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JUN SJ h bYCG d Gk e
g G U SG PEG EGh ,IOG adG
b d dG .. zhCG dG { EG MG CG cDhGC
H GC j f MG g EG f H h f
Y q d eSEG ad hCG G dG
Ik AGb) dG EG k f aK UN
,aK S UH a j g H (kjhCJh
GUh M G Y SQGdG j g eh
a K S { fC H H dG G
.(157U ,cH M fG) z IFdG JSDeh
k Y J Oa HdG adG dG eCG
.. l e l f dG EG .. d e k jeQh k f
jdG dP cDJ c Oa EG J Fb l GP
qdG WSG AGREG d .. jG fdG
jeQh jSh dH J HdG adG
f M fEG dG Gdh .. dG JGdG
fCH f fCa ec aK fCH HdG adG
.jS aK
G GdG j fC dG Z g dGh
k jRGe -dG CG - c Gdh .e Z hCG k Ye
e Qc AGT bh .. HdG adG d
dYCG jRGG IQdG H QdG Y U
eH HdG adG h .. MG jdG
dG IGOCG dG CG Y Hh dYq eY
S dP M QGOh ,GdGh IQdGh dGh
cQG LdjjG G GS e BG M J
oY ordq hn e qdGh Ea ,H eCG {

H JdL dh ,jH Iqe h ,e
HG p Y Y f d
o r VQ dh .kId Gg
dP e
r nn a Y Y Y JOQCGh ,ab HCG
,qY HCa Y S Y JOQCGh ,kGjT Gk Qf
.z.. e a dh k jW H oa
- e f eQ gh -
o dG OYCG g
. G Ld QG
G QG L HCG a YG bh AL K
:d
, VQCG q dG S fCG EG S dG jCG {
Y o SQMh ,jCJh jJh aH SSCG
,fPEH YCGh ,JOGQEGh a YCG ,de
j CG AT EG , Y
k r bo q dG L a
CG AT EGh bGRQCG s nbh , F Y a
CG .. Sh qdG EG GZQa ,nbr GC Y pr j
H aCGdG jo CGh GdGh OTd aj
.z .. dEG MEGh
b poj CG hCG IdG SEG Oc

IOY q dG d .. OGSG q d ec
e Ib Me YdG QfEd VJ CG
MG e RG J Q MG e EG EGh e dG
.. YhdG gQGSG
adG Ic q f gGX f CG feEHh
IMdG jQe SfG YS
k e dP e HdG
O bGh dG dG jQ e hCG H dG
hCG j dG jQ G MG Y Sh ,G
jd jQJ SCG Y j jdGh ,bCG
edGh Gh a dG U N fh jh
Ue dP CG j dGh YLG jdGh
, e YL a .. OGSG - q H
u k JhL Gk eQ d J J a eh
UG JhL Y j e Y Hh eeCG
.(qjOdG hdG) eghCH G
Gh H
q
dG q d H GYG Y c eh
Gk Qe k f k cS (SdG UNh) jOdGh
#**# A``T
AGdG Jb eGh
G H Gk ee
e f .. k e aOCGh
Gg jo c cCG
P`q NC G fH d
k jb J
dG X fN
dH j dG d
cCG
d j dG o T l q S
(12U ,Sb b)
J jG dG e oS dG eCG EG
{ e Ze qf IQH j z dG { q CG EG
Gk f qLj b HdG Yda ,Ze jT z fGL
RedG jo h dGh dG q jh ,bG d k Y
Gk eQ j dP LGe d bGdG q dG
dG fRGJ dN e qj k e k jRGe k f
bGdH YdG N e dP H Gfh .dG Y
YhdG N e d .kg ,kb e ,k YYe
,dH fih be Z U H JGd j
q
c EG jh dG Y GdG SEG c Gdh
dG g H ,dG.. e hCG f hCG Hc hCG
IQH bG Z bG U h dH
ehe SGH YdG qj (gh) bDe
.jo dG edG Yh
a dG b G g Gh GQ dG EG
geH Je qf geh GQJ g HdG
f CG g (G / OGSG) dG KGdG
a dG d UCG IO SG I g X dP e
adG S FdEG U f hCG ?HdG
H G dG f hCG ?ec b ie Y HdG
jb f e SCG dG UdG jQJ
jM fi fc dGh ,HdG adG dG
.VG dG GW jOGSG HdG fCd
JfN fh
q G qJ f CG gh
e cG OG SG dG Y EG JR Jh
)$
-
k e- jdG dUCG ) .. UCGh edGh
.. (dG H jh dH G Y dG j
dG Y G q dG fCG WSG bh
qaCGh TCG
o U { :fhOCG j .. Qc AGT id
IjL) z dG OL e fC c cCGh SCGh
.(1993/7/19 IG
:jhQO Ofi jh
o ddG fCG q Y l MCG qdO e
dho d e ,AGdGh dG H
q GE
ob Y JU b H dG jW Y
G dGh dG fjdG
SQdG QGG nan CG Yh
dG edG d ,dG hdG Lgh
n
Gg ?fCG e .cCG HdG N Y
fCG d fCG .d GL h jNBG GDS
d g l Y
r .. e e fCGh
dG db e fCG ,d fCG
ocJ GP GjO e ,G LCG e ab)
.(jhQO Ofi ,kGMh G
hCG z HdG { J dG edG dG eCdh
a d k dO Ak a U H z dG { j
.G jM fCG OGSG e IQG qdG
Me e OGM Sd dG dG j c
:YdG GP g g FdG dG CG
o dG ndM o Sj
dG Fc e oj
q
Pjh SC
o j
Gjh RGj
jh Rhj
QdG IT TGh d k eg
o G j
j h j d
`
dG GH cCG
gT H f c
#**# A``T
)!
,Y J dG G EG qJh VG J
dhCG IQ U Y J fGC LQO EG dP jh
GfBG gVM Gha jdG dG e AedG
.CG SCG hCG aC H L fEG GhO YCGh , VG H
`qX H dG a dG CG dG NBG h
gG eh FG W T dG q dG
IOYEG IQU dh GMCG Mh dbCGh Fbh
,Q aC Gh U d dG dG jhC dG fGE
j dGh SQG HdG NCG { dHh
``H`Y ````SGQO
Gg j eh ,A T c j d KhQ e
z b jCG j C H kG j L j hQG
.(28U ,1 ,Gh HdG)

a fJ dG dG eCdG dhM fCG dh
ae q AGS HdG adG j J
,bCGh gGh FdGh dG HdG G
G a dG fCGh CG q hCG
d bCG .. Ie jJ gAGQh J dGh HdG
hQ`G Jfe d S dP H fCG
IOe { LJ dGh ,` dG H dG ` dG
H IOdG SGH gJ hCG LfEG f z aK
A SCG eh z fi { z q dG { z G` dG{ EG
,z jG { ,z BGdG { ,z dG{ ,z G { , HdG
,z H dG { ,z A dhCG { ,z A fC G { ,z KC G {
,z f dG { ,z j dG { ,z dh dG { ,z aG {
.... ,z dG { ,z G { ,z QdG { ,z G { ,z G {
,z q dG { ,z q dG { ,z dG { ,z dG {
.dG ... z WGdG {
Oqfi QH j KGdG qdG Gg CG dh
S c QM Rhj dh eCG d Ffh
CG dP ,KGM c k jCGh f c hCG
e HdG KGG he ZU GdhM jc
,Gd KGG IAGdH J e Ne
g e HdG KGG UN dG GdhMh
c ..ghJG dG dG e G IdG ghCG

dHh QdG EG dG e G f
G CG f ch .. dG EG VQG eh
CG dG j Mh WG d u j CG d
d.. dG.. G G Mh dGdGh IGhGh
k j b Gk eQ j dG c dG i G Y
k FW k b ihYdG J N Ga ,qf d
J OG SG SQ j dG ` Y k e
.ffEG h YH JSCGh FHCG
CG d c ,c dP e HCGh dP ah
GdG qf Y e FGSEG e GdG f
adG
r J g .. eH hCG H IQG ReQh
q f e KJ cCG k T I U G H dG
LGe Y S a dG g i JCG ,? dG
KhQG q dG dG e Qs fCG d FGSEG
f dG JGQ N Oq Mh ,OG S d
WGC h ,dhdG Y jdG ah , WGdGh
e IMdGh efG SDd G G SDe
rd eGH Vh fCG hCG .NGh dG
q NGO
UNh) jObG OQGG Ik e Yh G
dGh dG GdG UNh) adGh (dG
.?(AGdG Y fEGh HdG
KGG he KGdG dG q :kfK
HdG
dh G H H dG a dG T
G MC G HCG h .. V `d H fG H
M dG H J fYh k hD J gcCGh
G MG j dG QG G aCH
JYGJh Jh bGdG G eCG Ld k Lh
j G j J CG Oa .gGdG
G GQdG GC Jh ,HdG dG EG VG
f d e H H dG g dG q
.. k LfEG H k jQJh
k Yh aK VG AYSG
;Ve H de eCG dH eCG JH M
#**# A``T
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GdG IAGb fhOCG hè fG h ,HG HY fi he fG) ,G`dG j YCG - jhGdG

(Gh HdG) FdG FdG g Vj f fhOCG Mh .. (Gh HdG Hc `HdG a`dGh
G Gg EG ob hCG ,KGd KGdG G bj IQH HdG adG GHEGh JEG gGd IG
u
Mò dh .KGG he Mh MUEG dG N e L MhG FdG H qh J
:ddG dG WG FdG g H g
KGG aG
jG
dG ,dG
IUG GdG
dG
dhdG
IQG
IVG ,jG
jG
dG
(HdG edG) HhdG
ddG ,G
GHEG
KGG
jdG ,hdG
FMEG ,jjdG
O
Oa
(G jG dG UH) jQG
WGdG
``dG
HdG adG
HdG jcG
cG
dG
fdG
QdG
(dG H) QG
jhCdG
dG
ffEG
IQe ,jQdG
NG
HZ jce
KGdG aG
dG
dG
,dUCG
EG
dG
IhGdG
jOdG ,AGdG
FGdG ,jYdG
jdG
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JdG ,HdG
JEG
dG
AedG
jdG
afi
ge ,b ,FW
(kjJ k ef UH) G
jOGSEG ,dG ,jcG
`` dG
HdG + eSEG adG
eSEG jcG
fdG
dG
jdG
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(dG H) HdG
dG
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Gh jdG ,bdG
HJ ,dG
HG
KGJ jce
#**# A``T
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``H`Y ````SGQO
OQGhOEG Hc EG .. gh ejca EG g
h eCG S h cQG h HGh h dGh S
X dG INCG HdG Mh , Z gH
jcG) gG HEG q dG Y.O eCG O Lo q d
LJ (dG dG) eGdG qdGY.O h (HdG
SCG UH dG c fC Gk j T Gk f
j a HNh k YJ
q gcCGh YdG TCG
g G Mh . e fGh VQ J dG
j ejca Mh g e SG dG dG
dG eCG jQdG jfh edG IdG Me dG
GR a g a e O g dG
.(145U ,HdG jcG) JbJ Vj
S H dG KGG h e c e EG
Y QO b Z G j G d KGG JAG b
dhfi e cCH j hG Gg C QGSG
dGh dGh d G GdG Uf f
Hh UdG g Hh .. fEG hdh GHEGh
ae b YCG hCG jY dG fG bGh
g H k UN ,HdG KGJ gQfEG
KGG he j K eh ,dG GAGdG
hX e d aj IjL AMEG dhfi e cCG
SQG U Y Sj e dG HQh bGdG
.WCGh dG fh JSQh IG f
Y H dG a dG GMCG G bGdG Ch
bH j ObGh SdGh G U
d VY dG FdG S dJ bQeh
G SGQ dG Y c dG CGh
S Y cH M .O SGQO fG) jG
.(G
HdG KGG he Ea dc bGdG C bCG
jQ K gP GQ J S e cCG j
f Yh ,YGHEG adG jb M Ice
gGX MdG dG k ju QL Gk J MCG
dG e INCG OdG KdG ie Y GHEG
IQdG - dH - ae Jg
KGd jRGG IQdGh KGG ,Gd jRGG
G Y J dG G d ,GdG
Q jOdG IAGdG g g (jdG FdG)
fi eh .VG dG GW HdG a dG
bdG Mh dGh SEG bQe SQ dG Y
QM Sj bQG d dG be c gGdG
bG dP j eY M bfCGh GdG CG
M g c e QfG hCG b GME C e
,hdG ,cQG ,HG ,fhOCG) G e OY
e N L d (.. gZh dG L OU
KGG KE FGO hfi GAG dG g
Y JEG YG HEGh ,( HG) KGdG
,(cQG) HdG eSEG fEGh ,(fhOCG)
gh .. (hdG) jdG MUEG dGh
dH jOdG IAGdG Y GfEH J Y
S Sqc dG jdG G MGH qJh
dP e d ,fl ihYH FdG bQG
I j L GA a M JEG EG EG O J dP Yh
bGdG H f Ib UH gh hQG Gd
QgdG ZU IOYEG dhfi H SDJo h ,gGdG
G dhCG ZCGh , H dG a dG OG
Gdhj jdG HdG Sd Gk OM Gk f GLh
GdG YG HE Gh dGh fEG cG
g FcQh ,GSG ge g H HdG
Y aGj
k e HG Qcda ,HdG PdG
g VY S H dG KGdG j cG
UN) bG geh ,HhQhCG dG NQDe
gG g C (LddG Gh jQdG G
HdG adG EG J h ,LQN g e bCG
H Y K c e Gk AL UH eSEGh
ffdG d k ge hCG k ae Gk OGeG UH
Gd r J dH gh ,(28U ,KGGh GdG)
,SdG QdG e G HhQhCG jcG
eh ,fc EG H LhQ e SG dGh
#**# A``T
LdHhfGh dG eh ,H jb
P dG c L P j Jh a dG
SCd Zh dP SG .. G JEG
cdG dN e k Me ,dG dH q S e
k eh k e dG q dG XdG Y
e j k f (YdG) P e Gk eh ,dG
.. HdG adG jGh HPdG IQdG dN
G d hG Gg e G CG Yh
f SC J Y Jj J dG C j dG hCG
J dh .G f IjL k baBG j fi
j CG dN e hM dG PdG G
dG PdG Gg .. YdG gh .. cCH AdG
,GdG e jb T dh Vd jN Yj
qdG e YdG Ld q dH gh
gNCG e c Qh ,IQN GP e J
/ KGdG e d Qj P dG Gg CG
CG d jh
q ,IeG bGe G jdG
h e LG d N e
q J j b FGQP
b eGdG .O jhCJ CGh UN .. cCH KGG
KGG ReQ Y (jS) Ff MCG eCG
N e IhGV TCG fc Q Hh ,JGeh
fEa k f Vj
q dP e c GPEGh jdG dUCG
.T hH VfCG Y k f j
JAG b gG HGE q dG Y .O h e eGC
c eSEG jcd JAGbh HdG jcd
SdG hdG d jDhQh G YCG
SGQO a (UN aGGh dMdG e)
f e NG ihYO ,aGLKG Uh
Ea K eh ,SQ CG hO GdG Y cdG
UdG JAGdG JdG e j dG bG
jcG) hCG dG a KGJ jc SDJ
ad jDhdG Z NG be c (HdG
dG jQJ S Vhh KGdG H dG
HhQhCGh f f dG CG H J dGh
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KGG hCG jjdG jDhdG H ,jdG

