Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal & Asif) Solutions - Chap03

Chapter 3: Time Domain Analysis of LTIC Systems
Problem 3.1
Linearity: For x
3
(t) = x
1
(t) + x
2
(t) applied as the input, the output y
3
(t) is given by

)) ( ) ( (
)) ( ) ( (
)) ( ) ( ( )) ( ) ( (
) (
2 1 0
2 1
1
1
2 1
1
1
2 1
3 0
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
t x t x b
dt
t x t x d
b
dt
t x t x d
b
dt
t x t x d
b t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
m
m
m
m
m
m
n
n
n
n
n
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
= + + + +

"
"
.
Rearranging the terms on the right hand side of the equation, we get

(
(
+ + + + +
(
(
+ + + + = + + + +
) (
) ( ) (
2 0
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
1 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 0
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
t x b
dt
dx
b
dt
x d
b
dt
x d
b
t x b
dt
dx
b
dt
x d
b
dt
x d
b t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
n
n
n
n
n
"
" "

Expressing the higher order derivatives of x
1
(t) and x
2
(t) in terms of y
1
(t) and y
2
(t), we get
(
(
+ + + + +
(
(
+ + + + = + + + +
) (
) ( ) (
1 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3 0
3
1
1
3
1
1
3
t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
"
" "

or,
( ) ) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
2 1 0
2 1
1
1
2 1
1
1
2 1
3 0
3
1
3
1
3
t y t y a
dt
y y d
a
dt
y y d
a
dt
y y d
t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
+ +
+
+ +
+
+
+
= + + + +

"
"

which implies that ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 3
t y t y t y + = .
The system is therefore linear.
Time-invariance: For x(t t
0
) applied as the input, the output y
1
(t) is given by
) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
0 0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1 0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t t x b
dt
t t dx
b
dt
t t x d
b
dt
t t x d
b t y a
dt
dy
a
dt
y d
a
dt
y d
m
m
m
m
m
m
n
n
n
n
n
+
+ +
= + + + +

"
"

Substituting = t t
0
(which implies that dt = d), we get

) (
) (
) ( ) (
) (
) ( ) ( ) (
0 1
1
1
1 0 1 0
0 1
1
1
0 1
1
1
0 1
+
+ +

+

= + +
+
+ +
+
+
x b
d
dx
b
d
x d
b
d
x d
b t y a
d
t dy
a
d
t y d
a
d
t y d
m
m
m
m
m
m
n
n
n
n
n
"
"

Comparing with the original differential equation representation of the system, we get
78 Chapter 3
) ( ) ( or, ) ( ) (
0 1 0 1
t y y t y y = + = ,
proving that the system is time-invariant. Note that the time invariance property is only valid if the
coefficients a
r
s and b
r
s are constants. If a
r
s and b
r
s are functions of time, then the substitution ( = t
t
0
) will also affect them. Clearly, y() y
1
( + t
0
) in such a case and the system will NOT be time-
invariant.
Problem 3.2
(i)
4
( ) 4 ( ) 8 ( ) ( ) ( ) with ( ) ( ), (0) 0, and (0) 0.
t
y t y t y t x t x t x t e u t y y
+ + = + = = =
(a) Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (i) is
0 8 4
2
= + + s s
,

which has roots at s = 2 j2. The zero-input response is given by
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
2 2
t Be t Ae t y
t t
zi

+ =
for t 0, with A and B being constants. To calculate their values, we substitute the initial conditions
0 ) 0 ( =
y and 0 ) 0 ( =
y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

0 2 2
0
= +
=
B A
A

that has the solution, A = 0 and B = 0. The zero-input response is therefore given by
. 0 ) ( = t y
zi

Because of the zero initial conditions, the zero-input response is also zero.
(b) Zero-state response of the system: To calculate the zero-state response of the system, the initial
conditions are assumed to be zero. Hence, the zero state response y
zs
(t) can be calculated by solving
the differential equation
) ( 8 4
2
2
t x
dt
dx
dt
dy
dt
y d
+ = + +
with initial conditions, 0 ) 0 ( =
y and 0 ) 0 ( =
y , and input x(t) = exp(4t)u(t). The homogenous

solution of system (i) has the same form as the zero-input response and is given by
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
2
2
2
1
) (
t e C t e C t y
t t h
zs

+ =
for t 0, with C
1
and C
2
being constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = exp(4t)u(t) is of
the form
) (
4 ) (
t u Ke (t) y
t p
zs

= .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (i) and solving the
resulting equation gives K = 3/8. The zero-state response of the system is, therefore, given by
( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
4
8
3 2
2
2
1
t u e t e C t e C t y
t t t
zs

+ = .
To compute the values of constants C
1
and C
2
, we use the initial conditions, y(0
) = 0 and
0 ) 0 ( =
y

assumed for the zero-state response. Substituting the initial conditions in y
zs
(t) leads to
the following simultaneous equations
Solutions 79
0 2 2
0
2
3
2 1
8
3
1
= + +
=
C C
C

with solution C
1
= 3/8 and C
2
= 3/8. The zero-state solution is given by
( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
4 2 2
8
3
t u e t e t e t y
t t t
zs

= .
(c) Overall response of the system: The overall response of the system is obtained by summing up the
zero-input and zero-state responses, and is given by
( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
4 2 2
8
3
t u e t e t e t y
t t t
= .
(d) Steady state response of the system: The steady state response of the system is obtained by applying
the limit, t , to y(t) and is given by

( ) 0 ) ( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( lim ) (
4 2 2
8
3
= =

t u e t e t e t y
t t t
t
.
(ii) ( ) 6 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) with ( ) cos(6 ) ( ), (0) 2, and (0) 0. y t y t y t x t x t x t t u t y y + + = + = = =
(a) Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (ii) is
0 4 6
2
= + + s s
,

which has roots at s = 3 2.2361 = 5.2361 and 0.7639. The zero-input response is given by
t t
zi
Be Ae t y
7639 . 0 2361 . 5
) (

+ =
for t 0 with A and B being constants. To calculate their values, we substitute the initial conditions
2 ) 0 ( =
y and 0 ) 0 ( =

0 7639 . 0 2361 . 5
2
=
= +
B A
B A

that has a solution, A = 0.3416 and B = 2.3416. The zero-input response is therefore given by
( ) ) ( 3416 . 2 3416 . 0 ) (
7639 . 0 2361 . 5
t u e e t y
t t
zi

+ = .
zs
) ( 4 6
2
2
t x
dt
dx
dt
dy
dt
y d
+ = + +
y and 0 ) 0 ( =
y , and input x(t) = cos(6t)u(t). The homogenous

solution of system (ii) has the same form as its zero-input response and is given by
t t h
zs
e C e C t y
7639 . 0
2
2361 . 5
1
) (
) (

+ =
for t 0, with C
1
and C
2
being constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = cos(6t)u(t) is of the
form
) 6 sin( ) 6 cos(
2 1
) (
t K t K (t) y
p
zs
+ = .
80 Chapter 3
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (ii) and solving the
resulting equation gives

( ) ( )
( ) ) 6 cos( ) 6 sin( 6 ) 6 sin( ) 6 cos( 4
) 6 cos( 6 ) 6 sin( 6 6 ) 6 sin( 36 ) 6 cos( 36
2 1
2 1 2 1
t t t K t K
t K t K t K t K
+ = + +
+ +

Collecting the coefficients of the cosine and sine terms, we get
( ) ( ) 0 ) 6 sin( 6 4 36 36 ) 6 cos( 1 4 36 36
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + + + + + t K K K t K K K
or,

6 32 36
1 36 32
2 1
2 1
=
= +
K K
K K

which has the solution, K
1
= 0.0793 and K
2
= 0.0983. The zero-state response of the system is
( ) ) ( ) 6 sin( 0983 . 0 ) 6 cos( 0793 . 0 ) (
7639 . 0
2
2361 . 5
1
t u t t e C e C t y
t t
zs
+ + + =

.
1
and C
2
, we use the zero initial conditions, y(0
) = 0 and
0 ) 0 ( =
y

assumed for the zero-state response. Substituting the initial conditions in y
zs
(t) leads to
the following simultaneous equations
0 ) 0983 . 0 ( 6 7639 . 0 2361 . 5
0 0793 . 0
2 1
2 1
= +
= + +
C C
C C

with solution C
1
= 0.1454 and C
2
= 0.2247. The zero-state solution is given by
( ) ) ( ) 6 sin( 0983 . 0 ) 6 cos( 0793 . 0 2247 . 0 1454 . 0 ) (
7639 . 0 2361 . 5
t u t t e e t y
t t
zs
+ + =

.
( )
( ) ) ( ) 6 sin( 0983 . 0 ) 6 cos( 0793 . 0 2247 . 0 1454 . 0
) ( 3416 . 2 3416 . 0 ) (
7639 . 0 7639 . 0 2361 . 5
7639 . 0 2361 . 5
t u t t e e e
t u e e t y
t t t
t t
+ + +
+ =

or, ( ) ) ( ) 6 sin( 0983 . 0 ) 6 cos( 0793 . 0 1169 . 2 1962 . 0 ) (
7639 . 0 2361 . 5
t u t t e e t y
t t
+ + + =

.


