
h
D
k
f
Pipe Material Absolute Roughness, e
micron
(unless noted)
drawn brass 1.5
drawn copper 1.5
commercial steel 45
wrought iron 45
asphalted cast iron 120
galvanized iron 150
cast iron 260
wood stave 0.2 to 0.9 mm
concrete 0.3 to 3 mm
riveted steel 0.9 to 9 mm