fEG Yh dGh dG U Y Gd
EG hYdG G SQ a SM GQrJ
e cCG TG dG Vjo c gh ,dG
KGG he dEG fG dG QaCG hGd gZ
g M e EG . bGdG fi Vhh ,HdG
EG G e YdG CG gh .eCe g e Y
YCG CG H EG dd j QGdG PJG bGe
KGdG / jdG e d UNEG
SdG HdG fCG JQH c OGSGh
dhCG G MCG aCG h , e dG e b i e Y
jObG dG cM gQGhOCG G
LCG e k SSCG ICe ahX fc dGh YLGh
GbdG e jY FGTh a N SdG
fM gQGhOCG SdG dG Lh jdG
P fCG) FdG d jM Yh IjL
JM dG Hc Y `qY dG ,dG RZ
.(IQGOEG
eJ jdG dG e INCG GdG h
k b Rh J I j L f Y j f GO LG
e KGG he S MW dG GOLG
dPh ,kjCG SGhQ Qh ,dG gFcQ M
KGG H e QJ e j GC H Gk jL
k L C
,HdG adG cdG f qa dG HhQhCG
SG dG j dG P dG d H Rhh
ZQh ,bdH J IOeh IgL z L {
LP CG EG b dG Gg GOLG EG
Q G Y J Oh M EG J IOG
fCGh HN gh ,GdG LdG
IOe NQC J k Uf UH bfCGh
e j ,YdG e gGdG H Yd Hbh
dG) H c eG dG q dG Y .O O LG dP
ha ,(HdG adG fCG IAGb - dG
:e MW dG aG AGLCG p r jo CG
d IjG fjQdGh adG dG
``H`Y ````SGQO
#**# A``T
#*
aK b H JQG a NGdG e H dG
, KGMh j J ,j bh eb IjY
eJ ,q j h jhMh ,fYh jO ,jQjh
g dh .. dEG WGb K h f Y , LQh
d OhOQ g EG h Y GQ N b dG
h FG dG S dh k hCG dG e e dG
OdG G G d VJ dG GQfG
h 1967 H kGQhe FG SEG b e H dG
GdG Mh (1982 hH QM) gCG hG
.BG M J dG G M K GjEG h
bJ k g G G fG c dP eCG
c jG L Y OGSd q dG jedG
eCG aO N g c GPEGh .. S a
r VhCG
h e j OG S d j HC G bGNG
(jdG dG e hCG dG) HdG dG
GP e dG dG) HdG KGG heh
G d H b dG V dG E a ( dG
j Gg adG N CG d j UG dG
U bGh EG jh ..AH IOYEG EG
CG Y QOdG SdG QGdH ITe U GP
KGG h k jRGe jG dhdG he j
.HdG dG
G SD e Y jG dG eh
.. OGSG P Y j aK Sh G
SDG fG g dP dG G C
dhda , d eJ SD e EG dh
GNEG jW Y { S IOY IG
J EG J SD e jh G G
G) z dhdG ILC OGec J eJ
h N .O , H dG I jGh G dh dGh
.(143U ,dG
adG SDG e j dP LCG e
dP U H EG G hO U Nh H dG
SDG g a ,dhdG SD dG OGeG
Lh geh FWh bh Y L c g J
jcG e NG LGj h .. jG dG
fC hdG d G H f dG eSEG
eSEG dG IFS FK e J L
qj dH gh (G QGO + SEG QGO) GfBG
SEG EG J IO e a a NG
Ib g CG iQCG G MC G c h , L d HhfG
VG e b SC J hO k b e J GdG
IQdGh LddGh dGh dG IH dGh
Jeh dG Ma Jh .aGh ObG
HdG jcG Qe g dG dP j e CH
.gGdG dG dG
KGG h e a SG G EG
Ib LGe e Y j PEG H dG
EGh a k M k bGh U H d hQG
SCJh dhdG SCH JJ Lde UH
dc ,e eG jdGh G YG
.Gh gGh FdGh
OGSEG P AGREG e :kdK
NO d H MG e U CG H CG e
j h bdG h GdG e dM HdG G
..fh b e cCG ie Yh ,BG M e
a dG hCG ,Q SG dG q AG Sh
dG IQ dG hCG , dG h dG hCG , d jeG
dG NBd k LP S LddGh YdGh
S - NBG CG h - HdG G j
h dG da ,dGh dG Sb
h RGSG eY qj dG h YdG bH
Vj GC H JJh GU eY qj fCG c ,je
NBG ij dG G JGSH J S
dG dG fG K ,Ib h d M k eg
Ije JGSG g f jdG dG e
dG dG h dG M e b Uh
.jG
d cM jQdG cG g
n Mn U
#**# A``T
g e jG cDJ G Ea (gZh SQG

adG G j dG OG SG dG
a dG CG Y SGQO IY qcCG a , H dG
CG IS a qJ k jHCG k J HdG
dM J dG QG { dP hjh ,ISCG Y
H bdG CG PEG ,WdGh dG H FdG
b Y g , Gh cG Hh F HCGh CG
IOGQEG g jQWEG e c CG IOGQEa .eg
H Gh FdG Y dG jh G
YdG Y G ,edG dG LEG e
H :cdG dG ,HGT g) z dGh
.(22U ,UG HdG G

OGSG b .. dG b :kHGQ
k SSCG J dG CH j CG j MCG
dG SdH JG ObG S dG b
KK dG G h i dG h dG g J
dG :gh SdG b dN e a J U Y
e cCG M f CG jf h .Gh dGh
fCG Y dG J EG f h G h dG OhM
eh ,kMJ h ffEG cCG OjE Sh
Gk QJ fc GQe dG d hf K
h dG IQ d H e fC e eCG b dG
GQH fGbG ihYO hCG .. IQJ LddG
IQJ jeC G jdG Vj dG WGdG
..iNCG
k j qJ g dG b CH dH YOq GC h
M fCH a iQCG d .. HdG ad k NQU
da .. HdG GdH dCG h e cCG j
FShh b T J eCG jf fc GPEG
dH fE a O b d cfi e jO h fEG
NGO eGH h fe h Yb h GQN M
j e GC j dG CG PEG YRCS .. G
h ,VG e KhQG SGhdG AbEG h YdG
UN h ,SGQ jO GOYG a NJ b dG
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NdG H Whe fCGh UN .. OGh Lh

f
q c jdG VG hCG eCGh SdG
e bj e gh .dP Y jdG fG dG
G SDe CG J dG fG adG hT
,jfCG ,L ,GOG ,Hf ,GMCG) G
a j Gk Aa qj gZh dG.. ,cGe
dYCG hCG YG a e LCG e O dG
b M Y a dG LGC e hCG bG jO dG
g EG bCG ,( dh dG SD e eCG G
dG q d FQ SG Qe SDG
Y G NGO fGh NG Ohh
j HSG SDe fch ,OGaCGh GAdGh
WCJh J Yh ,d jM Y fCG
SGh d Y fGC c ,YG d
Y dP H gh . dG e cG dG CG
G d Vj dG G dG bG
.. k jM Gk QhO IOY G
IQ cG SG O HCG L Jh
kGf kMOa kH Z H dG a dG SD d
G AV edh ,SDG QM Td
EG H , dh dG e eh e e a K
EG jQJ H J
q G AdG SDe
.OGSd dG edG g Vd da IGOCG
ITe J dhd YCG dG CG gdG eh
aK G QGS Teh Fe k Ua
{ CH dP j CG hO G G SD Ya
.jb hJ HdG adG S z dhdG
jG fY WGO dhO hHh
IQeh Vf fe aK Ad JGe hX Y
q dG gG e Qq dG CH j
SdG SEG cM IU e UNh KhQG
bG jdG H YGh ad f g EG
.eh bGH
ffh ,G G Aa SJ e GPEGh
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j H dPh , e c b G W H dG G
h S dG dG U Y KGG GQ N
g e .. dG h jO bGh Y LG
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h T Ve fc EG h ,SM e Ve
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cfi ejO UH dG CG YCG h
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d dH Jh ,IG dhdG hCG dG P
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J CG dG b J dG HdG G
k bS J CG h ,L e dG q jQ Y Ie
jQ dG G h jO dG h H J e
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h LddG h dG IQK UH dG eCG
dh ,M e h SSCG eY fEa eG
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.HdG adG Jd VY dG G
?G g e :UG
d G idG Y dG e G GC j
h j dP h a , H dG a dG OG SG
M GQhO h ,IQe H k e dG dG
j qe H jdG h jGdG a QJ
j fEG H ,dG NBG bd k ehO Te
G f fEG h LGd H kGQ T Y
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e GC S K .. fEG Y IOG dG h
EG H fGh dG jdG e ObG j
Y g a f dG dG C h .. YdG
dG c e k jCG GC S dG Ea hdG
.. fhdG YdG h JeG IQd edG
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..edG dG JGSG Qc FbG
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FShh aG GQK h dG QJ .. jQdG
dG H g j dG e q H d .. JG
h ObG S d cfi e jO U H
dG H h jG dG d jcG h dG
g ..aGh dG jQK M UH
dG bG L AbEG e qH dG
e H a hCG dG eCG cP c fhO
H dG a d Gk j J U H e e dG
eCG jf adG a ,G JUh
J CG eg fi aK e cCG J d
aK fEG ..Iae jg h Ie aK EG
Y IdH ge j NdG e
d + GdG dM) ..jG dG dG de
hCG .. (JdG jeCG h jaCG h SBG iNCG hOh
hdG dG hUh dhdG IQdG bJG Y
dG ihYO hCG WGdG j ihYO Y hCG ..
G dG J ihYO hCG .. ShCG dG
H J) HhQhCG AYR MCG dP Y q Y c
d hM Y a 1999 Y dCG N
J LCG e EG h VGQCG Y adG LCG e
CG dG Lj G Gg (G dG
dEG Qj be HdG adG
SS ihYO h GA H KGG H e J
.cP c fl
#**# A``T
, NGh d H h j d H G GYG
qf dN e qJ dG G ad hdGh
F dG h Y dG iCG e g e h OG SG
dG d `q G AdGh ,WGdG h fdH
dG jdGh ,FdGh dG GAh AGQh J
HC YH h FdG SSCG eY EG
q dG
Iee cSG bW e HdG fEG e
.LfEG Jbd
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:eOdG MG
h d S SCG Q aCG LG e IQh V :khCG
:ddG GQYG AV edG
(IMdG H dG) G gG AbEG .1
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jdG e ZU J jh G JJ
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q
jOdG h WGdG j H EG j j J
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ad LGG HdG jcG IY e QqdG .4
cH HdG cdG Y OdG fC HdG
Y HdG adG fG Y j OdG EGh ,JGP
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.GdG Y cdG RqJ z qf { Ob jCG
e HdG KGG he LGe IQhV :kfK
LCG e bGdG / dG QaCG IQH h J LCG
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dCG jGHh ..KGG H e Me SEG

dG e hCG dG edG dG h ,ddG
e dG H k bdEG cCG jdG
KGG h eh . dG GP e INCG O dG
, bG dG e U eGC LGj INCG O dG N
h ,Mf e FGSEG eGC H dG hdG FGgh
Mf e aG JGQKh dGdG fdG c
.fK
j dG SGQ dG e kG c kGO Y CG ZQh
c b UG HdG dGh HdG a d
FQ d TEG QMh ,H dG dG S
Y Qj dP CG EG .dGh dhdG h d
f dGh SdG dG jJh SQG U
gG E a K eh , f dGh WG dG
a dG eCG Oh M H M e G J c G
OGSG h ,cCG J ,jG dG HdG
OhdG J fe h VCG dhOh cCG
FW h b jq gh ,O d G HCG Y
JGG hd h Ud cCG Vh ,cCG Ya
.adGh jdG h jObG OQGd cCG Qgh
HW GP aK j G EG dG
fC
k e eSEG dUCG gOJ Th gL
LdjjG aK fC h ,dG M qf aK
g eCG j { :dG da ,JGP e bJ
-93 fCG H de) z dhCG H U EG eCG
jhCdG e e h jW ae Y (`g179
eCG hCG H U e H k e YoJ dG IAGdG h
aG g .. BG geCG j CG e h eCG
e S g (hCG) `d jhCdG h IAGdG ddG
e TCG J b dG aGh b dG
eCG IOb J CG Gdh .NBG e NG
hQ Hh H qjhCJ GMd h ,jY Md
edG QG e gdG h .SGa dG
ghC Gk SCG c a VG dG Y c
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#**# A``T
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.HdG dG
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h S LC G H dG Yh dG h IGh G .1
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J fE a I e g G h q e G
.jd VN
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.dGh dhdG e jdG SDG j .8
HdG KGGh dG he HOCG NOEG .9
LJh dG dSCG h dGh HdG eGH
].fG adG
G G YLG AdG jJ :kdK

JGG a dGh WGG Q aCG Y F dG
.WGd
h e JG dG c dG FGhO e hG :k HGQ
dG SQGh dG IFGO NdGh ,OG
aG h IjG adG eG LCG e ITG
h I dG IQD H q fC , dG IQ dG h e G
OQGG QSH EG dP j dh .dG Y PdG
QSGh ,adGh (dG UNh) jObG
eOdG MG Y EG jh ddG LCG
.jG dG
HdG ad dG G J EG :keN
HdGh Gh ObGh S dG G
Jh q SdG fCG jH EG j NCGh
jdG H dGh WGdGh fdG G
(dG L e) dhdGh (q dG e)
fe aK fE JGe IM J H dPh
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dh IGh bGdG e Ie W fGb ah
GdG jhCdG S hCG LdG hCG jdG e
:`` ` `LGG
.1991 hH HdG IMdG SGQO ce ,HG HY fi .O ,KGGh GdG -1
.1987 hH HdG IMdG SGQO ce ,dG hN .O ,HdG IjGh G dhdG h G -2
.1997 hH ,bdG QGO cQCG fi .O ,HdG dG fCG Yf -3
.1997 hH HdG dG cG ,gGHEG qdGY .O ,GdG M cdGh jdG dTEG ,HdG jcG -4
.1979 2 hH IOdG QGO ,fhOCG ,G h HdG -5
.Y fi ,MdG dSQ -6
.e ,dG QGO ,GdG fi ,jdG Y AMCG -7
.2000 AdG QGdG ,HdG dG cG ,eGdG qdGY .O ,dG dG -8
.1987 hH ,dG QGO , HGT g .O ,UG HdG G H : cdG dG -9
.1995 d ,dG h d jdG VjQ ,jhQO Ofi Gk Mh G cJ GP -10
.1997 jdG ,dG QGO ,OGM Sb ,Sb b -11
#**# A``T
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dG jEGh
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dG jEG ) Y jdG H IK HdG

(1) aEG dH LNCG c CG H ( HdG
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q a o a cq cQG IQG a a n `n cQn
. c ò JGAg fLn
n
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d n o`d SCG e KJ e HJ dG G qj
dG eCGh dH GHEG fU H cG SGh
qj q`G dG fEG . dG GHEG LGg QKCG
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b H dG hCG HdG Y n`nn` WGC h jG dG
. adG fY e z jEG{ fG c f
QN HdG YdG G Ofi NG Gk cHn
c . HQe GYe dP H o`V . OhG
Sd X dG dG c M W GC b j hCG
Y dG fh Y e H 1955 S Gk Qe
{ IdG de HdG OCG Y a , dCJ
PSCG fdG Jd jeQ b - dG
Ofi
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dG e q`J K jG HdG G YGHEG
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. a m W mOLh EG aGWCG eGa
NG c hQG dG YdG G Ofi NG
JQa GNG GH SdG MCGh , G dG YdG
bh ,GdAj h hNBG eeCG qfGh qS Gj h H
Gb K GSGh GH dhCG Z eh ADg Z e
. GDdG Y G`q a dG Y gYCG
S h , dBG dCG T iSG b QG Cch
g Yh dG dP Y YCGh . Gk V e MCG ``r jn
Ofi e WfG b jHdG SDG CG dG
, MU eO HOCG Y LEG Z dh M G
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d e dG dG JG b J dG GO eh{
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, k a k HOCG j hCG HOCG a j CG jj
Ja jJ EG S g dG dG a
YCG e aJ dP EG qàho bh AEGh edH g
C , j e dG e U e H Y jOC JCG fCG
aNG Y HdG WhCG jedG fAHOCG
d j e d HdG dG jJ e Gj
dhG Q W G dGR e a G HE Gh JE G
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f dh fMCG dG a VZ Qh , e
a j f GP Y H q d JdG j
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HdG OCG Y c e Y GT
Jf Y J G Ofi c M
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gGj dG dG ebEG dG KCd dSG Y
oj CG jOCG jj J hO q`J e Hh H
e M GDhQ H Y HCG dh , jNBG H
Y ch , dP e jOLdG EG jo eh GdG
e `s JC J e e AGS jJ G`q KD e e g Gj
e Y ah e hCG eSEGh HdG GdG aK
. HdG GOBG aK
S EGh f CG dh , J k eh dh
: HdG jEG e dG Z
e - hj OCG GdG CG dP {
z jQG { IjL gfh z G Ofi

