Professional Documents
Culture Documents
New Profieciency PassKey
New Profieciency PassKey
Workbook
NICK KENNY
hssKEY
A MACMILLN
Macmillan Education
Acknowledgements
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Text @ Nick Kenny 2002 Design and illustraiion @ Macmillan publishers Limited 2002 First published 2002
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Contents
Introduction
IV
Unit 1
unit 2
Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit 5 Unit 6 Unit 7 Unit 8 Unit 9
Unit
Times 5 call of the wild 15 A Word in your Ear 24 A Fine Romance 33 All Right on the Night 43 Tip of my Tongue 52 A Matter of Taste 62 Go your own Way 71
Sign of the
Nose to the
Grindstone 80
89 97
Introduction
Ihis Workbook is designed to be used alongside the Student's Book and the exercises in each unit are generally based on the themes and topics found in the Student's Book.
Each unit in the Wo.tUoot lncludes a wide variety of tasks and exercises, all designed to help you develop your vocabulary and practise the reading, writing and Use of English skills you need to pass the revised Cambridge Certificate of Proficiency in English examination (CPE). Even if you are not following a course based on the Student's Book, you will find the exercises useful.
well as giving you practice in the exam-style tasks and exercises, this Workbook also has a number of other important features:
As
. r
o
. . . . .
vocabularydevelopment
practice in the use of idiomatic expressions and phrasal verbs
tv
Find as many words as possible connected with the topic of hamburgers in the grid. Words may run horizontally or vertically. One has been done for you as an example.
TA K E AWA Y L YO MN I P R E S HB H AMB U R G AJ CUPRHVRXE RF ROZENRITL DA STRAWPLUI RS AEICONLNS OT HOLWILLBH CF GROUNDJUR KO AAKMCDONA CO HELENBEEF AD SEASONING FR I E S C C HA EH C O K E AMB
Ingredients
Accessories
A E E
c ow
TKL WHM MA E GMA LBT OUL BRS AGE LDS ILA Z NM ERE ND E
Methods/Processes
N
R
I L
Divide the words you have found into groups under these five headings:
Opinions/ldeas Places/Companies
READING: Comprehension 1 Now think about another type of food - pasta. Think of as many words
Ingredients
Accessories
as
pasta and put them under the five headings. Do you need any other headings?
Opinions/ldeas Places/Companies
5W
UNIT
2 3
Read the first part of this article about pasta quickly. How many of the words on your lists can you find in the
article?
Read the text more carefully and answer the questions which follow.
Plonet Posto
Pasta,
it is not part of the local cooking tradition, it is still generally available. All the more
extraordinary, therefore, that sales of pasta in Britain should have increased 48% between 1991 and 1995, and continue to do so. A similar trend has been registered in France and the USA. Only the Italians, it seems, are consuming less of the stuff. So, what lies behind this trend?
it is no more than a savoury depository for other flavours: those of its innumerable
sauces.
10
This combinatory capacity, of course, is one of the reasons for the ubiquity of pasta. rJThatever your most prized and available
flavours (fish, meat, fungi or vegetables), they can be combined with pasta, and this factor allowed it to migrate from its original Asian
15
First, let us consider pasta itself. Apart from putting a slab of meat on a fire, boiling an egg or eating vegetables ra% no dish in the world is much simpler than pasta. It consists of flour, egg and water. It is dropped into boiling water and requires no more skill in cooking than boiling an egg. Like an egg, it is appetizing or unappetizing according to the amount of time it is cooked, and like an egg there is some variation in the cooking time, depending on whether you like it soft or prefer it to retain its
resilience. However, where other staples like rice or bread have survived and are eaten more or less as is.
home to Italy, whose main foodstuff it has long been. It also permitted chefs around the world to experiment and invent means by which its flavour could be enhanced.
is also cheap, democratic, filling and nutritious. Its carbohydmtes provide quickly convertible energy and whatever you add to it simply adds to its nutritional value. Finally, though there are some people who don't eat some of those additional ingredients, you would be hard put to find anyone who doesn't
Pasta like it.
in
I 2 I 4 5
What is it about pasta that the writer finds so surprising in paragraph one? What essential quality of pasta is the focus of paragraph two? Which word in paragraph three describes the group of foods to which pasta belongs? In your own words, explain what the writer means by'this combinatory capacity'. (line 32)
In your own words, explain what the writer means by the phrase 'you would be hard put to find...'? (lines 47-48)
UNIT1
Now read a continuation of the article and answer the questions which follow.
of the most ubiquitous food items in \Testern culture in recent years. The food's obvious qualities of taste and texture don't fully explain this, however, and I would like to suggest that a number of economic and social factors have played a part. The first and most important of these is the new democracy of the kitchen; the fact that neither meal-times nor the symbolic importance of the dinner table retain their former formality. Pasta is a rough-and-ready, quicklyprepared food fix. As it meets with universal favour and takes no great effort, it is available to all, and at any time. One cannot underestimate what this new ease of eating, at any time, under any circumstances means. It means freedom from planning because the ingredients are always available; it means quick and pungent satisfaction of appetite allied with facility; it is uncomplicated.
Pasta has become one
was a known quantity, it seldom went wrong and wasn't pretentious, not requiring manners or formality of any kind. Pasta is user-friendly in much the same way as it is cook-friendly.
But if pasta has made great strides in the past few years, it has to be due to the emphasis placed on the 'healthy' Mediterranean diet. I can remember, many years ago, that when I reported in the British press that the Italian football team trained on pasta before a big match, I was thought scarcely believable. Pasta was considered a 'heavy' indigestible dish in Britain at that time. It was not long, however, before the sceptics realized that, in fact, we have few such excellent, short-term energyproviders as pasta. It is quickly absorbed, easily digested and gives instant results. In a world increasingly devoted to health and exercise, pasta was a natural.
As the old habits of eating - as a family, with the usual cast of characters, with manners, table settings, etc. have died out under the exigencies of modern working hours and the absence of a woman stuck at home preparing food for husband and children, so pasta has advanced alongside, I might add, other quick fixes from the take-away to the stir fry, the pizza to the pre-washed salad. The influence here is American. It is Americans who invented the whole idea of the meal-on-the-move,
I like to think,
argument
why
105
breaks down the distinction between cooking and eating: it brings out the inventive in even the rankest amateur, since almost anything can be thrown into a pasta saucel it makes no demands on anyone. Even the most modest cook can produce miraculously good pasta -
as
it
The next major influence is economic. When I was much younger, pasta was what one ate in restaurants: it was what one could afford, it
pasta is based on the enjoyment factor. It is in fact a convivial dish, an always welcome dish, a leveller. If you combine that with the health factor, its accessibility to vegetarians and its low cost, the phenomenon becomes perfectly understandable.
120
I 2 3
Which word in the first paragraph is used to describe the fact that pasta is found everywhere?
In your own words, explain what the writer means by the phrase 'the new democracy of the kitchen
urnes
)o-)
What two social changes are described as contributing to changes in eating habits in Western culture in
recent years?
7W
WW
UNIT
4 5 6
In your own words, explain why the writer chose to eat pasta in restaurants when he was younger.
why were British people initially surprised that Italian football players 'trained on pasta,? (line
What does the writer mean by the phrase 'the clinching argument'? (lines 105-r06)
95)
Vocabulary
can you add any more words from the second part of the article to the lists you wrote before reading the text?
Summary
I 2 3
use information from both parts of the article to list the main reasons why pasta has become so popular. Put the list of points in order, from the least to the most important, u..o.ding to what the writer has told us. In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, explain these reasons in your own words as far as possible. Begin with the sentence below and use some of the words and phrases in the box to help you.
therefore likewise
There are a number of reasons why parta has become such a popular food in western countries like Britain in recent years.
..
Reference skills
Look back at these words which are in has been done for you as an example.
one
0 I 2 3 4
Pasta
) their
6 7 8
(line
59)
28)
Dependent prepositions
Put one of the prepositions from the box into each of these phrases from the article without looking at the text. When you have finished the exercise, look back to cheik your answers.
to from of into
with
I Apart putting a slab of meat on a fire... (lines I2_I3\ 2 It consists _ flour, eggs and water. (linesl5_16) 3 Whatever your most prized and available flavours... can be combined pasta... (lines 34-36) 4 As it meets universal favour... (lines 6l_62) 5 It means freedom planning... (lines 65_66) 6 In a world increasingly devoted health and exercise... (lines lo2-lo4) 7 Almostanythingcanbethrown apasrasauce... (lineslll_li2) 8 Its accessibility vegetarians... (line I 19) W8
UNITl
sewite
N.B. This form exists in a variery of tenses and in each case it is the verb to have or to getwhich indicates the tense.
Use:mainlytotalkaboutprofessionaIservicestoacustomer: t'rii naving mi car ripaired. (This means that someone is repairing my car for me.)
''r compare wlrn:
|m
l-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. Each of the new sentences uses a causative form. Here is an example (0).
For questions
-.r'ord given.
got
Answer:
They
have
You can
get
You
annually.
ask a professional photographer to take my passport photo.
a professional photographer.
will be employing a catering company to prepare the food for the party. having
We'll by a catering company. It's not necessary to find an engineer; you can repair the fault yourself. have
You don't have , you can do
it yourself.
rnade
We
9WW
UNIT
and capital
In this passage there are no full stops, commas or capital letters. First read the text to get an idea of its content, then decide where the sentences should begin and end, and add the required punctuation.
to make it does however require patience and time which is why i tend to make it on sunday mornings people who have a gift for making pastry or bread will have very little problem in making pasta as many of the skills applied to allthree are the same the most important thing to remember is that you need plenty of uncluttered work surface a very large chopping board or marble slab is ideal but modern laminate worktops are quite adequate an extra large rolling pin will make the rolling of the pasta dough much easier if you plan to go into pasta making in a big way then it may be worth your while to buy a pasta machine at the turn of a handle this will give you many different shapes and thicknesses of pasta these machines manufactured in northern italy are now widely available in specialist kitchenware shops all over the world
as any italian housewife will tell you homemade pasta is not difficult
PHRASAL VERBS:
With out
Choose one verb from the box to complete the phrasal verb in each of the sentences 1-10, and write the correct form of the verb in the space provided. One has been done for you as an example.
watch
I
2
3
Darren said that certain types of trainer lnad gone completely out of fashion. out in favour of banning cigarette sales. One supermarket has out a book on healthy eating in December. Another supermarket is
Tony's very shy. Get chatting to him and see if you can
out with each other. have - a lot out of that course in media studies. ) Tracy said she'd out for a better deal. 6 No agreement was reached. The strikers decided to out of cheap washing powder. 7 The supermarket has completely -the flea market out fol pickpockets as well as bargains. 8 As you go round out on an emergency. 9 The doctor can't see you at the moment; he's been
Justin and Rachel are not talking; they Tim
l0
was
w10
UNITl
'
For questions
l-12,
written by an anti-smoking campaigner. The linking words and phrases have been taken out. decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. One has been done for you as an
example (O). Smoking is known to be one of the greatest single causes of death in our society. Too little seems to be done,
(0) C
(f ) _, cigarettes are openly on sale in many public places and laws governing the minimum age at which cigarette advertising continues to figure largely in some they can be bought often seem to be ignored. (2) _,
parts of the media,
(l)
_,
anti-smoking campaigns have been organized in recent years, these seem not to have been particularly effective, (6)_ the rise in the numbers of young people, especially girls, who take up smoking each year. (7) _supporting such campaigns in principle, I would like to propose an alternative approach.
(5)
the sale of cigarettes should be more tightly controlled to ensure that the law regarding underage smokers is respected. And, (lO) , cigarettes should not be sold in places such as caf6s and supermarkets frequented by young people and families. Their sale should ( f f ) be restricted to licensed tobacconists
_, (9) _,
(8)
I think that the advertising of cigarettes should be completely banned from all aspects of the media.
and sharp penalties should be imposed on those breaking the law, particularly those selling cigarettes on the (f2)
black market.
_,
I would like to add that, of course, it is the duty of parents, teachers and other responsible adults
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 tO ll 12
Aalthough A Likewise AHowever A otherwise A what's more ADespite Aresulting AHowever AAlthough
Bdespite Chowever B To begin with C Whilst BMoreover CNonetheless B thanks to C despite B likewise C therefore BHowever CFurthermore Bespecially Cinstead BWhilst CFinally BWhilst CFirstly AFurthermore BTherefore Clnstead A to sum up B secondly C in addition Ahowever Bnonetheless Cinstead A In addition B Consequently C Therefore
Dmoreover D Therefore DThough D however D even though DAlthough Dgiven DTherefore DEspecially DOtherwise D in spite of this Dlikewise D Finally
Speliing in English is sometimes difficult as there is no dir".t relationship between the sounds and the letters used to represent them. Also, the 'rules' of spelling are complicated and it is not useful to try and learn them. You have to do what English speakers learn to do - remember the spelling of each new word ur yo, come across it. There are, howevel some tips which might help you io improve your spelling in Engfish and these can be useful to remembei, sut don't forget, there will always be some exceptions to even the simplest general rules.
11M
UNIT
The silent e
Many words end in Lhe letter e, but in a number of words this e is silent, or unpronounced: care /kea/ believe lbili:v/ achieve /etJi:v/ de[inite /defrnrt/ nice /nars/
."1?,i;.)n"::#flu.'hich
e
e:
When adding a suffix beginning wirh a vowel ( -ing, - able, -est) ro a wolrd ending in a silent e' then the lett' is usually dropped: care + caring* believe * believable nice nicest
illll,XX}iifJ,::|il,::i,T;;it
achieve
with a consonant
(e
- achievement
detinire
* delinitely
care
careful
The main exceptions are words ending in c and g sounds. So, rry to remember:
l-l l, add a suffix to the word given in capitals at the end of each line to form a word that fits space in the same line. The word you write should make sense in the context of the passage.
For questions John got up, looked our of the window and
(2)
in th
started TMMEDTATE . After five days of pouring rain and wet clothes, he SMILE that the sun had come out. He had AMAZE
CHANGE
SEE
(r)
always known the weather in Scotland would be (4) but he wasn't prepared for the pleasant surprise of (5) the sun (6)
could (7)
---
He
sHrNE BARE
AGREE
_--
he had come to with rhe of the hotel, this was the day when he would go
MANAGE Isle of Skye, which all his friends LOVE worth doing. DEFINITE
Present Perfect:
Form:
have
l"
' ';,':';;o,xi:Yi:;:i;;i,I:;'
o
the present perfect continuous to talk about things which staned in the past and are still happening now: I've been painting my rlom since this morning. I shiuld be finished by tonighi.
uNfTl W
into the correct tense according to the context. The verbs may be either simple or continuous forms of the past, the present perfect or the past perfect tenses. One has been done for rou as an example.
Put the verbs in brackets in this text
Many children start going for dental checkups at an early age, but l(elly Smithers was fourteen years old
whenshe(0)went(go)forthefirsttime'It(r)-(be)notahappyexperience' (be) lucky. She (3) (always have) good teeth and (4) Until then Kelly (2)
(neverhave)sufferedfromtoothache.ButfortwooIthreemonthsI(elly(5)-(get)pain,onand
off,inoneofherteeth'So,hermother(6)-(decide)thatatriptothedentist(7)-(be)
necessary.
(turn) out to be a terrible experience for I(elly. She (9) (be) in great pain. Since then, Kelly (f f ) one sitting and (fO) phobia and (f 2) (never have) the courage to go to the dentist's again.
It (8) _
todosomethingaboutit.AtFeelgoodshe(r7)-(have)regularcounsellingsessionsand
(l8)-(be)giventhechancetotalkthroughherproblemsthoroughly.,It(l9)-(be) wonderful so far,' she says, 'I (20) (begin) to understand what lies behind my phobia and so I
should be able to overcome it soon.'
13w"
UNIT
out to whal t5
up
which
Imagine finding a sheep's tooth in a packet of peanuts, a dead spider in your frozen pizza or broken glass in a bread roll. These are (O) just a few of the items that lound their (l) on to consumers' tables last year, according (2) a report on consumer complaints by Alan Richards.
job (3) to try and identify when and how the objects got into the product. About ten percent of claims turn (4) to be unfounded. Tests on wasps and flies in pots of jam, for example, often show they were not cooked along (5) the product in a factory, but fell (6) much later - the outraged consumer, (7) unnoticed by blamed the producer.
His
But, products often end (8) back at the factory for investigations into (9) went wrong. In the past, screws and metal rivets have fallen from machines (10) processing, or lightbulbs have -instantly shattered, sending shards of glass into the product. But these days, most factories ( f f ) _ great care to
ensure that their quality systems are very thorough indeed.
known to sabotage food because they had a grudge (f3) _ the management. This is the only explanation for how one consumer (f4) to buy a carton of milk (f 5) contained the entire contents of a fly-trap - over one hundred insects.
Factory workers have
(12)
Vocabulary
Find these words in the passage. One has been done for you as an example.
0 I 2 3 4 5 6
noun meaning people who buy an adjective meaning not based on fact
a
clnsumers
pieces
Summary
a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the reasons given in the text why strange objects sometimes turn up in food.
In
w14
aki ngr:
a.
s*
v q
%
9)
9^
e -'a/n
'9atorh
in
.nt*
"-'"*t'%\,
s.
""0"nd*'\ooo^
.&*-
Match each adjective on the left with an animal on the right to make a common simile. One has been done for you as an example. Are these animals associated with the same adjectives or qualities in your language?
---___ blind \
dead
parrot
dodo
peacock
OX
As dead as a dodo.
busy
free sick
proud quiet
sly strong
owl mule
mouse
fox
bird
bee
stubborn
wlse
Use
bat
one of the animal names in the box as a verb to complete each of the sentences. One has been done for you as an example.
rvelf
0 The way David wolfed down the sandwich, you'd think he hadn't eaten for a week. I Derek has been by misfortune all his life. 2 Amy her mother to buy her some sweets. by the mystery of the missing manuscript. 3 The police were completely for compliments. 4 When Sally said her dress was nothing special, she was really information out of him. 5 Tievor is very secretive, it's difficult trying to 15W
s uNtT 2
READING: Comprehension
Read the article quickly and underline the names in the box as they occur in the text. What are the relationships between these people and animals?
Brad
Joshua
Ashley
Ron
One of my
When
pet ba,tes
Apparently, Brad had purchased Selena from a :s 'street trader' for g100. She was a happy snake, who liked to lick his face afrer her guinea pig. .Like a slippery puppy dog', he said ruefully. But today he is a wiser man, for he knows that it is very rare for a chap to go on holiday and find his wife being ao throtded to death by the family puppy dog.
Obvious, you might think. But don,t be too smug; Brad has his counterparts in Britain, and plenty of them. Every year) more and more exotic pets are sold. One company, pet City, has made a for_ as tune selling (among other things) giant boas and p1'thons (500 last year), chipmunks (350), scor_ pions (300), and, ofcourse) tarantulas (600). And, like the many other exotic species you can buy, all these pets are ,harmless,, ,friendly' even. s0 Thke this statement, for example: .Thrantulas are not particularly aggressiver' says the honorary secretary of the Thrantula Society, Ann $Zebb (yes, that is her name). Of course they aren't, Ann; they don't have to be. They only need to ss rurn up on your pillow and the instant heart attack will do the rest. There is only one point to owning such an animal, and that is to siare the life out of family and friends. Yet Pet City will do a ,Tarantula Starter Kit'eo complete with baby spider, warming pad (for those freezing winters) and ,tunnelling material, for just d33. Let's face it. The resr of us will just have to live in fear, simply so that the Brad Carters of this world will be able to boasr about os the exotic pets they keep in their houses, and take away on holiday with them.
s cut costs by hurrying chambermaids through their duties. But even allowing for such careless_ ness, it would take a very casual cleaner to over_ look a two-stone (metric) serpent; for constrict_ ing snakes will not blend in with shower curtains, ro bidets, pile carpet and trouser_presses.
So,
attacked by a nine-foot python in a hotel room in San Diego, California, my initial reaction was to blame the hotel management _ who increasingly
with them; Brad Carter and his p..gnun, -*if., Mary-Ann, and their toddlers, Joshua and r s Ashleg were sharing one room with their oet python, Selena. Early in the morning, the usual_ ly docile serpent, obviously tired of its usual diet of live guinea pigs, plunged its fangs into the ample backside of the sleeping mother. One can zo only speculate what species of animal it thousht it was eating, and how it thought it was goinfto
swallow its prey.
it
snake') and started belabouring Selena with a :o penknife. Eventually, a passing paramedic, Ron Hawkins, decapitated the reptile with a Swiss army knife that had been bought for his birthday only a fortnight earlier - a happy accident
indeed.