( ) ) ( ) 6 sin( 0983 . 0 ) 6 cos( 0793 . 0 ) ( t u t t t y + = .
(iii)
| | ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) with ( ) cos( ) sin(2 ) ( ), (0) 3, and (0) 1. y t y t y t x t x t t t u t y y + + = = + = =
(a) Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (iii) is
0 1 2
2
= + + s s
,

which has roots at s = 1, 1. The zero-input response is given by
t t
zi
Bte Ae t y

+ = ) (
Solutions 81
3 ) 0 ( =
y and 1 ) 0 ( =

1
3
= +
=
B A
A

that has a solution, A = 3 and B = 4. The zero-input response is therefore given by
( ) ) ( 4 3 ) ( t u te e t y
t t
zi

+ = .
zs
) ( 1 2
2
2
t x
dt
dy
dt
y d
= + +
y and 0 ) 0 ( =
y , and input x(t) = [cos(t) + sin(t)]u(t). The

homogenous solution of system (iii) has the same form as the zero-input response and is given by
t t h
zs
te C e C t y

+ =
2 1
) (
) (
for t 0, with C
1
and C
2
being constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = [cos(t) + sin(t)]u(t)
is of the form
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) sin( ) cos(
4 3 2 1
) (
t K t K t K t K (t) y
p
zs
+ + + = .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (iii) and solving the

( ) (
) ( ) ) 2 sin( 4 ) cos( ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) sin( ) cos( 1 ) 2 cos( 2
) 2 sin( 2 ) cos( ) sin( 2 ) 2 sin( 4 ) 2 cos( 4 ) sin( ) cos(
4 3 2 1 4
3 2 1 4 3 2 1
t t t K t K t K t K t K
t K t K t K t K t K t K t K
= + + + + +
+ +

Collecting the coefficients of the cosine and sine terms, we get

( ) ( )
( ) ( ) 0 ) 2 sin( 4 4 4 ) 2 cos( 4 4
) sin( 2 ) cos( 1 2
4 3 4 3 4 3
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + + + + +
+ + + + + +
t K K K t K K K
t K K K t K K K

which gives K
1
= 0, K
2
= 0.5, K
3
= 0.64, and K
4
= 0.48. The zero-state response of the system is
( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 48 . 0 ) 2 cos( 64 . 0 ) sin( 5 . 0 ) (
2 1
t u t t t te C e C t y
t t
zs
+ + + =

.
1
and C
2
) = 0 and
0 ) 0 ( =
y . Substituting the initial conditions in y

zs
(t) leads to the following simultaneous equations
0 48 . 0 5 . 0
0 64 . 0
2 1
1
= + +
= +
C C
C

with solution C
1
= 0.64 and C
2
( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 48 . 0 ) 2 cos( 64 . 0 ) sin( 5 . 0 1 . 1 64 . 0 ) ( t u t t t te e t y
t t
zs
+ + =

.
or, ( ) ( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 48 . 0 ) 2 cos( 64 . 0 ) sin( 5 . 0 1 . 1 64 . 0 ) ( 4 3 ) ( t u t t t te e t u te e t y
t t t t
+ + + + =

82 Chapter 3
or, ( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 48 . 0 ) 2 cos( 64 . 0 ) sin( 5 . 0 9 . 2 36 . 2 ) ( t u t t t te e t y
t t
+ + + =

.

( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 48 . 0 ) 2 cos( 64 . 0 ) sin( 5 . 0 9 . 2 36 . 2 lim ) ( t u t t t te e t y
t t
t
+ + + =

or,
( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 48 . 0 ) 2 cos( 64 . 0 ) sin( 5 . 0 ) ( t u t t t t y + + =
.
(iv)
( ) 4 ( ) 5 ( ) with ( ) 4 ( ), (0) 2, and (0) 0.
t
y t y t x t x t te u t y y
+ = = = =
(a) Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (iv) is
0 4
2
= + s
,

which has roots at s = j2. The zero-input response is given by
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) ( t B t A t y
zi
+ =
2 ) 0 ( =
y and 0 ) 0 ( =

0 2
2
=
=
B
A

that has a solution, A = 2 and B = 0. The zero-input response is therefore given by
) ( ) 2 cos( 2 ) ( t u t t y
zi
=
zs
) ( 5 4
2
2
t x
dt
y d
= +
y and 0 ) 0 ( =
y , and input x(t) = 4t exp(t) u(t). The homogenous

solution of system (iv) has the same form as the zero-input response and is given by
) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
2 1
) (
t C t C t y
h
zs
+ =
where C
1
and C
2
are constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = 4t exp(t) u(t) is of the form

t t p
zs
te K e K (t) y

+ =
2 1
) (
.
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (iv) and solving the
( ) ( )
t t t t t t t
te te K e K te K e K e K e K

= + + + 20 4
2 1 2 2 2 1

Collecting the coefficients of exp(t) and texp(t), we get
( ) ( )
t t t t t t t
te te K te K e K e K e K e K

= + + + 20 4 4
2 2 1 2 2 1

which gives K
1
= 1.6 and K
2
= 4. The zero-state response of the system is given by
Solutions 83
( )
t t
zs
te e t C t C t y

+ + + = 4 6 . 1 ) 2 sin( ) 2 cos( ) (
2 1
.
1
and C
2
) = 0 and
0 ) 0 ( =
y . Substituting the initial conditions in y

zs
0 4 6 . 1 2
0 6 . 1
2
1
= +
= +
C
C

with solution C
1
= 1.6 and C
2
( ) ) ( 4 6 . 1 ) 2 sin( 2 . 1 ) 2 cos( 6 . 1 ) ( t u te e t t t y
t t
zs

+ + = .
or, ( ) ) ( 4 6 . 1 ) 2 sin( 2 . 1 ) 2 cos( 6 . 1 ) ( ) 2 cos( 2 ) ( t u te e t t t u t t y
t t
+ + + =
or, ( ) ) ( 4 6 . 1 ) 2 sin( 2 . 1 ) 2 cos( 6 . 3 ) ( t u te e t t t y
t t
+ + =
.

( ) ( ) ) ( ) 2 sin( 24 . 0 ) 2 cos( 32 . 2 ) ( 8 . 0 32 . 0 ) 2 sin( 24 . 0 ) 2 cos( 32 . 2 lim ) ( t u t t t u te e t t t y
t t
t
= + + =

.

(v) . 1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ), ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( 2
2
2
4
4
= = = = = = + + y and y y y t u t x with t x t y
dt
y d
dt
y d

(a) Zero-input response of the system: The characteristic equation of the LTIC system (v) is
0 1 2
4
= + + s s
,

which has roots at s = j1, j1. The zero-input response is given by
jt jt jt jt
zi
Dte Ce Bte Ae t y

+ + + = ) ( ,
in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are
0 3 3
0 2 2
1
0
= +
= +
= + +
= +
D jC B jA
D j C B j A
D jC B jA
C A

that has a solution, A = j0.75 = 0.25, C = j0.75 and D = 0.25. The zero-input response is
( ) ) ( 25 . 0 75 . 0 25 . 0 75 . 0 ) ( t u te e j te e j t y
jt jt jt jt
zi

+ =
,
which reduces to
( ) ) ( cos 5 . 0 sin 5 . 1 ) ( t u t t t t y
zi
=
.
zs
84 Chapter 3
) ( ) ( 2
2
2
4
4
t x t y
dt
y d
dt
y d
= + +
with all initial conditions set to 0 and input x(t) = 2u(t). The homogenous solution of system (v) has
the same form as its zero-input response and is given by
jt jt jt jt h
zs
te C e C te C e C t y

+ + + =
4 3 2 1
) (
) (
where C
i
s

are constants. The particular solution for input x(t) = 2 u(t) is of the form
) (
) (
t Ku (t) y
p
zs
= .
Substituting the particular solution in the differential equation for system (v) and solving the
2 ) 0 ( 2 0 = + + K , or, K = 2.
The zero-state response of the system is given by
2 ) (
4 3 2 1
+ + + + =
jt jt jt jt
zs
te C e C te C e C t y ,
for (t 0). To compute the values of constants C
i
s, we use zero initial conditions. Substituting the
initial conditions in y
zs
0 3 3
0 2 2
0
2
= +
= +
= + +
= +
D jC B jA
D j C B j A
D jC B jA
C A

with solution C
1
= 1, C
2
= j0.5, C
3
= 1, and C
4
= j0.5. The zero-state solution is given by
( ) ) ( 5 . 0 5 . 0 ) ( t u te j e te j e t y
jt jt jt jt
zs

+ =
,
which reduces to
( ) ) ( sin cos 2 ) ( t u t t t t y
zi
= .

or, ( ) ( ) ) ( sin cos 2 ) ( cos 5 . 0 sin 5 . 1 ) ( t u t t t t u t t t t y + =
or, ( ) ) ( 2 cos 5 . 0 sin cos 2 sin 5 . 1 ) ( t u t t t t t t t y + =
.


( ) + =

) ( 2 cos 5 . 0 sin cos 2 sin 5 . 1 lim ) ( t u t t t t t t t y
t
.

Problem 3.3
(i) To evaluate the impulse response, set x(t) = (t). The resulting equation is
C t u C dt t t h t t h
t
+ = + = =

) ( 2 ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 2 ) (

Solutions 85
where C is a constant that can be evaluated from the initial condition. Since the initial condition is
0, then C = 0.

To solve parts (ii)-(vi), we make use of the following theorem.
Theorem S2.1: The impulse response of an LTIC system initially at rest and described by the
differential equation
) (
0
t x a
n
p
dt
y d
p p
p
=
=

is given by 0
0
=
=
n
p
dt
h d
p p
p
a
with initial condition
n
n
n
a
dt
h d 1
) 0 (
1
1
=
+
. The remaining lower order initial conditions are all zero.