dG jQCG { : dH gjEG k e 1957 a 27 j
FHOCG eh e e jG Gg AGH fCG CG
JM Y f Of NBG HY Wh EG H`q ch
H dM SdG hX C H GP k T HOCG
, GW GOeBG HOCHh H G bdG JG Hh
. (4) z fJ gh
K fG SCG T M W h
dG Y CG CG jQCG dG fdG KCGh { Oj
c , HGdG c jZ dh FGQ b
,`s` d CGo`d G Ofi P SCG MU
MGh HdGh dG e c a IAGb GC o`dh
K Je JCGb CG Mh ,QGdGh IOhG EG
.jG Gg eCG CG b a dG YCG CG MG
.z NBG AT CH e TCG dG q G OCH gh
Vh { : Pq`NC G nG Y j M W dh
fJEGh dG YGHh c Yh c b JdG a
dG MdG SCG GP H dG d R G
IQ KEG EG H bh , I G I
s G dCGh
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. gAGQh e EG PdGh H dGh
S LCG e L CG : HPG PEG g
fEG J CG J bh { : dG j YGHEG
Jh , dG J e OCGh YCc a b
j e HCGh hQCc jT b fEG J CG dc
dG j e cCG a dP HGZ h , dG
. z dGh
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ZU c dG H dG e GqH rnj a EG YPEG OOj h G O fi
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L dG M W j dP H
Gg Y n `n a dG L dH GF OCG
#**# A``T
jGhQ H W c dG jhC J q jh
jGhQ q GE : GfG Ige Y dG QGUEh dG
RJ fJ fc jCG dG Yd eCG IQU dG
jOLh jGhQ fCGh , QSG OGSG f
b Ie dho dG jOLdG CG Z , edG M
S bh G Ofi j Y npr o`J CG d oc
. SQe jL j Y J CG d
EG G Ofi Wfl qOdG H j K
fjo CG dEG WCGh GCG fCGh { : dG YEG
, dGh eCG a Qj
q IjL b AfEH
Qf a S IjG dG g CG d YRCGh
, NEG e J h SCdG J dG dG e
UCGh eY eCG S dG g H CGh
J bh g b S fC dP , H K
gc UCa dM e fdG WdG IMh JM
. z SG h YPEG Y Vj eC de
{ : IYdG nOsnL bh EG de M W j h
k bO U Th d N dG j dh
jh dG e dEG Lh e j CG MEGh
G jq GC id eCGh dG Y IjL b d
.z G qjGC h
dG YG M M GOhe TCG h
Lh j c G O QGbCG HV dG
e dP c , HdG G GNG LhCG e NBG
IgdG dG AHOCG D ddG IQhdG OfG
ch , 1957 f dG e jO T e
edGh OCG { Y Gk FGO DG QNG dG QG
G Ofi EG H oY dG VGh z HdG
edGh jOCG jM dCe Y jdH Gk FGO
(5) HdG
k HM q`Jj h , eG EG G j
e e d h , ej FdG HdG d
d YGH j H , G GTC k W SdG
H VJ CG eEa H dEG Yo GPEG : GDG
. a jG aJ CG eEGh GC G M e
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GdG ;dGh dG H Y ae hDdG
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. FMCG U jh bYCG YCG e j
dSQ , fEG EG fEG dSQ OCG j CG g
, MhQ eh a e , dEG fG e Mj
.z dG a eh dGh , GLdG Gg eh
J L e cGJ i NCG IA VEG PEG g
n `s `n `n J c jEG e QGSCG S EG j`n d
LH dh Yh a dG : dH GHEG MQ
Aja EG g dG d aGMG h dH
Ac EG e bCG SCG VjQh cdG
e HOCG Y G Ofi j Feh . dCG
CH cDj PEG `q dG jQ e jOLdG J b
j L H j { - dG jGhQ H - Z
IQb CHh ,d EG AH fCGh ,fa IG CH eDG
(...) dG IQb EG SdH GY EG d fEG
dG N H c dG de dG Jh
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A dG O Jh dG OQ Hh . z G O fi
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eCG H Y AdGh dG a Jc Oj CG
g NBG AT G EGh , fJh e H OG
OCG EG j fC GKCG HCGh GN dP e YCG
e bdG AHOCG j GjL ge HdG
. z KGh AedG e AGS b
j z dG { c CG Y M W qjh
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#**# A``T
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e dG I dH F J kG M kG J j b
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n jh , dP
d k FN j CG hO HdG edG e FYdG
g k aT jh . k bY d Goe hCG edG
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c G EG dG Lh hCG dG dG `q S
HdG aH J dH O a jOLdG
FdG edG EG fH fEG RG YGh
j e c Y HOCG H fG g dh . Y
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k N Idh OLd a jjh , a j CG
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q , k MVhh
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, fJh e H G mae Y M W
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, Gc Gfc G Ofi WN jdG EG
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c j HT Ea U EG : f EG M H
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gdG fG jhGR M H qj CG OGQCG
dEG e j npdhn ? IHdG hdG dG
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j h dP e k T G Ofi j
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G e j a , SdG edG e
k e Oj ifG EGh , ddG G P YG
jM CG :gAGQh KEG h Y QZ U gjEG
dG e n r oj e S bGC fGC h S e jOCG
fC j h M CG g , jdG
. J hCG e ggL
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#**# A``T
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h Y h OCG h SS
l f bGGh dGh
CG OCGh dG Y HCj dG dG Gg . a
Ff EG Y SLh d W j
Y Gk N gGjh , VGZCGh aGgCG FJ b
.z qq`dG dG f gh EG Gk LR Y La
e g eU N QGM g f CG
qdG njGhQ nM fCG r GE :FEG SGdG hV
- V
n J GaCG , Gk M OLdG `n dG fN
o r ò fh jOLdG gL g e Y - dG jCG jCG
d j OeBG UbCG EG fEG jM : Jf
, d aCG h dG bCG dhD G f eCG MG
: fa h JYb , U h Te
e H CG cCG CG LQCG EG {
Gg QXEG T gS b jOCG jM b
qM ah U OCG LQ De e DG
nMn`dG hj M qb xah sè aKh
dM dG HdG eb CG AbUCGh AGYCG ne
.z GcEGh dG HCJ HOCH bY H
FGdG Gj T G Ofi c d
fV jOCG jM : G e Z h
Od : d meCG oqU jOCG jM h , GHEd
O d VG i dG SD d K Y dh
. Ydh
G h edG JH G Gg dh
c - IgdH dG AHOCG De 1957 S { odDe H Lno`G hCGh , N H Gk Rf k JU
N HY jOCG j dG GP z dG IOb
GPEG dG J e jdG dG e hCG dG
SfG IQGe MCG j h , g aY e L
``H`Y ````SGQO
#**# A``T
&*
OCG db e qdh Y g j
q h jd JJ
NCGh G H HdG fh G Ofi
. idG H j CG
CG g SdG IhZ H jf CG dGh
G O fi OCG n dG R e b M U
,OCG oj a . G Ofi dG IOGQEH
qdh ,j hCG njOCG fCG c EG j h
PSCG CG g dGh dG JJ e g dG
G Ofi n d afEG H eS H dG
.jOCGh G eS H dG EG ASCG b `n Hch
JGQY - dG AGQBG EG
O fi CG g - O H f dG OG eCG
Q d nhCq G n fdG a e H c b G
QGRhCG c j H fCGh , eOG aG
j dP CGh , jQdG QJ V MdG
dDG j ddh , dG ZU c AT
Y dG b { : Gk Oe dG jGhQ Y jM
dG d kGQSG dG dG jGhdG g
e M dP gh (7) .z a dh dG
eh dG Q G e M IOs fi Y d
. (8) dhGdG edG
H FGj CG - H h H - MC q`JC j dh
OCG Y dD G S j dG W dG MC G
JOjQ Yh , HdG f Yh , G
j c e Hh , Md QU m e J
: qdG
q Y NB M e a
G O c s nLh HCG e ah {
. z SdG FGhQ
dG A ò c e G Ofi `n Nh {
Y aG e G H k jCG MG
Hc AL e H OQf CG jh { .z GdG
d - IdG FGhQ - G Ofi PSCG
.z G Ggm VH
- gZh Ijg HCG Mh , dG c UCGh {
H - YhQ h HOCG b TCG fCGh
. z SCG Yh G Y EG
AYdG fi n dG rnj M W CG qj e
CH j G c fCG qj eh , eG
Y dCG Sd e d J
q CG dh Fb dG
CG hO VQdG LG H edG Se
! dG Qj hCG IOjR Y GC J
a G H k Ke M W c EG
XZ b G Ofi d J CG EG JCG Y
n ò a b fCG jhCda RG jH k Ke c EGh ,

. ò Y e jo h n dG a `r `q Y k a GC b
fC JGdG oeFh M W n`be EG OS FY
. dG fi qdG nM
I g X H dG HOCG G O fi EG
Tj CG -ke g
o Z - iNCG IgXh .Ye
dd S h , HOCG Y NGh Y LEG
jEG H UGdG H YdG Z EG fjJ
. dG jEGh jd dG
EG hOG jEG G H S MEG MG eh
c e dCG gH dG e MG
. dG Qjh jCG q :G Ofi
GQdG { Hc eS H dG QUCG ea
QdG M e c (6) z IUG fJ HOCG
a jdGh HOCG adG IK j CG HG
e Fh e cQOCG eh Y f e dEG fG
Th , dH fS jdG dGh S
a e , A dG j K j dG I j Z dDG
VJ , bG Y QGUEG IjT , SM
. HJ dh M edG Hj CG d
QaCG Ig TY Jc eS H dG EG
q e ch EG d GC f h , GHEG IHe jYh
e OQGe fcCG AGS H be g UNEG
RGMG Y j e hCG HGU Y SdG oj
fJ HOCG GQdG { c OQh e Lh , a
m NGO Se fC jdH jL z IUG
`s e Y a Qjn dG dDG e g
#**# A``T
fCG a G e L AHCG H EG Jh
, AGOCG bWh dG bW H UGh Gk QL
dG EG cQ GPEG KGG CG Y H s`G eh
dG HZ a H f f dGh
jM KGM a - GdG ghY
q dGh - AGN
. qeGC Y odG Qn`Jh AGG GP qJ
SDG EG FfH dG oOe bf MH
OcCG ISCG aQ - j M eG
, GhPCG Uh , LdG j J f eC H - I H e
GPEG , LdG jRGe Jh , gGG jJh
hDhdG dG L f { : b dM neh f Y
V H Gg f , a dGh jQ dG M
K e LGh Y dG dh AYOG
. (11) z dhDeh bH H f q Whh
dG SG Yh Wh jGhdG eCG Y S
Ofi gh ae S EG Jh
Gk eQ UCG
q
: k e a G
g dGh OCG f dG F dG EG {
A SCG H Jh dGh eG
k fMCG RG dG s Mn , AbEG s Mn iNCG ASCG
c j PEG , ed NBG LdG g dG AGdG hCG
jh J g I MGh Xh eGh AG dG e
. z qe k J e Vd G
fN Vj e UdG eh { : OQCG K
e jf S K . jGhQ d gh jGhdG
MS HQCG k U f R HGC h k U f M
SJ Yh hO SCGh , fJ FGhdG GHEG
. FQbh FGhdG HOCG dG H U dG I dG
e BG j CG idG H c d a
? fl J ShCG e dGh dGh dG
BG Y ej CG Jc GP QZ d c
n ojh , AG dG e
nq`d jh , S dG n g dG
q d c ? G dG EG a njh ,n G
AT h dH Pj IYe n dSCG H j `q e
O dG e Y HGC SD j CG dG i S
&)
a h j d H I jG S G Q KBG
.(9)zd
dG { g - IdG c H - PEG eCG c
. (10) ! z a Y { dG ch , z dG
Y j e dG CG j SdG c d
cCG f Yh H Y j EG dG VZ
, dG MH Yh , dH Y j
Gk HCG jG Gg e EG GhOj CG fCG Y GdBr
c Gj CG fCG Y OCG Of bCh ,
a Ga Ea , OCG VZ Y jH Gq g
CG GhCGQ e Y SdG LCG g Gqj M k g
Y l qM nnrò G s GC MCG UCG a . Gpoj
k ej j dG YGHEG iG EG . qG
dG FGOCG Y QGUEG eCG . FGOCG gG Ak dEG
. dG YGHEG AdEH Oq j dG a
FG
n dG on` j J f EG A JQG EG
jCG e j j AGOCG OGJG jh
fCG H , UGdG GMdG dG fCG Y Gk QGUEG
. jG Od k W OHCG OH QGbEG g
FG d dG NG b dG `n J EG fEG
H , jdG bW W fCa jdG GhdG
dW b Gk T a Y qY dG CG VaG fCc
. dH EG JGOGoe Y Ghqj CH SdG
AGOCG dGNG bdH SJ dG dG EG
fC G dG M SQ EG dEG J
dG dG ò`f gh jhCdG GHCG aEG Y eoe
- gPCG EG QOj b e Y Y - fEG .DhGhoQh
GP dG H , dG jM e e J
jdG bdH SJ dG HWEG FdG
G I FGO d M S J fC SC`n J a G
fEG SEG d J a AGM H
VGZCG H iW
n b edG CG n rn`Jh . ddG
geCGh OCG e SdG eCG qJh , jdG adG
jJ e iNCG Gk QU aQe CGh ,dG e
.bQa KGH KGG d ALh , dG
#**# A``T
&#
HdG idG H b d J G ee
fGJ CG ? dG GC eG hCG c H hY hCG HdG
dG RdG d GUCG cH S f
K ? dG dH Sfh q dG jG cr `n `n a
H HK gh fYd G SG Sf GP
Y ZCGh dG Y k SG os`NCG eh , ORCG ShCG
H dCG g T Y Kqn`J
s gh ? SCG
dW CG f ch ! z dG qe { gh Y OCGh
bQ dCGh T g HCGh N dG cCG e
: YjEGh
``H`Y ````SGQO
qe QhU eCG H GbCG

o n reC cG S b EG E a
jhQO Ofi j c T e f jCGh
h fhOCGh JdG gdGYh dG jdGYh
dG Y aCG ! idG H c fEG Y f
L Uh J CG dG GPEG AGdGh AdGh dGh
jF dG N cQJ e a jQ dG
! JG H
n`JD G fCGh - AGQORG H SJ fCG Ea
FS H eG SDG dG dG Y
f Hh H FdG MCG CG s`fC nà - n`JD G
eh , eG e J j jNBG Hh H K
Th ORCG ShCG H HK jQJ ,J CG M
H fG MCG CG ch ?dG e e
qGE j M G dG ch G c
dSQ d qLhCGh H Y d TCG CG jj YdG
j T gh , gG dG e M
! SCG a ej
Qe Y MdG qc MdG f dH e K
fh ,dG deh , b Ijg HCG qMh , dG
J e qb so`b rn`b of jG jG
jdG Uh dG L U f : Q G
GP e c (12) S aQh QGG ah LH
Aa q`d dG gOhM RhJ Th

gJ CG QdG eh (...) ? Gh OdG G
d G S Y z b Ijg HCG M { CG EG
f g M e dG b f hO k FGhQ
k Y
.z fl HOCG
j Y A H G G g e Z fEG
U j ,KGM , e , bf , MH pb
b e , eG SDG MQ LCG jJ
dG dGh - d c : OCG H j dG dG
b dG dGh , FV ae H b b
QG SC H dGh , d e AG LCG S d H q` M
e G c QK JBG b dG dBGh G
MdG b f CG - YEGh ObGh SSh e
AT h dH Pj { fEG G Ofi f Y
? z dG iS
H Pj dh , dEGh H Pj d g g
?gGS e Y H Pj dKh ,Y
f CG OCG Y dH N IH f g
e Xh CG H ? dG d Y dG e eCG
OCG Y MdG b j d dG FXdG
CG LG X dG g g ? G O fi
XdG gGJ CG ? SfG CG gfG XdG
J d - MdG c S - fC ? dfG
. eaEG XdG h jdG XdG Gk HG
Y dhCq J CG o TEG d o q ò j l PCG g
fi M eG dG d q Jh RG fi
G H f CH : Aa G
c { : QfEG SG PCG Y f eY
z!q dG e BG j CG idG H c d
dh G Ofi d HJ ie j b
c dG HH e g fC i dG
: qjf Y jdH e f cCG jf
q
SDf c jdG SCH Sf CG SH a
F dG i dH ? Vq f h ? j f a e
fc gh ? IdG SG g dG SH CG fEG
#**# A``T
JQb ieh dHh ,kGbh W gOGeGh fEG

KGQdG Y e H fEG IYe Y
G Ofi jOCG J CG d GH jdG
f dG dH q a , M aG SQdG d
H dG a LCG IG fc M IVfi
q c : Y dG Mh dG eC Jh dG IM
GDS Y kL a IG S Y Aj
. (15) OLdG
c G f dG Q dG s GPEGh
Y dG e OGR d ch fdG dH Vh
dG NG AGOCG jEG CG QOCG FG dG j J
Oqj gh dG H JG Kh dG FEG
. fG ee CG h aCG d CH : fG
dG HEG IQUh dG IQdG H gda
Y pNjo h jn ObG KK
Ofi Y dCG jO g , k V G dG eGc
e YjEGh , dG jEG e dG jEG . G
,hdG hO UCG e j e bj : YjEG
dn `n G dGb Y cdG o H Oo o `n J dGh
, de M g c IdG WJ h .fdG
g c jEGh , hdG H JQG g c dGh
, Me f UGa Y G H j f
e g H ch HGHCG OJ dG dG dj
z feg { ee dG Lh , jhCJ
. IOe
EG dO oj G Ofi j Y dG EG
. jEGh Gh dG : KdG IdG g
eZ d fCG Y G Ofi d hCs J ne tco h
cCG c PEG f X a Ipeo hCG IY hCG
. dG MUh dG X
KdG IdG H GMCG jdG g hc
H SMEG c e ah , QSG jW Y
SJ e eh . jNBG SMEG e AL cCG
jdG d .G JdBG S SCG H
GM en T H g k Xh k Yh H Yh c
&&
NCJ fEa FQb HQe H r`n`M Mh dG