Unsurprisinglg the bite woke Mary_Ann, who describes how she was simultaneously ,frozen zs with horror' and 'screaming hysterically,. So, the python decided it had better constrict her quick_ ly. Brad then woke up, sized up the situation preffy quickly ('my wife is being eaten by a
The Independenr 24
Augusl
UNIT 2
we
' 2 3
The article can be divided into two main sections. Look back and decide where the division between these two sections comes. What is the main focus of each of the sections?
l-8
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 f 2 3 4 5 6 7 5
The problem with the snake was the fault of the hotel management. The hotel staff should have noticed the snake.
The snake probably attacked Mrs. Carter because it was hungry. Brad Carter was totally incapable of dealing with the situation. Brad now realizes that buying the snake was a mistake.
The Pet City company has been successful at selling exotic pets. The information given by the Tarantula Society is inaccurate. People are buying exotic pets for the wrong reasons.
Now read the article again and answer the following questions.
Why does the writer use the pronoun 'one' in line l9? What is the writer referring to when he uses the words 'its prey' inline 22? What is the meaning of the phrasal verb 'sized up'? (line 27) What is the 'happy accident' referred to in line 33? Who is 'you' in line 42?
What does 'these' in line 50 refer to? Why does the writer add the phrase in brackets in line 54?
The writer uses different words and expressions each time he talks about Brad Carter's pet. Look back at the article and underline each of these. Whv does the writer use all these different forms?
5ummary
1 . . . 2 3
What do you think about the style of writing used in the piece? How does the writer use this to get his point across? Think about:
the intended audience the effect the writer wants to have on that audience
What is the main point that the writer is trying to make in this article? In a paragraph of between 50 and 7O words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the writer's attitude to the trade in exotic pets, giving his reasons.
17
ww
ffi
uNtT2
like)...
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO
Ron Hawkins used the penknife. It had been bought for his birthday.
Ann Webb was talking about tarantulas. She says they are not particularly aggressive.
Selena is the snake's name. It bit Mary-Ann. Joshua is a toddler. His father owned the snake.
Pet City is a shop.
Selena was a snake. She was used to eating guinea pigs. The story takes place in a hotel. It is in San Diego, California.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
The hotel
It was the Carter family brought the snake into the hotel. It was Mary-Ann first raised the alarm. It was Ron _ knife was used to kill Selena. It is Pet City sells 500 tarantulas per year. It is tarantulas _ sell in the largest numbers. It is the Tarantula Society secretary is called Ann Webb. It was Selena was feeling hungry. But, it's in Britain _ Pet City have been selling lots of exotic pets.
;nm
18
UNIT2
DROP
'It really hadn't (8) to people that there could be a rnarket for the materials,' Suzv remembers, 'and (9) .' resources from other projects was not really (10) But Suzy's determination paid off: at a recent sales (ll) dog-hair products were hailed as the company's largest growth area.
19W
uNtT2
PHRASAL VERBS: With up and down write one word in each of the spaces to complete the phrasal verb.
I The botanist's theory has been up by newly-discovered evidence. 2 After his accidenr, Jed didn,r _ up to going to the party. 3 After three weeks' holiday, I had a lot of work to _ up with. 4 I'm sorry to this up, but I've found a misprint in this contract. 5 I can't ger this zip to _ up, it must be broken. 6 The contract for the new project will be up next week. 7 The completion of the new by-pass will be up due to a strike by construction workers. 8 I'm afraid there's no truth in the story; Geoff it up as a joke. 9 He up a lot of debts in the town and then disappeared without a trace. l0 A new organization is being up for those concerned about the welfare of dolphins. WORD FAMILIES AND WORD STRESS
stress. The first word family has been completed for you as an example.
Complete the grid with the missing words from these families and mark each of the words to show the word
verb
0
I
2
noun
surptbg globe
adjective
surpti;ing
surprise
depress
t
4
5 6 2
Mark the word stress on these nouns. 3 What is the adjective formed from each of the nouns? Is the word stress in the same place in the adjective?
Mark the word stress on these verbs. What is the noun formed from each of the verbs? Is the word stress in the same place in the noun?
noun
adjective
verb I 2 J 4 5 6 7 8
homogenize
noun
I 2 3 4 5
ecology catastrophe
populate
devastate
isolate
naturalize
w20
uNrT2
lead
Illness
strandings.
When African grasses were introduced, this led to more frequent fires.
The result of isolation has often been the creation of new species.
leads
Frequently,
created.
Pollution may be responsible for the dolphins' loss of immunity to the virus. blame Pollution may the dolphins' loss of immunity to the virus.
Human activity is not always the culprit in environmental disasters.
in environmental disasters.
result
The latest
a television programme.
brought
The extinction of the dodo
by hunting.
:his text from the Student's Book, the articles have been taken out. In each space write one of the following: - the definite article the - the indefinite article a/an
- no article ( -
l'*
hen you have completed the exercise, look back at page 34 of the Student's Book to check.
If somebody finds, say, (f ) _ rabbit that's been run over and has (2) _broken leg, (l) last thing one should do is take it to (4) vet and waste (5) _ money on trying to pin it together and then put it in (6) _ cage. (7) kindest thing to do is knock it on (8) head. Now that would horrify (9) genuine rural habitats. average town dweller, but what we're trying to do is preserve (lO) _ I'm afraid the trouble is, and it may seem unkind to say it in this way, but (f l) _ certain people are merely (12) animals, and it really tells you more about (f3) _people concerned over-sentimental about than it does about (f4) _ well-being of wildlife.
21w
UNIT 2
wlrH PuNcruArloN
2: commas
in lists:
Choose the best answer
when two clauses are joined by a conjunction: I hoped to catch up with Mary at the station. but she was tlo quick for is in parenthesis: P rho.*.that an ideawas, l'm slrry t0 say, a complete waste of time. The whole expedition
to prevent misreading:
The The
me.
girl ran around the room ten minutes after she fell asleep. (ambiguous) girt ran around the room, ten minutes after she felt asleep. (clear)
In this letter there are no commas. Put commas in where thev are needed.
27 Acacia Auenue
Harnborough
Surceg
The Manager
Pel Cilg
Manchesler
Dear Sir
Recentlg
read an arlicle which said lhal Pel Cilg was lhe besl place
lo bug laranlulas. As I one 6s a pel I an wtilin7 to ask i{ gou haue 6nA ih slock al lhe nonenl.
was wonderlng
i{
sone in{otaalion aboul lhe besl wag lo look aftet lhen. Fot exanple ale Aoul laranlulas sold wilh cages and bedding or do I haue kt pag {or lhese separalelg? I alreadg haue a pel dog and a snall pgthon bul no olher spiders. Do gou think rng {aranlula will be lonelg? Should I bug lwo
ot/ ti/ill
to lhese queslions logether wilh gour pricelisl a brochute ang other rn{ornalion Aou n6A haue aboul latanlulas and delails o{ how {o gel lo shop {ron lhe cilg cendre.
would be gtale{ul
recerue lhe answer
lo
gour"
w22
UNIT 2
WW
24 Oaklands Avenue
London
Cycling Holidays Ltd.
NE5 RE4
YorkYOl3 AR2
23 February
Dear Sir,
I am (1) writingldropping you a line to ask for (2) morelfurther information about the cycling holidays 1'ou (3) put onlorganize inthe Yorkshire Dales.
I (4) noticedlspottedyour (5) aduertladaertisementin the Yorkshire Tourist magazine and I was
pleasantly (6) surprisedltaken aback to see (7) the wide range/all the dffirent types of}l'oliday you have
offer.I (9) feel surelwouldn't mind betting that one of your holidays will (10) exactly what I am lookingforlsuit me down n the ground.
i8) for the takinglon
be
I would be (11) gratefullchuffed, therefore , (12) to getlto receiae a copy of your (13) latestlnewest brochure, (14) together withland don'tforget a booking form and price list. Looking forward to (15) haaing your replylhearingfrom you.
;l 6)
Re gard s I Yo ur s faithful$t,
^\. Reader
trriting:
formal letter
"L::'_line you work at Cycling Holidays Ltd. Write a reply of about 150 words to the letter above. You should: - use an appropriate formal letter layout
- thank the customer for their letter and enquiry - give information about availability, special offers, latest booking date, etc.
23w
l-18, read the three texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap.
Pleasure Zone
Reading is my ultimate pleasure, as it is very good for the soul and a great way
to (1)
I have a real
I scour
those little tucked-away ones nobody ever seems to notice. Here you can browse and find something very sweet and inexpensive. My favourite books -possible, are those which (3) _ how people lived in the past such as and Peace, and old books about fashion. They are a
of inspiration to me because of my work as clothes designer, and I am fascinated by the time and effort which people used to put into dressing.
(4)
by the fireplace, in the hallway, next to my bed. They add to the character of any room and are always accessible to (6) into. Old books with plenty of character and good content appeal most to me - browsing through the musty-smelling pages transports me back in time. -
(5)
B spring
B litter
B pop
C scatter C slip
n24
rffi$iw-@il
uNrT3
ffi
Delsewhere
Dhold
having been all but superseded by the computer, the old manual typewriter still has a few loyal fans. They point to
(14)
obsolete machine has over its speedy and versatile electronic rival. The first is
cost: why spend large sums on the latest hardware, software and printer, they (15)
Epe
used to print single labels and envelopes, which can be a fiddly job on some computer printers. But before you -, dash off in (17) of one, there is one small (18) -, to the typewriter; finding a shop that still sells them.
Dscrap
it
may
hunt Cdrawback
bcabulary
nftm
Zone:
liking look thoroughly for something not easy to find look around casually
a special
with a beard
unable to sit still
age
group
25@'
ilM
UNIT 3
For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words including the wo given. Each new sentence should make use of the passive.
said Ifirsty
with
think that Paul did a good job.
People generally
thought
Paul done a good job.
widelv
Mr Jarvis
town's best dentist.
An unnamed source alleges that the President is about to get married. is the point of marriage. The
They ought to have informed us that the flight's departure would be delayed.
about
late departure of the flight.
nK
25
by
The
Everyone believes that the wrong man was accused ol the murder.
widely
The
Nobody had publicized the date of the meeting, so few people came.
been As the
kvid
ffie*
*tlith
Se
his
tbatm
apostrophes to the following sentences where needed.
I 2 f 1 5 6 7 t I lO
well as ours. I havent bought anything for the twins birthday yet. It isnt the sort of thing that suits Bill and Fionas taste. The citys full of shops selling tomorrows fashions today.
Some childrens clothes are sold upstairs, others are to be found in teenage fashions.
Lindas appointment is at four oclock and Roberts follows hers, but youre not on todays list, Im afraid. well have to make sure that Mr. Peters watch says the same time as ours.
Its high time the sports club did something about its members changing facilities. Toms mothers house isnt as old as its appearance suggests; her neighbours houses are older. Theirs is the villages most beautiful garden, and theres no doubt its larger than anybody elses' too.
27
UNIT 3
ending in y
earlier daily
marry +
beauty
,o
marriage
beautiful
sn
earlYday +
aaaing ins,
;::':",;,j;:;*:
marry
marrying
tries
copy
bea
You usually change y to i when forming plurals or adding the third person
tly +
uty +
j:
beauties
N.B. Do not change y il it is preceded by a single vowel: boy' .*, , bcys ,' ,.., pay --+ pays Add a suffix to make nouns from these words.
valley ;
valleys
I 2 3 4 5 2
rely
deny apply nasty imply
6 7 8
LqL y
defy
l0
Make the following singular nouns plural. I toy 6 2 trolley 7 3 quarry 8 4 puppy 9 5 highway l0
fairy
VOCABULARY Similes
Choose one word from the box to complete the simile in each of the idiomatic phrases. One has been done for
rs an example.
black peas bright quick dad light pretty fresh fit srubborn right
0
as dead as a dodo.
as a
I
2
3
as
picture.
as a daisy. as a
After a good long sleep, Edward felt as _ You have to be patient with Hilary, she's as
mule.
as
)
6 7 8 9
If you keep taking the medicine, you'll soon feel as _ After she'd taken out all the books, Muriel's bag felt as _
rain.
as a feather. as a
as
button.
DavidthrewopenthedoorandaS-asaflash,madeagrabforthejewelbox.
fiddle.
in a pod.
as
l0
l8
ink.
UNIT 3
OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage ::is passage, a recently successful novelist talks about her careet. Fill each of the numbered gaps with one ble word from the box. The first one has been done for you as an example.
My chequered career
Asachild,Idreamedofbeingawriter(0)whenIgrewup.ThewayIwent(1)-rea|iztngthiswas gettingajobinpublishingaSateenager.Andtoanyone(2)-thinksit'srrnfairthataliteraryagent
3)
.-an
have written a novel that's attracted quite a lot of attention, I would say'You can do it too. You too
go (4)
_publishing
but
(5)
(8)
\I1'great battle for the twenty years I've been running my own literary agency has been to fight the distinction
9)-so-calledliteraryandso-cal1edcommercia1fiction'Inmyview,anynovelnowregarded
10)-aclassiconlyhasthatstatusbecauseithassoldwellandcontinuously(11)-itwas
she writing today, Jane Austen 3ublished. I was screamed down on television once for saying that, (12) ;r-ould be writing just the sort of thing you pick up at airports. But I stick to my guns. A good story is
13)-whichgets(14)touchwithawideraudience.Themoreitdoesso,themore
15)-itistosurvive.So,whynotbeagoodwriterforpeoplewhopassthroughairports?
-Conrprehension
llfnr:je if each of the statements
I 2 I 4 5 6 7 8 9
My first book was written when I was a student. Writers need to have some experience of life. It takes more than large sales to make a classic. I have been criticized for writing 'commercial' fiction.
Some people disagreed
My writing was influenced by my knowledge of the publishing business. It worries me that I may have an unfair advantage over other writers.
29w
UNIT 3
l,URlTlNG: An
article
write an article for a student magazine on the topic of translating into English. Write a short article of about 300-150 words in which you talk about:
You have been asked to
- common problems encountered when translating from your - suggestions on how to avoid the most common mistakes - suggestions of books, materials, etc. that might be useful
Before writing,
What information will be useful for them? How can you make the article interesting, as well What style should the article be written in?
Write your article.
informative?
l-lo, write one sentence that contains all the information in the two sentences printed above it and tses the word or expression given to form a comparison or contrast. Do not change the word or expression
!-or questions
given.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO
English makes great use of the passive. Some other European languages do not.
unlike
Computers save a lot of time. Learning to use a computer is very time consuming.
although
The demand for cookery books is rising. The demand for quiz books remains stable.
whilst
Our local bus service is very regular. Other areas are not so lucky.
comparison
It rained heavily for a short time. The garden party was a great success.
despite
Many people think eating out in Glasgow is expensive. Prices are actually quite reasonable. far from
James had a slight head cold. He sang beautifully at Jessica's wedding.
in spite of
The coach takes five hours to get to London. The train does it in two and a half hours.
whereas
You may dislike folk music very much.
however
Hill walking is tiring. Mountain climbing requires more concentration.
as
much
t0
uNtT3
NGr
Multiple choice
two extracts which are both concerned in some way with the written word. For questions ;hoose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits according to the text.
MIND 5{\-}LryT*reX
than retyping a document but, rather amazingly, it's one which offers an important insight into the untapped
potential that lies locked within our brains.
tasks
20
Ever since the first typewriters were introduced in the late 19th century,
10
psychologists have been intrigued by how typing speeds are far in excess of what would be expected. The reaction times of
il
the human brain are very fast - with a mere 250 milliseconds elapsing between the initial stimulus and the response - but this allows a typing speed of just 48 words per minute. How then do experienced typists readily achieve speeds two or three
times greater than this?
Robertson clarifies what is going on with the following simple example. Hold your left palm up towards you. Mentally number the fingers: forefinger 1, middle finger 2,ringfinger 3, little finger 4. Now look away from your hand and touch your fingers in the sequence 4-l-3-2-4. This will take you about two seconds; but repeat the sequence for 20 minutes a day, and within three weeks it will be down to a mere three-quarters of a second, because the amount of brain tissue involved expands as you get good at the finger dance. It's rather like the way that muscle bulk increases with exercise.
25
Which phrase does the writer use to underline the wider significance of typing speeds? A mundane task (line I ) B untapped potential (lines 4-5) C far in excess (line 78) D initial stimulus (line l3)
The example of the 'finger dance' shows that typing is
A B C D
a skill
31w'
{
UNIT3
Book Review:
Pobby
Ben Rice's first novel is quirky, moving and completely unexpected. It will charm all but the most determined cynic, and at just 90 pages, is slim enough to fit into even the snuggest pocket.
The synopsis is unlikely to convince. Pobby and Dingan, loyal friends of Kellyanne, a lonely eight-year-old holed up in an isolated Australian opal-mining town, have disappeared. They will not be easy to find. They are imaginary. But they are real enough to Kellyanne, whose grief is so profound that she is wasting away. In desperation, her brother, the teenage Ashmol, who had previously jumped on the thin air supposedly
inhabited by Pobby and Dingan and called his sister names, realizes he must do something.
10
So, he cycles round the tiny town of Lightning Ridge, frantically organizing a search party. The resulting fable, narrated by Ashmol, effortlessly combines whimsy with surprising realism. Just when the story looks set to descend into farce, it clicks back into the real world of family
A B C D
Which phrase does the reviewer use to praise the author's writing style? A the most determined cynic (line 2) B the snuggest pocket (lines 1-2) c rhe resulting fable (lines I I ) D effortlessly combines (line I I ) Which word or phrase used later in the text re-enforces the idea that the book is 'quirky'? (line f ) A holed up (line 5) B whimsy (line li) C farce (line 12) D clicks back (line 12)
ww32
AFine Romance
IfiDING: Multiple choice
Auqu
&ryLu
l-5,
Tk
Summer, traditional time of moonlight and romance) is in the air and bookshops are bursting out all over with advice for those whose path is
paroxysm
of print: how to
have
good
relationship, stay together, solve your problems, how to understand the opposite sex. They are the
relationship experts, dispensing understanding and advice to anyone who has hit a bad patch. To write about the pursuit of happiness is brave; to offer guidance is braver still. It betokens a confidence in their own opinion that some might call foolhardy. One cannot but ask who are these self-styled authorities? Do agony aunts
with
equal
perception and professionalism, or is a fair share of strife essential to sympathy? Irma Kurtz makes no bones about calling herself an agony aunt. Hers is the common-sense counsel of an outspoken friend, freely dished out to thousands of readers in one of Britain's top
women's magazines. She claims no formal training, no favourite philosophy, no know-it-all dogma. As Irma says, 'Endless curiosity and an irrepressible compulsion to communicate what I'm thinking are probably the two highest qualifications for *ris job. Nosy and bossy in
other words.'
in my timer' she confides, 'I have been out with men I did not really love and loved men I did not really like much.' She is 59, and now relishes the richness of life in a tiny flat in London's $7est End; theatres and restaurants only a heartbeat away. The Tbn-Point Plan is a self-help book, she says. 'It's very important to have the confidence to solve your own problems and not immediately cry "help", because no one is more expert in your own experience than you, and I really think we are forgetting that.' 'I didn't expect to be on my own at 60. I never cared about marriage, but I always believed I d find this great love.' Twice she was deeply in Iove; 'The first time and the last time, like bookends. With the last one, ten years ago, I remember thinking, "Dear God, just get me out
never."'
That and empathy. Irma - wise, warm, funny, tolerant - is the first to admit how many of the problems which arrive in her postbag strike a chord, the last to take *re moral high ground. 'I
But this, as she is keen to point out, is only her experience, 'You can't assume that it will be everyone's; all it teaches you is the variety and possibility of life'. If there is one vital lesson to pass on, she says, it would be the importance of the essential. 'Keep in view what matters to you be it friendships, love or whatever - and don't let silly things get in the way. Listen to the music and
ignore the static.'
33w
UNIT4
A B C D 2
In the introduction, what point is the writer making about the type of book she mentions?
Sales are booming at the moment. They are attracting a lot of publicity. Some new titles have just appeared. Some surprising people are writing them.
The writer expresses a doubt about whether the people who write these books A have sufficient experience. B are suitably qualified. C lead happy lives themselves. D really understand the problems of others.
Irma I(urtz's approach can be described as based on A certain guiding principles. B interest in other people. C research into human behaviour. D a keen sense of humour.
A B C D 5 A B C D
Irma I(urtz admits that she has made mistakes in her life. she often turns to others for help. she is dissatisfied with her present life. she regrets not getting married.
What is Irma's principal piece of advice to people? Be open to life's possibilities. Don't look to others for help. Don't let love pass you by. I(now your own priorities.