(ii) Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (ii) is given by
0 ) ( 6 ) ( = + t h t h

with initial condition h(0
+
) = 1. The characteristic equation for the homogenous equation is
6 0 s + =
which has a root at s = 6. The impulse response is given by
t
e C t h
6
1
) (

=
for t 0, with C
1
being a constant. Use the initial condition h(0
+
) = 1, the value of C
1
= 1. The
impulse response of system (ii) is given by
) ( ) (
6
t u e t h
t
= .
(iii) Assume w(t) = dx/dt. System (iii) can, therefore, be represented as a cascaded combination of two
systems
System S1(iii):
dt
t dx
t w
) (
) ( =
System S2(iii): ) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 2 t w t y t y = +
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system S2(iii) is given by
0 ) ( 5 ) ( 2
2 2
= + t h t h

with initial condition h
2
(0
+
) = 1/2. The characteristic equation for the homogenous equation is
0 ) 5 2 ( = + s
which has a root at s = 5/2. The impulse response is given by
2 / 5
1 2
) (
t
e C t h

=
86 Chapter 3
for t 0, with C
1
being a constant. Use the initial condition h
2
(0
+
) = 1/2, the value of C
1
= 1/2. The
impulse response of system S2(iii) is
) ( ) (
2 / 5
2
1
2
t u e t h
t
=
.

for t 0. Combining the cascaded configuration, the impulse response of the overall system is
( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 / 5
4
5
2
1 2 / 5
2
5
2
1 2 / 5
2
1 2 / 5
2
1
) (
2
t u e t t u e t e t u e t h
t t t t
dt
d
dt
t dh

= = = = .
(iv) System (iv) is represented as a cascaded combination of two systems
System S1(iv): ) ( 3 2 ) (
) (
t x t w
dt
t dx
+ =
System S2(iv): ) ( ) ( 3 ) ( t w t y t y = +
Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system S2(iv) is given by
0 ) ( 3 ) (
2 2
= + t h t h

with initial condition h
2
(0
+
) = 1. The characteristic equation for the homogenous equation is
0 ) 3 ( = + s
which has a root at s = 3. The impulse response is given by
t
e C t h
3
1 2
) (

=
for t 0, with C
1
being a constant. Use the initial condition h
2
(0
+
) = 1, the value of C
1
= 1. The
impulse response of system S2(ii) is
) ( ) (
3
2
t u e t h
t
=
.

for t 0. Combining the cascaded configuration, the impulse response of the overall system is

( )
) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 ) ( 6 ) ( 2
) ( 3 ) ( 2 ) ( 3 2 ) (
3 3 3 3
3 3
2
) (
2
t u e t t u e t u e t e
t u e t u e t h t h
t t t t
t t
dt
d
dt
t dh

= + =
+ = + =
.
(v) Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (v) is given by
0 ) ( 4 ) ( 5 ) ( = + + t h t h t h

with initial conditions dh(0
+
)/dt = 1 and h(0
+
) = 0. The characteristic equation for the homogenous
equation is
0 ) 4 5 (
2
= + + s s
which has roots at s = 1 and 4. The impulse response is given by
t t
e C e C t h
4
2 1 2
) (

+ =
for t 0, with C
1
and C
2
being constants. Using the initial conditions

1 4
0
2 1
2 1
=
= +
C C
C C

which has the solution C
1
= 1/3, C
2
= 1/3. The impulse response of system (v) is given by
Solutions 87

( ) ) ( ) (
4
3
1
3
1
t u e e t h
t t
=
.
(vi) Based on Theorem S2.1, the impulse response of system (vi) is given by
0 ) ( ) ( 2 ) ( = + + t h t h t h

with initial conditions dh(0
+
)/dt = 1 and h(0
+
) = 0. The characteristic equation for the homogenous
equation is
0 ) 1 2 (
2
= + + s s
which has two roots at s = 1. The impulse response is given by
t t
te C e C t h

+ =
2 1 2
) (
for t 0, with C
1
and C
2
being constants. Using the initial conditions

1
0
2 1
1
= +
=
C C
C

which has the solution C
1
= 0, C
2
= 1. The impulse response of system (vi) is given by
) ( ) ( t u te t h
t
= .
Problem 3.4
(i) Functions x() = exp()u(), h() = exp()u(), and is h() = exp()u() are plotted,
respectively, in Fig. S3.4(a)-(c). The function h(t ) = h(( t) is obtained by shifting h() by
time t in Fig. S3.4(d). We consider the following two cases of t.
Case 1: For t < 0, the waveform h(t ) is on the left hand side of the vertical axis. As apparent in
the subplot for step 5a in Fig. 3.7, waveforms for h(t ) and x() do not overlap. In other words,
x()h(t ) = 0 for all , hence, y(t) = 0.
Case 2: For t 0, we see from the subplot for step 5b in Fig. 3.7 that the nonzero parts of h(t )
and x() overlap over the duration t = [0, t]. Therefore,
( ) .
0
) (
0
) (

= =

t
t
t
t
d e e d e e t y (S3.4.1)
Since ( ), therefore, the exponential term can be integrated as
( ) | | | |. 1
) (
) (
1 ) (
) (
1
0
) (
t t t t
t
t
e e e e
e
e t y

= =
(
(

= .
Combining the two cases, we get
| |

<
=

0
0 0
) (
) (
1
t e e
t
t y
t t
,
which is equivalent to | | ) ( ) (
) (
1
t u e e t y
t t

= .

88 Chapter 3
u()
1
x()
0

e
u()
1
x()
u()
1
x()
0

u()
1
h()
0

e
u()
1
h()
u()
1
h()
0

(a) Waveform for x() (a) Waveform for h()
u()
1
h()
0

e
u()
1
h()
u()
1
h()
0

1
e
(t)
u(t)
h(t)
t 0

1
e
(t)
u(t)
h(t)
t
e
(t)
u(t)
h(t)
t 0

(c) Waveform for h() (d) Waveform for h(t )
1
x() h(t)
0 t
Case 1: t < 0
1
x() h(t)
0 tt
Case 1: t < 0

1
x() h(t)
0 t
Case 2: t > 0
1
x() h(t)
0 tt
Case 2: t > 0

(e) Overlap between x() and h(t ) for t < 0 (f) Overlap between x() and h(t ) for t 0
Fig. S3.4.1: Convolution between x() = exp()u() and h() = exp()u() in Problem 3.4.

(ii) For = , Eq. (S3.4.1) reduces to
( )
t
t
t
t
t
te d e d e e t y

= = =

0 0
) (
1 .
The output y(t) is therefore given by
) ( ) ( ) ( t u te t u te t y
t t
= = .
(iii) Part (ii) is a special case of part (i) as the result for part (ii) can be obtained by applying the limit,
, to the solution of part (i). Since applying the limit results in a 0/0 case, we apply the
LHopitals rule to get
| | | | ) ( ) ( 0 lim ) ( lim ) (
) 1 (
1
) (
1
t u te t u te t u e e t y
t t t t

= = = .

Problem 3.5
(i) The output y(t) is given by

= = =
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( d t u d t u u t u t u t y .
Solutions 89
Recall that
>

=
). ( if 0
) ( if 1
) (
t
t
t u
Therefore, the output y(t) is given by
). ( ) (
) 0 ( if 0
) 0 ( if
) ( t r t tu
t
t t
t y = =
<
=
The aforementioned convolution can also be computed graphically.
(ii) The output y(t) is given by

= = =
0
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( d t u d t u u t u t u t y .
The output y(t) is given by
). (
) 0 ( if
) 0 ( if 0
) 0 ( if ) (
) 0 ( if 0
) ( ) (
0
0
t tu
t t
t
t d t u
t
d t u t y
t
=
<

=
<
= =

The aforementioned convolution can also be computed graphically.
(iii) The output y(t) is given by
| | | | ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) ( ) ( + + = t u t u t u t u t u t y
Using the properties of the convolution integral, the output is expressed as
| | | | | |
| | | | | | ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) (
+ + +
+ + =
t u t u t u t u t u t u
t u t u t u t u t u t u t y

Based on the results of part (i), i.e., u(t) * u(t) = r(t), the overall output is given by
) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( 2 ) ( 2 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( + + + = t r t r t r t r t r t r t y .
(iv) The output y(t) is given by

= = =
0
5 3 ) ( 3 2 3 2
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( d t u e e d t u e u e t u e t u e t y
t t t t
.
Solving for the two cases (t 0) and (t < 0), we get

<
=

<
= =

). 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) 0 (
) ( ) (
3
5
1
2
5
1
0
5 3
5 3
0
5 3
t e
t e
t d e e
t d e e
d t u e e t y
t
t
t
t
t
t

Therefore, the output y(t) is given by
). ( ) ( ) (
3
5
1 2
5
1
t u e t u e t y
t t
+ =
(v) The output y(t) is given by
90 Chapter 3

| |
| |
0 2, 5
5 5 5
2 2 2
( ) ( ) * ( ) sin(2 ) ( 2) ( 5) ( ) ( 2)
sin(2 ) ( ) ( 2) sin(2 ) ( ) sin(2 ) ( 2)
for
A B
y t x t h t u u u t u t d
u t u t d u t d u t d

= < >
= =
(
( = =
(

= =

Calculating Term A and Term B separately, we get

1 cos 2
2
2
5
2
2
2
5
2
0 2
0 2
sin(2 ) 2 5 2 5
0 5
sin(2 ) 5
0 2 2
sin(2 ) 2 2 5
sin(2 ) 2 5
t
t
t
t
t
A d t t
t
d t
t
B d t
d t
= =

1 cos 2 ( 2)
1 cos 2
2 2
0 4 0 4
4 7 4 7
0 7 0 7
t
t
t t
t t
t t
= =

The overall output is given by

1
2
1
2
0 2, 7
(1 cos 2 ) 2 4
Therefore, ( )
0 4 5
(1 cos 2 ) 5 7
t t
t t
y t A B
t
t t
= =

(vi) Considering the two cases (t < 0) and (t 0) separately
Case I (t < 0):

+ + =
0
) ( 5 2
0
) ( 5 2 ) ( 5 2
) ( d e e d e e d e e t y
t
t
t
t
t

which reduces to

+ + =
0
7 5
0
3 5 7 5
) ( d e e d e e d e e t y
t
t
t
t
t

or, ( )
t t t t t t t t
e e e e e e e e t y
8
3
1 5
21
4 2
7
1
7
1 5 3
3
1 5 7
7
1 5
1 ) (

+ = + + =
Case II (t 0):

+ + =
t
t
t
t t
d e e d e e d e e t y
) ( 5 2
0
) ( 5 2
0
) ( 5 2
) (
which reduces to

+ + =
t
t
t
t t
7 5
0
3 5
0
7 5
) (
Solutions 91
or, ( )
t t t t t t t t t
e e e e e e e e e t y
12
7
1 5
3
1 2
3
1 5
7
1 7
7
1 5 3
3
1 5 5
7
1
1 ) (