T e d S bh , J cCG e
nrnH noY K H eG M GdH J OdG
UdG EG { : b r GC An HCG af
n M GdG
.z e c YCG GPEG EG e H J
Y :G H e QSG nOc g (13)
. aG e FGa J dG e JYGjEG Qb
dh . M Yh GHEG e b jOCG d EG
e b : jNBG jb H de Z jOCG
dG e e b K , GHEG e bh dG
. dG jEG e dG eh dG jEG e
: HLCG G Ofi Y GDdG dCG Ea
J HdG PEG d eQ c H cCG dG dG {
gh , dG dGh EGh , dGh QGdG
hPh WG aC G h H EG J d H
k d o a .G qG SG GLdG
QdH qQJh eG Y eqG qcJ iNCG
G nSGh dG dG q`S edG hCG
Y UdG t dG Qs jo c FdG H J M
Kc Kh dG SJ HdG H G
Gk W H Jh , Gb QdH Jh , dG dG
jK jOCJ Y nòj e c dG e jhW
(14) z eG G
dG H dG NG b dG PEG g
Hh H YJ V EG gNCJh AZEG `r ò a
FjEG bW gqjGE h a jdG bdG
. GOdh dG o
q o`J
bY dG hCG e eCG j Q
dh , OdG H G Ofi L M
Me IV EG dG q c Y SG b eCG
, dG c jCG : dG jEGh dG jEG H
. dG Y HCG d CHh
dG QWEG - fH dG c q`f ea
Qc dEG HfG k Y Gk De - Nd dG
IH G jdG GSQGd dG G
``H`Y ````SGQO
#**# A``T
&%
YCG e eh SEG Ijg HCG G H a

qq` a S J k H SCGh T H d c VG
qè GnMhn { dG AdG AL dd .ze
qcQn { bh z k feR MJ cCG je YGJ
SCc Qbh GW H k VhY GMdG J
c dG q C a (...) G dG OJhCGh
hQ e e H q`b j dG e H
. (23)zdG
d eh Y QH aJ jo IHY IQTEG h
Za dG G jN e IaGdG IAVEG
ah dH G a e Gg { : k FZ k ZU
eGdG jKdG Qc Y q` J , SCH e
a ec gqdhh Ve Y H a KCG d
jG dG IO f e dG J
b , f e d H f b dG `r eo h
. (24)zIjL
:H e Y k e dH bdG jh
{ H H J GQTEG c dD G IQ a
c z Gk OLG ed e { g PEG z G
.(25) z M G j { CG Y jMh , j
gG dG H QH aJ SG d
O fi Y YG HE G I dG F N NCG
CG Oe H fi PSCd S bh , G
e OG cGdG Gg dG SH SG
: 1955 S qdG jGhQ HdG Qd qb
d ( dG ) Gg e dG j e hCG EG"
Y da dG j dG G jGh
GhOYG e f e GeCG g : aNG
dh , e OCGh d OCG EG OCG Gj CG
Qj CG
n dCG dG UCG jOCG f MGh eCG
AGOCG e jj e EG jh Yj CG EG dG
... HdG G SMEG FbOh G OQGT
dG g Jh e a ( dG ) dJ
H dG QY hQC H qcJ dG G H dG
fZCG UCG H cJ , dSCG aCGh
. iNCG d EG d e f IH dG LhCG
ch (16) dG c Rq`b jdG Y LJ d
O fi OCG L J CG e HCG e e
e c J b C f eC e Z I e e G
G H FdG FdG ec SJh , SJ
Gk e LG Oj eG N h (17) dGh
cCG Hn o`pd eR Y GJ G d CG EG
. (18) Y J
LdG d WJ c dG QH L eCG
gOGfG hCq a G Ofi d bSG a
eG s GC : TQ SM e j hCq J ZU
fC fEG O N GP dG Y dG HOCG
e gQqn` Qb Yh , e dG b e J
O fi Z U H dG dG Qo t n `n J c e dG
. (19) G
dG MU jW Y iNCG Ie qj K
IQU Y HdG dG M b fCG EG a HdG
JbTGh JGUCG UCG dG dG e dCJ
ede YdG a qcJ eGh H `n Mn h
. (20) fdG dG
(21) dG de c Q H aJ LJh
b dG Iee G Ofi OCG e d fch
d EG d e dG f a , LdG Iee
jT Y VaCG - jhCdG UGH QdG gh CG H c CG OJ Y e HOCG G
fdG dG j c Lj gh a . Y
AGQh jhdG AjEG FNP e ehO nn`rn`J CG Y
n nj dG O HCG O H Y fC dG H
. G Ofi c FLQCG
gh c c Lj gh QH aJ bdG c
Y z ... b Ijg HCG M { ee j
.(22) IUG
fdGh OCG hH G MdG H c
Y G J S j dG G j d
{ :kGQSG AdG IV a dCG cGe
#**# A``T
H hCG j U Y H e dP cCG AG S HOCG

e OdG Qc CG e dP Y OCG dh . eZ
GHG EG G OCG dG G
q Y GK
gh d e k T e AT da k HGG dEG
k H h Icfi gQc e dP c e . Y j
dG PCG f hqOc g EGh , eCG Y
dG dGh dGdG dG H UGdG a psn`J
OJ b G Ofi H CG Z. Y
f dh .IbdG SdG Y IG H NOCG
H f fGJ b hCG , k b a a G OCH
jCGQ dG dh , dEG H Se d a
OQe G OCG dG fG CG g Gfh
dG pNGo`J fK f H g iNCG W e
: KdG IdG J g , jdG cdG
F a c Y FGOCG a J Gh dG s GC
.HWEG
FGOCG dG AGQh e JJ dG dG CGh
FG dG AG LGE e G NG J J
. MQdG
jRGe Ue Y Jj G fG CGh
jdG dG dJ f H JGH g J
q
. dG dG h
dCG dG GH G d Y ja
. YGHEGh HOCH LEG
Y jG AYOH G OCG Y jGh
. RcGh eCJ e a e LC QHG HSCG
H dG ebE k Lh if GPh Gg c Hh
- j JdG GO e Y de Hh dGO H
. IXG JdG dG FV - QGUEHh YH
G fe J gh dBG dCS d fCd
HLC JGqQP NCG h UY OCG qn`n`J c
GPEG dG CGh , dG dH qJ nn`J GPEG dG CH
GPEG dG nG CGh , dG e qJ be qJ
dc GfG Ve Y H pYo hCG Jf
q QG
. IQhdH k MjfG r Sn Y dG
&$
Ija d dP e gh . JHe MdG dh

e m a o d g , jMh b HdG HOCG
j p jjL gGJ OCG dG
. Z dG d SCGh dG hD T EG A HOCG I f
. (26) G d g
k e O e H fi P SCG H j K
, dG dG dBG k LQe dG
, fCG jY e dGh dG H
k Se
bQ G a IQe Y QSG o a
d Qjh dG H HOCG G gj dG
: UdG H dG
e hCq G a dG g FN NCG J"
a . (ggR) hCG ( gObG ) SCG CG
Pc NR a . UCG ge dhEG IQY e
G Xh : iNCG OOq J c h M h
CG NOEG OQCG EG JJ hCG dG We Xc
.dG fGh RdG NG JJ Y J
de p Y t Sh dG J o S Gg
( ...) edG o d g : SdG
q oj - dG dL ZQ - dG q C a
(...) GgL dCGh SCG NBGm Vd H , JGP
... QG Zh QG H UdG IGOCG g
dG dG dG AGhdG dP t S Gg h
Y PEG LEG g (27) G SCG H R
HdG U G Ofi KMCG b qe k T CG
gh , OdG L Y gM nRQe , dG H
af dh dG e fC j Z AT HdG Y
. dG AGQh e EG
F f dG g PEG e dG S MEG G g
QGne M OCG M J dAe a fC
n G
aGf e f CG Y gQK h dG Id
HOCG dG IQDH EG G O dG dG
Ofi d Y OdG jM CH j Y fEG. JGH
e Yh HOCG Y j dG g G
``H`Y ````SGQO
#**# A``T
&!
. jRGeh VhY g jEG d

. fGL GYGh UGa g jEG dh
jEG G Ofi q j c H dh
dG KdG j EGh SCGh G dG q
Fa H Y dG d k db dGdG dG j
G Y aj dG jEG Hh , MhGe Hh
dJ . Z h H nòG QG
G g fC
s
G dG g . cQJ hCG cQJ . dJ hCr G
f e a q UCG r s S G NG j dG
.JQSG
f e G Ofi j CG k bJG d
k dG d QNG dh , jEG SGQO Y b
dP AGQh e fEa QNd M GdG eeh
: `q J h `q J IV dG CH SM Y Qj
dP h .eG dGh , IQdGh gG g
. dG a QGSCG e S
H H j g Y G Ofi j
Yf H a e b U c { M da
G HEG k SSCG g Xh dG dG :dG e
NBG AH jdG hO QdG hCG edG gP EG
cGdGh dCG QNG Jc qg j dGh
. JGUCG d QYG hO G Y d jdG
G d g dG e hCG dG G g dh
Y
k e a G de j dG Gh
dG Y
k NGO JdG efh , YjEG
dG OdG dG g dPh . ReG hO d JdG
e dG dG eCG .ke dG c eY Y
MCG QNH jY a dG dG dG a dG
a dG GUCG Hh j dG cGdG
YVe Fe Se YjEG J MCG
. (28) z feh
fc Jee CG EG AdGh dG H qjh
dG fU SM g dG SM H f eC e
: dG Tc SMh
e J dG edG FdG CG q G e {
a dh , dG L PEG eCG d
dG H z HSCG { dP c H g dh , dCG
e ch e Y e S dG dCG Y j
gh , gOhb Y J G g EG .UN
: eGUh H JGhP G d b QJ
q
GPEGh , oUCG J h tfC
n G J oS nb GPEG
J nn`b
n snM nb GPEGh ,la J H b
a
n snM
. Fb M dG Hh GhdG H
iNCG g M H c H dGh
. Fb
G dGdG dG GbG j CG eCG
c jE G jRG k Whe Y dG dH
, jG AdG g Ga dG Ue Y J
SdG j dG g GPh , OG GHEG g GPh
{ f H fC SCG a g H SCG fCG
. dH Y GC qf b c z G - a
hCG bJG dh , k aGL h k YH dh . jEG g
jEG n g G Ofi j CG , aOe
efi dG CG a e bh e oLG
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@ Mahmoud MESS
Le Barrage,
Prface de Jacques Berque , traduction et introduction par Ezzedine Guellouz, Arcantre, d. Unesco , Paris
, 1994 .
** Mahmoud MESSADI
La Gense de I'Oubli, traduit de L'arabe par Taoufik Baccar
Beit Al- Hikma, Carthage, Tunis, 1993.AAA
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eGM J , d IFe e h , ge
,AdG QdG e hb Y jQdG dG J
, JDh J : M H iDhQ , e dG
e Gdh JGhd Yhh , dG e bGeh
bY MGhQCG J dG LGdh , jY
, j dG V Hh , GdG G H
. hj CG f dHh
IOjdGh , cGh , GNG eY fch
jQJ jAa s CG SG G HG CG g
cGG dG EG gMCG j , jje a UYCG HV Y EG NBG jh , SG dG
GQG NGJh a dG TGh dG
e ec d , g a Jh LRh , YR Jh
q J CG b dG dh e dG
#**# A``T
e G fYEG OsJ SdG aG g e

U NBG EG , jUe e djdGh ROQjQ
GHEGh dG gL IQSG CG , dG L
. a
SGQ dG J U t VCG ,G UCG g EG ,%
aCG Sh e n jCG RfCG d fCG Z , IVG
j Jh IQ SG Ud ,Ie , b IQ Y
H cC S H , dG Q dG C IeCG
dG gGdG H dG SGh ce IgX
, KG jG Yhh , KGG Ib dCJ
edG j dG dGh , dGh dH bYh
, HdGh ,ATCGh dG e : dGh dG e
e YCG h dG g Zh
YCG dG IgdGh . LGgh GQJh GOLeh
KGG / jG dG IQSG GNG g
J H ebGC dG c LGG n GQL
dG dG e jW l hb Jch FTCGh dG
,IjL Ia jJ g`h
q , dGh dGh
bY ,ch , geh , ATCG V J
YN h ,de h ,e IgH
hCG ze{ g S a dG gQW
s dG fGd
YGE H GQOE d Hb{ hCG z e{ hCG z e{
,`qbGNG IQSG g LCSh ...dEG zdG
T d G , G , Y dG , dG G g
k Heh , QU RHCG j k hfi , KGG
dBG c dhfi IUG HGHCG e b OOH
. fY d m f eGE Y dGh c fG
SH ,He jQe e ,IgdG SCSh
H{ Yeh G dG Q e e : fl
Q dG dGh G Qe eh zfG
.z IQSG eU { Yh
W d aCS e CG cDhGC CG OhCG fCG Z
u Gh ,dhCG ed G ,G GbG
ddG ZCG d , dG CGh , EGh ).NdG HGd
%$
e d N e nhCG a , CG g j gh
d g jhS , FGQhe , MhQ d x d
,z dG CG { fCH a Uh dG BGdG dG
G G g CG Y S d e eCG H d
e
u H ,SG d fe
u e e
u QdG
.gL
SGQO , G HG a L e H ch
G , IQSEd
jd G NGdG dH SME
o
g NBG bf id H a S dG d)
. z IQSG eU { BG SCS e eCG (eBG
, ah bNCG fGh Z H , bh g
g dG hCG AdG SH ,GdG SH LMG
GQJh ge SHh ,z ech dG jW {
H d jQJ dG fCG s e Wh e
, QdGh QdGh gdG Y dKCG j GHEGh
Geh hdG bGY e k JBG , gQe d Ojh
.kjCG gGdG VGh H ,jdG VG
,kGh , a z IQSG eU { fch
dG KGG Lgh j dG d k LhCq Jh
CG EG SCS c , GJ e dnd fEGh .HdG
.dG Gg LCG
fb LG gdGYh G HG H ,&
jCH ST Me edG e fbh . edG e
jDhQ TGJ o r jn aG T CG Z . je
fc - IQSG Y : MGh Ad jbdG jg
ed hCG nG
u fch , dG CGh dG CG
GHGh QHG bh KGG LGg K dG
- QdG - dG GdG u dG AdG f
. eCd dG
hb AGQdG EG SQCGh G HG Hh
YGC h dG g A H Yh . e dG MCG
HG Hh . jdG Y eY IQSG CG SQCG
k jCG hb jG dG fSh LGh G
G SCGQ Yh . MCG eCG EG edG e
dG G f
#**# A``T
%!
aJh . HQCG MG VQCG jGhR e H HG

, GDdG Y hD IjL GQJ ,dGh ,dG
Sh Yah eY Fh .Q HGh , Rh dGh
G G j (BG be fCG )
:neCG MeH jh , jdG gQdG LCG ndCG
eG WG gZh ,G G An dG
. dGh , fEG OLdGh , dGh , dGh , dG
, b e dCf IjL dM GPEa QdG jh
GPEGh , IjL jT d GPEGh , W RW e GPEGh
SQ a Y g jh j j L S SQ a
, Gk QK jCGh , k HT cG iSG bh G G
f H k dh YCGh , e dG I b q TCGh
A a : j L A a , k jCG , GPEGh . GNGh
dGh J dG HHP a q J eG MG e
J OJ dG , bhY e Y c eh , QHGh
IQSG eU J , BG M k Ze k f
.qdG Jqd Iqgh
AdG Gg h . BG KGG Aa g Gg -!
G e Hh , QdG fj H k e WC
q S
, IUGdG dG GSH BG GC HCSh . dCG
G YRe d Y JGC h , UGdG dGh
. dG d eC dG d Sh G
, eqG OhM Y J H fG Y cCS
h h
q g J H e dG cGC h
,bCG dG dG W EG da . edG
GJCG d . Aah TCG dG HdG h
TCG ? eO fG IT L c Y QbCG
GC dh . SCG jdh , SCG fHh ! dG T
dG Gg e dCG G H dGh QdG hCH
: fhOC
FSQ
AdG aT e dG j'' "
u M jh
,MT , k eg
. (JGUe fc jCG NdG HGH qH

m,e e H fG EG BG WCG dh
HGC H S dG G g e REG CG e
.BdGh cH jJh dG eJ dG MdG
H , Ue hCG jH G G jQJ d ,$
dG . dG jQJ YCG d fEG
h .e Ia bFG ,gh g ,J , gG
e kWN kfMCG bFG h J edG P T
aGO a EG d
q CG Z . k bDe k ah ,AdG
SdG AGdG e EG jh j e
H ddGh dG HCG e e , aSCG NGhCGh
. jj
SQa G G j HCG T h
eU{ Jh .dG dG MSh ,hCG GHEG
m Sf hJh , gGdG GMCG eCG zIQSG
jJh ,e H EG j`dG aG cGJ dM
q
.kM k SHc , dG dEG j SGQ LdL
en n NU MhQ YCG e ,ke , eBG a
:fPCGh Y CH KQdG iCGQh QfG qg
Y h FGhCG QTCG j ( HCG) Th {
Gh ,IdG GQSG e a ,jW
k Jh
k Lh kC N G H Mh { .... z I dG
.. z GQSGh GRG GOdG Y k LhNh
dGh KdGh fdGh MdG jZ GQSEG {
(2) z GdG Y
IQSG hb OJh , dGhO h dG jJh
, ShDhdG Jj EG G Gh eOdG
JCj K , mIeL TCG GHEG IT Jh
LG G G cQ e a z A MEG {
dGh ,d G aG AGOCG YGbh ,jG
j Gg . dG j CG MW hCG j dG
d
k Uh fG GAd k è ,ke ,bT
bJ hdG CG Z . dG LQO EG bdG
Qb e o J jQ , ICa M Y ,
t Jh ,cM
#**# A``T
dG a dG I cG dGh dG I cGP e
e JbCGh U eh ,J e a SJ
J j a dG GPEG .j bh , bY
k Sf hCG Gk e hCG Gk Qfi
u , dG Jh dG
fEa j GPEGh . Gk
q fi s ce K , Gk ee
hCG , a S e j h , N Y a j
,YGHEG , fEG . jQJ hCG , jd hCG , aK
, fG d m Gh Z hCG k YGh , Mh j
YGd , G d UNEd jdhCG d
G hQ iS gRj dG LGdGh HdGh
. S SGQ e f tc
G G Hh , dG dG Gg eh
sc j C Hb a e tc : ATCG J , JGP
j . a d g h a g , NBG AT
e k Hg j . u M jh k MT k eg dG
EG h dd dG Jh , AdG aT
QU Y H eJ K , eMCG fL
Iqdh G jCG dG
q AO YCG ... RY RJh
. Aeh GTCG We fCa . f CG
Hb AT c , MGdG , TGG dG Gg
HdG g eh . NBG AT c d aj C
H U Y J e Y dG TG dGh
AdG c GPEGh . IQSG eU Jh fG
hT , fEa dG Gg aT GP j
. NBG f jM j C Hb , JGP jdG
d J CG Y QOb fEa , aT g d fc GPEGh
: IOQh
e EG ZCG
AdG IOQh e BG j O "
, jG c eh SdG hM e
AdG Yeh
Gg ,
n pJc Je d
, eghCG e
%'
eMCGh dG e
, QU Y eGJ
" (3) RsòY RJh
. fG H e LdG IQSG eU fEG
c eCG z AdG YNCG { eCG U dG eBG
jY QT gh JC L a d k e Y j
? z RY
k eM e j dGh AdG aT {
CG { :T hO j ch . Y j c . H
dG e ? ec fh dG j H G J
:f ch z . e . e . e ? J
.z J e Yj jdG , G oog nrpfh {
S Ue N dCG dCGh ? a eBG
EG . k T q j d NGU CG Z . f NdG
fhOCG g HG dG dG g e A d
e d dG EGh , Gk R q d q` d EGh m a nd
.dh dEG dG a G jh adG
: b d ? e .Tjh , hQqjh , hejh
h k fL RH j CG Y `t J dG dGh dG
. MdG gCG Y j
qN , gG , g G G CG dP
S Dhah , jGH dGh o jfdG aGJ ie
dJh J h , H ATCG a J g
Jh ( e hCG ) a I e
G G . eQU Gk OhM H J IeL
h j , a Oh M h d Oh M A a j
jh ddG dGMCG dG dG e
k d , k Fg hCG k Je , CG jh FeO e fCG
,a dhCG N SH , k ZV k LY hCG k ZZe
J
q IjL H jH K , e g H K
bY NJh , IjL fq e EG a g
de LQH eEG : Fe c IQU Jh ,jW
LQH hCG ,dG e de LQH hCG , AG e
dG Y t fh u d .FGQh AGQh hCG , H e g
EG j b gh . H G G GC j dG
#**# A``T
%(
.dG h hJ ATCG . ATCGh dG

