Relationship between CPA and DA

The two are often equated with each other DA has flourished within the larger corpus of CPA literature The theory of prismatic society has influenced theorising in development administration In many countries, enclave development has been promoted through introduction of micro-institutions to push through development within the framework of underdevelopments

Bureaucracy and Development

Is bureaucracy a hindrance or vehicle for development? How bureaucracy has changed over time? From being a vehicle of maintaining status-quo to being development oriented. What is the current position on the idea of development and to achieve it what should be the role/size of bureaucracy? Comparison with other countries What bureaucracy has (as per Weber) and what does development need?

Can bureaucracy be the right instrument for undertaking the development of any country?
Alleged that bureaucracy is status-quo oriented o Development needs change o

Table 1

Bureaucracy has Hierarchy well laid out graded strict subordinate superior relationship

Advantages for development Well-defined division of work Reduces friction between officials by clearly defining sphere of competence Effective coordination through a well laid out machinery

Disadvantages Policy decisions made at the top only Non-participative approach towards people and subordinates. High-handedness of bureaucrats. we know the best ideology

Recruitment based on merit

Ensures best talents take up to the task of development

Does not permit people like activists and others on grassroot who have actual experience in leading development programmes to take charge of those programmes Not oriented to the changing conditions at the grassroot Makes the bureaucrats complacent and indifferent

Career service system

Ensures that persons have worked at the grassroots level

before getting promoted and making policies

as their job is not at stake Takes away their initiative as there is no reward or punishment

Strict adherence to laws, rules, regulations and precedents / Rule orientation

Removes arbitrariness. Decisions are unambiguous and continuity in decisions

Selznick: Excessive rule orientation may lead to goal displacement Follow rules blindly Takes away the initiative and discretion of the public servant Red-tapism and delay in programme implementation May lead to corruption through speed money Neutrality taken as a cover for bureaucratic apathy Merton: complete anonymity and value neutrality militate against the concept of public service

Anonymity and neutrality

Removes the inhibition towards taking initiatives as anonymity persists

Rationality and impersonality

<complete rationality anyways is not possible Simon> Makes the public servant completely insensitive to the feelings of the citizens

But what does development need?

Very difficult to agree on a definition of development Dependency theory to capabilities approach But development has at least two components o People centred o Involves the questions of change and values Development needs o Quick decision making o Initiative of the public servant

o o o o

Innovation Proper design Goal orientation Change orientation

Women and Development

How is the status of women related to development? / Bring forth clearly the relationship between development of women and achievement of MDGs. What are the problem areas in relation to women and development? Has administration been inclusive of women in development? What strategies can be implemented to make women a participant in development Discuss the role of SHGs in development What are the problems of SHGs What are the positives of SHGs? Limitations? What changes to implement? Put some examples of effective participation of women in development from India and other countries

How is the status of women related to development?

Status of women is closely bound to other development issues o UNDP head Helen Clark had described investment in women as key to striving for MDGs Sexual and reproductive health services, girls education and womens legal rights all require investment in women. all these also related to MDGs Health of women closely related to the health of the child. Hence development programmes at aim at improving health outcomes must begin at the level of women and involve them Economic power of women HDR adjusted for gender inequality

What are the problem areas in relation to women and development?

Economic o Legal hurdles stand in the way of women accessing financial services. For example: Women (without land) are not recognized as farmers in India. So, they cannot get agricultural credit. This is despite the fact that women constitute a sizable portion of agricultural labourers. o Sometimes social customs inhibit womens right of inheritance o Women carry a disproportionate burden of unpaid work

Discuss the role of SHGs in development

Some examples of effective participation of women in development from India and other countries SHG movement in India Kudumbshree in Kerala

State-vs-Market
The debate is not a new one. It has been in continuous existence ever since the publication of The Wealth of Nations by Adam Smith Smith and Ricardo made case for free markets, laissez-faire Communists argued for total control of the market by the state With the emergence of Keynesianism the role of state was enhanced In the 1940s the debate was essentially between Keynes and Hayek The question assumed even more significance with the liberation of a former colonies o They were faced with the question of development and which path to take After the end of the cold war, market became the pre-dominant paradigm. Washington Consensus