Vocabulary
Find these words and expressions in the text. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets and one has been done for you as an example.
o an idiomatic phrase meaning full of (l) I a verb meaning to give out (l) 2 a verb meaning to suggest (21 3 an adjective meaning unwise (2) 4 a noun meaning dfficulty (Z) 5 an idiomatic phrase which means doesn't hesitate to admit (31 6 an adjective meanill:g frank and honest (3) 7 a phrasal verb meaning given (3) 8 a noun meaning a set of fixed ideas ()) 9 an adjective meaning unstoppable (3) lO an idiomatic phrase meaning remind (one) of something e) tl a verb meaning to enjoy very much (5\ L2 two adjectives both meaning very important (7)
m34
uNlT4
h of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible Irma Kurtz's towards problems in relationships, saying whether you agree with it or not.
l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the
It's not often that one's lucky enough to meet such a famous writer. chance
Seldom
count
Hardly
Aknost nobody keeps a record of how many cups of coffee they drink a year. the number of cups of coffee they drink a year.
We had only just taken our coats off when the film began.
tJran Hardly
You scarcely ever see owls during the daytime.
rarely
ff-I*t
Rarely t
no
Under
your way.
I only realized what I'd said when I happened to see her face. caugh t Only I realize what I'd
said.
35n
UN|T4
principal
a brake a break
advice advise
a general law or truth most important thing or person stops your car or bicycle an interval, or something's broken
+ anoun + a verb
Choose the correct spelling from the alternatives in brackets in each of these sentences.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 ll L2
I think we have to go back to first (principles/principak) to understand this problem. There's been a (brake/break)-in at the shop; lots of money has been stolen. Let me give you some (advice/advise).
For (dessert/desert\ there is either ice-cream or fruit salad. Be careful not to (loose/lose) your button, it looks abit (loose/lose) to me. Tanya has put in hours of (practise/practice) since getting her own piano. The traffic was completely (stationery/stationary) during the hold-up on the motorway. I can't decide (weather/whether) to take an umbrella today. It was (quiet/quite) a nice skirt, but not really what Sarah was looking for.
We (past/passed) John3 old school on the way to the bank. The building}:.ad (formally/formerly) been used as a barn before being turned into a house. I thought I recognized the man who came and sat (beside/besides) me on the bus.
Do you know what the other words mean? Use your dictionarv to check.
USE OF ENGLISH:
Word-building cloze
For questions l-lo, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form word that fits into the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Anger
Anger is one of the most commonly-felt emotions, and it can get us into hot water - whilst (O) bottling things up only makes matters
worse. So should you do more than simply gnash your teeth?
BOTTLE
Shouting,swearing,andhitting(r)-objectsliketablesand
doors are common responses to accumulated
ANIMATE
FRUSTRATE
(2)
Losing
(3)-foryourfeelingsandu]timatelymayleadtohumiliationLET
rather than vindication.
in check. The (4) of our reaction to any event, however, will often depend on our (5) For if parents scream or fall into awkward silences when they are cross, their offspring will probably do the same. (6) a child may be wary of anger precisely because one of its parents had an (7) _temper.
So, we learn to hold our emotions
EXTEND BRING
CONVERSE
CONTROL
s[
36
UNIT4 there are no hard and fast rules for how best to deal with 'ager, burying it inside is probably the least (8) _ method. lhysical release through exercise can be (9) _, however, and :my a tense situation in a (fO) has evaporated thanks to epillow or water fight. On the other hand, you could get it out dyour system by just writing it all down in your diary.
a narrative
article will
for young people has asked readers to send in articles with the title 'The day I really lost my temper'. win aprize - a free Caribbean holiday! The article should explain what made you angry, how and how you feel about it now.
*nfrat made you angry in the first place -how your anger grew
how you expressed your anger how people responded how you felt afterwards
these expressions:
37-
_l
I I I
UNIT4
given. I
For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the I word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the wol
I
sot
evening. evening.
I I I I
I I
Tom and
Carly
for the
sot
The person
mistake.
_ upset
Jane.
upset. yesterday
from his teacher
I
I
I
I I I
I
3
4
set
It
doesn't
Terry 5
6
After ten minutes, waiting began to depress
sot
yesterday.
minutes.
fed
I(athy.
after she'd been waiting ten
IGthy
nerves It
7
me.
that.
sets
depressing.
talk
I
I
move
I
I
If we're going
to
0n.
Although my neighbours are rather reserved, I'd like us to be friendlier. get Although they're rather reserved, I'd like
better.
my neighbours
m38
UNIT4
i.ead this extract from a story. Seven paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the :aragraphs A-H on page 40 the one which fits each gap (f-7). There is one extra paragraph which you do not
:eed to use.
Mrq'::: Kett was hanging about a little way down the nm'n,al :.rm our house, pretending to be doing something ml Ir: rike. If I had not recognized him, I would have fiitr: rr::zed his bike anywhere, a birthday present from lilh# r-i:dnts whose perception of their son clearly differed l&mq'r :rl own. It was blue and white with turned-down llhrLi-iDirrS and the lines of a cheetah poised to spring ilnm{ri ::} unsuspecting gazelle.
He patted Bagshaw, for that was the donkey's name, on the muzzle like an old friend, shooed the flies away from
his eyes, and even snagged his new pullover on the barbed wire and didn't seem to care. If I was, to be honest, a little put out by this level of vivacity, never triggered by my presence, it was as nothing to my annoyance at the donkey's response.
5
Wrrr .,"-d
usual,
ummt::ately at a loss for words. I think I said something - - iking his pullover, which was a dazzling new lnlrLr:T: :dnd-knitted one in cable-stitch, Going bright red * ri:::r lt came to blushing there was not much to whr ,.'i. b,etween us - he told me his Aunt Mabel had iliilhrrrr::i it for him. To break the painful silence which ]ifurlr,:,,:r",;l this information I mentioned that I was on the ,wi$r ., :eed a donkey.
Bagshaw purred, Bagshaw simpered, Bagshaw fluttered his long eyelashes at Robert Kett in away that was quite disgusting. I might as well have not been there at all. 'It
,ml
takes one donkey to recognize another', I thought ferociously, but I remained uncomforted. My faithless lover then turned to me and demanded'Is that all there is?'Though the answer must have been plain to see where, for heaven's sake, did he think I kept extra bread? I burst into tears.
6
'" .*:'ed in a depressive quiet down to the cross-roads. ll :*: ,, rg ago resigned myself to the sad recognition that - :n -:-: circles I frequented at any rate - people did not {iffiilfffl] ::ie rvith either the wit or the high seriousness they ilnfr,,ir-,.rir- exhibited in books. Even so, with nothing but 4[,L-tr \iabel's pullover between us and silence, I could
'lW,',r
It was masterly done. The shock of it dried my tears instantly. The destruction so utter as to preclude
pettifogging worries about whether or not the damage could be repaired. Even as the boy stood staring down unbelievingly at his front, the nothingness enlarged itself. It seemed that breathing was enough to send more stitches into oblivion, more wool unravelling, more cables untwisting themselves.
7
1 r:-t feeling that we had touched rock bottom. ffi1r,4il 1", .r. once we got into the back path things got even im(' -i: For Robert I(ett grew fussy and I could never
tmrLr,
,.flilmrrrltr
-:
sSineSS.
l.i:-
--: .s
{il{rirrnt:":it,on
llMru
in his obvious distress to suggest that he and change their minds about accompanying me -;le lMilvITr-- :ld retreat to the safety of made-up roads. Robert
.'
lffioc'1
,glr:l:r' -:q desire for my company despite all danger, il{fir]r-i -: irad not said: 'It's ages since I saw a donkey.'
if
Red with the effort of stifling my laughter, I helped Robert I(ett divest himself of the mangled remains of his pullover - not easy because some of the loose strands of wool had wound themselves around the buttons of the shirt he wore underneath. 'Hang on a moment,' I said as I pressed close against his chest, working at getting the buttons free. I hadn't heard footsteps or the gate opening, but suddenly I heard a voice inquiring icily: 'What on earth is going on?'
39w
UNIT4
A $7hen Robert Kett demanded in a high-pitched voice, '\ilfhat am I going to tell Auntie?'I took charge, the way, it seemed to me, girls often had to when
She'll knit you another. Women always buy more wool than they need, she'll be glad of a reason to use it up.'
faced with boys' inability to cope. .Tell her you lost it.
much as a hoof on the gleaming object of Robert Kett's affections. However, my relief when Robert Kett had the good sense ro lay his bicycle on the ground rather than prop it against the wire fence was
short-lived.
It seemed *rat none of the householders cared. a deal about the state of the hedges which flanked path, for with spring passing into summer, the roses had grown prodigiously, the brambles over the pathway or snaking thornily along ground with the express aim, surely, of trippi the unsuspecting passer-by. As a place for picki scratches on the beautiful blue and white enamel new bike, it took a lot of beating.
Here was I who had been feeding the wretched day after day without receiving as much as a in return) and here was a complete stranger mov
effortlessly
I had seen - nor ever expected to see Robert Kett riding his machine with the panache it deserved. He seemed happiest quietly pushing it along, himself padding alongside in a submissive way that did not make it entirely clear which of the two was in charge.
Not that
embarrassed me, Robert Kett or the donkey, but only the latter had
I was not conscious of framing ttris comment in form of an invitation, but he took it as one. and I not contradict him. It was such a relief to di purpose for our being together.
Robert Kett and the donkey liked each other i It was love at first sight. My titular boyfriend took donkey in a way I had never seen him take to Undaunted by the large yellow tee*r that made prefer to throw bread down in the ground rather risk my fingers, Robert fearlessly held out lumps bread for the animal to snuffle up with its slobbery
the sense to do something about it. pushing his head even further than usual through the strands of barbed wire, he first rubbed his nose affectionately against Robert's new pullover, then, opening his mouth wide, champed his teeth with an audible .clack' down on Aunt Mabel's handiwork and bit a large piece out of it.
Some words which you may not know can be guessed from their context. Look at the following phrase the text:
He. . . even snagged his new pullover on the barbed wire..
(fifth paragraph of the main text In this phrase, 'on the barbed wire'makes the meaning of 'snagged, clear.
For extracts
l-9,
decide which phrase (A, B or C) best describes the meaning of the word or phrase in
First paragraph 'Robert Kett was hanging about a little way down the road..., (clue - read ahead to the end of the sentence)
hanging
aboutmeans
A B C
spending a lot of time in a place or with a person waiting near a place with no particular purpose
n40
uNlT4
rc
Second paragraph 'when it came to blushing there was not much to chose between us...' ldue - read back a few words)
blushing
means
A B C
not quite telling the whole truth not being able to think of anything to say
becoming red in the face because of embarrassment
Third paragraph 'I could never abide fussiness.' (clue - read ahead to the beginning of the next section)
abide
means A B C A B C
bear
comprehend
refuse
Fifth paragraph 'He... shooed the flies away from his eyes...' (clue
shooedmeans
made
powerful pushing movement with his hands aimed a violent kick at an animal/person made a sound or movement to an animal to send it away
a
Fifth paragraph 'If I was, to be honest, a little put out...' (clue - read ahead to the end of the sentence)
put out
means A
B C a
with
t}:.e panache
panachemeans
A B C
contempt
respect
style
A B C
forgetting one's purpose or reason yielding to the authority of others giving away no outward sign of emotion
pathway') lanked
means A
completely covered
B C ,
ranparallelto
were on either side of
Paragraph E' ...sratcheson the beautiful blue and white enamel...' (due - read back to 'wild roses... brambles... snaking thornily...')
scratches
means
A B C
dirty marks that don't easily come off bits of vegetation left on a surface damage to a surface made by something sharp
41xr
UNIT4
lnverted commas
ffi:: ;#i:T:::::,
'Hang an o
i *#r'f: :*tiru#;f*u,,...,-,
^o*tl'o r'qt,f,rrh
.,.,
ff,i#,,{i#ltr:nT!;,;:t;nirlxy;r
N.B. other punctuation marks usually come inside the inverted commas. Add all the necessary punctuation to this short piece of narrative.
Robert looked down at the hole in his pullover what ayn I going to tell auntie he said tell her you lost it I suggested shell knit you another Robert didnt look conztinced and was trying to take off remains of his pulloaer hang on a molnent I said itl help you I hadnt heardfootsteps or the gate opening but suddenly I heard miss Lockes aoice enquiring icily what on earth is going on here
the
l-5, think
of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
The couple walked along in silence, each at a complete for words. The company made a on the retail side of its business last year. The of Joe Trent through injury affected the team's performance greatly.
Richard and Diana, who've been going out for years, have just decided to up. _ The three charities involved decided to the proceeds of the concert equally. As she crossed the road, Barbara's plastic bag and the potatoes rolled off in all directions. --
Shouting is one way to vent to your emotions. we will not print any announcements which may -
Inanargument,it,simportantto-asgoodaSyouget.
At the end of a long day, we decided to _ the road and head for home. claire has not really it off with her new- manager at work. Dan has been very hard by Sally's decision to call off their engagement.
to you which of the four alternative ways of paying you choose. I'm getting rather fed _ with so many rows in the office.
5 It's
I'm not
really
1wffi42
n,i':s:ions
mffi
llUT'"
r-,'en. Do
l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word
much
i{owever
,
It may make him unpopular, but John never abandons his principles.
sticks
However to his principles.
Gloria has been in many types of films, but always seems to play the same character.
appears 'r\hatever
I: doesn't matter which road you take, they all end up at the same place. lead 'r{hichever you to the same place.
i: doesn't matter where you go in the city, you're sure to see examples of modern architecture. rhere
"r\-herever
n reminded of Marilyn it
*
,\-henever
building last.
43w
UNIT5
SPETLING AND PRONUNCIATION 1 Complete each of the sentences with one word from the box.
I
2
t
4
5
that counts. It doesn't matter how much you spend on a present, it's the to his secretarv? I'm sorry, Mr. Jones is not in the office today, could I put you on Marion, having to walk all that way with such a heavy bag. It's rather The history of the business has really been a long series of peaks and the match. Ttacv tried not to think about what she would do with the prize money if won. The young couple lookedvery
Tired
7 8 2
when they learned that their new car had been stolen. he was, Mike was determined to cycle to the next village before nightfall.
Put the words in the box into one of three lists, according to how the final sound is pronounced. The each list should rhyme with one of the words below the box.
taught draught sought trough enough ought fraught tough laughed nought rough coughed caught distraught
port /pc:ti craft /kro:ftl stuff /st^f/
Some words sound the same, but have different spellings depending on the meaning. For each sentence, choose the correct form from the alternatives given. One has been done for you as an example. 0
I
2
3
He sighted/cilgdan old textbook as his main source of reference. What sortlsought ol car will you buy next? The tennis players walked on to the caught/courtjust after two o'clock. They arrived at the race course/coarse just in time to see the first race. The weather was really fowl/foul, so they turned back after a while. Jason is hoping to become the next teenage pop idle/idol. I(nowing that the burglar alarm was fitted to the house gave the family great piece/peace of mind
4
5
6
7
8 9
r0
they were away on holiday. Her son's appealance on TV was a great sauce/source of pride for Mrs. Berkeley. Sharon has been to choose the bridal/bridle gown for her wedding next spring' The cinema was so full that people were sitting in the kle/aisle. I can't bear/bare to see scenes of violence on TV. I have to switch it off.
Do you know what the other words mean? Use a dictionary to check.
lJ44
UNIT5;
Lexical cloze
at the first paraglaph of this text. Read it quickly. One phrasal verb is used four times in this paragraph. you find it? what does it mean? at the first paragraph more closely and put an article, either a, an or the done for you as an example.
in
l-16.
One has
(O) the
(5)
naming of (6)
natural succession to popularity and public acclaim. Actors, singers, dancers, royalty, and latterly plant named after (S) _ television news-reader, have all been honoured by having (9) -_ plant has become individual has had no public profile, but (f f ) On occasion, (10) that we feel we know them. Few people are likely to recognize (f2) apple named after her, (fa) but most will have heard of (I3) person famous. case of the plant making (16)
so
C or
!rciils gone by, it was not always easy to determine that a plant had been named in honour of a person, surely considered to be very chic, (f8) the name became Latinized. This was, (17)
a socialite or an academic
would have known that the Liliummackliniae immortalized Jean Macklin, the
-,
hrecent times, this practice has died out and now when a plant is named after a person it is clear for is a fitting tribute to the broadcaster, frrryone to see. The beautiful patio rose Anna Ford, (l9l former Nottingham Forest football manager, Brian Clough, is fted with a luminous, P) _
-orange exhibition sweet pea.
illl) _
who decides upon those who should be honoured in such away? There are no hard and fast (22) _for the most part, plants are named by their breeders or originators, either as an honour to near and dear, or as a mark of respect for the famous. But there are commercial undertones. If you launch a new rose named after a really popular celebrity at a flower show and get that peison to attend,
the press coverage received is enormous.
ten
mB)
_,
if you decide to name your sweet pea after Barry Dare, the former Managing Director of your as Unwins Seeds of Cambridge did recently, then the commercial value is little. (24t , the
is great, recognizing as
bve it named
yourself. This is common practice amongst commercial companies, especially with roses,
lilere
-it names hke TJtphoo Tea, Benson andHedges Gold andYorkhire Bankserve as good advertisements. If you
45
cm come up with the cash, then you can buy the name rights to a new unnamed variety and name it after or a member of your family.
uNtT5
17 A however 18 Aotherwise 19 A for example 20 Aindeed 2l ASo 22 A Wherein 2, A Therefore 24 A owing to 25 Atherefore
Reference skills
albeit Bbut B nonetheless Bwhen BAlrhough B For instance B on the other hand B providing Bhowever
B
therefore Cdespite
c
C on the other
D for example
Dor
hand D however Cwhile Dthereby cLikewise DSrilr C If D But C Otherwise D By all means c Despite D However Cyet Dthen
Look back at these words and phrases which are in bold in the text. In each case say what each word or phrase referring to. One has been done for you as an example.
O them (line 3) = I This (line I I 2 this practice (line 14) = ] such a way (line 18) = 4 that person (line 2I ) = 5 the person concerned (line 25) = 6 This (line 27) 7 where (line 28) 8 yourself (line 30)
)
anyone
Vocabulary
Look back at the extract and find words that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are given in brackets and o has been done for you as an example.
0 I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(l)
bestow
(I)
meaning in the past (2) an adjective meaning stylish (2\ an adjective meaning appropriate (3\ a verb meaning honoured (31 a phrase meaning fixed (4)
a phrase
Summary
In
a paragraph of between 50 and 7o words, summarize by which a new plant might get its name.
as
w46
UNIT5
questions l-6, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including word given.
a)o you know Mrs. Tfout's phone number, Liz?' asked Darren.
whether
Darren
'Could you pass me the newspaper please, Patty?' asked her father.
him
Patty's
the newspaper.
think it's going to be a day to remember,' said the sports commentator. was
The sports commentator said he
memorable dav.
I'll
have to ring you back later, Tom, there's somebody knocking at the door,' said WiIIiam. Iater, as there was somebody knocking at the
would
William said
door. The receptionist said to me,
'I'm
repeatrng my surname.
'\Mould you be able to phone Fiona for me please, Terry?' asked Zoe.
if
Zoe asked
47n
READING: Lexical cloze For questions l-12, read the following extracts from two reviews
answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Eating in Sleaze
The trouble with many London restaurants is that more planning seems to go into what's on the walls than
goes
Sleaze.
It
lot, which is what you'd expect from the owner, Johnny Price who, after all, has created a number of fabulously fashionable eating places around the city. He's certainly been clever in designing Sle As you walk into the two-storey building, you feel as if you're back in the 1970s. (l) _ on the walls
(2)
advertising (4)
that decade, the floors are covered in hexagonal tiles, and the seating is mostl
sofas.
built-in circular
But strangest of-from back of the restaurant, behind a glass wall, are the gleaming tanks of a working all, at the (5) brewery. Four of the beer are on sale, and it's not bad! It's certainly a fun environment that makes a good talking (6) _ throughout the meal.
I 2 3 4 5 6
Bknocks Bwarns
Cthumps Canticipates BSplattered CPeppered Bimages Csnaps Bvarieties Cstrains Bfocus Cpiece
Dpoint
Sleaze by name...
My dinner (7) off to an excellent start, with an appetizer of wood-roasted vegetables. But for the main course, I made the (8) of ordering a salmon dish. It was more than an hour before it arrived. My dining partner, himself a chef, took one (9) _ and told me it was off. I sliced into it and sure - undercooked. I sent it back and when it (fO) enough , it seemed to reappear after another l0 minutes, settled tor apizza topped withmozzarella, pesto and rocket. It was delicious.