. dG h ae e Oa We ATCG
? AG Qb : GDdG Qj dG e dG Gg h
Aa : IQSG eU e J IQdG ef
z J { Gg . QdG f AdGh , k e bj
H bCG Y CG Z . IQ SG
IOqS { h z AdG IOQh { e LG Yd k cfG
. AGZEG cCGh fN bCG a fEG .zAdG
dG G f
: NCG dCG G Gg eCd , Gk NCG

Z dM
c e Z "
AfCG L e s J
(6) " AdG Jh
JQU EG bCG g d . jL e AdG
j eh , d Hb Me fEG : OG dG
.QdG dG
q ZQ ,de bYh dBJ . Z
. c AdG J CG J IMGh Z q GE
a dGJh Jh dG J , SCH ,d
.f . e . AdG
fG H RJ dG g dG W CG Z
dGh : c e dG . IQ SG e Uh
.AfCG L e IYU `s J dG H ;`q j
: dG g AfCG z j { e t gCG : bdG lde
AfCG . ( dG EG j h ) Gk c Kj fEG
aj g : dP e HCG H , dG aM
H , j J Mh , AMCG dG
dP . G b gOLCG a c dG L
dCG Y OOs jh Qs jh Qjh OOj j ec CG
afi A fCG . jjeh Y JCG e jG
e Yj dG j J Mh , PEG m c
{ EG z Yj { J ,G a h . L
QH u j c k e Z QdG u jh , z `q j
G d A fC G : PEG I j L IA VEG . Z AG
(4) " . Ad IOsS BG eO
q . AdG IOQh IOQdGh . G O g dG

IOQh K a A TCG J ch . j H NBG
, jd ch , Sd hM K J , Ad
Ad jCG g J H . A d Yeh
bY J . eO IOdG g Jh . IOS
IOq S A dG fc M , dG dG j J
.( gBGQ b G HG j CG H c ) aNe
dG . IO S I dGh k ù e IO q dG J
j eO : Qd . AdG Y J IOqS
IQU . Ad IOqS j eOh AdG IOQh e
YdG SJ b j CG e c J , ge
Gk jL k Y Jh , ATCG H OhM e pQGG
gQO e f c k jCG , c fq G a TG J
Hb Z H bdG fc eh , Wh
SCH G YdG hCG dG b e d
H jG YGHEG dG Gg e Jh . dG
eH , AT c b , fC J h dC e m fG
.IQSG
dh AdG d j , k jCG dG Gg h
dG e d j e ATCG e AdG
: qLG
f dM
'
eh , dG Gg te "
iG Ggh , AG Gg ed
ATCG h dG
CG , dG jCG
( 5 ) " ?' AG Qb j e
G , G YdG k e fEG j
j dG Ea G G id eCG . ed
Ib CG . ed e gh . eh k e , k e
c eh w e AGh dGh ? dG G g
#**# A``T
. a VEG b Y IOG Hh H IO e e G
: Qd
jM e H = jG H
Sf e hM = SdG hM
jM e K = jG K
EG f CG , bdG Y k UM , dP e
ie Y aVEG U ( Y e X ) dG
Y fdG LQdG e aVEG U d , ddG
( Syntax) cGdG f ie
Y cCJ uYCG h , jL e IgdG qSCG
H J , ShQG U dG : gt
jh . aVEG U g ZW U fG
d , hCG LQdG e aVEG dG g J CG
. fdG LQdG e aVEG J CG k fMCG j
(iQOCG dGh , S XCG hCG) S Uh Gg
dG e iJ . SQO dG UdG j
Ud dG UdG Gg q f d L f
dGh Q dG fG b e m f b EG IOhfi
? KGG Ib cdGh
? Lf e
. H
hj , HdG FMEG , TCG Y
. KGM f
q 1000 bdG dH
. f
q dCG EG d , dG Gg e Ea
? dG Gg Hc Y qH bCG CG fhjJ
fCG d JCGh ,PH cCS H , PH pd
RHCS , f CG b , d . d cQYCG H
. gCG e Qb Y iNCG f
s`J b fCG g fG d fdG dG EG
: eCd . J hCG U
z dG j {
z dG j {
%"
fi , dG e QH fEG ,a c fi
dG q`j gQH Ae eh . dG e TL
. dG - A dG a F g k e Z a
fEG . AdG jh VQCG j ,Gg ,AfCG
dG ec Y dG j , AT c bj
q
. c OLdG v e
C h
t j
. PEG , AGdG dH fG H z c e Z {
.gQGSCG H CG f M Fg j J b W
e , zc Z { e cCG , d , dP e ,d
. H c , eOU IQSG
H fCGh dG H UQC BG bJCS ,'
.bO J CG h
jQSG Jf
q , HdG dG jf M
, BG U jd f Lh e , eOdG G
IQSG H CG g : SSCG N RJ
: qeC d .. g UdG L
z AdG aT {
z dG MCG {
z dG QU {
z dG RqY {
z AdG IOQh {
z AdG IOS {
z SdG hM {
z jG c {
z AdG Ye {
z AG Qb {
K
z c e Z {
. k f ``s `n èo aVEG H , bGdG , INCGh
CG dP , z c Z { : a Y dG jf
dG e U dG IOG Y J a z e {
AdGh . ( e , AGHG z e {
q d gh )
#**# A``T
$*
dG G f
bdG Y e j
GG Gg N e
OedG Gg Y Njh
Ag e Gk T Jj eh
qNCG dG M jh
(7) " ? LdG u bQh Y Y Mjh
#,),"
, M fCG dG T
ghC
r G"
, dG Y JU sJ HUCG G
, G CGJ
- dG SG
LdG Y Jc Jh
u
. dG
MLo Yh NCG d
. QWh
q dG j G fEG
IdG dG Qj
q`dG M HUCG Y gj
dG G e adc Sjh
gLj
ghCG dG dG OQd j
eeCG qJ
(8) ". c Y efh
T dG Gg e IQSG f jGJ
1960 Y OdG G Y edG q J c dG
j eh . 1988 Y e dG g M Gh
dG G Y fEG : Gk ja d dG T
. c GdG g ie Y KGG T ej
IQSH k FL f g CGH KGG Cc
adG dG gKCJ gh , jdG gG
P g dCG . IQSG eH jdG dGh
z dG {
z dG MCG {
z MT g dG {
z dG QU Y dG MCG eGJ {
z Rq`Y j dG {
z dG R`q Y RJ dG MCG {
z J AdG {
z j dG {
z HdG dG {
z j AG Qb {
a ? eBG U d ? " AdG r Yn NCG
QKfG dG p dh , BG A dG u jh G dG
HCG hNBG Y KQh d . dG jW
t dCGh , Yhfh bGTCG HCGh , Ieeh Mah k HGYEG
. cfG TCGh eMCG
H a J , PEG BG M U eeCG ,(
. dGh dGh , a VEG : fG
MC , hCG ) AdGh fCGh aVEG : SCS
. @ z `n `n `r `q dG { :G HG Y jdG cQCG dK
, edG dG EG - J EG LH gch
. dG e J eh , FMEG
f CG `q dh . dG GC f CG BG
. f Hh . jdGh ddG dG
ZQ z de { Y Y , k Fe , dG Sh
, bQe . z edG{ g JOeh dG e CG
AGT Uf N e dCS dGh ? CG
QGbCG Y Gfc EGh , KGG IRe HQV c
.. KGh IAGdGh , jGdGh ddG e fl
dG jdGY
),"
),),"
dG If Sj e "
#**# A``T
{ : GOL d Th fCG Y
dG a { , z Gk b dG a { , z G
j hCG ,S fi EG O d j ) zkGb
- Ije jOe W EG jOG W Y ATCd
J { h INCG dG GQ SG c
. ( zkGOeQ Fd
jhQO Ofi - ))
hH Ib
NdG Lf .d MJ "
.IBGG hdG T . hH . jZ Ta
. dG FGQh , hCG ICGG Uh
. Th dfCGh , gP eh J e hH
. G jQ VQCG jUh . HR . a
M Hh H Oq J . S I ah
.hH
J TY SH j b e eO SCG
... o Jh ... eO Y
...
...
. SGbCH G dG ICGeG . dG MJ
. dG T
. idG KSG . hdG H
. dG e a s b
X Y gh e j M bdGh . hH
G
Y `q f . T e fh . S M
bYCG
.G fR hH
d We . fdG je . hCG bh
dGh
$)
: be
&,),"
, faG ..."
, G dG eQG
, Y CJ
AGdG a q J h
Gk OeQ Fd J BG g
: Jh
eCG bCG e
dG bCG e
...`dG bCG e
Gh aG Mh j
dG IFe a W dG eQCG
: J
Gk b dG d a qfGE
Gk b gC dG a
(9) " . Ibh Ke OH QUh
, Ie QU ; G Gg dCe QU K
,
k e d , id IQdG jJ Y iCJ , eOU
U , M , hCG W Ofi Y hCG bT MCG
adGh . NBG Y K GJ Cf , QdGY
(???) IQSG e J fCG QdG g
- QdG s TCG CG k jCG adGh . dM QJh
: ddG g QHGh HGdG k jEG - GQSG
z G dG eQCG {
dG IFe a W dG eQCG {
,z Gk b dG d a { k HGZEG gH JCjh z J
`q ` dG
o NBG K z kGb gC dG a {
.z Gk OeQ Fd J..dG eQCG {
HGdG LQO YCG q GC RGHEH jL g e
aVEG U k jd J
q IQSG J
j j e s GC h , z dG IFe { , z dG eQCG {
#**# A``T
$#
dG G f
Y J { , z j eO { , z jZ TGa { ( 2
. zeO
: dGh fCG IQSG : k fK
KSG { , z dG T { , z dG ICGeG { ( 1
- G fR { , z dG e { , z idG
Ib { , z MG - fdG je { , z MG
z G
M b dG { , z SG bC H G dG { ( 2
W e { , z b YCG Y `s f M { ,z j
IOQh { , z J M Y L cK AS { ,zd
. z MG - Ye
W j IQ SG CG G eh
KSG { G g c , k fMCG IMGh IQSG
.zfdG je { , z dG e { ,z idG
c , Qf cG H e dG jf M
dG e d . IQdG OhQh f VfG , TCG
J M jCG Y IOQGdG QdG e c Gk OY CG
IQSG UH cCSh . g bG dG EG
: hCG Ic c dG Y aVEG
- dG AYh / dG UUQ / jG W
OY = dG e Gk OY / ZCG eb / MG
d Iaf = dG e Iaf / dG j / dG
/ dG ZQ / S c = S e c /
bdG e k Sa / dG LQO / jG ZCG
- FbdG ShOa / SHdG IAY / bj Sa =
M / FGG T / jCG W / MG
M / f Y A S / eO aG L / h dG
/jjCG
, c U jYh S J Ib
e fQH Sh f IOUG GQSG
g f g eCG qGdG d . iNCG Uf
dY f gh . Qd dG OdG EG GQSG
dG @@ fCG Y EG AT bj , Gk L
Gh cGd S
J Jso`b H JQG . G Ib
... Qm U
. J M Y L cK AeS
dG H Ua U . hH Ye IOQh
Gh
jUdG GdCG H WCG dh
jGGh
(10) ". f ... K
INCGh hCG gh , cG Jg H
, QGa , e , ae f j , IdG
e dG T WJ We , FdG je
cG Jh . dG eh iNCG dG eh f
. MG QdG e f c M EG fH
, q`N , uòe dc a H e dG eCG
JLQO J bQR Y AdG EG d , GLQ
H e - dG . dG cOh WT IN H
IQdG Jh dG
o `n Un a j - cG
G r `n c M EG S d H IRQ H LQO EG
j , bGdG T H , k T CG Z .NGh
cG J , dG QdG b Y : d a
fCGh aVEG IQSG T ed k KGMEG QdG
IQdG FN J G GHh . GOLG
L j J I e INCGh hCG cG
. H e , k ae , k fl , eGG dG
hCG cG GQ SG , khCG , Ud
: INCGh
. aVEG IQSG : k hCG
dGh fCG IQSG : k fK
: aVEG IQSG : k hCG
jUh { , z dG FGQ { , z NdG Lf { ( 1
T { , z OJ { ,z S Iah { , z VQCG
. z hdG
#**# A``T
GQdH (? oe H ) e d f eCG
ZdG dG CG Qf c . jQSEG dGh
IOGh ATCG fDj dG dG Gg g IQSd
IH j a e c jh dGh GOGh
H dG Y IQ dGh IQO Gh cGh dGh
eCG fEG . a NBG AT c e YdGh NGdGh
, H dG a dG jQ J hCG I d g Y
fEG . UCG fEG se L g - fEG
fEG macrocosm `dG kGe microcosm `dG
UCG dG . cCG fEG Gk e UCG
fG eCG fCG CG . cCG dG kG e
, fEG.dH fEG bY ge QJ
. hCG Idh , dG ce , g
jQ SG GQ dG T EG f Mh
(e , dG ) iNCG IQdG CG L dG
TEG M e f
q eCG fCG j , a IOQGdG
dG g CG Z . jdG IQdH IG g
VZ e d ShCG SGQd EG J
ke k H j a .a NdG dG Gg
. k e
T e c Q b IQ SG Rh J ),))
I b { OQh dG P dG jhQO O fi
: KG jhGR e zhH
e a adG e c e H dG LQO -1
bdG qJ HUh (fEG / W ) IOG M
K , adG H HJ dG
IQSG a qJ dG jdG dG J - 2
KCdG Wh dG dG AdG Meh
J bh . k jd dG H J Y SQ dG
VCG , fdG jhGdG g e , aVEG IQSG
VCGh IQSG a `q`J dG jdG dG
, H M EG , a . k jd dG H Y Gk KCJ
hCG e Y ) j d fq jQ a bEG Y
dG jdG Hh ; Te dEG (r ds GO
$&
UH O J CG J dGh S a Uh
. FG dG Y S BG FMEG
jdG / MG - Nc H m e e "
`s j eO / NdG edG / dG Y fb
Gk OLCG d / `s Teh QT bj / GQG
f c / dG S / fOLCG Y dG gfi
c
s s Y t dG e / ZCG e H dG
- L VQCG YOCG / @ dG j / Hh
jh / MhQ J
q / jG WCG / MG
fY j dG Gg EG / IdG EG IGdG
QO eCG / edG a G j / fYh fGPBG
e hdG / Gk U j SGLCG iU / BdG
/ eh VG e d fCG / MG - dH
dG dG / MU J @ dG ZQ
/ dG ShDc gjT c / b Y tS
- cdG dHh H s`G QdG e k fe iQCG
/ MG - MdG dG OS JC j / MG
jaG H f / dG unM e cDjh ioj AGdGh
- eO Y e dG / j Z GPEG ... dG /
jG dG e / ``s X J G / MG
fOuj , j HdG / GG fOLCG JQG /
j ObG / MG - jh j ...
e / MG - OdGh YG j c fEG
/ d J L / MG - QY jQ
J Z / MG - QhO H MHe dGZ
GeCG s`j QdG / dG Sj / jXdG
cGc `s` Y / dG cdG /noj dG o`dG /
/ dG hu fh M dG u`bS / QG SCG Y
a Tf
t / eO EG SG dG VQCG bS
e VQCG L bG jdG / JGUCG fL
a g NG dG jdG Y rsNh / YVCG
/ Gk H idG Ja / a e Ue q`M /
/ SCG e Gk L idG Ja
OQh e EG jQSG jdG g f M
fCG YH Qf ,e fdGh hCG cG
#**# A``T
$%
dG G f
IHEG dG j
". nn`dG J mj
GH , adGh , gdG dG IQU J
EG gdCG eh ,G EG G e : ATCG
j MQL IGOCH dG GbG d . edG dG
CG Z . QL g dG , dP e . dCG QWEG
HG jdG Gg GQSG HCG d g
k jCG K .
G H j k jCG dGh . z dG {
j k jO e k L sn`n` oj CG jh .A TCG
Y YdG
o S G ndG nn n`c { :dG
J c oQ fG G dG c { hCG z FG
{ IGOCG EG f dG j CG d . z IYGdG
S Nj eCG fa , iNCG ATCG z J
dG : dP e cCGh . d dCG GSG
a ;d
k Hb Gk U k jOY k T j g
QWEG td
k Hb , z k e { d dG c
jdG d dG EG H . IOfi e bY
e IhQP e c dCG ? Gh jdG ! Gh
, dG ueJ dG GUCGh , dGh , dG
a , j dP d . H ? dG J hCG
dC G c J dG U j CG d G
f j CG Y . Y Q G J b Yh
dGh , G IcGdG dG u j CG ,ATCG
, k L Ka KuQJh adG J dG QdG
dG
j Gg . eBG. jHBG HCG EG , Ggh
q
j dG g dG j . G QdG f
bY OjEG dhM GPEG ? c . Gh jdG
( u ef hCG) f fEa , z G { J e
I b YG HEG - jQ dG dG hQ
b . k jCG Gg jhQO Ofi f h ,KGG
JU S u jdG EG : f CG d j
bJh . e JU S u ` Gh , `q e
j g e . dG d z r `n c { g Gh jdG
J a , a VEG IQ S cdGh
, UGdG Qfi Y Y f IjY e
. d aCG G dG Qfi Y CG
KSG { hCG z NdG Lf ... hH { EG
( syntactically ) k cGJh k dO J z idG
; NdG / Lf { : bEG Y hM O
FG d j bh . z idG / KSG
H , Y T YC G KC G a VEG IQ S
{ z S { QNG a . KGG Ib , fW
Y YjEG dG hT j CG j z S
f U d k Hb j d V M e
hCG ) cGdG hCG YjEG dG uj h , G
z k He { k jd k jJ j hCG , d ( dG
Y bq e kGO b YdG Y V j Gk `q e
ba dG Y Aj fCG c . dG
. @@ d QdG - fG dG
QJ aVEG IQSG CG adG b e dh
d cCG LQO EG J dG UdG
q Jh , eQU HGV a J QJ - fG
fCG e ,f eQdG dG GP UdG
, WEG ie Y , dG c ZW
. KGG T
IQSG a J dG iNCG dG eCG
feEd Gk Jh Gk J t TCG , Y H , a
fCG c . UGdG QG jd Yd MG
J bh , dG H V MQCG Aa J
G hCG cd edG uG J CG qM k fMCG
IOhfi W e hCG c M EG
s e T f
. dG
Q SG dG , dG g P Hh
: z Z { jhQO Ofi Ib dG
QL b "
r Uh
r Gh jdG j
#**# A``T
? GPe J . J J d dG RJ K
RJ K{ . jL e GC HCS . dG CNCG d H
. YCG ? AT CG . z dG e J ...
RJ K { : fK hMCG . jL e CNCG d
... Gk Y ... k KK . JT ... IT AdG
QdG G dG V Y Q TCG e
CG Gk NCG SG d . k M . z Ad HBG Z jOGh
g ? e
n fCG eCG n QJ
s g d . eCG QJC
s G
l e . Qn GC fCG ? dG J IHEG JM
n jCGQ
njCGQ gh ? I HGE j Gk f njCGQ g . fGC
g Gk f jCGQ gh ? IHEG j ndG (?nS)
Gk f j dG
n jCGQ gh ? dG J IHEG
?dG J mj j IHEG
oS fCG scDG a . iQCG q GC eBGh . nQGC fCG
IQSG eU . edG t SCG d . Y
b eh . ( Iq dH fCG b fCG e ) bCG
?eBG b e HU t TCG fCG hCG , M e b EG
: k j OQCG qeGE h . Tg cCGh tnQC fEG H
nHGJCGh d GdCSa "
nC H
o dG n a c
, idG n M ( b )h n r `s `n Z n j
z eO oGnnL GdG {
mn`Jhn rpe oerOGC rn`n`nà
p `n `n f pe o VCG dh
if oj k b EG
S odG sod
p H idG neO LRe
o `s jn icdG o `n Yn
a z dG { bCG c / p n dGh pbdG Lh
. JBGeh bdG N
" p H idG neO k LRe
CG k ejEG q TCGh k bh LCG c EG BG AJCG)
$$
g o`t bJ g dG dG EG { : f CG z k e {
Gg CG Z .
k a , e . z Gh jd r n`c
G bdG uej OQdG G dG
. IOQH gP Y EG djh
q IQdG
k a dG EG d dG j Mh
SCG c) JdG ae : IdG OGOJ ,NBG
da .kYJG ( z qjdG { Y dG jM H
f eEG M a Jh , d SG cG jG
, gh . HdG IQSG `q aJ dG dG
. G H Y KCJ Yh Gk J cCG : k jCG
dG eGC , a H k e j c z j {
J h . de j fEa z j { jG
Ic M h ; b M EG dH G
J , bCG Y hCG , dG H d MGd J
e dPh .
k e UdG jW Y H MGd GQOCH
: da. dG
k a j
z dG J mj IHEG dG j {
Gg eBG S d !! IHEG dG j dG
, IHEG , Gk Y , n dG Sn n `n dn b gh dG
dGh dG GY e JQGh LdG b jT
CG ? IHEG EG dG dG j
q c . AGdGh
J CG , e Z hCG e , bY
gL Ggh .AT : fCG HLEG ? dG Gg
dj b Z . g IQG jQSG dG
I k eU fQJ GPEG , jW N dG : eCG
H e dEG ff hCG ; IHEc
k Mf j jW
Qa d . e c . IHEc hj CG
. AGg .ke
M Gk tcC J cCG S eBG QfG CG Z
PEG dG . !!mj IHEG : G H j cf
j , jh j e j !! qQJ . j BG H
cCG H dG dG Gg CG J OJ dG
, Y J , , dG , b ed EG
k b FdG e Y Jh , efCG H ù J
dG G f
#**# A``T
$!
J i NGC GQ SG f dG G g
dG jG L Y Ya bCG fCG e , UdG
J LN
o r pH { . I dG g jG H JO M
G j U { , z de M { ,zdG
{ ,z JdG hCG eQ a M j gPG { , z G
LN Hh{ Gk NCGh ,zj e { , zHS FM
EG f J dG z L GQL a QdG J
dP ? GQL d c e e . aVEG IQSG
CG a YCG . aYCG CG j eh , aYCG e
ZQ , h jL e LJ IQSG eU
dG QdG e Nh , G fYh G FGQ
b JcP dG jQCGh IdG ,dG J
, H BG a VEG IQ SG EG d d . b
e rNCGh , J d . BG bd , aCG
GNG SM OJh . gNCe edG
p d . J CG dG jQd VaGh fGh
fCSCG K ,IdGh G
agQ a SCG eR
q
. fCGh pfCG d N dP . HdGh eCdGh dG
,#,
YCGh , Gk RhHh k fW cCG dG J ,)#
j
q : dG j c fCG G HG d , dO
EG , a dGh c H gu G , I H H dG
SfGh YafG e Aa h j .O L
jj H a , hdG Th G j H
a f dG ,IeG ATCG e S Ljh
ZdG fdG dG eCG . IM e eCf h hQ h
e k eGcCG : FTCG W fc a d dGdGh
OJ QOGf k eGcCG ,FdGh dG QMCGh QQdG
ddG dGh . IG e Y J jOdG dG
Jh SJ
s dG jdG g dGdGh ZdG
bQN jJ , G jJ : ATCG g a
HCG hCG - g - g , zp H idG eO k LRe { VCG

