BASICS & TRANSFORMS IN

SIGNAL & IMAGE PROCESSING

Dr. ILA.VENNILA
Associate Professor,
EEE Dept.,
PSG College of Technology,
Coimbatore.







Date:15-12-2011
Basis vectors
x = [ 1 0 0], y = [ 0 1 0] , z = [ 0 0 1]



Let Vector A = [3 1 2]

A = 3x+1y+2z

Any vector can be expressed as linear
combination of basis vectors









Basic Vector

x1 = [ 1 0 0], y1 = [ 0 1 0] , z1 = [ 0 0 1] - Basis vectors

A = [3 2 5]

A = 3x+2y+5z

So x1,y1,z1 is span of R
3


x2 = [ 1 0 0], y2 = [ 1 1 0] , z2 = [ 0 0 1]

A= we cant form vector using x2,y2,z2

So x2,y2,z2 is not span of R
3











Span R
3
A = [3 1 2]


Magnitude =
= 3.742

Normalized A = [3 1 2] / 3.742

= [0.8017 0.2672 0.5345 ]

2 2 2
2 1 3 + +
Normalization
Orthogonal
Two Vectors a and b are said to be orthogonal if
their dot product is zero
a=[ 2 2 -1] , b = [ -1 2 2]
a.*b = [ 2 2 -1]



Every vector is perpendicular to every other vector
0
2
2
1
=
(
(
(

+
+

Orthonormal
Two Vectors a1 and a2 are said to be orthonormal

a1=[ 1 0 1] , a2 = [ 1 1 -1], b1 = [ 0 1 1], b2 = [ 0 1 0]

a1.*b1 = [ 1 0 1]


a2.*b1 = [ 1 1 -1]


1
1
1
0
=
(
(
(

0
1
1
0
=
(
(
(

a1=[ 1 0 1] , a2 = [ 1 1 -1], b1 = [ 0 1 1], b2 = [ 0 1 0]

a1.*b2 = [ 1 0 1]


a2.*b2 = [ 1 1 -1]



Now a1 and a2 are orthonormal
a
i
.b
j
= 0
= 1
0
0
1
0
=
(
(
(

1
0
1
0
=
(
(
(

j i =
j i =
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Polyphase structure
X

x
0
x
1
x
2
X = x
0
+x
1
+x
2