+ + = + + = .
Hence, the overall expression for y(t) is given by

<
==

). 0 (
) 0 (
) (
3
5
1
2
5
1
t e
t e
t y
t
t

(vii) Note that

( ) ( )
| | | |
| | | |
| | | | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( * ) ( ) ( ) cos( ) ( ) sin(
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
4
1
2
1
2
1
t u e t u e t u e t u e
t u e e t u e e t u t t u t
jt jt
j
jt jt
j
jt jt
j
jt jt
j
jt jt
j
jt jt
j
jt jt jt jt
j

=
+
=
+ =

Based on the result of Problem 3.4, we know that
) ( ) ( ) ( t u te t u e t u e
jt jt jt
=
and ) ( ) ( ) ( t u te t u e t u e
jt jt jt
= .
Hence, the output is given by
) ( ) sin( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
1
4
1
4
1
t u t t t u te t u te t y
jt
j
jt
j
= =

.
Note that the above convolution can also be performed directly as follows:
| | | |
| |
| |
0
0
0
( ) sin( ) ( ) * cos( ) ( ) sin( ) ( ) cos( ) ( ) sin( ) cos( ) ( )
sin( ) cos( ) 0 ( ) 0, 0
sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( )sin( ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( )
t
t
y t t u t t u t u t u t d t u t d
t d t y t t
t t d t d

= = =
= > = <
= + =

| |
| | | |
2
0 0
cos(2 ) sin(2 )
2 2
0 0
0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 4 2 4
sin( ) sin ( )
0.5cos( ) sin(2 ) 0.5sin( ) 1 cos(2 ) 0.5cos( ) 0.5sin( )
0.5cos( ) cos(2 ) 0.5sin( ) sin(2 ) cos( ) sin( ) cos( ) cos(2 ) s
t t
t t
t t
t d
t d t d t t
t t t t t t t t t t

+
( ( = + = +

= + = + +

cos(2 ) cos( )
1 1 1 1
2 4 4 2
in( ) sin(2 )
sin( ) cos( ) cos( ) sin( )
t t t
t t
t t t t t t
= =
(
(
(

= + =

Problem 3.6
(i) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with itself is shown in Fig. S3.6.1, where we
consider six different cases for different values of t.

92 Chapter 3
1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0 1 2 0
x()

1
2 1 0
1
x()
1
2 1 0
1
x()

1
0
1
x(t)
t 2 t 1 t
1
0
1
x(t)
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
(a) Waveform for x() (b) Waveform for x() (c) Waveform for x(t)
1
0
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t 1 2
1
0
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t 1 2

1
0
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t 1 2
1
0
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t 1 2

1
1
x() x(t)
1 2 t 2 t 1 t
1
1
x() x(t)
1 2 t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t

(d) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for (t <
0)
(e) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for (0t<1)
(f) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for
(1t<2)
1
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t 1 2
1
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t 1 2

1
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t 1 2
1
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t 1 2

1
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t 1 2
1
1
x() x(t)
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t 1 2

(g) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for
(2t<3)
(h) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for (3t<4)
(i) Overlap btw x() and x(t) for
(t>4)

0 1 2 3 4
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
y
1
(
t
)

=

x
(
t
)
*
x
(
t
)

(j) Convolution output
1
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.1: Convolution of x(t) with x(t) in Problem 3.6(i).

Case I (t < 0): Since there is no overlap, 0 ) (
1
= t y .
Case II (0 t < 1):
= =
t
t d t y
0
1
1 . 1 ) ( .
Case III (1 t < 2):
. 3 4 ) 1 ( ) 1 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 .( 1 1 . 1 1 ). 1 ( ) (
1
1
1
1
0
1
t t t t
d d d t y
t
t
t
= + + =
+ + =

Case IV (2 t < 3):
. 8 3 ) 1 2 ( ) 1 1 ( ) 2 1 (
) 1 .( 1 ) 1 ).( 1 ( 1 ). 1 ( ) (
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
= + + + =
+ + =

t t t t
d d d t y
t
t
t

Solutions 93
Case V (3 t < 4): t t d t y
t
= + = =

4 ) 2 2 ( ) 1 ).( 1 ( ) (
2
2
1
.
Case VI (t > 4): Since there is no overlap, ) (
1
t y = 0.
Combining all the cases, the result of the convolution ) ( ) ( ) (
1
t x t x t y = is given by

<
<
<
<
=
elsewhere. 0
) 4 3 ( ) 4 (
) 3 2 ( ) 8 3 (
) 2 1 ( ) 3 4 (
) 1 0 (
) (
1
t t
t t
t t
t t
t y
The output is y
1
(t) plotted in Fig. S3.6.1(j).
(ii) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. S3.6.2, where we
2
= t y .
Case II (1 t < 0): . . 1 ) (
2
1
2
1
2
2
= =

t
t
d t y
Case III (0 t < 1):
. 2
. 1 ). 1 ( ) (
2
1
2 2
) 1 (
2 2
1
2
) 1 (
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+ =

t
d d t y
t
t
t
t
t
t
t

Case IV (1 t < 2):
.
. 1 ). 1 ( ) (
2
3
2 2
) 1 (
2
1
2
) 2 (
2
) 1 (
1
1
1
2
2
2
2 2 2
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+ =

t
t t t
t
t
t
d d t y

Case V (2 t < 3):
2
3
2 2
1
2
) 2 (
1
2
2
2 ). 1 ( ) (
2
2
+ = = =

t d t y
t
t
t
.
2
t y = 0.
2
t z t x t y = is given by

< +
< +
< +
<
=
elsewhere. 0
) 3 2 ( 2
) 2 1 (
) 1 0 ( 2
) 0 1 (
) (
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
t t
t
t t
t
t y
t
t
t
t

The output is y
2
94 Chapter 3

1
1
z()
0 1 1

1
1
z()
0 1 1
1
1
z()
0 1 1 0 1 1

1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0 1 2 0
x()

1
2 1 0
1
x()
1
2 1 0
1
x()
(a) Waveform for z() (b) Waveform for x() (c) Waveform for x()
t 2 t 1 t
x(t)
1
1
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
x(t)
1
1

t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1
1
1
0 1 1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1
1
1
0 1 1 0 1 1
(d) Waveform for x(t) (e) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for (t<1)
(f) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for
(1t<0)
t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1
1
1
0 1 1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
z() x(t)
1
1
1 1
1
1
1 1 1 1
(g) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for
(0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for (1t<2)
(i) Overlap btw z() and x(t) for
(2t<3)

-1 0 1 2 3
-0.5
0
0.5
1
y
2
(
t
)

=

x
(
t
)
*
z
(
t
)

2
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.2: Convolution of x(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(ii).
(iii) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with w(t) is shown in Fig. S3.6.3, where we
3
= t y .
Case II (1 t < 0): . ) 1 .( 1 ) (
2
1
2 2
) 1 (
1
3
2
2
+ + = = + =
+
t d t y
t
t
t

Case III (0 t < 1):
( ) ( ) . 0
) 1 .( 1 ) 1 .( 1 ) 1 ).( 1 ( ) (
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
) 1 (
2 2
1
2
0
0
1
1
1
3
2
2
2 2
+ + = |
.
|
\
|
+ =
+ + + + =

t
d d d t y
t
t
t t
t
t
t

Solutions 95

1
1
w()
0 1 1

1
1
w()
0 1 1 0 1 1

1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0 1 2 0
x()

t 2 t 1 t
x(t)
1
1
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
x(t)
1
1

(a) Waveform for z() (b) Waveform for x() (c) Waveform for x(t)
t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
0 1 1
0 1 1

(d) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for
(t<1)
(e) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for
(1t<0)
(f) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for (0t<1)
t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
w() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

(g) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for
(1t<2)
(h) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for
(2t<3)
(i) Overlap btw w() and x(t) for (t>3)

-1 0 1 2 3
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
y
3
(
t
)

=

x
(
t
)
*
w
(
t
)
(iii)

3
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.3: Convolution of x(t) with w(t) in Problem 3.6(iii).

Case IV (1 t < 2):
. 5 0
) 1 .( 1 ) 1 ).( 1 ( ) 1 ).( 1 ( ) (
2
7
2
3
2
) 2 (
2
1
2
) 2 (
2
) 1 (
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
2
3
2
2 2 2
+ = |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ |
.
|
\
|
=
+ + + =

t
d d d t y
t
t t t
t
t
t

Case V (2 t < 3):
2
9
2 2
) 3 (
1
2
3
3 0 ) 1 ).( 1 ( ) (
2
2
+ = = =

t d t y
t
t
t
.
3
t y = 0.
3
t w t x t y = is given by
96 Chapter 3

< +
< +
< + +
< + +
=
elsewhere. 0
) 3 2 ( 3
) 2 1 ( 5
) 1 0 (
) 0 1 (
) (
2
9
2
2
7
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
2
t t
t t
t t
t t
t y
t
t
t
t

The output is y
3
(iv) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of x(t) with v(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.4, where we

1
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
1
v()
0 1 1 1 1
e
2
e
2

1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0
x()
1
1
1 2 0 1 2 0
x()

t 2 t 1 t
x(t)
1
1
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
x(t)
1
1

(a) Waveform for v() (b) Waveform for x() (c) Waveform for x(t)
t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1
1
t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1
1

(d) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (t<1) (e) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (1t<0) (f) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (0t<1)
t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1

t 2 t 1 t t 2 t 1 t
v() x(t)
1
1
1 1 1 1

(g) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (1t<2) (h) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (2t<3) (i) Overlap btw v() and x(t) for (t>3)

-1 0 1 2 3
-0.5
0
0.5
y
4
(
t
)

=

v
(
t
)
*
v
(
t
)
(i )

4
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.4: Convolution of x(t) with v(t) in Problem 3.6(iv).