Surprisingly pleasant also was my dessert of basil and mascarpone ice-cream with stewed rhubarb. In the end (f l) _, the dinner had taken three times longer than it should have done. The only taste in my moud when I saw the bill was a bitter one. Our meal for two (12) to the princely sum of f,62 without
service.
7 8 9 lO Il 12
A A A A A A
arrived
B B B B B B
got mistake
sneeze
C went C choice
failed
moreover
came
C C C C
D D D D D D
made
fuss
rc44
UNIT5
&brewery
is an unnecessary distraction.
,kt
that the service could have been better. restaurant offers good value for money.
read the reviews, what rating out of ten do you think the restaurant deserves under these headings? 2 service
3 food
4 drink
5 value
t
4 would you expect to find pieces of writing like this?
&
rould you
A rcview
asked by a local English-language magazine which is read by English-speaking visitors and your home area, to write a review of two different restaurants; one which you would recommend, you would not. Write your review (300-350 words).
farget readers they want to know style you should adopt !o make the review interesting
fwo separate reviews, or one longer piece which compares the two places?
kind of language could you use to make comparisons? would the paragraphs be organized?
49r
UNIT 5
READING:
Multiple choice
You are going to read three extracts which are all concerned in some way with entertainment. For questions choose the answer (A, B, c or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
CD of the Week
If
music weren't important, none of this would
matter. A Clovis album wouldn't be something to tie yourself up in knots over, pondering such vital
Those who loved the sorrow-tinged yet breezy tunes on their first album will be just as satisfied
album.
10
regular boys, just like the friends you call at 6.00 pm on Friday night in the almost certain knowledge that they'll have nothing better to do than join you for a couple of drinks or a film. No, that doesn't satisfy either. The advantage of the band's plainness, however,
questions as: what do we want from our pop stars? Attitude, glamour, volatile behaviour which we watch from afar, fascinated, appalled, enraptured? No thanks. Or the Clovis model -
Listening to this CD is like coming home from travelling the world to find your slippers by the bed, and your favourite mug waiting for you in the cupboard. Everything in its place, and as you remember. They'll never disappoint you because they never make claims for themselves. '\7e're a band for ordinary people,' says their lead singer, and there's nothing defensive in this claim. But I know what I want from an album and Clovis, for all their unquestionable proficiency, don't have as much as a teaspoon of it!
A B C D
Which phrase from the text best reveals the writer's opinion of the band members? A volatile behaviour (line 5) B regular boys (line 8) C sorrow tinged (Iine 15) D nothing defensive (line 25)
n ,- the Despite -1 cost (about d3'000 second-hand' plus a further d300 for retuning)' the pleasure of owning a working classic will far outweigh any derived from the flat, bland-sounding result of playing the latest digital models.
2:
ffi50
UNIT5 ''\-:t
{ B C D .{ B tr D
rh phrase from the text best summarizes the status of the Moog synthesizer in its early years? epitome of futurism (lines 2-3) impressive-sounding drones and bleeps (line 7) seminal pop anthems (line 14) go beserk on the buttons (line 22)
purpose is to compare two different t}pes of musical instrument. argue in favour of certain techniques in instrument making. encourage readers to invest in an antique instrument. take a nostalgic look at a period of musical history.
less than wholly successful stage production lres behind the recording. This Faktaff started
Germany,
conducted by Colin Baldacci, but without singer Griff Berwyn, who was unable to appear at the
last minute. Then the production showed up again at a summer festival in Salzburg, with Berwyn singing, but Baldacci no longer scheduled to conduct. So these CDs, recorded in Berlin a year later, present a souvenir of a cast that never quite managed to get it together in the theatre. Never mind: it is the standard of the end result, rather than any sense of live occasion, that matters here. I'm sure that if Verdi were alive to hear what one of today's top orchestras can achieve with this miraculous score) it would probably leave him open-mouthed. They have indeed done him proud.
l:re writer praises this recording for A its imaginative interpretation of Verdi's music. B the inclusion of less well-known works by Verdi. C its faithful recreation of a memorable live production. D the exceptionally fine performances it brings together.
lhe writer
suggests
A B C D
full of admiration for it. unable to recognize his own work. unsure of how to react to it.
51W"
Tip of my Tongue
READING:
Multiple choice
l-7,
You are going to read an extract from a book about memory. For questions which you think fits best according to the text.
human memories are not embedded in a computer, they are encoded in the brain, in the ten:s billion nerve cells that comprise the human cerebrum - and the connections and pathways between these cells. Memories are living processes, which become transformed, imbued with new meanings each time we recall them. 40 Most of us worry that we have a poor memory, that we forget faces, vital appointments. yet *re scale and extent of what any one of us can remember are prodigious. Imagine sitting down and looking at a photograph for a few seconds. as Then another, then another. Suppose that a week later I show you the photographs again, each accompanied by a new, different one, and ask you to say which you had seen before. How many photographs do you think you could iden_ so tify correctly before your memory ran out or you
became confused? \7hen I asked my colleagues in the lab, their guesses ranged from 20 to 50. yet when the experiment is done in reality most people can identify accurately at least 10,000 differ-
unknown future, illuminated only during the ro always receding instant we call the present, the moment of our actual, conscious experience. yet our present appears continuous with our past, grows out of it, is shaped by it, because of our capacity for memory. It is this which prevents rs t}le past from being lost, as unknowabie as the future. It is memory which thus provides time with its arrow. For each of us, our memories are unique. you can lose a limb, have plastic surgery, tid.,.y
ening. Advocates of cryonics, that Californian fantasy of quick-freezing the dead until future advances in medical technology can bring thern :o back to life, recognize this; they propose a com_ puter backup store for the frozencorpse's mem_
" zo transplant or a sex-change operation, yet you are still in an important sense recognizably yourself as long as your memories persist. We know who we are) and who other people are, in terms of memory. Lose your memory and you as you) 2s cease to exist, which is why clinical cases of amnesia are so endlessly fascinating and fright_
ss
ent photographs without showing any signs of 'running out'of memory capacity.
ories which may somehow be read into the revived body at a future time. But our own
those tlrings which we have reason to believe are important for our future survival? If that were so, then to have a perfect memory would not be a
Do we then really forget at all? Are all our past experiences, as some schools of psychoanalysis maintain, encoded in some way within our 60 brains, so that, if only we could find the key to accessing them, every detail of our past would become as transparent to us as is the present moment of our consciousness? Or is forgettine functional, so that we record and rememblr orl! os
r'e&e
52
UNIT6
':
help but
hindrance in our day-to-day existence, and the long search for techniques or drugs to improve our memory - a search which goes back far into antiquity - would be at best a chimera.
a
rate of one every second, it would take you anything from three to thirty million years to complete your tally. Enough here perhaps to store the memories of a lifetime...
-:
i:
.:
.\bove all, how do we remember? How can the subtleties of our day-to-day experiences, the joys and humiliations of childhood, the trivia of last night's supper or the random digits of a passing car's numberplate become represented within the mix of molecules, of ions, proteins and lipids that make up the ten billion nerve cells of our brain? It is hard enough to envisage such a great number of cells, it is enough to note that each human brain contains getting on for ttree times as many nerve cells as there are people alive on the earth today, and that if you were to begin counting the connections bet'rveen them at the
human life-
a computer could survive such a complete turnover of all the machine's constituent parts. Somehow just as the shapes of our bodies persist despite the ceaseless ebb and flow of their molecular components, so do our memories, embedded in the structure and processes of the brain.
100
it
h-v is memory described as our most enduring :haracteristic? A Old people can remember details of their
B C D
t
How might having a perfect memory be a problem? A We would confuse present and past. B We would remember a lot of irrelevant things. C We would need to take drugs to maintain it. D We would exhaust the amount of memory available. According to the author, the human brain differs from a computer because of A the amount it can store. B the speed at which it operates. C the range of material it can process. D its ability to renew itself.
The expressions flux, turnover, and ebb and flow are all used in the final paragraph to describe
-{ B C D
'.1
it is a highly unusual condition. it represents a loss of individual identity. it can be brought on by routine medical
treatment. they are afraid that others will not recognize them.
hat doubts does the author have about :r-onics? A It oversimplifies the problem. B It originated in California. C It is completely unscientific. D It is too reliant on computers.
A B C D
a rate of change. the consequences of change. a state of change. problems associated with change.
53m
UNIT 6
Vocabulary
Look back at the extract and find words that mean the following. Paragraph numbers are given in br has been done for you as an example.
O an adjective meaning lasts a long time (l) I a phrasal verb meaning to bring to mind (l\ 2 a noun meaning a type of line (l) 3 a noun meaning loss of memory (2) 4 a noun meaning people in favour of something (2) 5 an adjective meaning wonderfully large (3) 6 a noun meaning something which gets in the way (4) 7 a noun meaning a fanciful idea (4) 8 a noun meaning events leading to feelings of low-erteem (5) 9 a noun meaning unimportant detaik (5\ 10 a verb meaning imagine (51 ll a noun meaning a record of a count (5) 12 an adjective meaning deeply buried (6\
Reference skills
enduring
Look at these words which are in bold in the extract. In each case say what the word is referring to. done for you as an example.
"""*rt.l
0 it (line 13) = I this (line la) = 2 them (line 29) = 3 they (line 30) = 4 they (line 35) = 5 them (line 40) = 6 one (line 48) = 7 them (line 62; = I that (line 67) = 9 them (line 85) = l0 here (line 88) = ll them (line 93\ = 12 so do (line 01 )=
1
ju.r oast
I
l I I l
Word stress
Underline the stressed syllable on each of these words from the text:
I 2 f w54
characteristic
4 accompanied
7 connection
l0 constituent
illuminated unknowable
humiliation 6 appointment
5
8 embedded
9 recognizably
Il
subtleties
12 components
UNIT6
:'::oded
embedded
-ook back at the context in which the words were used. Why has this suffix been used?
lhe prefix
- i-:
a$w playing
games that involve using my memlry. Jmt I am unable lo remember numbers iery accurately.
5,-r-c verbs can be followed by either a gerund or an infinitive, but the meaning may change: .:. .
fut
kt
I
ro remember the phone number. remembering the phone number. ranembered to postthe letter. I
the
I rtmember posting
letter. =
= =
..
..
: I i 4 i t ! a -I
.
l
'se
the correct form from the alternatives in brackets in each of these sentences.
-\re you able (to memorize/memorizing) people's phone numbers? Do you remember (to go/going) to the post office last Wednesday?
Some people find images easier (remembering/to remember) than words.
I must remember (trying/to try) andphone Phil this evening. I've got a message for him. You can't remember complicated instructions
To
without
-\ctors say there is no easy way (to learn/for learning) their lines. Piease don't hesitaLe (calling/to call\ me if you need any help.
i'm looking forward (to hear/to hearing) from you in due course. i haven't managed (to find/finding) a jacket to match my new pair of trousers. Do you dare (/o ask/asking) the visiting expert such a leading question?
-ie the verbs in the box into two categories: -hose generally followed by an infinitive and B - those generally followed by a gerund. Some verbs may , : : -ar in both categories, depending on their use.
q.
avoid resist face offer miss intend regret finish want risk mention decide postpone expect consider refuse hope learn plan t - infinitive)
B
(+ gerund)
55W
ffi
uNtTS
USE OF ENGIISH:
Word-building cloze
For questions t-10, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Why do we forget?
Despite the remarkable
(0)
to remember something from lapses of memory when we are (f ) that we thought was well established in our mind. Why does this happen? One theory suggests that information stored in the memory falls into (2) unless it is activated fairly regularly. In other words, we need to practise and revise what we have learnt, otherwise the new input will gradually
fade in the memory and
EFFICIENT ABLE
USE
(3)
ULTIMATE
OPPOSE
In(4)-tothistheoryistheideaof,cue-dependentforgetting,,which
asserts that
incapableofrecallingit.Inotherwords,thefailureisoneof(5)-rather
than
(6)
Inoneofthese,subjectsweregivenlistsofwordsto(7)-andwerethentested
on their powers of recall. Then they were tested again, only this time they were recall. For example, if a list contained given relevant information to (8) the words 'sofa' ,'armchair' and 'wardrobe', the subjects would be given the superordinate word'furniture'as a cue to help them. These experiments showed
FACILITY
thattheinformationwaSnotpermanentlylostbutonly(ro)-.
PUNCTUATION: Commas and clauses
(9) -
STRENGTH
LAY
We often use a comma to separate a clause or an adverb from the main part of the sentence. For sentences l-10, put a comma in the correct place and decide which is the clause and which is the subject of the main sentence.
2 3 4 5 6
ffi56
First of all I'd like to talk about my own experience. Surprising as it may seem memories are our most enduring characteristics.
Apart from Dr. Brown nobody knew how to programme the computer.
You can borrow my BMW as long as you drive carefully.
Far from being cold in the room it turned out to be rather warm.
uNlTS it not been for Barbara's help the project would never have been completed.
fre
lhless you have any objections the meeting will take place on March 4th.
Despite the limited time available for rehearsals the band seemed very well prepared.
Comprehension
these three sentences:
Tlre reporter attacked the senator and admitted the error. Tla reporter who attacked the senator admitted the ercor.
three have the same meaning? Can you explain any differences in meaning?
at the headline of the article. What do you think the article is going to be about? C) best summarizes the article. *ictttists prove that the harder the question, the longer the brain takes to answer it. dentists show that the harder a brain works, the more it achieves. firientistsfind that the more complexthe problem, the quicker the brain responds to it.
ion did the researchers ask the volunteers? What was the purpose of the question? What other do you think they asked?
57:
UNIT 6
How
ffiwwry
matter can be
7s
iJf
Those irritatingly compulsive experiment was understandteasers which crop up in the +o ing written sentences. The back of weekend magazines researchers chose this need never defeat you again. because a wide variety of For, according to a fascinatknowledge is required to
ing study published recently in Science, thinking harder really does make your brain work harder. Researchers in
+s
the meaning of words, phrases, how they fit together, and to develop a visual picture of the meaning.
process
Pittsburg, USA, have concludFifteen participants of college ed that they can measure how age were shown the following hard people are thinking simso sentences which increase in ply by measuring how much complexity:
action. The observations were made using a method that is called'magnetic resonance imaging'.
researchers monitored the brain activity in four areas of the brain known to be associated with language. All areas became more active as the sentences got more compliso cated, the areas in the left hemisphere of the brain being activated more dramatically. Around three times more brain tissue was used in the as left-hand-side areas than in the right hemisphere. The exact amount of brain matter involved varied from person to person and with each set of
9o sentences.
35
552 The reporter who attacked Although common sense sugthe senator admitted the gests that the more complex et1()L the problem, the harder the 3 The reporter who the brain works, there has always been speculation about 60 senator attacked admitted the error, whether high levels of cognition can actually be detected in terms of brain activity. The ascending order of complexity is confirmed by the Simply by asking volunteers fact that the third sentence to look at wdtten sentences, the researchers seemed to 6s took the participants longer to read, caused their pupils to have proved that loftier dilate more, and was more thoughts really are linked to likely to be misunderstood. higher brain activity. Their After reading each sentence, technique may also help scientists to tell exactly which they were asked questions parts of the brain are used to 70 such as, 'Did the reporter carry out particular mental attack the senator?' They tasks. answered by pressing buttons. As this was done. the The task chosen for this
The scientists postulate that the different areas of the brain may have a specific role in deciphering the sentences. ss Wernicke's area in the left
hemisphere may be responsible for processing the meaning of each word, and Broca's area, also on the left, may roo help to associate the sound of the word with its meaning.
The researchers conclude that
it is now possible to map how difficult a cognitive task is by ros looking at how much of the
brain is needed to tackle it.
7 8 9 lO
@58
In your own words, explain why the researchers chose to use written sentences in their research.
Explain the phrase 'ascending order of complexity'. (lines 6l-62) What three pieces of evidence suppofi the idea that one of the sentences was more difficult to understand? Which side of the brain proved to be the most active? Why?
Relative pronouns
at the three sentences the volunteers were shown. One of them would be much easier to had the wordwhombeen used instead of.who. Which sentence is this? When is it possible to use
mher thanwho?
of; the sentences l-IO, decide which is true, either; Lr.ho can be replaced by whom
.dn must be replaced by whom Crto cannot be replaced by whom .bn is the man who I go to watch football matches with. tto is that knocking at the door?
who wrote the article about brains. llr is the woman with who I had a conversation about the Internet. tr are talking about the woman who I love,' he said. t[.a you indicate the man to who you sent the letter? ]was the only one of the actors without who the play couldn't go on. k- wondering who to ask to the party. t*y is the little girl who we bought the birthday present for. fto is going to help me do the washing-up this evening?
is the woman
Sc
person for
h Hl
whom I bought my old car. whom I communicate on the Internet. Ibat's the name of the person whom you sent that fax? whom we gave our old desktop computer. l'UzJrc is the girl whom do I have the pleasure of speaking?
is the each of the sentences above tsingwho + preposition, as in the example.
She's the person (who) l've beenwaiting for.
man is a student
ffiffi
UNIT 5
Put either who, whom, where or which into the space in each of these sentences' Example: James is a man who likes his food'
L 2 f 4 5 6 7 8 9 lO
I've never read' I've never met' Frances is the name of the girl I've never visited' York is a Place we ought to employ' person Sally is the type of - you can always rely on' Dr. Smith is someone
This is the
Tanamara is a book
the accident happened' sells this type of product' The company is rhe only one you can send a fax cheaply' This is the onlv place -is willing to do this sort of work. Our problem is finding someone the video components? Are they made by the company
place
'zero'
I/ + present simple +
present simple
lst
without
ro
2nd
without
/o
*rrc
a walk tomorrow before,b-reakfast': b"t i:'-:^1ttJ^t^1"""^',::lect yornger, I wouid go for a walk before breakfast. = but I'm not younger. so I won't
for
to have time
3rd
I didn't wake up early, so I didn't If I had woken up earlier, I would have gone for a walk before breakfasl. = but
to the first sentence' using the For questions l-9, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning and eight words, including the wc word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three given.
If you'd planned your journey in advance, this problem wouldn't have arisen'
UNIT6
everyone agrees, next week's meeting will be cancelled. next week. more driving practice you get, the more likely you are to pass the test.
lmg
re
Gapped sentences
l-5, think of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
1ur can't remember a wotd, it up in your dictionary.
aroidunexpectedbottlenecksinyourwork,youneedto-aheadandseewhat,scoming. fedupyoumaybefeeling,it,simportantto-onthebrightsideandadoptapositive
language of text messaging seems to
grrrethisisaproblemwe,ll-againinthecourseofourresearch.
on the Internet jargon.
musualandcompIicated-ofthislanguageliesinitsverbSystem.
ape's bulbous nose is his most prominent facial
for remembering aII his friends' and colleagues' telephone numbers is phenomenal. f,nk my freezer is filled to - I just can't fit any more stuff in it. as President of the bank. ir speaking to the club members tonight in his
hadn,tunderstoodtheaimoftheexperimentandhadno-ideaoftheprocedure.
qder to avoid misunderstandings, I always make it ptfer to study early in the morning when my mind is
when I'm joking and when I'm not.
51
A Matter of Taste
GRAMMAR: Gerund and
infinitive
Put the correct form of the verb in brackets, either the gerund or infinitive, in each of the spaces in these sente
I Icouldn,tresist-(go)toseethatnewexhibitionattheNationalGallery. 2 Pleaseforgivemy-(mention)it,butIthinkyou,Iesittingonmyhat. (accept) the idea of selling that painting - it's been in my family for generations. 3 I refuse (invest) in 1980s furniture, which is becoming very collect 4 I've heard that Tom intends (learn) that my old vase was quite valuable. ) I was completely taken aback (travel) all the way to Paris to see the Cezanne exhibition? 6 Do you think it's worth (mention) was the price she wants for the commission. 7 What the designer omitted (borrow) that art book rather than have the expense of buVinS it. 8 I have arranged for you (tidy) up your room a bit before you go out, please? 9 Would you mind
l0
I can't face (listen) to another hour of this concert, I'm going home!
ending in cede/ceed/sede
with this sound, but most of them are spelled
crde:
There are foui exceptions to this rule which it is worth learning: supersede = the onty word where s is used instead of c exceed,proceed and succeed = the only words which endin ceed
Look at these sentences. Each one contains a spelling mistake. The mistake may or may not involve a word endi in -cede/-ceed or -sede. Underline the misspelled word in each sentence and write a correction in the space on the
right.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
It was a very sucessful concert and all the proceeds went to charity. Terry's new novel is not as exciting as the preceeding ones. The rock star is now over 50 and his hair is beginning to receed.
That modell of word-processor has now been superseded. John conceded that he had made an error of judgment.
The police officer fined him for exceeding the spede
limit.