.kn`nY dGh dG H J M g
.f e f GP ? fG dL dhCn G
? dG e g dhCn G ? f e f , Gk Y
Gb dGh A dG Y GP eh ? O`q dGh ? L dGh
cCG Q eCG VhCG G JCG ? . dEGh ? Gh
J) ugdG QdG Acd k T JCG h j
CG LCG QVEG iJCG (!!N j ,AcdG CG QdG
(? jdG CG dGh , QTEG
?c dP bY e ? o dG ? IBGe ? bdG ? dCG
BG ? BG fCG jCGh oc jCG ? iq`dCG ? HGJCG ? d
. IdG H , edG Y KqMCG oc , k M ....
dG Gg bCG H g fc a , PEG rondn
I b - k f MGC - s dGC eh ) GQG H MGC h
( !!!GdG
{ : AdG EG Oof PEG f g ? edG
UCS fCG c dP dGh .z IQSG eU
J j IHEG j Gk f jCGQ GPEG AZEGh QGhdH
GC bCG M AZEGh QGhdH UCG d , dG
: jhQO Ofi IQU
z dG J j IHEG dG j dG {
q S LG gdG Y c e C H
eU . IQSG eU nd fEG . z jQCGh Ig {
IdG fC H . GQP e L IhQP udG GHEG
fG G If IqH gJ dG
? de ? QH hQ GC J CG . G
g b Y eh : dG
q G GD dG eGC
gh ? V Xh eh ? dG
H IQdG
q
Y HLEG Ea ...dEG ... h ? jY IMh g
. dG SGQdG e dG Gg Xh e d
g eA e cG S EG H LE G LD Sh
b : JCS gZ , Hq Q , hCG SGQdG
. dG e Ob
#**# A``T
rf QbCc .... AGVCG bJh

dG YS rgh GG qLj
... rdG jQZ J Cc
T k SCG e mV bJh
AG ba jdG n s S dc
jG TJQGh a AdG AO
AdGh , dGh , OGh , Gh
AdG YQ MhQ Ae a
AdG fJ q Mh Ifh
! dG e N GPEG dG Ic
dG J dG SGbCG Cc
... rG hJ Ia Ibh
, hdG FGY WCG cch
dG Y adG U ZZOh
... G IOfCG
... e
... e
...e
GJ e dGh , AG AJ
(12) " . dG YeO e t J e t J
e dM dG QdG jdG Gg j
u
fEG H , dGh fEG H e dG RG dG
Mq dGh TGdGh NGdG e J dM ; dGh
fEG bY h H HJ dG , MdG
HdG RGdG e dM k jCG j
u c . dH
H K , k hCG FTCGh fEG H MdG TGdG e
/f HZ Y . k fK , G dG fe
q
/ AGVCG bJh hdG QJ Y J Mh
/ A dG f J MhQ J dG I dG
,Aj AG /hdG FGY hcj WCGh
Oj dGh fEG . YeO QJ dGh
. dG Y QZ J c , bhY f
e dM , k jCG , ATCGh fEG CG Z
aT G jdG Y . q dG ZdG
$'
H J hCG dG GJ e IQd gdG H hGJ

H , EG j fC gdG Hh , qdG IG
.G Y , j
T CG MbG , HS SGQO , c dh
.ehdG HG T g jUe e f d G HG
QO dG JO e hCG .r p `r fD jo dGh `n jo hCG
JjJ hCG . dCG edG JOe dGh gdG
MGSH dG J JjJ dGh G J
e JGAfG J J eh GY e dCJ e EG
. N
ie Y j dG VQdG Gg CG Z
. dGJ bJ ie Y j f d eGJ
HS Pd k f J d G HG `n `n `r `n T EG
. HCG T g : OLdG AT c fDj Y
jQJ MGe Ff jCG d VQdG Gg
cQOCG c D dG EG . KGG T H , M
ga
s c , IjG jGhdG h , HdG HdG
HG LdG g , (11) UN edZ Sd
EGh . d G HG d UG HOCG fEG
HdG HdG ej Gf dG ATCG W
H G k jCG d , U N dG h , I U G
, c T K dP He h . G HG d
fT . nn r`fC H GJ e , IjY Hch
. fhOCGh qdG cT QH PdG RHCG H
HdG dG ddG g EG k e d ),)#
dG a J Ak e q dG j dG IH
IG
u HY HfG fEGh ATCGh
: bQh dMh Gk tMJ gQU cG iMEG
G IOfCG
dG YS f HZ Y "
dG Y iCj GQ aT hCG
hdG QJ J M Y
#**# A``T
$(
H HdG hCG JdG MdG k jCG j c

`X Oj è h è : dG g e FK c GC e
dG bGe HJ Gk NCG j K Aj `V
e d G YjG JMdG e c Y
YjEG GMdG L Yh , L e LhOG
: iNCG L e ,c d G
dG G f
z AdGh dGh OGh Gh {
Y Qj qdG f
q EG dG q`G SH
FTCGh fEG H bd - d Y QJ
g QdG Gg cG CGh , Jfeh dGh
TG dG Qe g d fEG jDhQ ; fEG
GP ATCGh . dG fCG Qe gh , H
adG ) OLhdG QJ LQO EG FL OLh
IQ e , F L EG , gh ( a GGh
h J h J fEG OLdG k c Gk U
ZdG J GAf u h H k UN Gk RhH J
OLdG Gg J dG TGdGh HfGh dGh
e tj dG H , fEG ce j dG dG
cG EG jh jh dG H fEG
. fEG
, MdG a EG j CG AG SH , iNCG H
( f BG Gq djh) e j , TGdG jDhQh
, A TCGh dG fEG Hp S MEG
ATCG fCG . fEG dGh ATCG fGh
fEG ATCG HhP e J jM Y g
hCG , dGh fEG H k efG J h ,
k UCG
. fEGh FTCG
#,)#
fhOCG
Y ZdG J dGh dG Y iCj GQ

aT / dG YS Y ) FTCGh fEG
Lj dG oj dG GGh / ( dG Y iCj
H dG ZdG , Jh , e ef gq h
j GG a CG LQO EG dGh fEG
a Uj dG ( dG YS ) f dG
IOY QGdG Gg e CG ZQ ) dG S
H C j qdG f Ea AGdG j
k gh d GG q Qh . ( gCG dH dG
s dj MGh . AG QGZCG dG f e TGj
j k eh .MGdG cM Y j NBGh . NBG
e gdG ) Gk MGh k eR jh edG bJ
.( GMj g d jEG d dG YSh dG
j ZJ Ea Jfeh dG A TCG eCG
AGh / f QbCc ... AGVCG bJ k bWEG
AO AGh dG h / dG a jdG qj
J dG SGbCGh / jG TJQGh AdG
. adG U G IOfCG ZJ K , dG
Y e b H J IQU J M Mh
Gg g ggL Ea , dGh fEG H ZdG
dG SMEG d ; dG j dG ; ZdG
fJ dG MdG IdG g g G Gg qdj
fEG H fGh dGh Q dG , A dG
. dGh
e ce be JhQP MdG TGdG jh
jV GQY h , k e e MdG , G
; dH fEd G qMdG cDJ d HdG
: ch jHCGh MdG Gg eR
AdGh , dGh , OGh , Gh
dG RGdG , dG RGdG e dG g
,e
q d IMGh d QNG HCG j
q
jdH AdGh ,iNCGh c c H Ua Vhh
, AH AfGh H AdG , jGdH dGh
#**# A``T
Y Y IQ dG j Sh G dG ah
. FL d k T MCG k ZQ gNh AdG
hdG O J J J BG fhOCG IQSG
AdG H Jh gQEGh YdG Ge c Jh
. HCJ . Y Ae f V H J c
, AhdG , d GcCG j YT Gg
QdG g , d d hCG AYOEG hCG U hOh
CG J dG , HdG GhdG c gdG
IQdG{ : SC Sh . F e J
: (Cosmological ) z fdG
j QdG "
AadG Adh
dG eCG
Gk RYo J CG VQ a
" . cdG FH - d
QT "
" . JGU Y j g
f OedG "
JG cCG dG
. e k jCG qcj
J fEG AdG J
, SdG H h
. gGQCG d - J d
OQdG e H
G Hj Gfc
" . AG MCG fjh
k SCj "
f AGdG Oj
Jb q C Y q CG
$"
edG j "
. JG Y e RY Y
QCG IT
. dG Y t
AedG J LL
. Jh J LLh
QdG J
s g
? AGdG Ohj g
Z NdG
. ShDhdG T d
AdG e hM
VQCG ATCG Y J
AGdG `n HG aCG UhCG
. dG j CG
QdG J jCG
. dG b d
TGa
. dG `s So J a
NCG OedG
(13) " . dG NCjh j
fc dGB fhOCG Y IQ SG J G g
, HQCG UdG , a eh AdG , c dG J
, dG dG dBG , bQG dG i dG
AdG QJh
u , Lj ICGe TGc VQCG uJ
,
k a dG IS dG J . Gk f gQU Y
hCG jJ hCG jFY OhM J h .
k a dNh
QJ . G JbWh dG H C G jQSCG
dG e hb b e G Gh dG
J fc hb ,YLGh S dGh jdG
, S dGh , bNC G G Oh M V dG
jdGh bNCG G OhM V H , jdGh
hJ JGP dG L hb . YLGh SdGh
G jH VfG Y ILY AT Gk RY
dG G f
#**# A``T
!*
Xh d J PEG SCGdG fL Y PCG Jh