4
= t y .
Solutions 97
Case II (1 t < 0): ( ). . 1 ) (
2 2
2
1
1
2
4

= =

e e d e t y
t
t

Case III (0 t < 1): ( ) ( ) ( )
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =

. 1
1 1
. 1 . 1 ). 1 ( ) (
2
2
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
1 2 ) 1 ( 2
2
1
0
2
0
1
2
1
1
2
4
t t
t t t
t
t
t
e e e
e e e e
d e d e d e t y

Case IV (1 t < 2): ( ) ( ) ( )
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

. 1
1 1
. 1 ). 1 ( ). 1 ( ) (
) 1 ( 2 2
2
1 ) 2 ( 2
2
1
) 1 ( 2 2
) 2 (
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
1 ) 2 ( 2
2
1
1
1
2
1
0
2
0
2
2
4
t t
t t t
t
t
t
e e e
e e e e
d e d e d e t y

Case V (2 t < 3): ( )
) 2 ( 2 2
2
1
1
2
2
4
). 1 ( ) (

= =

t
t
e e d e t y .
4
t y = 0.
4
t v t x t y = is given by

<
< +
< + +
<
=

elsewhere. 0
) 3 2 (
) 2 1 ( 1
) 1 0 ( 1
) 0 1 (
) (
) 2 ( 2
2
1 2
2
1
) 1 ( 2 2
2
1 ) 2 ( 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
2
1 2
2
1
4
t e e
t e e e
t e e e
t e e
t y
t
t t
t t
t

The output is y
4
(v) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of z(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.5, where we
consider four different cases for different values of t.
5
= t y .
Case II (2 t < 0):
| |
| | | | ( )
= + + + =
= =
+
. 4 6 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) (
3
6
1
3
1 3
3
1
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
3
3
1 2
2
1
1
1
5
t t t t t t
t d t t y
t
t

98 Chapter 3
Case III (0 < t < 2):
| |
| | | | ( )
+ + = =
= =

. 4 6 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) ( ) (
3
6
1 3
3
1
3
1 2
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
1 2
2
1
1
1
5
t t t t t t
t d t t y
t
t
.

1
1
z()
0 1 1

1
1
z()
0 1 1

(a) Waveform for z()
1
1
z()
0 1 1
1
1
z()
0 1 1 0 1 1

1
1
z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1
1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1
(b) Waveform for z() (c) Waveform for z(t)
(d) Overlap btw z() and z(t)
for (t<2)
1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1
1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1

1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1

1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1

1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1
1
1
z() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1
(e) Overlap btw z() and z(t) for
(2t<0)
(f) Overlap btw z() and z(t) for (0t<2)
(g) Overlap btw z() and z(t)
for (t>2)

-2 -1 0 1 2
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
0
0.2
y
5
(
t
)

=

z
(
t
)
*
z
(
t
)

(h) Convolution output
5
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.5: Convolution of z(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(v).

Case IV (t > 2): Since there is no overlap, ) (
5
t y = 0.
5
t z t z t y = is given by
Solutions 99

< + +
<
=
elsewhere 0
) 2 0 (
) 0 2 (
) (
3
2 3
6
1
3
2 3
6
1
5
t t t
t t t
t y
The output is y
5
(t) shown in Fig. S3.6.5(h).
(vi) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of w(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.6, where we

1
1
w()
0 1 1

1
1
w()
0 1 1 0 1 1

1
1
z()
0 1 1

1
1
z()
0 1 1

1
1
z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1
(a) Waveform for w() (b) Waveform for z() (c) Waveform for z(t)

1
1
w() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
w() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1
t
t+1 t1
1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
t
t+1 t1
t
t+1 t1
1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
(d) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for
(t<2)
(e) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for
(2t<1)
(f) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for
(1t<0)
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1

t t+1 t1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1

1
1
w() z(t)
1 1

1
1
w() z(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1

1
1
w() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1
(g) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for
(0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for
(1t<2)
(i) Overlap btw w() and z(t) for
(t>2)

-2 -1 0 1 2
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
y
6
(
t
)

=

w
(
t
)
*
z
(
t
)
Problem 3.6(vi)
(vi)

6
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.6: Convolution of w(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(vi).

6
= t y .
100 Chapter 3
Case II (2 t < 1):
| |
| | | |
+ =
+ + + + + + + =
+ = + =
+
.
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) )( 1 ( ) (
3
2 2
2
1 3
6
1
3
1
2
1
2
1 3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
6
t t
t t t t t t t t
t t d t t y
t
t

Case III (1 < t < 0):
| | | |
| | | |
+ + = + + + + =
+ + + =
+ + =
+

.
) )( 1 ( ) )( 1 ( ) (
2
2
1 3
6
1
6
1
2
1 2
2
1 3
6
1
6
1
2
1
1
0
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
0
1
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
0
0
1
6
t t t t t t t
t t t t
d t d t t y
t
t

Case IV (0 < t < 1):
| | | |
| | | |
+ = + + =
+ + + =
+ + =

.
) )( 1 ( ) )( 1 ( ) (
2
2
1 3
6
1
6
1
2
1
6
1
2
1 2
2
1 3
6
1
1
0
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
0
1
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
0
0
1
6
t t t t t t t
t t t t
d t d t t y
t
t

Case V (1 t < 2):
| |
| | | |
+ =
+ + =
+ = =

.
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) )( 1 ( ) (
3
2 2
2
1 3
6
1
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
1 2
2
1 2
2
1
1
1
6
t t
t t t t t t t t
t t d t t y
t
t

6
t y = 0.
6
t w t z t y = is given by

< +
< +
< + +
< +
=
elsewhere. 0
) 2 1 (
) 1 0 (
) 0 1 (
) 1 2 (
) (
3
2 2
2
1 3
6
1
2
2
1 3
6
1
2
2
1 3
6
1
3
2 2
2
1 3
6
1
6
t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t
t y
The output is y
6
(t) shown in Fig. S3.6.6(j) at the end of the solution of this problem.
(vii) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of v(t) with z(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.7, where we

Solutions 101
1
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
1
v()
0 1 1 1 1
e
2
e
2

1
1
z()
0 1 1

1
1
z()
0 1 1

1
1
z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1
1
1
z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1
(a) Waveform for v() (b) Waveform for z() (c) Waveform for z(t)

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 0 1 1 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1
1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1 1 1
(d) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (t<2) (e) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (2t<1)
(f) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for
(1t<0)
1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1 0 1 1 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 0 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1 0 1 1 1 1

1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1
1
1
v() z(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1 1 1
(g) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (0t<1) (h) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for (1t<2)
(i) Overlap btw v() and z(t) for
(t>2)

-2 -1 0 1 2
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
y
7
(
t
)

=

v
(
t
)
*
z
(
t
)

7
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.7: Convolution of v(t) with z(t) in Problem 3.6(vii).

7
= t y .
Case II (2 t < 1):
| |
| | | |
=
+ + + =
+ = =
+
+ +
+
.
) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
4
3
2
2
1
) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
) 1 ( 2
4
1
) 1 ( 2
2
1
1
1
2
4
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
7
e te e
e e t e e
e e t d t e t y
t
t t
t
t

102 Chapter 3
Case III (1 < t < 0):
| | | |
| | | |
+ =
+ + + + =
+ + + =
+ =
+
+
+

.
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
3
4
1
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1 2
4
3 2
2
1
4
1
2
1
1
0
2
4
1 2
2
1
0
1
2
4
1 2
2
1
1
0
2
0
1
2
7
t e te e
t e e te t
e e t e e t
d t e d t e t y
t
t
t
t

Case IV (0 < t < 1):
| | | |
| | | |
+ + =
+ + + + =
+ + + =
+ =

.
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
3
4
1
2
1 2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
3
4
1
2
1
1
0
2
4
1 2
2
1
0
1
2
4
1 2
2
1
1
0
2
0
1
2
7
t e te e
t e te e t
e e t e e t
d t e d t e t y
t
t
t
t

Case V (1 t < 2):
| |
| | | |
+ =
+ + + =
+ = =

+ +
.
) 1 (
) ( ) ( ) (
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
1
1
1
2
4
1 2
2
1
1
1
2
7
e te e
e e t e e
e e t d t e t y
t
t t
t
t

Case VI (t > 2): Since there is no overlap, 0 ) (
7
= t y .
7
t v t z t y = is given by

< +
< + +
< +
<
=

+
+
elsewhere. 0
) 2 1 (
) 1 0 (
) 0 1 (
) 1 2 (
) (
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
3
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
3
2
4
3 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
7
t e te e
t t e te e
t t e te e
t e te e
t y
t
t
t
t

The output is y
7
(viii) Since w(t) = 1 |t|, therefore, the expression for w(t ) is
>
<
= =
. if ) ( 1
if ) ( 1
1 ) (
t t
t t
t t w
Using the graphical approach, the convolution of w(t) with w(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.8, where we
Solutions 103

1
1
w()
0 1 1
1
1
w()
0 1 1 0 1 1

1
1
w()
0 1 1

1
1
w()
0 1 1 0 1 1

1
1
w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

(a) Waveform for w() (b) Waveform for w() (c) Waveform for w(t)
1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1
1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1

t t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1

(d) Overlap btw w() and w(t)
for (t<2)
(e) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (2t<1) (f) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (1t<0)
t t+1 t1
1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1
1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1

1
1
w() w(t)
0 1 1

1
1
w() w(t)
1 1 t
t+1 t1

1
1
w() w(t)
1 1 t
t+1 t1

(g) Overlap btw w() and w(t)
for (0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (1t<2) (i) Overlap btw w() and w(t) for (t>2)

-2 -1 0 1 2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
y
8
(
t
)

=

w
(
t
)
*
w
(
t
)

8
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.8: Convolution of w(t) with w(t) in Problem 3.6(viii).