Tamsin has succeeded in overcoming many personnal difficulties. The lawyer told Ted that legal procedings had been started against him.
w62
UNITT
pnnn
,,Ltr**'
l.-8, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap.
Blue jeans
'
1o
sllL]i]] t'
ll
. ;
'
:
:robably in the l6th-century, someone invented a tough cotton fabric in the Italian city of Genoa. '.:rcre we get the word 'jeans' from, or so (l) has it. But the name could have been created 'serge de Nimes', or denim (2) =: -ir the French city of Nimes, where it was called
ll'li,,iir":
r i
--
wrllli ll r
l]ll]l]Liifl]]".
you iron in a crease or sport an elasticated --r. coolest fashion statement there is - (3) - '.', hich is when they instantly become the opposite. (4) _ amongst cheap, everyday -. -ans are the only ones that look better the older they get and actually accrue in value with the
: \'ears.
lLll/ll.lLl
about you, broadcasting loud and (6) _ with iconic wearers, such as James Dean, Bruce Springstein, etc.
lll" lL
""
j-
,,1,"tiifl
rlil$i,
world, many of them the classic 501 jean - a style which .'::oduced in 1890. In the world of fashion where things go out of date faster than you can blink, it's :nthinkable for a company to be selling an item designed more than 100 years ago.
B rumour
B by sight
C report C at last C providing C
'{q
iilr { m{ lfri {[
B albeit B Unaccompanied
B progress
Individual
-:
,
l$|i
4,
----l-, i, -t1\
; EiliGLISH: Summary '',,:rg texts about denim jeans. For questions l-4, answer with a word or short phrase. You not * : - npiete sentences. For question 5, write a summary according to the instructions given. do .L
- :::ined as utilitarian work clothes for America's :. -: seekers, denim jeans and jackets have sparked :- . gold rush of their own as collectors dig i *rd for rare examples. And there are some fair.::;ient examples to be found. For old denims -,:','-: seem to fade away completely, do they? . i -:e often than not, they are just consigned to ;.::ening or DIY duties, destined to see out their :.-.'. cor,ered in mud or being splashed with oil or ::rjrt. Some, however, make their way onto ,;:-nd-hand market stalls and rails in charity
:
search of their quarry - and they know exactly what to look for: the cut, the label, even fhe stitching, which can reveal the date and value of an item, from just a few pounds to tens of thousands.
15
There are some wealthy individuals with very large, and surprisingly valuable, private collections. Denim is such a hard-working material that it doesn't require special storage, although fussier collectors insist on an air-conditioned room for
'-,':.i-in' look. Or by denim collectors. These -.::::r' individuals trawl vintage denim hotspots in
j-
rS_.
fear that damp might affect the colour. Most, though, just keep thefu treasures neatly folded, rather than on a hanger which might lead to discoloration along the crease.
25
UNIT 7
Which two words later in the text reinforce the idea that collectors have to 'dis around' (lines 3-4) find rare examples of denim jeans?
In your own words, explain what the writer means by the term 'denim hotspots'. (line
141
In
buy purely for resale, and there are some real nuggets to be found. In 1995, one collector
stumbled across what are believed to be the oldest never-worn-or-washed pair of Levi jeans, which date from 1927.He paid $2,500 in the US, selling
on to aJapanese client for $30,000, who was quick
now in such demand. '\fhen you wear vintage denim, you wear an iconic piece of American history,' says Lynne Downey, archivist for Levi Strauss and herself a collector for ten years. 'Denim has a sense of continuity.' Indeed, what other l9th-century garment has survived intact to
the present time?
belt-tightening $41,000.
Jeans manufacturers haven't been slow to cash in on the trend for the old look, either. \fith originals
Unlike other collectables, though, denim has few dedicated dealers. The market is determined largely by the forces of supply and demand, and is driven by the fascination with Americana in countries such as Japan and Korea. Many people
in ever shorter supply, Levis and Lee have each launched limited edition reproduction ranges:
which may well confuse collectors of the future. Some, with a post-modern touch, have even been aged with the odd patch or fray.
3 4 5
In your own words, explain what is 'ironic' in the situation described at the beginning of the text.
Which phrase from the text suggests that very valuable jeans may be found by chance?
and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, reasons given in the texts why various people buy old denim jeans. In
a paragraph of between 5O
ffi64
uNlTT
An article
been asked to write a short article of between 300 and 350 words on the subject of blue jeans for an Faking magazine read by young people in your country. Look at this brief you have received from
arlicle should include hislorical in{ornation aboul denin nalerial, the design o{ ieans Leui Slrauss hinse(. You should also include an appraisal of the place o{ jeans in in gour counltg. I'n enclosing sotne biodata oh Leli Slrauss {ot gou lo use.
use
your own words, write in an appropriate style, and include: ion from the box below
Born in Bavaria, Germany (son of a haberdasher) Emigrated to New York (where brother had haberdashery business) Became a US citizen Moved to San Francisco (time of gold rush) Went into business with Jacob Davis (Davis had designed the first jeans, but lacked the money to develop the idea) Died - left fortune of $6 million f7 billion worth of jeans sold per year world wide
erticle.
! Prefixes
with up
lEntence with a word from the box and the prefix up. One has been done for you as an example.
dare
65n
UNIT 7
/o
B',Y:,f#:,;':J:;,nT,':I',if
"0",,,l *'
ffi ffi::
"
o
o u,
For questions l-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using thr word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the n'4 given.
wishes
Terry
wishes
Sally
Felix phoned Ramona and said, 'Good luck in your exam tomorrow'
wish
Felix phoned the following day.
Graham disliked the fact that he had to visit his grandmorher.
wished
Graham his grandmother a visit.
Pamela would like to stay out later on Saturday nights, but she can't.
wishes
Pamela
Ronnie would very much like Samantha to help him with his homework. wishes
Ronnie
stop.
Benny would very much like to be able to speak Welsh. wishes Benny
to speak Welsh.
ffi66
}|ultiple choice
*.is review of a new series of art books. A number of structure words have been removed. For questions &oose the most appropriate word or phrase from the alternatives in italics.
History of Art
llr,rpjor new series aims to present major chunks of world art history in a way that is popular and enticing wwir.'ur/avoidingbeingbland, unquestioning and patronizing to (2) ones/thosewho can already tell Manet $tanet.
out as a group. (3) Each/All are flawlessly designed and sensitively organized, glossary and index. (41 This/Such realistic approach extends to the price - at f,8.99 reader-friendly notes, 'rfru can afford, or (5) while/at leastbe tempted, to buy in bulk - (6) especially/simply when you compare
rith
GEiEr
ArL-ugh/However attractive its packaging, a series like this risks being over-ambitious; it can't simply rhe whole history of art in one fell swoop, as one over-excited critic, quoted on each jacket, has There is (S) only/hardly so much you can say in 200 pages when there are almost as many images must be interpreted and contextualized to give a bigger picture, especially (91 when/whether dealing fr 'ffi a subject, for example, as vast as 'Art in China'.
't:*lrhilst|ne authors, invariably experts in their fields, manage to juggle their own and other people's
However/Despite the rigid format, mru:ns rvith enviable wit, and without losing less-informed readers. is simply no other art history series as wide-ranging, are books with personality as well as looks - there d-researched and up-to-date. (t^2l But/And it is fair to say that the publishers can hardly be accused of qurmag corners; there are another 55 volumes to come.
(ll\
frr
5s1d rhe text again. For questions l-4, choose the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best mmr$ing to the text.
I h rtre first two paragraphs, the reviewer suggests that the books in the new series are A suitable only for people ignorant of art. i of little use as individual volumes. C relatively good value for money. D aimed at too broad a target audience. I htat aspect of the books is the reviewer less than convinced by? A the elaborate packaging I the accuracy of the information C the historical background provided D the quoted critical reaction I lthat does the reviewer say about the series' authors? A He admires their sense of humour. I He accepts the limitations of their knowledge. C He regrets that they're constrained by the format. D He questions the relevance of their opinions. | lrhich phrase from the text is used to suggest that the series may be attempting to achieve too much? A major chunks (line I t to buy in bulk (line 6) C one fell swoop (line 9) D cutting corners (line f 7)
)
UNITT
I 2 3 4 5
How many pieces of information or opinion does each include? How are the pieces of information linked together? Where do you expect to find this style of writing? Why is it so effective?
Find some more examples of noun phrases in the review.
GRAMMAR: Inversions
Rewrite each of these sentences so that it has a similar meaning, but begins with the word given.
The car may have been cheap, but it wasn't good value.
Cheap
Although the painting is pretty, it doesn't compare with the great masters. Pretty
So
William didn't realize he had so much stuff until he had to move house. Not until
w68
s.P o a 6
o
Gapped text
Read this newspaper article. Six paragraphs have been removed from the extract. Choose from the paragraphs A-G on page 70 the one which fits each gap (f-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
The whole 'dog-hair thing' as Kendall calls it, began l5 years ago, when she learned how to spin. But why spinning, when one can buy wool from a shop? 'Oh,
the porch and the kids will come out and we'll tell stories'. A craft for our times? 'Exactlv.'
4
Then at the back of the book, there are patterns for scarves, mittens and jumpers, with the finished results proudly modelled by the dog owners. There's even an exhaustive guide to which dogs provide the best yarn. Readers learn that the Rottweiler, 'calm and intelligent by nature, has a very short, fine undercoat that can be spun when mixed with longer
'I smile every time I wear it. There are people who stuff their dogs - I don't think I could do that -but this is like carrying a lock of hair. It's a lot of hair, sure, but it is that little touchstone that makes you feel
connected and
fibres
2
- but do
with my
it
camel-hair coat.
conversation piece.'
rustics, but I still wasn't expecting the perfectly manicured vision of corporate America that greeted me at the front door. Kendall was dressed in an elegant ceam suit - exactly the sort of attire one could not wear anywhere near a dog. Perhaps the whole project was merely a warped marketing ploy to sell more knitting needles.
3
and co-author, Anne Montgomery, give every impression of being apple-pie normal, rather than dog-crazed
trips back and forth to Michigan' has been an immediate success in the States, after being turned
down by countless publishers. One has to face facts. There must be many people out there knitting up their dogs, or at least planning to.
6
Kendall was unrelenting. 'We did want this to be a fun read. But we're not kidding. Look upon it as recycling. This is just a how-to manual.'
'Ine harr, by the way, is gathered after it has been shed, or as a result of grooming with a brush. Until Kendall explained this, I'd been under the false and truly horrible misapprehension that they sheared the dogs like sheep. It was at this point that I suddenly found the surreal quality of this conversation overwhelming. Surely it was all a joke? I(endall says this in an off-hand way, but the only excuse for an advertising executive to resort to spinning is watching Sleeping Beauty too many times. 'Spinning was becoming increasingly popular,' I(endall explained,'and I do like to master new skills.'
Indeed, as one of the writers of this small, but information-packed volume is I(endall Crolius, a senior vice-president of a major American advertising company, it must be. Inside is a complete guide to each stage in creating clothing, from 'a dog you know and love, rather than a sheep you'll never meet,' as the book puts it - from gathedng up the hair itself, to spinning the yarn.
This whole notion, however, was instantly knocked on the head. I(endall was only too happy to tell me the benefits of knitting with dog hair. This isn't just knitting. It's a cause.
I(endall now has a chocolate-brown dog of the same breed. Although she stresses that she reallv didn't want a dog 'just to make sweaters', she du accept that it was fortunate when this latest labrador turned out to have long hair of the sort that covered upholstery in a fine layer.
It was on a spinning course, in Brooklyn, that I(endall first heard about the amazing properties dog fur. 'Our teacher happened to mention that one could spin dog hair. Everyone went "hah, hah", but I thought "hmmmm". We already hadl golden labrador retriever... in fact, this is golden retriever,' said I(endall, brandishing a coppery-brown scarf. Although the dog departed life some years ago, she lingers on in I(endall's wardrobe.
I felt I already knew I(endall, and indeed her whole family, from the smudgy black-and-white photographs which are littered throughout the book, as they pose in the various items of clothinl she has created. But when I read that I(endall wa in London, on a high-powered mission for her company, I couldn't pass up the opportunity of meeting her'
first published in
In your own words, explain what the writer means by each of these expressions
as used
in the article.
I 2 3 4 5 6
First paragraph 'the appalling truth dawns' Third paragraph 'apple-pie normal'
Third paragraph 'dog-crazed rustics' Third paragraph 'vision of corporate America' Third paragraph 'a warped marketing ploy' Fifth paragraph 'that little touchstond
7 8 9 l0
How would you feel about wearing a pullover made from dog's hair? What do you feel about this book? Is it in good taste? Which of the following phrases would you use to describe the tone of the ailicle? A slightly indignant B completely neutral C generally admiring D mildly mocking
Go your
SOCABULARY
own Way
Advertising
frr:d this text about advertising. FilI each of the numbered gaps with one suitable word from the box. The first one :,;,, been done for you as an example.
artwork brands campaigns catalogue circulation consumers leaflets mailing media medium p+ae production rates research revolution
samples
space
traders up-market
Advertising
bewildering choice of goods, all competing for our attention. Manufacturers are advertising to inform us about their products and persuade us to buy them. Throughout history, each new development in communications has led to a new type of advertising. Street (l) have always had special cries to alert people to their presence, and the development of printing made
The modern market
(O) place
contains
(2)
_ _
of goods, and the 20th century provided radio and television to sell them.
as
Now that multinational companies do business across the globe, their products are referred to
(4)
.
world
Advertising them is a costly affair and has effects on the lives of people in many countries.
information across. By most likely to want or be able to afford its help a business to decide if these people read a publication or watch
- away of getting
television programme which might carry its advertisements. to people in their homes, letting locals know where to find items can buy a (f
0)
list broker and post direct mail material to particular addresses. Some companies advertise their goods in a
a
mail order (f f )
3)
15)
_ -
for advertising. Glossy magazines print elegant colour to show off goods and sometimes give away small packets of products as (f 6)
and charge high (f
-,
The most widely recognized advertisements appear on television. They reach a large audience in a very
71Wffi
Gloria agreed
Tanyiz apologized for the faa ihwt she hn"d missed tlry n tq.TryqqpotogrzeaJorrneJacrma{snsnuam$:eavrymee.mng.'"'."
For questions l-10, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, us the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, includ the word given. Be careful to use the shortest correct form after the reporting verb.
minute he arrived.
'You're not to go out on your own after dark, I(ylie,' said her mother.
'I think you should try a larger size, Madam,' said the shop assistant to the lady. advised
The shop assistant
larger size.
went
Delia suggested
a cup of coffee.
6 w72
reminded
Mary's grandmother handkerchief.
UNITS
said John.
Pauline.
'Hello Tim,' said Lesley, 'I just phoned to say well done for passing your exam.'
congratulate
Lesley
phoned
exam.
offered
Peter l0
lift.
said the owner.
'I'm afraid the failure of the company was completely my own fault,' blamed
The owner
oI the company.
beginning (0).
Birds of a feather
There is something awe-inspiring
when they all move together at the same time. We wonder (l) this unity of purpose comes from, and (2) it is that the individuals know what the group is supposed to do, and the part they must play in it.
Once, while I was visiting friends in Monte Carlo, I witnessed one of the most extraordinary sights I have ever seen.
(3)
high up in their tower block apartment, I was looking down into the harbour. It was
jam-packed(4)-expensiveyachts,glowinginthelightoftheSettingsun.Waydownbelowme,in
amongst the buildings, was a huge tree
with fruit, but with birds. Lirerally thousands of birds were spiralling in to settle down for the night. They looked like starlings, although I couldn't say (6) _ sure.
a tree
laden (5)
but (7) was more. As the birds dipped and wheeled in the air, the entire flock began to acquire some kind of collective order. At first, it seemed little
The sheer concentration of birds was amazing enough,
|8)-thanarandomSwarmofindependentbirds,aScatteringofblackdots.Butasthesundipped lower,theentireflockbegantoactaS(9)-,likesomegiganticsingleflyingorganism.Thebirds
spiralled (rO)
I
rr)
tf3)
if drawn (14)
the air, swerving and turning with astonishing speed and an impressive unity as each bird knew exactly ( 12 ) to do. Occasionally a large group would break whirling and swirling in its own independent dance - only to quickly rejoin the main group,
an invisible magnet.
as
Then-magically, as suddenly as it
-,
(15)
73m
wffi
uNtTS
Vocabulary
A B C 2
Look back at the text and find: the adjectives that tell us about how the writer felt the words and phrases that tell us about the number and density of thines the nouns and verbs that tell us how things moved
Why has the writer chosen to use these words? Why has he used so many different words?
Writing: a description
A general interest rnagazine has invited readers to submit articles with the title 'something that really made an impression on me.'The best article will be published in the magazine. Write your article. (300-350 words)
- think about the event and exactly what happened, where you were, who you were with, - look back at the cloze passage to see how the writer organized his piece of writing. - write a list of the words and phrases you could use to describe what you saw. - think of as many synonyms for the words as you can.
PROVERBS
etc.
Match the beginning of the common English proverb on the left with the phrase on the right which com it. One has been done for you as an example.
I Birds of a feather 2 Absence makes 3 Familiarity breeds 4 Neverjudge 5 Don't put all your eggs 6 A bird in the hand 7 While the cat's away 8 You can lead a horse to water, 9 Finders keepers, l0 He who laughs last ll Don't count your chickens
2
A B
C D
in one basket.
laughs longest.
a book by its cover.
E F
G
the heart grow fonder. flock together. but you can't make it drink. is worth two in the bush.
H before they are hatched. I the mice willplay. J contempt. K losers weepers.
For each of the proverbs above, write a sentence summarizing the idea that it is explaining.
w74
PELLING
:'rose the correct spelling of each word (A, B, C, or D) to complete each of the sentences
l-lo.
I Harry 2 3 4 5
A
in taking
A succeeded B suceeded
succeded D sucseeded
to
it out.
D sort Although I spend a lot of time alone, I rarely suffer from A lonliness B lonelyness C loneliness D lonlieness greatly from the work experience scheme he took part in. Tony A benefitted B benafitted C bennefited D benefited After the long race, Trixie was _ tired. A noticably B noticeabally C noticeably D noticabley The general feeling was that further investment in the project was
B
C
sought
saught
sorte
A unecessary B unneccessary
unnecessary D unneccesary
C
A Unfortunately B Unfortuneately
The animal sanctuary is a place of great
Unfortunateley D Unfortunatley
D tranquillity
tranqility
tranqillitty
tranqiulity
boring speech.
Multiple choice
You are going to read an extract from a famous detective novel by Dorothy L. Sayers. In the extract, detective Peter Wimsey is having dinner with a group of female academics in an Oxford college in the 1930s. For questions l-6, choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
Gaudy night
he book,' said the Dean, 'is about a young man who starts out to be a scientist and gets on very well until, just as he 's going to be appointed to an important executive post, he finds he 's made a careless error in a scientific papet. He didn't check his assistant's re sults or something. Somebody finds out, and he doesn't get the job. So he decides he doesn't really care about science after all.' 'Obviously not,' said Miss Edwards. 'He only cared about the post,' 'But,' said Miss Chilperic, 'If it was only a mistake. . . ' 'The point about it,' said Peter, 'is what an eldedy scientist says to him. He tells him: "the only ethical principle which has made science possible is that the truth shall be told all the time. If we do not penalize false statements made in error, we open up the way for false statements by intention. And a false statement of fact, made deliberately, is the most serious crime a scientist can commit." Words to that effect. I may not be quoting quite correctly. 'Well, that's true , of course. Nothing could possibly excuse falsification.'
'There's no sense in deliberate falsification, anyhow,' said the Bursar. 'What could anybody gain by it?' 'It has been done,' said Miss Hillyard, 'frequently. To get the better of an argument. Or out of ambition.' 'Ambition to be what?' cried Miss Lydgate. 'What satisfaction could one possibly get out of a reputation one knew one didn't deserve? It would be horible.' Her innocent indignation upset everyone's grayity. 'How about the Forged Decretals... Chatterton... Ossian... Henry Ireland... those nineteenth-century
pamphlets the other day...' 'I know,' said Miss Lydgate, perplexed. 'I know people do it. But why? They must be mad.' 'In the same novel,' said the Dean, 'somebody deliberatelyfalsifies a result - later on, I mean - in order to get a job. And the young scientist who made the original mistake finds it out. But he says nothing, because the other man is very badly off and has a wife and family to keep.' 'Those wives and families!' said Peter. zs 'Does the author approve?' inquired the Warden. 'I$flell,' said the Dean, 'the book ends there, so I suppose he does.' 'But does anybody approve? A false statement is published and the man who could correct it lets it go, out of charitable consideration. Would anybody here do that? There's your test case, Miss Barton, with no personalities attached: 30 'Of course one couldn't do that,' said Miss Barton. 'Not for ten wives and fifty childrenl 'It sounds aflyway,like a manufactured case,' said Miss Allison briskly. 'It could seldom happen and
20
if
it did...' 'Oh it happens,' said Miss de Vine. 'It has happened. It happened to me. I don't mind telling you without names, of course. I{rhen I was at Flamborough College , there was a professor who sent in a very 3s interesting thesis on a historical subject. It was a most persuasive piece of argument; only I happened to know that the whole contention was quite untrue, because a letter that absolutely contradicted it was actually in existence in a certain very obscure library in a foreign town. I'd come across it when I was reading up something else . That wouldn't have mattered, of course . But the internal evidence showed that the man must have had access to that library. So I had to make an enquiry and I found that he really had 40 been there and must have seen the letter and deliberately suppressed it.' 'But how could you be so sure he had seen the letter?' asked Miss Lydgate anxiously. 'He might carelessly have ovedooked it. That would be a very different matter.'