dG q G dG N CG j d c . e g
, AOg , JQ m f , Lh EG cM Jh
dG J . PCG J h dG
t aN
e ae aJ d , GJ e dG IG jEG a
Yj h dG j gH , OY , dCe g
dG SCG M . d Gk Fe Gk cCJ hCG H k UN k gfG
dC Gh e dG Rh J , AGQh H f J
J , fEGh d H Jh , dGh
Gk Re , k fMCG k jJ , k e
k eq C Jh , k aN k g
c d , iNCG k f MGC j dGh e H d
e dG EG qL G g d H dCG G
QdG jM H HG dH e QSH
q EG YafGh hdG JJh OLdG b bh
. G
j . e cCGh Zh H , j Gg c
HdG jGH jdG J . dG qjh dG
CG Z . fEG INBG fT he d NCG
.
q j . j Gk MGh k T
IQSG , IQdG e q OCH , H . IQSG eU
. eOdG IQSG hCG edG
, adCG , FOdG , QM H Hc eCd
c hO eCG , fH IG , bdG aN
: afG hCG gh hCG Lq C J
(15) z KdG {
bCG "
HK j dG dG G
SQM hCG H e
eGYCG aj
Gk Y KdG M j
Sd j
b hCG k e j
jY eHG Oj
dG e b
". VQCG Lh YJ
: AGdG L Y SQ ATCG "
d WCG fG
aCG jh VQCG c jj
j dG CG d
". d IcGP hH QN
dG Sj c j Gj "
Y Oq j Gk jS
..
jdG GbCG j GC k FGO hM
" . JGN cj d
QdG SGLCG SCG "
jM J
. jdG Y e
MdG C aG - jdG
(14) " . G G Gk HCG G
,&,
, dG e dG Q jh , VQ dG C J
J iNCG Le JC J . dG dG jh
eR T e OdGh IjG aM Y YafG
. edG J Jh JJ , SJ
q , J .e
fl ,HdG d H fl JJ hJh
OdG q dGh dG HdG Lg j . H
e jdG , d QhGh OdG M G
J . `q`fD G dGh ZdG e j . dG
Id , dG t . uX jeh dG fG FZ
d , FG . dGh PCG c e , hCG
. dG ce j , k fMCG jh FdG dZ
#**# A``T
: ddG IQSG J dc . " dG

j dG LdG aXCG "
KdG Y Y
jG HJ
gdG HCGh
KdG h
fe e L j
" . iNCG dJh hM J h
H . dG J KdG . g c dG j
H LdG a XGC fGE . J g
HCG eHh G c Y dG jG
, H dG Y e c N dG g dG
: b g : k e . IOG H g Jh
g g aXCa . bCG H . kC N ?H
e ? dG hJ . S d aXCG dh , dG
J CG H gdG HCGh jG HJ CG LCG
Y S H Fg S GT , k f g g
... OGH Aj dG dCGh GG HH
a Jh . qMCG Gk JJ k e , dG jh
:JJ IM jJ , edG - IQSG
Gk PEG "
k e KdG GTCG f
MG KG Gh
U bO e
dG Hb f
AG b K dG
IQG fh
" . k e
AG b . C J GTCG ? hJ
f K . H b f dG g . k N a
e MG J fEG ? Gh . IQG
!)
" jaGdG a k `q ch
bj jEG hO , AH cG HdG g
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Towards a Sociology of the Novel, trans. into English by Allan Sheridan, Tavistock Publications (London, 1975) chs. 3, 5.
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( Boulder - Colorado) and Mansell (London, 1988).
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La fleur de safran marine ())
Pome crit par: Qassim Haddad
Traduit par : Samira Ben Ammou
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Nous avons fraternis avec la fleur de safran marine
lorsquelle abandonnait les replis de la montagne
Brodait limagination de la fort
Et donnait l'tranger la rose de la nuit.
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Nous avons fraternis avec les flots

Avec leur azur rougetre
Et leur mur dlire.
Nous les lavions avec nos amertumes anciennes.
Jaillissait alors dans nos flancs
La nostalgie de la solitude.
fdG bQH AG NBG

VdG fjgh
dG JGQG f
MdG M aYCG q a
JG JaCG f
Tels des loups solitaires,
dG IhGVh ZCGh dG
Nous enfouissions nos coeurs tremblants
IMe FP e
Sous les chemises, sous les couvertures, et sous lacharnement de la neige.
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.z dG LdaQe {:fGY ,M dG Y .O e GTH Le ch ,z FGdG gQEG LdjjEG hCG..e n GC { :GH dDe c
.jdG eH GdGh G d jdG ce Y e / jQS /1995 HGY SG d MdG [
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Nous les dissimulions dans les puits de la mmoire

Afin que leurs sanglots touffs ne nous trahissent pas.
Nous avons fait appel aux plus dlicats des organes
Pour toublier
Pour oublier ton oubli.
T - YGHG Uf
La braise du coeur nous interpella alors dans un sanglot.

Le mme air diaphane
La mme fort
Le mme arbre
Effleurrent nos sens.
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agQ AYCG cCH L
d
ff d
dG IL H a
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JGP HdG
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Tel est donc

Lespace dans lequel tu faisais foule.
Telle est la vgtation abandonne par ses plus belles cratures
Aprs ton dpart.
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H MORG dG AdG
JFc LCG e T dG IG
MQ H
Nous sommes venus fraterniser avec une fort en deuil de ta disparition,
Pour toublier,
L
Pour oublier ton oubli.
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Pareils celui qui libre le vent dans la braise du texte
d
Les coeurs nous interpellrent alors dans un sanglot.
ff d
Nous sommes venus.
Ce fut un dpart du paradis des hauteurs vers les rivages habits
IaCG H a
Par les lamentations des coquillages et la frnsie des vagues.
dG IL jdG j c
Dpart des campagnes de pays regorgeant de couronnes de palmiers
L
Et d eaux anciennes
dgCG MGdG f YCG L e
k MQ
Vers les les pares de tranes de mtores
Charges damertumes.
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Nous sommes venus nous rfugier
En qute du remde ton oubli.
Dpart avec faste de douleurs et cortges de larmes
Dans les pas effrns
Aspirant l'quit de la pluie
En train de laver les hommes
Avec des femmes tissant larc cruel
Enveloppes dans la noirceur de la joie .
Parmi elles les porteuses doffrandes
Parmi elles celles dont le front est enserr de palmes tendres
Parmi elles celles nourries aux seins de labondance
Celles qui enduisent d'pices des corps menants des mouettes
Pares de plumes mouilles, semblables au vent vaniteux
dG LH G OdG OGS e
dG Gh
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GQGG fG
G Cf L
fd k LY
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n
lorsque agiles nous faisions le tour des tables marines
dG OGH
Et rcoltions le miel des bougies avec lequel nous honorions ton absence
envahissante.
HGdG eM sa
Notre dpart matinal nous accorderait peut tre le bienfait de ton oubli
RdG dH HG s a
Dans les coupes bues jusqua la lie,
dG AGKCH dG s a
Par les lvres tremblantes sous la pluie quitable
SQGdG
J Gk OLCG HGdH sgj FdG
Qui retrouve pour nous l'loquence des sens
n
Dcrivant les palanquins vacillant sous les dparts.
jdc Ik Qhe , qG jdH k je
Des coupes que nous buvions dun trait jusqu ce que transparaissent les
dG FGe H TdG fQhe
images de nos femmes
edG HZ H q fh dG Y f
A travers le verre ivre poli par le diamant des coeurs .
A travers aussi les couronnes d'cume
Veillant sur nos barques prenant la mer
semblables du lait qui se perd dans la jatte
Et donne lenfant les sceaux du plaisir
Quil prendrait pour lange ....avant de sendormir.
Dpart qui met l'preuve les soupirs de nos mes,
Qui nous dpouille dune nostalgie effrne .
Dpart cruel.
Pour lui nous avons retirs nos plus belles tuniques.
Nos membres taient effarouchs dans la solitude du chemin
Dans un sel qui blesse et ravive les blessures
Pntrant nos secrets intimes.
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Dpart qui nous emporte

HdG MGhQCG aR j lMQ
Abandonnant la chaleur de nos huttes dans la nuit des palmes
eL M e jqj
Nous dirigeant vers les sentiers de pierre
l Oa l MQ
Les flancs alourdis de pretexte de gibier.
Dpart semblable une fuite tragique loin des piges de la poussire.
fb LCG d N
Nous effleurions de nos cils l'humidit du sable
jdG IMh Me fAYCG d
Et empreignons les baisers dans un air qui se condense sur le verre
GG LDj QL e
de nos jours.
fQGSCG e qG
k Ze
La fume que dgageaient nos foies se rpandait
Mle aux contractions des muscles.
Nous arrivions tels les malades du paradis au seuil de lenfer.
H gj MQ
Nos mes excites sous leffet de la distance tremblaient.
Nos femmes dchiraient leurs guenilles pour que nous ne partions pas. dG gZ NGcCG AO cQJ
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Nous les tirions, force de dparts, par leurs colliers ports autour du cou.
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Nous repoussions par elles la nuit des anctres,
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Par des livres qui ouvrent le chemin devant nos spectres.
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Nous dessinions pour nos petits enfants lavenir du sommeil

Au moyen du lait se tarissant dans les seins de nos femmes.
Et nous bercions nos nouveaux ns par les soupirs des coeurs
Afin que leur soit pargn le remords de notre dpart matinal.
La langue bruissant dans nos glossaires
Est prires rompues par leau du dsir
Que nous rcitons
Un pied dans le sommeil
Et un pied dans une somnolence que nous croyons tre lveil.
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dG H k fl dj OcCG NO
G Qe Y s`G Ve e jaGh
aG H IQG e q J
gf d s dSCG n b fDhf
T - YGHG Uf
Telles sont nos racines s'levant vers les hauteurs

Dans un cortge de nuages qui ignorent la succession des saisons
Telle est notre carte gographique spolie
Offerte tous les vents.
A peine nos corps sassoupissent dans le dsir de la nuit
Nous voici la merci de hynes qui suivent nos pas
Flairent lodeur du sang
Y marchent comme sur une corde
Et prennent dassaut la chambre du coeur
Violant ainsi la virginit de nos rves.
Il nest point parmi nous qui oublie son oubli
Et nous ne faisons point partie du butin.
Nous poursuivons notre dpart
Et nous nommons nos rves talisman de voyage.
()) Pome extrait du recueil intitul :
ilaajou al massaafah
( Remde la distance) . Edition : Tibrou al zamaan. Tunis. Avril 2000.
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Andr Velter
`T
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Jai pour te btir un tombeau

des mots du soleil et des rves,
rien qui appartienne au poids du monde,
rien qui timpose une mort enchane,
rien qui ralentisse ta course plus haut
que tous les sommets.
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r GhQdG a KGdG G k bKh hCG
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T - YGHG Uf
Tu vois je tinvente
un tombeau sans dorure,
sans marbre ni couronne, je tlve
moins quune stle perdue dans le dsert,
je toffre un souffle de sable et de vent,
tombeau doiseau migrateur,
tombeau de papillon bleu,
tombeau de cerf-volant.
Au plein-chant de lunivers
tu es le rire de la pure lumire,
la joie sans ombre qui donne
et donne encore prsence limpossible,
comme ce poisson que tu lguais au ciel
ou ces fleurs qui acceptaient pour toi seule
dclore sous la lune.
Alors depuis les tnbres ou je suis,
moi le quasi-mcrant je te crie
que sil est une autre Jrusalem,
tu es ma femme cleste.
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YdG c bh ,z HdG dG { GH dG
M d dG z hO e f T {
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())
Andr valter : Le septime sommet: pomes

pour Chantal Mauduit
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( zThe Other Question{ Bhabha, 66 )
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(182).z S Jb ebh
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#**# A``T
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(" Bahbha Signs Taken for Wonders " 160)
J ,LdhjCG dG Gg e ZdG Y
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j Ofi Yh G Uh b jCG gc .
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1- Al - Shaykh, Hanan. Women of Sand and Myrrh. New York. Anchor Books, 1989.
2- Ahmed, Layla. Women and Gender in Islam. New Haven. NJ: Yale University Press, 1992.
3- Bhabha, Homi K. The Other Question: Stereotype, Discrimination and the Discourse of Colonialism.
The Location of Culture. London: Routledge, 1994, PP.66-84.
4- Signs Taken for Wonders: Questions of Ambivalence and Authority under a Tree outside Delhi, May
1817. Critical Inquiry 12 (1985): 144-165.
5- Cixous, H. and C. Clement. The Untenable. In The Newly Born Woman. Minneapolis, MA: University
`FGhdG `G `f
of Minnesota Press, 1986, pp. 147-160.

6- Hardy, Barbara. Problems for Feminist Criticism. In Problems for Feminist Criticism. Sally Minogue,
ed. London: Routledge, 1990.
7- Said, Edward. Orientalism. New York: Peregrine Books, 1985
8- Spivak, Gayatri. Can the Subaltern Speak? In Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Cary Nelson
and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. London: Macmillan, 1988. Pp. 271-313.
9- Three Womens Texts and a Critique of Imperialism. In The Feminist Reader: Essays in Gender and
the Politics of Literary Criticism. Catherine Belsey and Jane Moore, eds. London: Macmillan, 1989.
#**# A``T
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j jZdG cdG EG eCG eh ,jYdG
, O Lh Gh L j dG dhCG , i dG d d dG
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GRCG eh , j Gah SCj H jCGQ Gdh , QOQdG
dG ADg , UG jdG dG CG , iQCG
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fCG
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, fCG h , LQ Z EG Jg , fdG cfO QOZ
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ce NCG , dG H j e d k a , V
d , cG Y bJ b L AYCG CG U , Gk HCG
dRe , M c JY c IObh e GJ e WGN
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.. G J EG dG
, OJ Y dP , BG IH jcP
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HC G H H , dG g hHC a , f
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,
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Y h ,ac dG L e G bQCa
, gOLCH gGQCa , c bRCG ALQCG EG
AV H UC H eCG k e LGC h
hCG jdG j e YS d ,
k b ZCa ,dG
. NBG d IdG YCGh fCa , JU
a dG j dG dG g e
M ejh , JH EG IQOG HCa , YJH
s Y k eGd LCG , H G GQG hDa , QGO
Y c c EGh , U M Y acCG CG
H dEG NCa , H VCGh YPEG e fCG
, bGh k L a , hCG j dG U
dGh , eeCG UGe k aU k jS jh
N SQCa .. fY SdGh , gLh Y
j K , Th fH a , MdG
EG G ZH SSCGh , k YN YCG
G LCGh ,JaCG a , Hb EGh f
Z M GC jh , aCa N fCG CG J
WJ b YJCG eO Jh , TdH dG
fK bC a , M a EG J gh S
He Mda , IdG dHCG CG J G
d k H dG A j F Yh .. M c
fC a , j dGh e CG dG S dG
:hjh
r Yn r n dH ò J
r ` p` ``Z è r p fG
p
rn` nj nèCG ` ` eGh
r nWp VQCG n H p W
r `n T o p r `n J n fCG
r g { eR EG OYCG , Xjh dG jh
, eeCG SCG K , fCGh gOOQCG z a j H
Yh Y a , Hj j e cHh
GUCG H , N GdH JQCG h , Qj
K , fh f .. A dG RG LCG J gO fEG
b a , AGQdG EG L e H dCGh b JCG
eCa , dG G Y dG jh , OfEG
b - YGHG Uf
#**# A``T
)*#
H dEG j a SCG Y Jh ,gH