8
= t y .
Case II (2 t < 1): | |
+ + + =
+ + = + + =
+ + =
+
. 2
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 ( ) (
3
4 2 3
6
1
1
1
2
2
1 3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
8
t t t
t d t d
d t t y
t
t t
t

104 Chapter 3
Case III (1 < t < 0):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
.
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) (
3
2
1 2
3
2
2
2
1
3
1 3
3
1 2
2
1 3
3
1 2
2
1 3
3
1
1
0
1
0
2
0 0
2
1 1
2
1
0
0
1
8
t t
t t t t t t t t t t t t
d t d d t d d t d
d t d t d t t y
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
=
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + =
+ + + + + + + =

+ +

+

Case IV (0 < t < 1):
| | | | | | | | | | | |
.
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) 1 )( 1 ( ) (
3
2
1 2
3
2
2
2
1 3
3
1 2
2
1
3
1 3
3
1 2
2
1
2
1 3
3
1
3
1
1 1
2
0 0
2
0
1
0
1
2
1
0
0
1
8
t t
t t t t t t t t t t
d t d d t d d t d
d t d t d t t y
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
+ =
+ + + + + =
+ + + + + + =
+ + + + + + =

Case V (1 t < 2): | |
+ + =
= =
+ =
3
4 2 3
6
1
1
1
2
2
1 3
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
8
2
) ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 )( 1 ( ) (
t t t
t d t d
d t t y
t
t t
t
.
8
t y = 0.
8
t w t w t y = is given by
< + +
< +
<
< + + +
=
elsewhere. 0
) 2 1 ( 2
) 1 0 (
) 0 1 (
) 1 2 ( 2
) (
3
4 2 3
6
1
3
2
1 2
3
2
3
2
1 2
3
2
3
4 2 3
6
1
8
t t t t
t t t
t t t
t t t t
t y
The output is y
8
(ix) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of v(t) with w(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.9, where we
Solutions 105

1
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
1
v()
0 1 1 1 1
e
2
e
2

1
1
w()
0 1 1

1
1
w()
0 1 1
0 1 1

1
1
w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1

1
1
w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

(a) Waveform for v() (b) Waveform for w() (c) Waveform for w(t)
1
1
v() w(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1

1
1
v() w(t)
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1 1 1 1 1

t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1 1 1 1

t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1 1 1

(d) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (t<2) (e) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (2t<1) (f) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (1t<0)
t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1 t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1 1 1

t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1
t t+1 t1
t t+1 t1

1
1
v() w(t)
0 1 1 1 1

1
1
v() w(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1

1
1
v() w(t)
t t+1 t1 1 1 1 1

(g) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (0t<1) (h) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (1t<2) (i) Overlap btw v() and w(t) for (t>2)

-2 -1 0 1 2
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
y
9
(
t
)

=

w
(
t
)
*
w
(
t
)

9
( ) y t
Fig. S3.6.9: Convolution of v(t) with w(t) in Problem 3.6(ix).

Since w(t) = 1 |t|, therefore, the expression for w(t ) is
>
<
= =
. if ) ( 1
if ) ( 1
1 ) (
t t
t t
t t w
9
= t y .
106 Chapter 3
Case II (2 t < 1): ( ) ( )
=
+ + + + =
+ = + =
+
+ + +
+

.
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
4
5 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
1 2 ) 1 ( 2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
9
e te e
e e e e t e e t
d e d e t d t e t y
t
t t t
t t t

Case III (1 < t < 0):
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
+ + + + =
+ +
+ + + =
+ + + + + =
+
+

+

. 1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
4
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
1
0
2
4
1 2
2
1
1
0
2
2
1
0
2
4
1 2
2
1
0
2
2
1
1
2
4
1 2
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
0
2
0
2
1
2
9
t e te e e
e e e t
e e e t e e e t
d t e d t e d t e t y
t t
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t
.
Case IV (0 < t < 1):
| | | | | | | |
| | | |
+ + =
+ +
+ + + =
+ + + + + =

. 1
) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
4
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
1
2
4
1 2
2
1
1
2
2
1
0
0
2
4
1 2
2
1
0
0
2
2
1
0
1
2
4
1 2
2
1
0
1
2
2
1
1
2
0
2
0
1
2
9
t e te e e
e e e t
e e e t e e e t
d t e d t e d t e t y
t t
t t
t t
t
t
t

Case V (1 t < 2): ( ) ( )
+ =
+ + + =
+ = + =

.
) 1 ( ) 1 (
) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) (
2
4
5 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
) 1 ( 2
4
1 ) 1 ( 2
2
1 2
4
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2 2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
2
1
1
2
9
e te e
e e t e e e e t
d e d e t d t e t y
t
t t t
t t t
.
Case VI (t > 2): Since there is no overlap, 0 ) (
9
= t y .
9
t w t v t y = is given by
Solutions 107

< +
< + +
< + + + +
<
=

+
+
elsewhere. 0
) 2 1 (
) 1 0 ( 1
) 0 1 ( 1
) 1 2 (
) (
2
4
5 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
1 2
2
1 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
2
4
5 2
2
1 ) 1 ( 2
4
1
9
t e te e
t t e te e e
t t e te e e
t e te e
t y
t
t t
t t
t

The output is y
9
(x) Using the graphical approach, the convolution of v(t) with v(t) is shown in Fig. 3.6.10, where we

e
2
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
v()
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
v()
0
1
v()
0
v()
00 1 1
e
2
v(t )
1
e
2(t)
t +1 t
e
2(t)
t 1

v(t )
1
v(t )
1 1
e
2(t)
t +1 t
e
2(t)
t 1
e
2(t)
t +1 t
e
2(t)
t 1 t
e
2(t)
t 1
(a) Waveform for v() (b) Waveform for v() (c) Waveform for v(t)
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1
Case 1: (t + 1) < 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
y(t)
0
1
y(t)
0
y(t)
00 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1 t +1 t t 1 t t 1
Case 1: (t + 1) < 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1
Case 2: (t + 1) > 1
(t + 1) < 0
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
y(t)
0
1
y(t)
0
y(t)
00 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1 t +1 t t 1 t t 1
Case 2: (t + 1) > 1
(t + 1) < 0

e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1
Case 3: (t + 1) > 0
(t + 1) < 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
y(t)
0
1
y(t)
0
y(t)
00 1 1
e
2
t +1 t t 1 t +1 t t 1 t t 1
Case 3: (t + 1) > 0
(t + 1) < 1
(d) Overlap btw v() and v(t)
for (t<2)
(e) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for
(2t<1)
(f) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for (1t<0)
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t 1
Case 4: (t + 1) > 1
(t 1) < 0
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
y(t)
0
1
y(t)
0
y(t)
00 1 1
e
2
t +1 t 1 t +1 t 1 t 1
Case 4: (t + 1) > 1
(t 1) < 0
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t 1
Case 5: (t 1) > 0
(t 1) < 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
y(t)
0
1
y(t)
0
y(t)
00 1 1
e
2
t +1 t 1 t +1 t 1 t 1
Case 5: (t 1) > 0
(t 1) < 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
t +1 t 1
Case 6: (t 1) > 1
e
2
1
y(t)
0 1 1
e
2
e
2
1
y(t)
0
1
y(t)
0
y(t)
00 1 1
e
2
t +1 t 1 t +1 t 1 t 1
Case 6: (t 1) > 1
(g) Overlap btw v() and v(t)
for (0t<1)
(h) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for
(1t<2)
(i) Overlap btw v() and v(t) for (t>2)

-4 -2 0 2 4
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
v
(
t
)
*
v
(
t
)

10
( ) y t
Fig. S3.4.10: Convolution of v(t) with v(t) in Problem 3.6(x).

10
= t y .
Case II (2 t < 1):
108 Chapter 3
| |.
4
1
4 4
) (
) 4 2 ( 4 2
4 ) 1 ( 4
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
4 2
1
1
) ( 2 2
10
+
+

=
(
(

=
(
(
= = =

t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
e e
e e
e
e
e d e e d e e t y
Case III (1 < t < 0): ( )
( ) ( )
+ + + =
+ + + + =
+ + =

+

.
) 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
) (
2
4
5 2
4
3
2 4 2
4
1 2
1
0
) ( 2 2
0
) ( 2 2
1
) ( 2 2
10
t t
t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
e t e t
e t e e e t
.
Case IV (0 < t < 1): ( )
( ) ( )
+ =
+ + =
+ + =

.
) 1 ( 1 ) 1 (
) (
2
4
3 2
4
5
2 4 2
4
1 2
1
) ( 2 2
0
) ( 2 2
0
1
) ( 2 2
10
t t
t t t t
t
t
t
t
t
t
e t e t
e t e e e t

Case V (1 t < 2): ( ). ) (
4 ) 1 ( 4 2
4
1
1
1
) ( 2 2
10

= =

e e e d e e t y
t t
t
t
.
10
t y = 0.
10
t v t v t y = is given by

( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
<
< +
< + + +
<
=

+
elsewhere. 0
) 2 1 (
) 1 0 (
) 0 1 (
) 1 2 (
4
1
) (
4 ) 1 ( 4 2
4
1
2
4
3 2
4
5
2
4
5 2
4
3
) 4 2 ( 4 2
10
t e e e
t e t e t
t e t e t
t e e
t y
t t
t t
t t
t t

The output y
10
(t) is shown in Fig. S3.6.10(j).