'He had not only seen it,' replied Miss de Vine; 'He stole it. We made him admit as much. He had come upon that letter when his thesis was neady complete , and he had no time to rewrite it. And it was a great +s blow to him apart from that, because he had grown very enamoured of his own theory and couldn't bear to give it up.' 'That's a mark of an unsound scholar, I'maftaidl said Miss Lydgate in a mournful tone. 'But there is one curious thing; went on Miss de Vine. 'He was unscrupulous enough to let the false contention stand; but he was too good a historian to destroy the letter. He kept itJ so 'You'd think,' said Miss Pyke, 'it would be as painful as biting on a sore tooth.' 'Perhaps he had some idea of rediscovering it some day,' said Miss de Vine, 'and setting himself right with his conscience. I don't know, and I don't think he knewverywell himselfl 'What happened to him?' asked Harriet. ''Well, that was the end of him, of course. He lost the professorship, naturally, and they took away his ss MA degree as well. A pify, because he was brilliant in his own way - and very good looking, if that has anlthing to do with it.' 'Poor man!' said Miss Lydgate. 'He must have needed the post very badly. 'It meant a good deal to him financially. He was married and not well off. I don't know what became of him. That was about six years ago. He dropped out completely. One was sorry about it, but there it was.' 60 'You couldn't possibly have done anyttring else ,' said Miss Edwards. 'Of course not. A man as undependable as that is not only usele ss, but dangerous. He might do
anlthing.'
'You'd think it would be a lesson to him,' said Miss Hillyard. 'It didn't pay, did it? Say he sacrificed his professional honour for the women and children that we hear so much about - but in the end it left him es worse off.' 'But that; said Peter, 'was only because he committed the extra sin of being found out.'
UNITS
In the book, the young scientist failed to get the job because of his lack of
A B C D
commitment.
In the book, the elderly scientist felt that the young scientist A had been treated unlairly. B was unlucky to have been detected. C deserved to lose the job. D had intended to deceive people.
The Dean suggests that the young scientist's actions at the end of the book show him to be
A B C D
What did Miss de Vine's enquiry to the library show? A The letter had been stolen. B The professor had seen the letter. C The professor had visited the library. D The letter had been damaged.
What interpretation does Miss de Vine put upon the professor's actions regarding the letter? A He hadn't understood its significance. B He knew it would be discovered eventually. C He was inadequate as a historian. D He wanted the truth to be preserved.,
What does Peter suggest about academic life in his final comment? A Falsification is always wrong. B Falsification may be quite common.
C D I 2 3 4 5
In your own words, explain why the elderly scientist felt that all errors had to be penalized.
What does Peter mean by the phrase 'words to that effect'? (line l0)
What are the 'forged decretals' (tine 18) an example of?
br your olvn words, explain what the phrase 'let it go' (line 27) means.
What condusions does the Dean draw from the way in which the book ends?
77J
UNIT8
Which phrasal verb tells us about the circumstances under which Miss de Vine originally found the letter?
8 9 l0 ll 12
Which word in lines 43-46 tells us about the professor's attitude to his theory?
In your own words, explain how and why the professor might have'rediscovered'the letter. (line 5l)
what do you understand by the phrase 'he dropped out completely'? (line 59)
What does Miss Hillyard mean by the phrase ,it didn,t pay,? (line 63)
Word stress
Underline the stressed syllable on each of these words from the text.
I 2 3 4 5
executive falsification
persuasive ll
correctly
personalities
unscrupulous
charitable professorship
USE OF ENGLISH:
For questions
Gapped sentences
of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences.
l-6, think
At this they'll be lucky to get the results our by next week. I'd like to get some Euros, but i don't know what the of exchange is. We should have foreseen the catastrophe, or at any suspected that something was about to
happen.
a press
If you get all the material ready, I'll in for it on my way to the lab. After Rachel failed to get any support from her colleagues, she threatened to _ conference to expose her superiors' misconduct.
They're going on a Mediterranean cruise, and the ship is going -
to
3GladysSetupanelaborateandexpensiveexperimentjustto-herpoint.
I'm sure the apparatus will I'm very eager to take on this job,
to be most efficient, and well worth the money. as I really want to myself as a serious researcher.
w7a
UNITS
I wasn't expecting the TV company to accept my script, so it got the rejection letter.
didn't
as any surprise
when I
didn't
AftersuchtraumaticeVentS,weallneedtimeto-anddecidewhatwereallywanttodonext. TheseoutburstsofTom,sdon,t-whathereallyfeels,they,rejusthiswayoflettingoffsteam.
They made a detailed plan of campaign for the picnic, but unfortunately
it
didn't
off because
didn't
before the Court for two years, by which time the defendant had left the
country.
Carole
Thisreportwasbadlywritten,andIthinkthosewhoreaditmaywellhave-thepoint.
By {ailing to win the contract, the company
has
an opportunity.
USE OF ENGLISH:
Transformations
For questions l-7, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the rvord given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
The professor wants to show that he is still in touch with his colleagues.
lost
The professor wants to
idea
Maurice
After discovering the theft, the only option open to us was calling the police.
but
We
resulted
Sloppiness
How likely is anyone to find out what we have done? chances What we have done?
necessary
The dentist said
it
two fillings.
Tim can't go to the shopping centre without meeting old friends from school.
bumps
Whenever Tim old friends from school.
79
we
Multiple choice
You are going to read an article about somebody who has a very specialized job. Look at the first paragraph oI the article and find the person's: - job rirle - special area of interest Read the whole article quickly and decide which heading from the box below best summarizes the topic of each paragraph.
headache symptoms of headaches recent research into headaches causes of headaches cure for headaches headache sufferers remedies for headaches theories about headaches Marcia Wilkinson's background prospects for the future
types of
Now read the article again more carefully. For questions l-6, choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
]'|OTHER OF HEADACHES
The British neurologist, Marcia Wilkinson, known to colleagues as Mother Migraine, has been studying
dismissed
in
off
ject than anyone else in the galaxy. Recently Dr: Wilkinson was the star at the European Headache
Federation where she wowed the 783 delegates with her lecture on 'Great Names in Headache History' the great names being people who had investigated headaches rather than sufferers.
headaches since | 953. She recognizes | 49 causes of headaches and probably knows more about the sub-
10
15
One in ten people in Britain sufferfrom migraine, 30% get headaches and98% of everyone in the world gets a headache on occasion. The occasion, says Dr: Wilkinson, may be when you are hit on the head with a hammen As children, boys are more likely to suffen After thc nncot nf n' 'ho -, ,---rty women sufferthree times as often as men. When it comes to migraine, most sufferers are struck by the time they are 20 years old and it is rare to get it for the first time after the age of fifty As pharmaceutical companres nevertire oftelling us, 50 million work days a year are lost in headaches, at some cost to business. This figure was somewhat inflated by Alan Frost, a computer enginee6 who was
There are different kinds of headache - the everyday tension headache, the more selective migraine and, mother of all headaches, the cluster headache. A headache, says Dr: Wilkinson, is really just a pain rn the face; it may occur I 5-20 times a month. Migraine is an episodic headache which lasts from fourto 72hours, comes up to four times a month, is associated with vomiting and nausea and is sometimes preceded by flashing lights. The cluster headache comes in bouts
lasting
dar.
The geography of the headache is important to the diagnosis - whether it is in the front of the head, ventures further afreld to the top ofthe head or takes a
variously
40
describe symptoms as being like an iron in the temple, a hot poker behind the eyes, a hammer in the skull or
a tight band around the head. Sufferers descnoe everything from blind spots, zigzag lines and flashing lights to Catherine wheels in front of their eyes
w80
UNIT9
There are, says Dr: Wilkinson, almost as many triggers to headaches as there are people having them. There is the 'salami' headache, triggered by nitrates in meat. The 'cappuccino' headache, courtesy of caffeine. The 'per-fume' headache, sparked offby strong smells. Plus those brought on by coughing, laughing, flashing lights, too many painkillers, loud noise, lack of food, taking holidays, not taking holidays, too much exertion, too much sleep, onions, ice-cream, citrus fruits, chocolate and Chinese takeaways,
Worse still, says Dr: Wilkinson, there's no cure. Yes, you can take the new wonder drug Sumatripan, or pick some feverfew the herb that is traditionally
thought good for headaches, ortake aspirin. Butthese only alleviate the symptoms. Dn Wilkinson break into rhyme; 'They murmured as they took their fees; there is no cure forthis disease'. She says, 'That should be stuck up in every physician's consulting room.'
of different
theories about
Whatever the cause, the headache has been bewildering scientists for ages. This is because headaches unlike, say blood pressure, are hard to measure. Patients can come up with horrid descr iptions oftheir aches, but relatively little money and time have been dedicated to research as it is notoriously difficultto do research on sufferers. lf someone tells you he always gets headaches on Tuesdays, it is absolutely certain that once you've got him into hospital on a Tuesday, he won't have a headache. Virtuallv nobodv has a headache in hospital. 'Most of the research,' adds Dr: Wilkinson gloomily, 'has been done on chronic medical misuse (caused by
headaches'.
headaches, The Ancient Egyptians apparently blamed the ache on evil spirits and went in for a bit of trepanning- drilling a hole in the head to letthe spirits out,
'Did that work?' I asked doubtfully. 'l think, if the patient survived, it probably did. You know the greater pain removing the lesser,' replied Dr: Wilkinson with a smile. In the I lth century doclors
stitched a clove of garlic into the temple, in an attempt relieve headache pain (my question answered as above), By the lTth century, the Swiss were shaving heads and covering them with poisonous flies whose
bites were suooosed
to
100
to
irritation,' explains Dn Wilkinson. Until late Victorian times, Europeans pulled out teeth to make headaches disappear (answer as above). Less extneme sufferers would follow peculiar diets, like not eating anything except stewed lamb and pears. Did that work? 'lf you believe in things,' says Dr: Wilkinson, 'they work.' Scientists become like headless chickens
comes
The question exercising scientists today is whether animals get headaches. There seems not much point in trying headache medicines on them if they don't have headaches in the first place. One dodor took
photographs of monkeys in Australia which looked, with their furrowed brows and forehead-rubbing
paws, as though they were suffering from a headache. But, of course, there's no saying whetherthey do have
when it
to
little-understood area. You can read the works of Wolfl the seminal headache author; dip into the
headache classifications of Dr: Arnold Friedman; investigate the 5-0HT theory of chemical disturbance; or subscribe to the German neurologist Hartwig Heyck's analysis. Unlike me, Dn Wilkinson understands these.
headaches
or not. The
to
Dr:
Wilkinson, She's been suffering from headach esforT2 years and if she can't get rid ofthem, probably nobody
Ldt t.
IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII
A B C D
increase as you get older. are greater when you are young. increase once you have begun work. are higher if you live in Britain.
According to the article, the most severe form of headache occurs A quite regularly each month. B in combination with other symptoms. C as a result of tension in the face. D over fairly lengthy periods of time.
a1w
UNITg
B C D 4 B C D 5 B C D 6
How does Dr. Wilkinson regard ancient remedies for headaches? A with indifference
What does Dr. Wilkinson see as the main problem in studying headaches? A There is insufficient scientific data.
Scientific theories have been disproved. Traditional remedies seem to be best. Doctors do not take the problem seriously.
Why may new headache cures not prove particularly effective? A Animals respond badly to them. B They seem actually to cause headaches. C There is no good way to trial them. D Dr. Wilkinson has tried them without success.
Now read the article again and answer the following questions.
I 2 I 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0
In your own words, explain who the 'Great Names in Headache History' (line 8) were.
In your own words, explain what is meant by the phrase 'this figure was somewhat inflated'. (lines 22-2)t Which two expressions are used to describe movement in paragraph 4? Which words in paragraph 5 echo the verb 'to trigger', as used inline 47? Which phrase in paragraph 6 is used to mean 'without number,? Explain in your own words why the writer describes the scientists as 'headless chickens'. (line 74) Which word, used in paragraph 9, sums up the state of scientific research into headaches? Which phrase in the last paragraph is used to describe a situation where there is inconclusive evidence of something? What idea of the character of Dr. Wilkinson do we get from the article? Underline some words and phrases that give us this idea. What do you think of the style in which the article is written? Find some examples of words and phrases thar illusrrate this.
wWa2
UNIT9
ll
12 What type of reader do you think the article was intended for?
Writing: an article
entitled'The History of Headaches' at a college in your town. You have been asked to wdte an informal article for a local English-language magazine which is read by students. The aim of the article is to encourage people to come and hear Dr. Wilkinson's talk by: - giving them an idea of the sort of person she is - explaining what she will be talking about
-Marcia Wilkinson is coming to give a talk
USE OF ENGLISH:
1 for questions
at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0).
Word-building cloze l-l0, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals A Man of Many Parts
RIGHT
in astronomy. As a boy, Wren Admitted invented unusual sundials and dabbled in (f ) for his to university at the age of 17 , he found plenty of (2 ) _ restless imagination. Amongst other things, he worked on a history of the rings of Saturn, maps of the of the seasons, an (3) -. moon, magnetism, anatomy and the intravenous (4) Curiously, Wren appears to have been little interested in seeing
30s, from a successful career
ENGINEER LET
EXPLAIN INJECT
hisscientificprojectsto(5)-.Thoughhelongedforsuccess,coMPLETE
and worked hard to achieve it, he appears to have enjoyed setting
himself problems and solving them, leaving the developments and (6) to others.
Wren's first architectural commission College, Cambridge
-.
REFINE
came
in
(7)
NECESSARY
preCurSoIofhis1ater,grander(8)-.London,sgIeatfirein|666AcHIEVE
was the making of Wren's architectural career.
to the post of surveyor general, with (9) devastated city and supervising the (fO)
the
RESPONSIBLE
work.
BUILD
2 3
Which verb is used in the text to indicate a passing interest in a subject? Which word in the text is used to mean 'a sign of things to come'?
8.3W
ww
uNtTg
"rT#y::;,f
o
with auxiliary verbs as a quick way of expressing agreement. Use sb to agree with a poiitive statement: 'I'm really tired.' 'So am L
statement' do is used:
a negative statement: that street on the map., 'Nolcan 1., or ,Neither can 1.,
complete the gaps in these responses to statements to produce agreement using so/nor/neither.
L
'
football.' ' Helen.' 'My sister will be disappointed.,, 'I'd rather play tennis than badminton.,
'We are not keen on horror films.,
'Peter likes
my brother.
L'
we.' mine.'
)
6 7
8
9
t0
'My country is warmer than Antarctica., 'I've never seen so many wasps as today., 'I usually have dinner late at night., 'My car doesn't have a sun roof., 'My French is not very good., 'I used to play the guitar at school.,
'We'd better be going now., 'Tim's never been to Las Vegas.,, 'Rita might be late this evening., 'I can't believe it's time to go already.,
L'
my brother.' my father's.' your English.'
ll
L2
t3
L4
l5 'I mustn't forget to go to the bank., l6 'Sally oughtn'r to walk home alone., , t7 'My car's not cleaned very often., l8 'Julie may not be ready on time., I9 'Saturday's not a good day to go fishing.,
20
L' L'
Liz.'
mine.'
Gracie.' Sunday.'
L'
Predicative so/not
'Do you
'I thinknot.'
How many of the words and phrases in the box can be used instead of thinkin each of the example replies above?
believe wonder like understand appreciate I'm afraid hope realize suppose guess decide trust doubr reckon presume report I'm surprised wish rather remember
r84
uNlT9
xffi
READING: Lexical cloze For questions l-12, read the two texts below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits
each gap.
Monopoly
First invented in the USA in the mid- 1930s, the property-based board game Monopoly still sells around 300,000 (f ) each year. The aim of the game is to acquire land, build properties on it, and then to extract rent from other players until they all (2) So (3) monopolists try to buy
the relatively'cheap' sites, which generate lots of income because opponents frequently land on them. But they may not be (4) best strategy, according to a recent study.
-bankrupt.
Where the players end up on the board is decided by the throw of two dice. On the face of it, this seems (5) random, but it actually ensures that they typically move seven squares on each throw. This is -the because there are more ways of (6) with seven than any other number with two dice. And it is this factor which has allowed mathematicians to spot the best sites for buying property.
I 2 3 4 5 6
B sets B get
Bsprouting Benrolling
Butterly
B playing out
Job Advertisement
Stand around and drink tea all day? And get paid for it? Sounds like most people's dream role. (7)
us
in this fascinating position and initially that's exactly what you'll do. During your first two years with us, you'll taste up to I,000 types of tea each day, spending some f 0 hours a week on your feet. You'll become a veritable (8) of knowledge on the world's favourite leafy brew.
: it won't be easy. As well as _ honing your tastebuds, you'll examine our international tea-buying function and learn how to monitor market information, check samples and maintain stock. (10) we'll invest heavily in your training, we'll look for a lot in (lf ) You mustbe a graduate with a good degree, fluent in a second language, . numerate, PC-literate and (f 2) enough to analyse statistics and understand the numerous influences on our global business. To register for an application pack, e-mail your contact details to us.
Before the whole nation applies, let's make something absolutely (9)
7 8 9 l0 ll 12
ABngage
B Share
B font
Apply
C spring
C true C Providing
B clear
B Whereas B result B
witty
return C crafty
C
D respect D astute
85re
UNIT9
Each of the following words has a letter missing. Mark the word like the example to show where the extra letter should go, and write the letter in the space provided.
Example: alcidentally
I 2 3 4 5 2
accomodation
6 7 8 9 l0
ll 12 13 L4 15
nowledge necesity
oportunity
recomend transfered
Each of the following words has an extra letter which is not needed. Cross out the extra letter in each one. Example : dis/appointed
I 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 tO ll 12
t3 14 15 L6 17 18
marketting grammattical
Desktop publishing
With just a computer, appropriate software and a printer, anyone can All you need, (l) from the equipment, is a good idea.
Take the example of Janice West, a former teacher from Newcastle,
(O)
become
a home-based publisher.
who saw a gap market for a free newsletter for local parents telling them about children's events in the area. As a mother at home with young children, Janice realized that it wasn't easy getting out (3) about with them and that (4) was a need for a guide to local child-friendly evenrs. (2)
started was fairly straightforward for Janice. She had an Acorn computer, a simple publishing software package and made a deal (6) a local printer who agreed to run (5)
-the
(7)-5,000copiesofhernewpublication,whichsheca]ledI{idsDirect'
in touchwithprivateschoolsandlocalcompaniestoSee(s)-theywantedtoadvertise.Itwasthe income from this advertising that paid for the production of the magazine and (9) Janice with a
source of income. The magazine now
Janice distributed the free magazine through nurseries, libraries, schools and playgroups. She also got
(f0) out once a school term and each issue (f l) 60 hours to produce. Although demand for the magazine was high from (12)
Janice about
toworkhardtobuild(l3)heradvertisingrevenue.Nowthemagazine(ra)-her
inaroundfl0,000ayearnetprofit,andshehasrecently(r5)-onadeputy'
w86
UNIT9
USE OF ENGLISH:
R.ead
r-4, answer with a word or short phrase. You do not the folrowing texts about working hours. For questions to the instructions given' reed to write complete sentences. For question 5, write a summary according in 1980, my first job on leaving universiry
stepped out of the office. In short, the nation had y"f to .rr..nmb to what has become known as 'a
Summary
Back
As part of my induction,
I had to visit stockbro- iong-hours culttlre', a phenomena which now people working more than 60 kers to find out 'how the city worked'' The ,.", orr. in seven per week, and one in eight working at answer, I can now see, was 'not too frequently'' hours T]he buzz word over the last By 5.30 many offices were deserted' Everyone weekends as well. which generally
from the senior executive down had caught the train home to some leafy suburb, and wasn't expected back until 9 the following morning'
they actually enioyed what now seems an enviable balance between work and family life' Jobs were
few years has been'downsizing', involves firms utilizing less staff - and anyone who wants to keep their job ends up having to take on more responsibilities' Employers are giving staff ever-increasing workloads and, conse-
important, but not all-consuming' There were no and without -oUit" phones, laptops or e-mails, people could 'advances', most such technological safelv leave the job behind them once they
quently, there is considerable pressure to work longer hours. Inevitably, such a culture results in stress, fatigue and falling standards of work, but this doesn't seem to prevent the trend continuing'
jobs as 'all-consuming'' (line I3) Lnyour own words, explain what the writer means by describing
SThen Robin Marchant, an IT programmer, realized that he was going to have to work the Bank Holiday weekend, it was the last straw' 'I've had enough,' he admits, and he has decided to
look for
tt.* iob. ' There's a real culture of " working weekends in my office - if you don't put
in extra hours, you're
seen as not pulling your
sure involved, but really it all comes down to my job - he's boss. He's unmarried and lives for the and expects the same of his in every weekend staff.'