Why did the debate emerge? Shift in the stance of public policy since 1980s Thatcherism and Reaganism Emergence of New Right Public Choice theory Emergence of the competition state What is the debate? Roll back of the state resulted in deregulation, privatisation and introduction of marketoriented reforms in public services This has led to a pro-market and anti-state philosophy Milton Friedman contributed to this That market and not the state has to be the central actor in the new political economy Government is less efficient than markets over providing services to individuals What is its objective? Slim the state and liberate the market forces Import market concepts and incentives into the working of the government itself Take measures to reduce the relative size and expanse of public expenditure and also to cut down the range of functions that the government performs Views and counterviews
Table 2

Pro-state Joan Robinson: Invisible hand of the state might work by strangulation

Pro-market Paul Streeten: The state does not optimize anything, neither public welfare nor self-interest.

Synthesis/State market cooperation

Sen and Dreze: Success of market is dependent on the nature of state action. The state action is context dependent Bhaduri and Nayar: creative cooperation between the two. State must create physical and social infrastructure. Functional, institutional and strategic interventions should be made. Functional: remedy market failure Institutional: setting rules of the game Strategic: guide the market to attain long term objectives of development The state must not abandon its efforts for development in the name of LPG Socially Responsible Market Economy (SRME) proposed by Indian economists: reorienting role of state through joint sector, strengthen social service, infrastructure development. <how is it any different?> SRME emphasises on self-discipline, peer pressure and adherence to codes of conduct by all economic players What changes did policy bring about? World Bank and the Washington Consensus Structural adjustment programmes Role of the state in a market economy 1. Provide a legal framework and maintain law and order, including the enforcement of contracts, property rights etc 2. Come up with anti-monopolistic and anti-restrictive practices laws 3. Can intervene in the process of price formation, production and finance to make markets function better 4. Human resource development 5. Physical infrastructure like irrigation, roads, electricity and communication

How? : The Change

Governed Market paradigm State intervention in market through o Subsidies and distortion of relative prices (can help economic growth through some protection) o Control of credit markets (eg. recent economic crisis) o Promoting economic choices (eg. Promotion of sustainable energy) o Investment and production outcomes that would not have been possible through the ordinary working of the market. o Protection of citizens interests (eg. Regulation of GM food) o Maintaining a stable economy (eg. Again India and the economic crisis) The success of East Asian economies of Japan, Taiwan, Korea, HK etc which have been dependent on markets, was to a large extent due to the Governed Market paradigm.

What ways should state institutions change? Become responsive to the needs of people

WDR 2000-01: Attacking Poverty says that Pub Ad should o Implement policies efficiently o Be responsive to the needs of the people o Redistribute resources for activities that benefit the needy WDR 2002: Building Institutions for Market o Weak institutions.... hurt poor people and hinder development WDR 2004: Making services work for poor people o Warns that broad improvements in human welfare will not occur unless poor people receive wider access to affordable, better quality services in health, education, water, sanitation, and electricity. o These services are essentially state provided. Hence the state has a crucial role in development and enhancing human welfare.

Gist of it all The debate is no longer valid o Neither a liberal state nor an interventionist state can ensure development Pro-market reforms are essential for promoting economic growth But this does not negate the role of the state State is needed to transform this growth into development by thwarting the negative consequences of such reforms through suitable interventions. <eg. Social security schemes, education etc> Revitalising public institutions is very important to counteract the negative consequences emanating from LPG A state which pays little attention to the economic suffering and marginalisation of a significant proportion of its population not only discredits itself but also the market process through which such marginalisation occurs. The states role hence is very vital for the success of the market processes. At the same time, today PA has transformed to include three players in governance o State o Market o Civil Society What is needed is not less government, but a better and different type of government

Impact of Liberalisation
What has happened in general due to liberalisation? Public sphere is shrinking Emergence of the corporate state Emergence of regulatory state Osborne and Gaebler Reinventing Government Impact on administration The biggest challenge for administration is to recast the role of the state Need to evolve a new regulatory state with an expended agenda.