Problem 3.7
(a) Distributive property: By definition,

= d t z x t z t x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
.
Substituting z(t) = x
2
(t) + x
3
(t), we obtain
Solutions 109
( ) ( )

+ = + d t x t x x t x t x t x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 2 1 3 2 1

or, ( )

) ( ) (
3 1
) ( ) (
2 1 3 2 1
3 1 2 1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
t x t x t x t x
d t x x d t x x t x t x t x

+ = +
or, ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 1 2 1 3 2 1
t x t x t x t x t x t x t x + = + .
(b) Associative property: By definition,

= d t w x t w t x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
.
Substituting

= = d t x x t x t x t w ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 3 3 2
,
we obtain ( )

|
|
.
|
\
|
= d d t x x x t x t x t x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 3 1 3 2 1
.
Changing the order of integrations, the above equation simplifies to
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=

d d t x x x t x t x t x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 3 3 2 1
.
Similarly, expanding
( )

|
|
.
|
\
|
= d d t x x x t x t x t x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 1 3 3 2 1
.
Since the right hand side of the two expressions are equal, we obtain the following.
( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 2 1 3 2 1
t x t x t x t x t x t x = .
(c) Scaling Property: We consider the two cases > 0 and < 0 separately.
Case I: ( = k) where k is a positive constant.
By definition,

= d k kt z k x kt z kt x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1

Substituting p = k, we get ) (
1
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
kt y
k k
dp
p kt z p x kt z kt x = =

.
Case II: ( = k) where k is a positive constant.
By definition,

+ = d k kt z k x kt z kt x ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1

110 Chapter 3
Substituting p = k, we get

=
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1
k
dp
p kt z p x kt z kt x .
By changing the order of the upper and lower limits

= ) (
1
) ) (( ) (
) (
1
) ( ) (
1 1
kt y
k
dp p t k z p x
k
kt z kt x
Collectively, Cases I and II prove the scaling property.
Problem 3.8
We know that ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( t u e t u
t
.
Then
N
| | ) ( ) 1 (
) (
) (
t u e
t
dt
d
t
dt
t u
,
which simplifies to ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( t e t u e t t
t t
+

or, ) ( ) ( t u e t
t
.
Hence, the impulse response is given by ) ( ) ( t u e t h
t
= .
Problem 3.9
Convolution of two signals that are, respectively, nonzero over the range [t
1
, t
u1
] and [t
2
, t
u2
] is nonzero
over the range [t
1
+ t
2
, t
u1
+ t
u2
]. Therefore, t
1
+ t
2
= 5 and t
u1
+ t
u2
= 6. By substituting, t
1
= 2 and t
u1

= 3, the values of t
2
= 5 + 2 = 3 and t
u2
= 6 3 = 3. The possible nonzero range of the impulse
response h(t) is therefore [3, 3].
Problem 3.10
In Example 3.8, it was shown that
| |
>

<
=
(
(

= =

. 1 2
1 0 2 2
0 0
otherwise 0
1 0 1
) ( ) ( ) (
) 1 (
t e e
t e t
t
t t
t h t u e t x
t t
t t

Using the commutative property, Eq. (3.3), we interchange the impulse response and the input to obtain
| |
>

<
= =
(
(

= =

. 1 2
1 0 2 2
0 0
) ( ) (
otherwise 0
1 0 1
) ( ) (
) 1 (
t e e
t e t
t
t u e t h
t t
t x t y
t t
t t

Problem 3.11
By inspection, we note that x(t) = x (t 2) and h(t) = h (t 4). Using the shifting property, Eq. (3.40),
the output
Solutions 111
) 6 ( ) 4 ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( = = = t y t h t x t h t x t y .
Therefore, the convolution output for the shifted input x(t) = x (t 2) and shifted impulse response h(t)
= h (t 4) is given by
>

<
= =

, 1 ) 6 ( 2
1 ) 6 ( 0 2 ) 6 ( 2
0 ) 6 ( 0
) 6 ( ) (
) 6 ( ) 1 ) 6 ((
) 6 (
t e e
t e t
t
t y t y
t t
t

or,
>

<
=

. 7 2
7 6 2 8
6 0
) (
) 6 ( ) 7 (
) 6 (
t e e
t e t
t
t y
t t
t

Problem 3.12
(i) System h1(t) is NOT memoryless since h1(t) 0 for t 0.
System h1(t) is causal since h1(t) = 0 for t < 0.
System h1(t) is BIBO stable since
5 5
1
5
0
6
| 1( ) | ( ) ( ) 1
5
t t
h t dt t dt e u t dt e

( = + = + = <

.
(ii) System h2(t) is NOT memoryless since h3(t) 0 for t 0.
2 2 2
1
2
0
0
1
| 2( ) | ( )
2
t t t
h t dt e u t dt e dt e

( = = = = <

.
(iii) System h3(t) is NOT memoryless since h3(t) 0 for t 0.

< = =
0
5 5
) 2 sin( ) ( ) 2 sin( | ) ( 3 | dt t e dt t u t e dt t h
t t
.
(iv) System h4(t) is NOT memoryless since h4(t) 0 for t 0.
System h4(t) is NOT causal since h4(t) 0 for t < 0.
< = + + =

3 1 | ) ( 4 |
1
1 0
2
0
2
dt dt e dt e dt t h
t t
.
(v) System h5(t) is NOT memoryless since h5(t) 0 for t 0.
112 Chapter 3

< = = = 16
2
| ) ( 5 |
4
4
2
4
4
t
tdt dt t h .
(vi) System h6(t) is NOT memoryless since h6(t) 0 for t 0.
System h6(t) is NOT BIBO stable since
= =

dt t dt t h | ) 10 sin( | | ) ( 6 | .
Consider the bounded input signal sin(10 ) t . If this signal is applied to the system, the output can
be calculated as:
( ) ( ) ( ) sin(10 )sin(10 10 ) y t x h t d t d

= =

The output at t=0 is given by,
( )
N
2
1
2
1 1
2 2
=

(0) sin(10 )sin( 10 ) sin (10 ) 1 cos(20 )
cos(20 )
finite value
y d d d
d d

=
= = =
= + =

It is observed that the output becomes unbounded even if the input is always bounded. This is
because the system is not BIBO stable.

(vii) System h7(t) is NOT memoryless since h7(t) 0 for t 0.
System h7(t) is NOT BIBO stable since
= =

0
) 5 cos( | ) ( 7 | dt t dt t h .
Consider the bounded input signal cos(5 ) t . If this signal is applied to the system, the output can be
calculated as:
0
( ) ( ) ( ) cos(5 5 ) cos(5 ) ( ) cos(5 5 ) cos(5 ) y t x t h d t u d t d

= = =

.
The output at t=0 is given by,
( )
N
2
1
2
0 0 0
1 1
2 2
0 0
=

(0) cos( 5 ) cos(5 ) cos (5 ) 1 cos(10 )
cos(10 )
finite value
y d d d
d d

=
= = = +
= + =

Solutions 113
It is observed that the output becomes unbounded at t=0 even if the input is always bounded. This
proves that the system is not BIBO stable.

(viii) System h8(t) is NOT memoryless since h8(t) 0 for t 0.
| |
ln(0.95) ln(0.95)
0
0 0
2
| 8( ) | 0.95 2 0.95 2
ln(0.95)
2 2
0 1 39
ln(0.95) ln(0.95)
t t t t
h t dt dt dt e dt e

( = = = =

= = = <

(ix) System h9(t) is NOT memoryless since h8(t) 0 for t 0.
System h9(t) is NOT causal since h8(t) = 0 for t < 0.
< = =

2 1 | ) ( 9 |
1
1
dt dt t h .
Problem 3.13
(i)
| | ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) * ( ) ( 2) ( ) ( 2) y t x t h t x t t t x t x t = = = .
From the input-output relationship, we observe that the output at time t depends on the values of the
input at time (t 2). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless. However, it is causal.
(ii)
1
1
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) * ( / 2) ( / 2) ( ) ( ) y t x t h t x t rect t rect x t d x t d

= = = =

.
input from time (t 1) to (t + 1). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless and NOT causal.
(iii)
4( ) 4( ) 4 4
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) 2 ( )
t t
t t t
y t x t h t x h t d e u t x d e x d e e x d

= = = = =

.
input from time (, t). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless. However, it is causal.
(iv)
4( ) 4( )
( ) ( ) * ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 ( ) ( ) 1 ( )
t
t t
y t x t h t x h t d e u t x d e x d

( ( = = = =

.
input from time (, t). Therefore, the system is NOT memoryless. However, it is causal.
Problem 3.14
(i) System (i) is invertible with the impulse response h1
i
(t) of its inverse system given by
) 2 ( ) ( 1
5
1
+ = t t h
i
.
(ii) System (ii) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response 2 ( )
i
h t such that
114 Chapter 3
) ( ) ( 2 ) ( 2 t t h t h
i
= .
Substituting the value of h2(t), we get
) ( ) 2 ( 2 ) ( 2 t t h t h
i i
= + +
which simplifies to ) 2 ( 2 ) 2 ( ) ( 2 = t h t t h
i i
.
Substituting the value of ) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( ) 2 ( 2 = t h t t h
i i
in the earlier expression gives
) 4 ( 2 ) 4 ( ) 2 ( ) ( 2 + = t h t t t h
i i
.
Iterating the above procedure yields,
=
+
=
1
1
) 2 ( ) 1 ( ) ( 2
m
m
i
m t t h .
Therefore, the system is invertible with the impulse response of the inverse system given above.
(iii) System (iii) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response 3 ( )
i
h t such that
) ( ) ( 3 ) ( 3 t t h t h
i
= .
) ( ) 1 ( 3 ) 1 ( 3 t t h t h
i i
= + +
which simplifies to ) 2 ( 3 ) 1 ( ) ( 3 = t h t t h
i i
.
Substituting the value of ) 4 ( 3 ) 3 ( ) 2 ( 3 = t h t t h
i i
in the earlier expression yields
) 4 ( 3 ) 3 ( ) 1 ( ) ( 3 + = t h t t t h
i i
.
Iterating the above procedure yields,

=
+
+ =
1
1
) 2 1 ( ) 1 ( ) ( 3
m
m
i
m t t h .
(iv) System (iv) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response 4 ( )
i
h t such that
) ( ) ( 4 ) ( 4 t t h t h
i
= .
) ( ) ( ) ( 4 t d t u h
i
=

which simplifies to ) ( ) ( 4 t d h
t
i
=

.
Differentiating both sides of the above expression with respect to t, we obtain
( ) ) ( ) ( 4 t t h
dt
d
i
= .
In other words, system (iv) is an integrator. As expected, its inverse system is a differentiator.
Solutions 115
(v) System (v) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response 5 ( )
i
h t such that
) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 5 t t h t h
i
= .
Substituting the value of h5(t), we obtain
) ( ) ( rect ) ( 5
4
t d h
t
i
=