Marchant's experience may seem a little extreme) but the fact is that working weekends is becoming increasingly common. Of course, there is always the option of simply refusing to do it, but it can be
hard if you're the only one willing to stick your neck out. But this long-hours culture is something which eventually hurts everyone' People who find themselves shackled to computer screens from dawn till dusk are prone to all manner of stress-related illnesses. $7hat's worse) unable to leave their offices, they fritter away precious hours they should be spending with their families, only realizing too late that such hours can never be recovered. And ironically, as Marchant points out: 'The stupid thing is that very little work actually gets done at the weekend' S7ithout a break, your concentration and motivation really begin to flag. In my office, at least' the main thing seems to be just being seen to be
there.'
'stick your neck out'' (Iines I7-18) In your own words, explain what the writer means by the expression
a7W
www
uNtT 9
Which phrase, used earlier in the text, introduces the idea that 'very little work' (line 27) may actually get done when people work additional hours?
Now choose one of the following summary tasks based on the text.
a b
In a paragraph of between 5O and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the reasons given in the texts to explain the rise of 'long-hours culture'. In a paragraph of between 50 and 70 words, summarize in your own words as far as possible, the consequences of the rise of 'long-hours culture' as described in the texts.
In my job
as
personnel manager, good communication skills, rather than technical knowledge, for a lot.
IthinkIcan-myse1fluckynottohavebeenmaderedundantalongwithmanyofmy
colleagues.
3PettythievinginourofficewasgettingworSe,butwewereunableto-theblameonanyone
in particular.
SmallorganizationSaIehavingto-officestaffoffascomputerizationreducestheneedfor
clerks.
TheGasCompanyisgoingto-awholeseriesofnewpipelinesinthisaIeasothateveryone
will have
access
to natural
gas.
w@88
world. Their spirit was typified by Bonington's friend Hamish Mclnnes, who once (l) _ to scale a mountain equipped only with a Scout tent and plumber's gloves. Yet, despite this blatant (4) _ for safety, characters like Bonnington and Maclnnes went on to achieve Herculean feats. Early successes on the British crags led rapidly to Alpine conquests, such as the north face of the Eiger, and then on to the Himalayas. Bonnington was always frank about the desire for adventure that (5) him on, towards ever greater heights, regardless of the emotional (6) _ that this took on his family.
I 2 J 4 5 6
Awinning Bleading Along Bdeep A made out B set off Ainattention Bneglect Adrove Bguided Ademand Bcharge
D ruling D wide
toll
D cost
Caravan holidays
Caravanning must be one of the great inscrutable mysteries of modern British life. There are around 600,000 caravans of various shapes and sizes in the UI( and in the (7) _of 60 million holiday nights each ycar
are spent in one. But what is it that (8) (9)
with all the trappings of modern life, and trundle it around on wheels? Psychologist Oliver James points to the proverb 'an Englishman's home is his castle' to (10) for the phenomenon oI caravanning. The castle, he says, is the perfect metaphor for the Bdtish personality, a fortress within which
people's innermost thoughts and feelings remain concealed from others. The British do,
(lf )
,share
the basic human instinct to mingle in public places and to socialize. That's why, according to James, by allowing people to take their castle with them when they (12) out into the wider world, the caravan
represents the perfect compromise.
89w
UNIT 1O
B area
B makes
B intact B respond
B nonetheless B hazard
READING: Gapped
text
You are going to read an article about holidays in Ireland. Six paragraphs have been removed from the article. Choose from the paragraphs A-G the one which fits each gap (r-6). There is one extra paragraph which you do not need to use.
On
There is no doubt about it, there can be few better countries to explore by road than Ireland. Many of the roads are wide, the traffic light, and governed for the most part by a courtesy long forgotten throughout the rest of Europe. But the slower you go, the more you can enjoy Ireland, so the obvious choice is to swap four wheels for four legs. I decided to hire a horse caravan to take me from site to site and the gaily-painted red and yellow vehicle became my home for a week; transport and company provided by a grey called Born.
1
t4l
Nice as that might be, it's actually all you can do to gei these horses walking away from the campsite. To the known equestrian gaits of walk, trot, canter and gallop, these animals have added the trudge. But that's probably because they are perfectly happy jusr to amble along with a caravan behind them. Well, most of them are.
Several inquisitive drivers also asked to look inside. What they saw may have put them off. These wagons are a long way from the comforts of the modern caravan. They are cosy for one, but can supposedly be occupied by up to five. Bedding, pots and pans, knives and forks, and a bottle-gas cooker are the only concessions to modernity.
2
tst
r
If your horse accepts the fiction that you are in charge, however, you are soon lulled into the delights of travelling at horse pace. Sitting on the caravan in the sun, with the rumble of the wheels beneath and the
lullaby of the horses hooves on tarmac, it's all too easy to let the eyelids droop.
will always try to take the shortest arc round a corner, something a wheeled vehicle will not do. They then sell you some insurance in case you leave half the caravan behind in your hurry to get out of
the campsite. And so to the road.
3
rel
On the final leg, I took a wrong turning and we found ourselves slipping and sliding down a I in 8. I had no alternative but to find a turning place and then put m-v own back into helping the horse back up the hill again. But that, as they say, is all part of the fun.
After feeding and brushing the horse, you put on its bridle and all the other strange bits of kit, and set off,
rc90
UNITlO
D You do not really need any equestrian experience; the horses are, for the most part, quiet and compliant animals, and you soon get into a routine: get up, go to field, run round field hopefully waving a carrot, and then watch while some know-it-all collects your horse with a few quiet words.
E
We progressed in neat formation, a merry charge along the path with no one left behind or suffering with their horses. It was the sort of riding about which any enthusiast dreams, but so rarely finds.
If you asked the campsite staff really nicely, they'd no doubt lend you a saddle so you could take your horse for a gallop along the beach. Imagine it. The sea breeze ruffling your hair, the hooves kicking up wet sand and surf.
G The answer to this, of course, is to walk. And that is really the only way to get the most out of it. Probably the most important lesson is to keep to the route you are given. Take it from me, horse caravans and hills do not a good mix make.
Look at the main text and paragraph options A-G again. Underline the words and phrases which seem to be specific to the topic of horses and riding. Divide the words you have found into the following categories. Some words may appear in both columns.
Nouns
Verbs
Is
it necessary to understand the exact meaning of these words in order to: complete the gapped-text task? understand the passage?
Why does the writer use these words in the passage? Who is the intended audience for this passage?
91
ru
uNtT 10
In the second paragraph of the main text, the writer uses the group noun 'bedding'. Look at the words in the box. How many of the words can we put in the group of things known as 'bedding'?
blanket
cabinet curtain cushion dressing gown duvet headboard pillow pyjamas quilt reading lamp sleeping bag valance pillowcase bedsocks mattress
bedside
3 4 5
Can some objects belong to more than one group? Find some examples of such words in the box above.
Look back at the main text and paragraphs A-G. The writer uses two other group nouns. Can you find them?
Match the group noun on the right with its partner on the left. One has been done for you as an example.
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 l0 It
a cast
arange
a suite
aset
clutch flock
a stand a
A B C D E F G H I J K
of trees
ofbananas
of characters
of furniture
of whales of sheep
ofhens
of surgeons
of mountains
of companies of knives
USE OF ENGLISH:
Transformations
For questions l-12, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given.
The organizers were disappointed by the small number of people attending the conference.
only
Much to the
of people attended the conference.
It would
@,92
UNITlO
Reports say that the invading army left the city early this morning.
have
The invading army
'Don't disobey me, or I'Il stop your pocket money,' said Jane's father.
if
Jane's father threatened
him.
indoor plants?
as soon as
had
No sooner
Provided you remain quiet, you can watch the procession from here.
long
You can watch remarn quret.
The car was parked 400 metres away from the hotel.
distance
The car was parked
400 metres from the hotel.
handed
This by my grandmother.
l0
ll
allows.
93:
rre
uNtT 10
PUNCTUATION
Look at this extract from an informal letter written by a woman to amagazine in response to an afticle about counselling courses. Most of the punctuation has been taken out of the letter.
I 2 3 4
Decide where the sentences start and finish by marking full stops and capital letters on the text. Decide if there are any places where you must put a comma and mark these on the text. Decide if there are any places where you need other marks of punctuation (speech marks, apostrophes, etc.) and mark these on the text. The article was originally divided into three paragraphs. Where do you think these came? Why?
len ot eleuen Aears 6g0 a {riend o{ nine drd a counselltng course and she used lo cone round and me aboul lhe lhings lheg did each week iwas {arrlg uninleresled and used to thihk what on earth
lell
would ah7one wanl lo do a course like that {ot howeuer when ng daughter was in her {inal gear o{ school and lhe plessule Nas oh because il was conrng up lo exam line and she was hautng difficulties ilhoughl well nagbe we need sone help here so i tahg up the r,4)onah who ran the counsellihg course and ng daughlet wenl lo see het what she did in a uerA shorl tine was lo conplelelg turn things atound ng daughler wenl {ton berng sotneone who wanted to dtop oul and giue up lo soneone who was able lo {ace up lo lhrn7s and take responsibrlitg {or her own li{e and ithoughl lhats atnazing i wanl lo know whal lhat wonan did so i srgned up {or the counsellih7 coulse ngsel{
Writing
Now write an introduction and conclusion to the letter. Think about: - whether the woman is in favour of counselling or not - what kind of article she might be writing in response to - what point she is really wanting to make.
work
Read this text from a toudst brochure. There is a spelling mistake in each line. Underline the word which has been spelled wrongly and write a correction in the space at the end of the line. One has been done for you as an
example.
City canals have a particular kind of beauty that makes them magicall. Many writers and poets have been enspired by them with their vague
(0)
magical
(l)
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
which give them a mysteriuos quality. The building of this canal at the beginning of the ninereenth century, created a seenic enclave much loved by poets and artists. The canal district has, more recently, become one of the cities most sought-after residentail areas. And we owe a debt of thanks to the local residents. Thoughout the years, these people have fought against planners and
shapes and muted sounds
developers to keep the atmosfere of the place intact. In the 1950s, (8) there were tremendous wrows about the replacement of the old gas street (9) lamps by ugly concreet one s, and also about the cutting down of trees. In the 1960s, residents fought hard to stop a marina being builded on the
(f 0)
bunker arcitecture. Looking at the plans now, we can see it as one of the greatest comunity victories ever won in the city.
canal, complete with car park and restaraunt in classic 1960s
(f f ) (12\
(f 3)
(f 4)
w94
uNfT 10
l-5, think
of one word only which can be used appropriately in all three sentences,
just
blank.
Touristsstayinginluxuryhotelsoften-downonthosewhocanonlyaffordacheapguesthouse.
If you don't dress soberly when you go to a smart hotel, the receptionist down and say there aren't any rooms.
The Roman remains in Bath are
will
you up and
Ifyou,regoingonholidayjusttoargue,youmightaS-Stayathome.
worth a visit. The map didn't show the path they were on and it seemed they
were and truly lost. When you receive the cheque, take it to your bank, and they will it to your account. His boss doesn't him with any initiative, and he has never been promoted.
ThenewsofJim,saIreStforfraudwashardforusto-,aswe,dknownhimforyearS.
It's not a good idea to share a holiday villa with close friends, as such proximity can cause you to out. This year, the May Day holiday will _ on a Tiresday. When the holiday money runs out, we shall have
to
5Ithinkyoushouldgiveswimminga-untilyourshoulder,sbetter.
Takingoutholidayinsuranceoftenputspeople,smindsat-,allowingthemtoenjoytheirholiday.
IthinkweshouldtIytogetSome-beforethelongflight,aSwemaynotbeabIetosleepon
the nlane.
READING:
Multiple choice
l-4,
choose
You are going to read two extracts which are all concerned in some way with products. For questions the answer (A, B, C or D) which you think fits best according to the text.
DaTK
As recently as five years ago, black diamonds were looked upon as the dregs of the industry, a
nuisance found wherever
STARS
a microscope, meaning 60 per cent are wasted. If they are contaminated with a single spot of white, Gruosi deems them unfit to adorn his creations. Various celebrities are said to be among the
monds occurred.
1999, though, jeweller Fawaz Gruosi began working with the jet-black stones) creating rings, necklaces, bracelets and some rather startlingly extravagant watches.
Since then, other jewellers have seen the attraction of black diamonds and the little gems' price has rocketed - from just $50 a carat tvvo years ago, to almost $31000 a carat now.
ln
phone, or a watch combining black diamonds, gold and rubies at... $40,000 to you.
The clever part, though, is that Gruosi put his money where his mouth was five years ago and bought himself a truckload of the things before
the price went up. Now, of course, he's sitting on a diamond mine.
Black diamonds are extraordinarily difficult to cut, as the interior condition can't be viewed with
95ffi'
uNtT 10
Which phrase from the text does the writer use to describe the former status of black diamonds? A dregs of the industry (Iine 2) B a rich vein (line 3) C startlingly extravagant (line 7) D unfit to adorn his creations (line 16)
From the tone of the piece, we get the impression that that the writer is A cynical about the jewellery business. B admiring of Gruosi's business acumen. C sceptical about this new fashion. D amused by this new development.
c'ibget King
The word 'gadget' is one of those oddities of the English language. No one knows exactly where it came from, but it arrived around 1900 with a new century of domestic inventions designed to s appeal to a consumer market. It may be no accident that it also coincided with the arrival of a brilliant chronicler of this modern phenomenon - Britain's comic answer to Leonardo da Vinci Heath Robinson: the artist formerly known as to The Gadget King. Manchester City Art Gallery is commemorating his genius with an exhibition of his works, which focuses on the inventions that made him famous - so famous that Art Revieq announcing the show, described him as 'also an ts illustrator'- but includes examples of his illustrations in classics such as Hans Christian Andersen's Fairy Tales, and Shakespeare.
Born in 7872 into a family of commercial artists, Robinson's unique breakthrough came when he
of
zo
complex devices through an eloquently simple use of fine-lined drawing and flat wash. His cartoon style still looks modern, and in many ways he was ahead of his time. He pioneered installation art with a model of his ideal house in lg34,andsomeof hisdrawingswereprophetic; he foresaw the Channel Tunnel, for example. Few of them would have worked off the page, however. His son Oliver said: 'Despite all that domestic gadgetry, my father was not a handyman about the house.'
zs
30
What is 'this modern phenomenon' (line 7)? A a new style of cartoon B a new way of speaking C a new range of products D a new form of marketing What is the writer's view of the artist Heath Robinson? A He is underestimated as an inventor. B He is not taken seriously enough as an artist. C His work has stood the test of time well. D His cartoons reflected his practical abilities.
ffi'96
Answer Key
UNIT
1
4 ubiquitous 2 less formal eating habits 3 modern working hours/women
GRAMMAR: Causatives
I
3 4
2 should
by
can have (your) trousers shortened get your central heating boiler
I
Horizontal words from the top:
takeaway, cow, omnipresent, hamburger, cup, frozen, straw icon, ground, age, McDonalds, beef, seasoning, fries, chain, coke, bland Vertical words from left: Hard Rock Cafe, fast food, grill, bun, relish, globaiize, Hamburg, meat.
sesame
serviced
get my passport photo(graph) taken be having the food lor the party
prepared
made
of the house
INGREDIENTS: seasoning, meat, beef, cow ACCESSORIES: sesame, bun, coke, relish, straw, cup OPINIONS/IDEAS: omnipresent, icon, globaiize, fast food PLACES/COMPANIES: Hard Rock CaIe, Hamburg, McDonalds METHODS/PROCESSES: takeaway, grill, frozen, ground, chain
. . . . . .
easy
WITH PUNCTUATION
1:
everyone seems to like it eating habits/customs have changed people are concerned about having a healthy diet
difficult
to
make.It
does,
Reference skills
pasta
why
bread
will
pasta, as many of the skills applied to all three are the same. The most important thing to remember is that you need plenty
of
READING: Comprehension
I
Students' own answers.
2
uncluttered work surface. Avery large chopping board or marble slab is ideal, but
modern laminate worktops are quite adequate.
Dependent prepositions
I from 2of
3 with 4 with 5 from
An extra large rolling pin will make the rolling ofthe pasta dough much easier. Ifyou plan to go into pasta making in a big way, then itmay
be
At the turn of a handle, this will give you many dffirent shapes and thicknesses of pasta.
These machines, manufactured in northern
6to
7 into
5 it would
be difficult to
lind
8to
97w
NANSWER
I
come
KEY
PHRASAL VERBS:
With out
14 had started
f5
2 bringing
UNIT 2
17 had/is having 18 was/is (being) given 19 has been 20 have begun/am beginning USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze passage
I I puppy 2 yak
ll
tortoise
l0
pulling/coming
2to
3is
4 out 5 \^rith
way
12 elephant
READING: Lexicalcloze
IB
2B
6in
7 who
l7 l8
4A
5D 6D 7B 8C
tc
goat
19
2O rabbit
8up
9 what
lO during
blind
ll
take
12 been
toc llc
9A
fox
ox mule
t2D
HELPWITH SPELLING 1: The silent e
immediately 2 smiling
as strong as an
as
as stubborn as a
unfounded
wise as an owl
'
3 amazement
dogged
2 badgered
8 agreement 9 management/manager/manageress
. .
l0
ll
lovely definitely
things can get into food after it leaves the factory broken machinery can cause objects to fall into products factory workers have been known to sabotage food, if they have a grudge against the management
I
Brad Carter - husband, father and owner of the snake Mary-Ann Carter - wife, mother and owner of the snake Joshua - the Carters' small son Ashley - the Carters' small daughter
Selena
was
2 hadbeen 3 had always had 4 hadnever 5 had been getting 6 decided 7 was 8 turned
Ron Hawkins
killer
Selena's
Ann Webb
- honorary
secretary of the
Tarantula Society 2
Paras l--4 the story of the Carters and
t l0 lI
had was
their python Paras 5-7 a more general discussion on the trade in exotic pets in Britain
13 signed
n98
ANSWER
KEYW
t lNo
2 Yes 3 Yes 4No 5 Yes 6 Yes 7No 8 Yes
4
iines 51-52 'Tarantulas are not particularly aggressive': a direct quote from Ann Webb line 60 'Tarantuia Starter Kit': the name of
a
Double consonants
I
2
marketing
product
2 Mary-Ann 3 made an assessment of 4 that Ron had a new knife 5 the reader 6 the animals iisted in the paragraph
7
above because of the coincidence of a spider's web and the name Webb
N.B. Throughout the piece, the use oI inverted commas increases the ironic tone by drawing our attention to the language used by the people and organizations involved. This sometimes makes them
seem ridiculous.
knitred
8 occurred 9 fiansferring
IO
permitted
conference
tl
t
The summary should include these main points: . exotic pets are dangerous . the trade in exotic pets needs to be more responsible, and possibly more
PHRASAL VERBS:
With up and
down I backed
2 feel 3 catch 4 bring
)
He uses different forms to add variety to his style, and create a slightly ironic note.
strictly controlled
)oo
6 drawn 7 held 8 made 9 ran lO set
WORD FAMILIES AND WORD
STRESS
Summary
I I
Ron Hawkins used the penknife which/that had been bought lor his
I
It
is written in a colloquial style, as though the author were speaking rather than writing to his readers. He uses the first person, 'I', and addresses the reader
birthday.
2 Ann
directly as'you'.