,
which simplifies to ) ( ) ( 5
4
4
t d h
t
t
i
=
,
which is expressed as ) ( ) ( 5 ) ( 5
4 Substitute
4
4 Substitute
4
t d h d h
t
i
t
i
=
+ =

=
+

,
or, ) ( ) 4 ( 5 ) 4 ( 5 t d h d h
t
i
t
i
= +

Taking the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to t, we obtain
( ) ) ( ) 4 ( 5 ) 4 ( 5 t t h t h
dt
d
i i
= + .
which can be expressed as
( )
=
=
0
) 8 4 ( ) ( 5
m
dt
d
i
m t t h .
(vi) System (vi) will be invertible if there exists an impulse response 6 ( )
i
h t such that
) ( ) ( 6 ) ( 6 t t h t h
i
= .
Substituting the value of h6(t), we obtain
) ( ) ( ) ( 6
) ( 2
t d t u e h
t
i
=

,
which simplifies to ) ( ) ( 6
2 2
t d e h e
t
i
t
=

or,
t
t
i
e t d e h
2 2
) ( ) ( 6 =
.
Taking the derivative of both sides of the equation with respect to t, we obtain
( ) ( )
t
dt
d t t
dt
d t
i
e t t e e t e t h
2 2 2 2
) ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( 6 + = =
or, ( ) ) ( 2 ) ( ) ( 6 t t t h
dt
d
i
+ = .
116 Chapter 3
Problem 3.15
By inspection, ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
t y t h t x t v + = , and ) ( ) ( ) (
1
t h t v t y = .
Therefore,
| |
2 1 1 2 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) y t x t h t y t h t x t h t h t h t y t = + = + .
By rearranging the terms on both sides of the equation, we obtain
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
1 1 2
t x t h t y t h t h t = .
Problem 3.16
The output of the system is given by
0 0 0 0
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
j t j t j t j
y t x t h t e h t h e d e h e d

= = = =

.
Defining
= dt e t h H
t j
) ( ) ( , the output is given by
o
o
| ) ( ) (
=
= H e t y
t j
.
Problem 3.17
In P3.16, it is shown that
o o o
o
0
( ) | ( )
j t j t j t
e e H e H

=
= .
Applying the linearity property, we obtain

( )
( ) ( )
( )
o o o o
o o
( ) ( )
j t j t j t j t j j
Ae Ae e Ae e H Ae H

+ +
= = .
By expressing H() in polar format,
) (
) ( ) (
<
=
H j
e H H with |H()| being the magnitude and <H()
being the phase of H(), we obtain

( ) ( )
o o 0
( )
0
( )
j t j t H
Ae Ae H

+ + +<
.
Decomposing the above expression into its real and imaginary components
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( sin ) ( ) ( cos sin cos
o 0 o o 0 o o o
< + + + < + + + + + H H t jA H H t A t jA t A
Since the impulse response of the system is real-valued, the real part of the output arises due to the real
part of the input, and the imaginary part of the output arises due to the imaginary part of the input.
Therefore, by separating the real and imaginary components, we obtain:
( ) ( ) ) ( cos ) ( cos
0 o o o
< + + + H t H A t A
and ( ) ( ) ) ( sin ) ( sin
0 o o o
< + + + H t H A t A .
The above result implies that an LTIC system only changes the magnitude and phase of the sinusoidal
input. The output is still sinusoidal with the same fundamental frequency as that of the input signal.
Problem 3.18
Express ( ) ( ) t t + 2 cos 5 4 / 2 sin 3
Solutions 117
as
( ) ( ) ( ) 3sin 2 5 / 4 5sin 2 / 2 3 (5/ 3) sin 2 5 / 4 3 / 4 t t t + + = + .
Comparing with ( ) ( ) ) ( sin ) ( sin
0 o o o
< + + + H t H A t A ,
we note that
o 0
( ) 5/ 3 and ( ) 3 / 4 H H = < = .
The transfer function of the system at = 2 is therefore given by

4 / 3
3
5
2
) (

=
=
j
e H .
Problem 3.19
(i)
4
( ) 4 ( ) 8 ( ) ( ) ( ) with ( ) ( ), (0) 0, and (0) 0.
t
y t y t y t x t x t x t e u t y y
+ + = + = = =
The Matlab code is included below with both the analytical and computational plots included in
Fig. S3.19.1.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
Problem 3.19(i)
time (t)
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-0.1
-0.05
0
0.05
0.1
time (t)
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

Fig. S3.19.1: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (i)

% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(i)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
%Analytical Solution from Problem 3.2
t = tspan;
yanalytical = 3/8*(exp(-2*t).*cos(2*t)-exp(-2*t).*sin(2*t)-exp(-4*t));
subplot(211);
plot(t,yanalytical);
title('Problem 3.19(i)');
xlabel('time (t)');
ylabel('Analytical Solution');
grid on
%Computational Solution
y0 = [0; 0]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19a',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
ylabel('Computed Solution');
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19a.m>
118 Chapter 3
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19a(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -4*y(1) - 8*y(2) - 3*exp(-4*t)*(t >= 0);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
%---end of the function----------------------

(ii) ( ) 6 ( ) 4 ( ) ( ) ( ) with ( ) cos(6 ) ( ), (0) 2, and (0) 0. y t y t y t x t x t x t t u t y y + + = + = = =
Fig. S3.19.2.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1
0
1
2
Problem 3.19(ii)
time (t)
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-1
0
1
2
time (t)
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

Fig. S3.19.2: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (ii)

% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(ii)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
yanalytical = -0.1962*exp(-5.2361*t)+2.1169*exp(0.7639*t)+0.0793*cos(6*t);
yanalytical = yanalytical+0.0983*sin(6*t);
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(ii)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [0; 2]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19b',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19b.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19b(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -6*y(1) - 4*y(2) - 6*sin(6*t) + cos(6*t);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
Solutions 119

(iii)
| | ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) with ( ) cos( ) sin(2 ) ( ), (0) 3, and (0) 1. y t y t y t x t x t t t u t y y + + = = + = =
Fig. S3.19.3.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-2
0
2
4
Problem 3.19(iii)
time (t)
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-2
0
2
4
time (t)
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

Fig. S3.19.3: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (iii)

% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(iii)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
yanalytical = 2.36*exp(-t)+2.9*t.*exp(-t);
yanalytical = yanalytical - 0.5*sin(t)+0.64*cos(2*t)+0.48*sin(2*t);
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(iii)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [1; 3]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19c',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19c.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19c(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -2*y(1) - y(2) - cos(t) - 4*sin(2*t);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);

(iv) ( ) 4 ( ) 5 ( ) with ( ) 4 ( ), (0) 2, and (0) 0.
t
y t y t x t x t te u t y y
+ = = = =
120 Chapter 3
Fig. S3.19.4.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5
0
5
10
Problem 3.19(iv)
time (t)
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-5
0
5
10
time (t)
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

Fig. S3.19.4: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (iv)

% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(iv)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
yanalytical = -3.6*cos(2*t)-1.2*sin(2*t)+1.6*exp(-t)+4*t.*exp(-t);
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(iv)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [0; -2]
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19d',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,2));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19d.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19d(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = - 4*y(2) +5*4*t.*exp(-t);
ydot(2,1) = y(1);

(v) . 1 ) 0 ( , 0 ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ) 0 ( ), ( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( 2
2
2
4
4
= = = = = = + + y and y y y t u t x with t x t y
dt
y d
dt
y d

Fig. S3.19.5.

Solutions 121
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-20
0
20
40
Problem 3.19(v)
time (t)
A
n
a
l
y
t
i
c
a
l

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
-20
0
20
40
time (t)
C
o
m
p
u
t
e
d

S
o
l
u
t
i
o
n

Fig. S3.19.5: Analytical (top) and computational (bottom) plots for Problem 3.2 part (v)

% MATLAB Code for Problem 3.19(iii)
tspan = [0:0.02:20];
t = tspan;
%yanalytical = -0.25*exp(t)-0.75*exp(-t)-cos(t)+0.5*sin(t)+2;
yanalytical = 1.50*sin(t)-2*cos(t)-t.*sin(t)-0.5*t.*cos(t) +2;
subplot(211);
title('Problem 3.19(v)');
xlabel('time (t)');
myaxis = axis;
grid on
y0 = [0; 0; 1; 0];
[t2,y] = ode23('myfunc4problem3_19e',tspan,y0);
subplot(212);
plot(t2,y(:,4));
xlabel('time (t)');
axis(myaxis);
grid on
% Include the following function in a separate file < myfunc4problem3_19e.m>
function [ydot] = myfunc4problem3_19e(t,y)
ydot(1,1) = -2*y(2) - y(4) + 2;
ydot(2,1) = y(1);
ydot(3,1) = y(2);
ydot(4,1) = y(3);

Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal & Asif) Solutions - Chap03

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Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal & Asif) Solutions - Chap03

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Chapter 3: Time Domain Analysis of LTIC Systems

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = exp(4t)u(t). The homogenous

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = cos(6t)u(t). The homogenous

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = [cos(t) + sin(t)]u(t). The

y . Substituting the initial conditions in y

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = 4t exp(t) u(t). The homogenous

y . Substituting the initial conditions in y

. The remaining lower order initial conditions are all zero.

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Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal &amp; Asif) Solutions - Chap03

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Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal &amp; Asif) Solutions - Chap03

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Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal &amp; Asif) Solutions - Chap03

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Chapter 3: Time Domain Analysis of LTIC Systems

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = exp(4t)u(t). The homogenous

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = cos(6t)u(t). The homogenous

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = [cos(t) + sin(t)]u(t). The

y . Substituting the initial conditions in y

y in the above equation. The resulting simultaneous equations are

y , and input x(t) = 4t exp(t) u(t). The homogenous

y . Substituting the initial conditions in y

. The remaining lower order initial conditions are all zero.

You might also like

Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal & Asif) Solutions - Chap03

Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal & Asif) Solutions - Chap03

Continuous and Discrete Time Signals and Systems (Mandal & Asif) Solutions - Chap03