He is addressing a British audience, playing on the common idea that strange and eccentric things happen in the USA more than in the UK.
particularly aggressive. 3 Selena is the snake which/that/who bit Mary Ann. 4 Joshua is the toddler whose father owned the snake.
depress deplcssion deprcssing globalize elobe gisbai 3 invade invasion invading/invasive 4 prevent prevcntion preventative
2
There is an ironical tone to the piece throughout. The writer wants to make his readers laugh and find the story rather ridiculous, but at the same time to think seriously about the issues raised.
2
6
7
Selena was a snake who/which/that was used to eating guinea pigs. The story takes place in a hotel
invading describes an action; invasive describes a oualitv. surprised describes a person's reaction to something; surprising describes a
which/that
is
in
San Diego,
California.
quality of something
lines 24-25' frozen with horror' and 'screaming hysterically': this is a direct quote from Mary-Ann Iines 28-29 'my wife is being eaten by a snake': here the writer is imagining the words that Brad might have used Iine 36 'street trader': this is an indirect quote from Brad; the writer wants to show that Brad gave this information, and it may not be reliable lines 37-18 'like a slippery puppy dog': a direct quote from Brad iine 50'harmless', 'friendly': words used
tarantula.
lO Britain
I ecology ecological 2 catastrophe catastrophic 3 eqntinent continental 4pha.tograph photographic 5 biology biological I homogenize homogenization 2 Bepulate popul4tion f devastate devastation 4 isolate isolation
5 uaturalize naturalization
ironically
99-
reANSWER
I
KEY Should I buy two, or will that lead to other problems? I would be grateful to receive the answer to these questions, together with your pricelist, a brochure, any other information you may have about tarantulas, and details of how to get to your shop {rom the city centre.
Yours faithfully,
UNIT 3
2 introduction
which/thar resulted in 3 isolation leads to new species being 4 be to blame for 5 of humans cannot always be blamed
2A
3D 4C
)L
IB
6 fashion for exotic pets is the result of 7 is thought to have beenbrought about GRAMMAR: Uses of the artile
6A
A. Strangelove
la 2a
3 the
FORMALAND INFORMAL
LANGUAGE
4 althe 56a
7 The 8 the 9 the
I
3
writing
organize
2 further 4 noticed 5 advertisement 6 surprised 7 the wide range 8 on offer 9 feel sure
7D 8B
l7B r8c
Vocabulary
l0 lf l3
grateful 12 to receive
latest
penchant
Commas
Suggested answer
14 together with
15 hearing from you 16 Yours faithfully 27, Acacia Avenue Harmborough
Surrey
Manchester
ll
Dear Sir, Recently, I read an article which said that Pet City was the best place to buy tarantulas. As I would like to buy one as a pet, I am writing to ask if you have any in stock at the moment.
is said to be friendly
Unfortunately, I have never had a pet spider before, so I was wondering if you could send me some information about the best way to look after them. For example, are your tarantulas sold with
cages and bedding, or do I have to pay
for
these separately? I already have a pet dog and a small python, but no other spiders. Do you think my tarantula will be lonely?
7 wrong man is widely believed to have 8 date of the meeting had not been
publicized
rc
100
ANSWER
KEYffi
VOCABULARY Similes
pretty
don't waste everybody else's time as well as ours. 2 I haven't bought anything for the
Please
twins'birthday yet.
Bill
and Fiona's taste. 4 The city's full of shops selling tomorrow's fashions today. 5 Some children's clothes are sold upstairs, others are to be lound in teenage fashions. 6 Linda's appointment is at lour o'clock and Robert's follows hers, but you're not on today's list, I'm afraid. 7 We'il have to make sure that Mr.
rained heavily for a short time, the garden party was a grear success. 6 Far from being expensive, the price of eating out in Glasgow is actually quite reasonable. 7 In spite of having/the fact that he had a slight head cold, James sang
about
as
READING:
Multiple choice
IB
2C
l0 ll
as
since
3A 4D
)t3
12 were
13 one
14 in 15 likely
Comprehension
ending in y
I
2
Yes Yes
I I
reliance/reliability
lNo
4 Yes 5No 6No 7 Yes 8 Yes 9No
GRAM MAR: Comparison and
contrast
Suggested answers I Unlike some other European languages, English makes great use of the passive.
toys
2 Although computers
^^--,,-i-^ LUUsUruUrS.
stable.
ffiANSWER
UNIT 4
A Fine Romance
READING:
IB
2C
I I
principles
advice
Multiple choice
3A
4C
IC
2C 3B
5A
6C 7B 8C 9C
HELP WITH PUNCTUAf,ION 4:
4A
)t)
Vocabulary
dispensing
2 to offer 3 foolhardy 4 strife 5 makes no bones 6 outspoken 7 dished out 8 dogma 9 irrepressible lO strike a chord
I
l0 ll
passed
lormerly
Inverted commas
Robert looked down at the hole in his pullover. 'What am I going to tell auntie7, he said.
Word-building
cloze
I f
inanimate
2 frustration(s)
outlet
relishes
4 extent
5 upbringing
'Tell her you lost it,' I suggested.'She'll knit you another,' Robert didn't look convinced and was trying to take off the remains of his pullover. 'Hang on a moment,' I said'I'll help you.' I hadn't heard footsteps or the gate opening,
but suddenly I heard Miss Lockds voice enquiring icily,'What on earth is going on
12 viIal, essential
Summary
The summary should include these ideas: . Irma has no particular philosophy or set of beliefs have the conlidence to solve your own
here?'
l0
relationship
sentences
1 loss
problems
unique
don't always expect others to help you don't assume that your experience is
I
2
. .
don't assume others have had the same experiences as you don't forget to look after the things that are most important to you
f
4
6 7
got married on a Friday who got the blame/who got blamed for the mistake was Jane take much to get Rosy
got a serious telling off gets on my nerves when Liz of marital disharmony gets me catch that bus we'll have to get a move to get to know seen
2 3 4 5 (in my whole life) have I had 6 does an opportunity like that come 7 no circumstances should this envelooe
be
does one get the chance to anybody keeps (a) count o{ had we taken our coats off than rarely do you (ever) see owls
text
IC
2G 3E 4H 5F 6D
7A
B not used
re
102
ANSWER
KEYNffi
UNIT 5
I
2
the
tljLe
with
1a 4 althe
5 the
named after a product as a form oI advertising |ou can buy a variety and name it after yourself
6a
7 the
3 tlpe of {ilm Gloria appears in 4 road you take will lead 5 you go in the city, there are 6 see Sally in that dress, it reminds me 7 should be set by whoever leaves the 8 will be conducted by whichever
composer writes
8a 9a l0 an l1 the
12 the l3 an 14 the
2 father asked her to pass him 3 thought it was going to be a 4 he would have to ring Tom back 5 asked me if I would mind 6 Terry if he would be able to
READING: Lexicalcloze
15a
16 the
I I I
thorough
t7A
18B 19A
2A 3A
4B 5B 6D 7B 8B 9C
ID
2 thought
through
20c 2LA
22D
238
24D 25D
Reference skills
l0B
llD t2B
Comprehension
stuff
enough trough rough tough
the Latinization of names 2 the Latinization oI names 3 by having a plant named after them
ought
J
4 a popular celebrity 5 Barry Dare 6 naming it after yoursell 7 commercial companies roses 8 your own name
Vocabulary
2T 3F 4F
)I
IT
6F
2 Suggested answers
sort
acclaim
peace
2 latterly 3 on occasion 4 in years gone by 5 chic 6 fitting 7 feted 8 hard and fast 9 come up with the cash
Summary
I
2
probably 8-10
probably
24
3 probably 4*6
I
'name after' is used lour times. It means to give something or someone a name which is known to be already associated with somethins or someone else.
The summary should include these ideas: . named after a lamous person to
. .
honour them
named after a famous person to get
lffi
ffi4115YYER
KEY
UNIT 5
Tip of my Tongue
READING:
enlcodeld
emlbedlded
)
newspaper/magazine
6
Multiple choice
would-be diners
7
fairly informal, e.g. 'the trouble ... is, it's not bad!', slightly ironic in tone, e.g. 'The only taste ... was a bitter one'
IA 2B 3A 4C 5B 6D 7C
Vocabulary
conjure up 2 trajectory
'. . . our own human memories ... are encoded in the brain human memories are nol embedded in a compuler...' 3 before certain consonants, e.g. p/b. More examples include: improve,
infinitive
I I to memorize 2 going
3 to remember
READING:
Multiple choice
IB
2B
3A
4C
)U 6B
4 totry
5 making 6 Memorizing 7 using 8 to learn 9 to call lO to hearing
ll
ll
2
to find
tally
12 to ask
(+
infinitive)
plan offer
B (+ gerund) avoid
resist face miss
intend want
decide
regret
{inish risk
mention
forgive
postpone consider
learn regret
12 persist
Word stress
characteristic
Word-building cloze
unable
ll
subtleties
12 compqnents
m104
ANSWER
KEYW
PUNCTUATION:
They are types of puzzies designed to test your powers of reasoning. People
are motivated to solve the problems, but are often frustrated by their level of difficulty. 2 quickly starts to work 3 something anyone can understand readily 4 understanding of complex things 5 that the brain works harder to solve difficult problems 6 which part of the brain deals with
speaking to?
which
2 whom/who 3 which
long as you drive carelully (clause). Far from being cold in the room (clause\, it (subject) turned out to be rather warm. 7 Had it not been for Barbara's help lclause), the project (subject) would
knowledge
as
you go down
never have been completed. The party (subject) will be held in the open air, providing that it doesn't rain
\clause).
I
2
l0
objections (clause) , the meeting will take place on March 4th. Despite the limited time available for rehearsals (clause), the band (subject) seemed very well prepared.
4 anyoneisomeone disagrees, no
meeting will be held/the meeting
I
The third sentence would have been easier to understand had the wordwhom been used instead of. who.It is possible to :use whom when it refers to the object of the sentence.
2
will
5 6
READING: Comprehension
I A B C
2
7 8 9
not be held as you get plenty of driving practice you ever be in need of or not the children are ready there is no dramatic rise in prices of the strength of the wind
IA
2C 3C 4B
sentences
The third sentence is probably the most difficult to understand, because of the grammar.
5A 6B
7B 8C
look
t
It
4
is about the
r0c
power of the human brain.
9A
I
2
from
t
5
with
to 4 to
To
Did the reporter attack the senator? to see if they had understood the grammar/how long they took to work out
fhe me:nino
6 Tom is the man (who) I bought mY old car from. 7 Polly is a student (who) I
105
ffiIANSWER
KEY
UNIT 7
VOCABULARY Prefixes
with up
A Matter of Taste
GRAMMAR: Gerund and
upset
wide-ranging','invariably experts in
their field'.
infinitive
going
GRAMMAR: Inversions
Suggested answers I as this car may have been to buy,
it
l0
listening
2 wishes she had sent her 3 to wish Ramona good luck in her
exam/Ramona to wish her luck in her exam 4 wished he didn't have to pay 5 wishes she could stay out 6 wishes Samantha would help him 7 wishes the rain would 8 wishes (that) he was able
is, it doesn't compare with the great masters. he had to move house did William realize how much stu{{ he had/that he had so much stuff.
READING: Gapped
text
successful
I IC 2G 3D 4F 5E 6A
2
2 preceding 3 recede
4 model
5 judgement
READING:
Multiple choice
I I without
2 those
I
2
IB
2D
3AI
4 This 5 at least 6 especially 7 However 8 only 9 when lO Yet
4A
,L)
]D
matter as ordinary or commonplace as the typical sweet dish in the USA 3 country people who value their dogs
greatly
6B 7A 8B
USE OF ENGLISH:
ll
Summary
Despite
5 a clever scheme to help sell something 6 used to establish a standard or criterion {or being emotionally in
touch
12 And
2
I
2
trawl/quarry
a place
where you're likely to find lots o{ jeans 3 it's ironic that clothes that were once everyday items are now highly valued. 4 stumbled across 5 Summaries should include the following points: . old clothes can be Iashionable . some people collect them . they have historical/cultural
IC 2D ]A 4C t |
3,2
l0
importance to the
company
t
D
4 It is economical through
its use of noun phrases, e.g.'reader-{riendly notes', which express complex ideas in a simple way. It gives variety of style
and structure.
re
106
ANSWER
KEYI
UNIT 8
VocabularY
I
A
awe-insPiring extraordinary
amazing astonishing impressrve magicallY
8F 9K
10B
llH
2
traders
Birds of
feather flocktogether'
= People
B
large grouP jam-packed with laden with literally thousands of
sheer concentration
3 FamiliaritY
= The
ll
12
catalogue
space
l3
circulation
Never judge
abookbY its coYer' Things may not be what theY seem = at first/first imPressions can be
18 camPaigns
c
spiralling
dipped
misleading' Don't put allyour eggs in one basket totally on one = It is risky to depend
thing'
is
I regretted having eaten/eating so much Z pr"omised to send his Mum a postcard the 3 {orbade her to go out
4 advised the ladY to trY a 5 (that) we went home and had 6 reminded her to take her 7 admitted (that) he had been lying to 8 Tim to congratulate him on passing his 9 ofiered (to give) Linda a 10 blamed himself for the failure
USE OF ENGLISH: Cloze Passage
wheeled swerving
turning
break off/awaY
whirling
swirling drawn
dispersed dance
more valuabie = What You have is what You maY get in the future' than plal ' While the cat's rway the mice will people = In the absence of supervision'
maY misbehave'
make it drink.
lO
it more interesting' to add
the
where
To make
emphasis to what he is saying' Using lots of different words can sometimes be more effective than repeating same words with modifiers' e'g' gigantic can be more effective than very,very big.
things = We are justified in keeping Iind bY chance. He who laughs last laughs longest' better of = If You try to get the maY end uP getdng the someone. theY
\re
better of You.
ll
Don't countyour
hatched
cLrickens before
tha' are
PROVERBS
I0 through/into ll il/though
12 what 13 off/awaY 14 bY 15 had
SPELLING
IE
2D
IA
2D 3C 4D
)L
'J 4C
)A
6G
NI
6C
7A
1U
gffiANSWER
8D 9C
KEY
l0D
READING:
sentences
UNIT 9
Multiple choice
I rate 2 call
3 prove 4 reflect 5 come 6 missed
USE OF ENGLISH:
Nose
to the
Multiple choice
Grindstone
READING:
IB
2C 3D 4C
)l)
I
neurologist
headaches
6B
2
Transformations
If you let people get away with mistakes, then you encourage those who may be dishonest to try and get
away wirh it.
He is paraphrasing what was said, rather than using the exact words.
show that he has not lost touch 2 had no idea about/as to/of the 3 had no option but to call the police 4 in research procedures has resulted in 5 are the chances of anyone finding out
what
6
7
3 academicfalsilication
9 enamoured
lO
sayldo nothing about it 5 He thinks that the writer must approve of the young scientists's actions. 6 Not naming the people who are being referred to. 7 come across 8 line 3l - an event Iine 35 - I knew by chance
He might have pretended to find it at later date, and behave as if he was
a
was necessary for Sandra to have/that Sandra had goes to the shopping centre, he bumps
into
I Marcia Wilkinson's background Pata2 headachesufferers Para 3 types of headache Para 4 symptoms of headaches Para 5 causes of headaches Para 6 remedies {or headaches ParaT theories about headaches Para 8 cure for headaches Para 9 recent research into headaches Para l0 prospects for the {uture
Para
3
IB 2D ]C 4D 5A 6C
4
ll
Word stress
executive
on'
5 'no end of' 6 Scientists don't know what to do next. 7 'bewildering' 8 'there's no saying'
Dr. Wilkinson is quite an entertaining person, not too serious in her manner, e.g. 'when you are hit on the head with a hammer', 'the greater pain removing the lesser', 'she breaks into rhyme'. 'that should be stuck up in every physician's consulting room'. lO It gives a light-hearted presentation of serious subject matter, e.g. Dr. Wilkinson is described as 'the star' at the European Headache Federation,
ll
indignation
12 contradicted 13 deliberatelv
14 considel4tions 15 enamoured
16 correctlv
l7
personalities
18 unscrupulous
19 charitable
2O professorship
where she 'wowed'the delegates; there is also the Alan Frost anecdote, and phrases such as 'mother of all headaches','ventures further afield',
ffii108
ANSWER
'headless chickens when it comes to headaches', 'there's no saying whether
2
KEYffi
Nine: believe, understand, I'm afraid, hope, suPPose, guess, trust, reckon, presume. Examples:I (don't) believe so, I (don't) suppose so, I (don't) reckon so, I'm a{raid so, I presume so, I hoPe so. I believe not, I hope not, I'm afraid not, I presume not, I suppose not, I guess not, I trust not, I reckon not.
ll
The article is entertaining and, to some extent, informative. Its main purpose is to entertain rather than educate, however. 12 The target reader is probably a casual reader of a fairly serious newspaper, e.g. a Sunday supplement, or a similar leisure Publication.
READING: Lexicalcloze
USE OF ENGLISH:
I apart 2in
3 and 4 there 5 Getting 6 with 7 off 8 if/whether 9 provided IO comes
Word-building cloze
I
engineering 2 outlet(s) 3 explanation
IB 2D 3A
4Q
'B 6C
IU
ll
12 13 14 15
takes
8B 9B IOA
rhe
up/on
brings
rlc
taken
12D
USE OF ENGLISH: SummarY SPELLING: Common errors
'dabbled in'
To show
''precursor'
GRAM MAR: Conversational
I I
So does
accomlodation m
they were advances. 2 It means that theY take uP all Your time/all Your life.
5a . . .
I0 embarralsed s
are
have
does is
following reasons: technological change downsizing/fear of redundancY increased workloads/ pressure lrom
employers/bosses
arguement
. peer pressure/doing what others do 5b The ParagraPh should include: . loss of time with familY . stress and reiated illnesses . loss of concentration and motivation . falling qualitY oI work
USE OF ENGLISH: GaPPed
might
14 Nor/Neither can 15 Nor/Neither must l6 Nor/Neither ought/should l7 Nor/Neither is 18 Nor/Neither may 19 Nor/Neither is 2O So had
Sentences
dull
2 count 3 lay
I0 l1
parallell personnell
109
@4N5UltER
KEy
CROCKERY cups, saucers, plates, jugs,
PUNCTUATION
Suggested answers
Ten or eleven years ago,
a
bowls, etc.
CUTLERY: knives, forks, spoons, etc. TOILETRIES: soap, toothpaste, toothbrush, shampoo, etc. STATIONERY: pens, paper, envelopes, paper clips, etc. SOFT FURNISHINGS: sofa, carpet, curtains, cushions, etc.
3
IB
2C 3B 4C
I was fairly uninterested and used to think, 'What on earth would anyone want to for?'
5A
6C 7C 8B
Yes. For example, reading lamp fits
bedroom
into
However, when my daughter was in her final year of school, and the pressure was on because having dfficulties,
fittings.
Sleeping bagbelongs camping equipment.
9A loD
itwas coming up to exam time and she was I thought, 'Well, maybe we
llB t2c
4
vehicle, kit
I rang up the woman who ran the counselling course and my daughter went to see her.
need some help here.' So
READING: Gapped
text
IC 2A ]D 4F 5B 6G
E
IC 2I 3D 4K 5B 6H
not used n1
went from being someone who wanted to drop out and give up, to someone who was able to face up to things and take responsibility for her
own life, and I thought,'That's amazing! I want to know what that woman did.' So I
signed up for the counselling course myself.
Vocabulary: dealing with topic-specific lexis I The writer means that you needn't have experience of keeping and riding
horses.
l0A llF
8E 9G
SPELLING: Checking
your work
I enspired +
Transformations
2 mysteriuos 3 ninteenth 4 seenic 5 cities 6 residentail 7 thoughout 8 atmosfere 9 wrows
ttttp'..d
mysterious
USE OF ENGLISH:
3no
no
These words give the passage colour,
make it more interesting and involve us in the world of horses. The intended audience is people who haven't had this experience.
disappointment of the organizers/ organizers' disappointment, only a small number 2 come as no surprise to me if that 3 is reported to have left the city 4 to stop her pocket money if she
disobeyed
-* * * *
n'neteenth
scenic
c'ty's
measles
as
long as
you
I
blanket, duvet, pillow, mattress, quilt,
sleeping bag, valance, pillowcase
2
8 at a distance of 9 old table was handed down to me lO sum up, there are three points
--> res'dent'al + ,n.orrtnorr, --* ur-otpna." * fows l0 concreet + concrete ll builded + built 12 restaraunt * restaurant l3 arcitecture * architecture 14 comunity + commun'ty
BEDROOM FURNITURE: bedside cabinet, headboard, reading lamp SOFT FURNISHINGS: curtain, cushion MGHTWEAR: dressing gown, pyjamas,
bedsocks
town if time
ffi
110
KEYffi
sentences
look
2 well
IA
2B
3C 4B
111W