.. k jS jh H H dhj , YJCG
V AZ M dH J a , ddG Jh
, f H cGh dG Y G c j dG dhCG
: OOj gMCG U jh .. VQCG EG Gda
NCjh z.. roà nWCG hCG , roL nYLCG r GE h {
MCG EG OhT e fCGh .. Gk H SCa ,AdG
Sj , jQSCG MfG bh , e j YJCG
gCGh , G IYdG T Y FG j CG
s GE
c .. jHCG Y gO fCGh , k aGe SCGQ
b M , TCGh ZQCG e c Y UMh , jQCG e
f Y f CG Y g FdG , H aCG CG
EG hD j fCGh X j ah , j
dG Q U e dG F dG g .. f
FL Re c Vh , aBG SG Qa , JT
d HWh fG fCGh , IFe TCG Y ej W
N k MS , SCG fCGh ,QhS IZ h .. dP
, AGQdG EG jSCGh
k b bJCG , XG ce
LG gLhh , NdG fH YJCG iQCa
, HUCGh HMCG S e N iQCGh , f
U Hh , dH SCH H ,Ic k JQCG
Y Mj hLY hNBGh , IGY f Ve
j c ,RY Y gOLCG hLj hCG VQCG
gOGYCG ba bh , cG EG IjL JQCG J
C a , Y JGC OG YGC G eh G e
dGC , b fC dG f J e Yh , Qh S
- k FGO fCGh .. Ob AY jW dG k fCe
Gk S Z b c JM CG -bQDj Gg UCG bh
dG J , bdG Yh hQdG
k UGe
GQGh QGdG , AY hCG AGZ GYO Y bh
MGdGh , UGe ee UCG b bRCGh
a , VdH J dG IG fi IMdG
dg bdG LCGh , IdG GWCG EG S eCG
WCG FGhQh , e f AGdG M ,GdG
, J Ia dh .. IH hJ fCG cJ dG
, dG Y Ib jCG Qf h a , eeCG
H MCG e ch , h FGdG g Y
Ibh H b I d kG e H , dh Vh
..YCG
EG GdG H a QH ej PDjh
d e M IjY WS eG , T IS
Wh S J H PEG , Y JCG MCG g YCG , Wh
iQjh .dH PEG QUCGh , VdH OLCG QfG
, FdG g ebEG T RGMEG YJCG e OY
,kfO k aJ SCG dG jdG adG Gg eCGh
f G OGOj , dPh EG e a e Id
OdG f Y HQ dG , dG Y Y
hCG AGdG Y gMGC IYO bGC e a , ce
GC HCGh , dG bCa ddG EG UCG c , AdG
g fjh , HUCGh HMCG SCG e NOEH
e Ic Fa gh , dG gCGh dGh dG
jOGh Y Y WdGh dGh dG
JQCG J h .. AHdGh dG AHCGh gdG hPh
haGa , ddG N a j dc , ADg
, S aJh S VQCG Y TJh , e c e
Y e j IYdG M U e h NB G Y JGC h
, G WCH gjhJh FGG Jh eG
j CG H j , ZQ dG dG aQh
CG hjh , WCG J WCG ej , dG
fCGh , cCG Mh dG e dG Gg c j
h , j e k bGe bCG , JOS b cCG
, IOdG cBG bh , dG EG T jCH TCG
dG e dH MCG W EG L e GPE a
j d OBG HG H { : Gk OOe bCGh , ddG
. z OhCG
, eW e HUCGh HMCG j eY
h IG d MC H e , k Y J L j
iQCa , fGYCGh YGdG EG Gf NCGh , G
H gf HCa , gLh Y dG AS
AG U V dG S Y JJ e YS
#**# A``T
jGh , a f jh , a f j
Y FG e f , a d g J , jW
,j e hCG fCG cCGh , QhS Y fh ,QhS
, INCG ejCG S h , IOdG fCG bh
j { ... Gk jhQ Gk jhQ dG GC j , k aN Gk f SQCa
a z .. NP oo`fCG .. Oh gCG j .. Oh gCG
,fY Jh SH j , JaCG EG dG
, Zh GfG H G gLh Yh
g Jh JGUCG Jh , e dG hOOj
: hH gjRCa J K , iNCG
G`` s`n ` Jh k` ```fCG
i``H ``b k` q`M pQGO
GQt dG nQGh r f a
i`L b M o f
G` o dG s c r n `n bGh
iQdG n gCG
r LGh
U G a , dG Y bJCG K
:dG H j , MCG W
l ` SQGO `` dG n j``W sC H r YGh
i``J
n `c n `dG `Ys j e o `Mh
r a n p` So rEG EG n dG Rh
Ge H ch , Y Y
a j PEGh , Jh Jh , dG a
,WN Mh a SCG , b U j dG
bda , ILe Ib c ee Y HCG K
.. GC j CG H e eeCGh , j j
M aN jh , jCG J jCG
e dG G G g bQCG , k L Y JC
VGQ , j e IQTEH hCj ,AdG jjG
,kaQ hCG Gk Qf j fH dBe , VdG c
j FGQ fCG ch .! f j Y fCG c : bCa
GQCG eh , AfEG c Sh b MdG DhfEa .! M
Ggh , dG EG j fCG cDj Gk HCGh k FGO
Ra dG NCG e CGh , dG a U
,c MGH YGOCG EG j h .. H
eJ dG dGh , jc Ae H MCa
)*&
Qa , GdG g EG eG CG FdG d a
SCG Ta , dG e dG j YGdG
, WCG Y K Jh ,AG dG VQCG Y
c j jCH G j , e IQTE Hh
YJC j k eW dP H M , AT
, G eh G e h .. fGC I Y dG UCGh
g e ZGh Q dG f LCG UCG
d , G bh e dG NCJ gGQCG fCGh ,FdG
j Sda . ! M dH e : FY bCG
Y ch , H
C CG j FL ch ,dG
..YCG EG K , j e d gHh , Jj CG j
.adG Y bj a YJCG a
c , GdG hCG IG , IOG d
Afh dG HcCG Lh hCG dG , eeCG iQCG
dDG gLh IOQG AUCGh jSGh GTCG
e Gk MCG iQCG d sH fCGh fCGh , Hb
, G fSah FdG OGhQ , HUCGh HMCG
EGh , GHd e jdG EG Jh j Ja
Jh .. ed aU GSd eeGC e
fCG H ,eeCG TCG PEG ,Xf IQdG
A HGC h j L dGh d G e Gk OG YGC ,I T e
,G gLh dG OCGh ,H aa ,dG
Ga ,Ma e a Y W bh gGQCG
, H gGS hO gMh NCG CG YS
:fCa
GdG o U EG dG od e
G eCGh o GO dGh
o W dG o go
p
r p d
r Os C Jh o o r n U
r a
GQh
n `ès `b `` e
n `s M u ` `Nh
jPGh jhGQ dG j c e cCGh
JGOe YdG Ab e teCG a , ddGh
eGB H SG fGC h , fGC H H , dGE OO dGh
fZCGh gQOGfh gjM EG SH G
, U H fh d f , J b Wh
b - YGHG Uf
#**# A``T
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, k L j L g Cc , ShDhQ Y k M
A bQ dG A dG EG fh , N H MCG
ZCG . ba MhQ Y J jCGa , dG
.. i NCG .. dG gGO , Y
VQCG V QfG U , YU U CLa
,gQfG Th AdG fG d , A dGh
e fY fGh Hb QGh VQCG ga
LNh , RG aGdG LR .. LG
fG K ,Hjh QdG j JH e IdG
LCG YSCG fCGh , jh ij G QeR U
: JU YCH UCG , QGSCG S Y k MH H
fCG jCG ? IG eEG j fCG jCG ..! e j e
fCG : j k jb FGQh e JU JCa ? QOQO j
, dG M EG f ! dGY j ce
T bh j QOQdG T c gdG JNCa
IJa H sGE f ,
k b HM eSa eb
j H jEG : bh VQCG Y L K , Ifi
..dG hCG Gg , LQ j e GddG .. !? dGY
e Vh V fCG .! T j Y NGO : b
QSh fh .
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u , QOCG , QOCG : b . e
KMCG fCGh N YSCa Y j SCG , Jh
G IdG eb EG eCG , HM a e
: b ? f jEG , T j fL : bCGh eeCG
:b ? eEG j YJCGh : b . G HdG
.. GdG U gN ! dGY j YS YdG
, JQCGh dG VSCG N dGh ca
LCG h , JY e QCG d , YJCG Lh JCGh
dG fc , Jg Gk HGC f J e
INDG J Le be JQCGh , He
j , IOhe e Lh , AH J k a
bhCG CG a , dGh Q dG H j Z Y
, M Qfa , GfH G eBGh G
, j G Gg eh , bYCG k T b
,OOdG J YW e a aY e Y SdGh
gWN j b , OdGh edG hj b
, Ie c c M DhdG jh , HhH
. M b dG bh jh , G c Ca
, k W d LCG YCG IjY d eh d
dG e ,I MGh I Z EG Jhfi c gCG
Sh Me YJG Y Y a bQDj
S ,LhCGh LhCG H J J H !? dG
YJC a ? G BG g g , dG HGc
fGE , c f dG NGB M YGC a fG j
QJ dG b bOh , H MCG dG SfCG
, GMCGh eBG QOQdG T c .. QU
j a UCGh fCa , SCGQ jh j c
e NCG Hh , J f e j M , k HG L
Z cCG CG Qb d CG aCGh .. dG MEG
Mh JQU g eh !? JM J a ! fCG e
c e ? hO e YJCG M e H !? CT
? dG edG IG g aBG H S
GdCSGh , IH P c EG Fa Qj dG J
, N IMGh IN eb S e c T EG
M jH Ua Y ZCG e c GdC SG
H SGh jh ga IdG jQ e , JQa
e aY , aYh bP fCGh , Y GP a , LdG
, b dG bS ic e H a Y
T e J , dDG dCG N aOh
j SH , IG S fCG eh , b dG
. jh hQj YW h , Gh gU
e jh , L a j dG S
N dH TCG eBG IZ d ,QCG
cG iQCa , Y Y gCG K , G dG S
JQCG aGJ a , eG EG eCa , QfG
e hOOj j e IQTEHh , dH GC HGh , N
e gL OCGh UCG K , dG c
. k L SdG jEG jG
W d , CG e H M e EG ICa fCGh
I dG g SCG , A T H Vh MhQ
J QM U Th , N cGh G
#**# A``T
HCG c Hh H .. Q U dG
Gk MCG d , j d SGh ,JM
j Q H , Y ZT T Gfc , sGE j
!? e g jCGh , e fCG jCa , OLH j MCG
!fG bCG e ? GdGh OG GH HbCG c
d G , k L d G , G J fEG k M
Y bCG c eY k fl cCG .. e UY
Z G H g LCG c e Y , ZCGh
, gf hJ gGH MCGh , M ch
k YJCG LCG CG YCG d fCGh , k L d k a
.. OGOdG d fh , fjh MCG jNBG
eh YeO e GN eh , HCG ch j Gfc
dg fCGh , Fd GKj , YeO e N
gDhH , L SCG eQh YaCGh gDhH
Ye TCG e , Yh V FHh , GMh f
MG H Q T bCG eh ! f A L dG
G fCG g , O b e fh ..! G G
k hCG dG , H ch eb M , fGh
Lh , O b EG SCG d , kGNCG dGh
eb J , eCG Jdh e CG WN
dG , GQL JCG h MRCG , Sh VQCG
fih , W Hh g X fGE , k e HGC h RCG
GU , GdG Y e eMCG cCG , Jh
W d HG e cCG fCGh , j O j j W
e Y Geh HQO j S ch , GdG
Yh eh , k ej YJCG j e Gg .. GdG
MhCG H U Zh G a , A dG H b
. FdG MGhQCG L Ggh ,LGg
f CGa , QUh Y aH e
e bQN Ib fGh , jG eGc eJh
Jg Mh , Gk Qhe JGQH a ,bYCG
MCG YJCG CG aYh , Fa eCj Y
e F dG QGG OhCG i S G d Uh
e GH .. dG S b dGh QdG dG
WCG EG LNh S fGh , fa
)*$
,eb e c j d YS , dGh adG

fCa ,TfCGh dGh FdG k f dh
eh . ! dG da , S b kAe CG J
jb K a , YCG a HdG e ij
EG TDj QM e K dh , H AT EG
.. Z
cG eh , AGOdG QaCG Sh dCG c
G Y bJ eH JQCG , k bJh k T OGOj
Xf Y QGJ iNCG JQCGh VQCG gQfCG bGh
J fCc K J e GN , G bRCG
EG aCG , N H T ,W e
CG dEG WCG , M dG j CG je bCG
Q , QOQdG e eGhCG H , eGhCG jNBG j
f d , JU SCG cCG fCa ! bCG e j
ZCG , IQGG FY Y Hh , Gk e Lh
, jN Y dS eO G fa Y
, f d e fCGh , j Y A H Th
MCGh , VQCG EG YG a b S
W QT G Zh , e J JQGH
jf bda , jdG fEG bh , dGh dH
, SCG d fCGh , e dG ! d , AT c
f fCG Cc f ,IT YS JCG dh
G H cQh , G Q aGC IC M e
dG Y fG d .. i L e SCG
G g , cG A Jh OG YCG b Jh , JQCGh
g Q fCG e bh G cCG fEG . ! k c e d
gCGh HMCG H V M eCG bh ..gh
, Cd Gj h , f gLh Gaj , Oh
, eGC EG Fe YhLh VQCG h j G f c
ShDhQ J H , e BG fj Cc
j k L Gfc , jFGO cM hCG ,Ijh
gBGh b GaR , Nh YH , IMh bH
TaG e jb Y , bYCG e YJ
, dG j jH GfGh , bdG VQCG hNBG
Jb Zh , AdG cQTCG f Lh
#**# A``T
)*!
b - YGHG Uf
c JbCG CG JCG , SMh Z aGH S

, e Pj d Gg Lh , S GQCG e
ShCG fCG , N Yj dGh , eCG eCG EG
jW S H fCch , cGj gh JGN
f EG O YCG fCGh V d H MCG CG H , j
, JO S bh J f I Z d , G
fC a , HB dG b h Jh , G MCG Oh J
dG AH MCGh , dG e dG c e
GhR H J O SBGh , Y dG GdG
GhO CG jCG bh k Fj Gk Ohe LCa ,Gg c
fd eGO d : j e e bCa , G e G
] .dEG fG e
L K , IdG AMCG EG Uhh , Gk Mh IdG

OOQCG Y Th f EG Y a , M dG
e YSh , IjG d f dG TfCG
L WJh , H Hbh SG d
k JQCGh Q j Yh Y f a dG
FGQh hOOa bCG e bCG , N G d H
,c dG a aBG J YU IOM GUCH
Gk U H eCa , Oh g e SCG aJ
f eCG , Mb SGh AGH Y fG jW
J JG , j W Y aQCG fGC h , aB G
a ,a e U eCG CG H , jG
ce iQCa fCGh .. af hCG Gk M hCG k Y e c
QU GbCG e YJ , QZ HS d bh
JCGh , Xj bh SCa , IH VQCG dG
#**# A``T
)*'
``Hà
*
GY fi
.gOCG dPh IjG Y SCGQ LdG aj

j cCdH?YG f h ?j c JCj ) b
eCG j GQ .(!kMU edG g UCG fCG
j .(?adG J b ) b .jL e
c ?j c QJ ada,hCG gdG IdG
?Y j dG G He ?bdG f j
: b
cCG M EG j cCdH)
dG c e SCG eY .QhH bGQCG fCG j (!eCG
jh,IQdc j e IjG S eeCG dG GQhCGh
Y J .(!dOe bGG) b .kVGh eeCG e
.LGe SdG Y HdG LdGh eeCG dG GQhCG H
jdG IdG dG OGhQ e*

.jdG eH GdGh G d jdG ce Y e / jdG / 1981 dG QGY d MdG [
b - YGHG Uf
#**# A``T
)*(
bdG OdG WCG eY JJh H T .(?J

Jj c .c Y cj fCch T X N
U dh .L b O e k cGO k fhQe k b
IjG GC j dG LdG EG J gd .fl
eGC dG L dG c J .Gh SC H Th
LdGh IjG GQhCG g j c .IQdG
Gg LGJ dG IjG GC b .j jj
Y L Y dG) : MC G H G dG
jh dGh I c H dG GP) : b ( Hfl
eG j EG) b jdG H T (?AGM
dG e He NCG L fc .(V jjG
AdG G IQU MQJ ,dG h,dGh
GQhCG ) .J dG jdG h,Tb aG
e g bGe CGH .b (IN A TCG LJ
bGG .e c fj Gfc .G eSG
.HZ T Nj e g .bdG e TG
k S j .ef aZ dG EG j c
f c . g jGhRh I dG dG S jh
a j fGE b . gQh H e J c dG
H J k fMCG .e c dc G
.He Ic jM S ,G hCG jdG Y
e j dG F b UCG e j e Y
: jh QG EG j .Q dG EG hG
Ga .dG QJ .(!dG AGdG EG gd)
Ff gh j .dG EG j gh dM
e j dG .LY gGe dG T
dG Y ddG LQ ij,QdG Y dG Jaf
.kMU ddG ddG J .j dGh Nj
j .(?dG AGOS IQf j GP) j
Y jh,kb a Y Uj dG IQ dG
e jS Y gh L j .Q dG
: b (b S)..ba HCG jJh,G
T ZCG j OdG c .(kGL g eCG)
EG UCG .I c HQG Th NQ J U CG Mh
TQ . F d H JC e A eG Mh J U
G d HG,(!IO Y fEG), b ( J IO dG)

d NO e dG dG G Q f a WG
Q N j dG L dG a . jR dG
e Lh N e J . U dG Y, jR dG
hj jdG LLdG IadG e Gj .IQdG
fEG b .(ee LdG EG) b,fH Ajh
.bGG NCG c .G j dG Vc
.Ff gh dG d b dG gGG a
.dG IQdG ,IdG T j
cJ d .G bdG .ddG HdG
.IQdG H eCG IdG AGOdG edG ScCG
KSG J d .OSCG c VS L EG b
a .AG HGHCG j jdG GG EG
dG LdG a .e c J dG IMdG
.IQ dG HGH eGC ,bdG W cdG Y j
.Gj CG e jh dG dG L dG a j
ddG EG LdG gj IQdG g Nj e Y
QR jh j k fMCG .a j dG IQhG
AGOS IQf Jj .a j dG HGdG HdG
AGMh .OSCG bh - b Y j - Ic
Hj gh J .hdG Iaf V j d .OSCG
j dG AHdG Xe cJ .Y HV
Gg c j GPe) .NBGh j c dG SL
ddG J Yh ? j dGh ?b dG
CG) : b .e bGh OdG AL .(?dGh
j Oc . j CG b H X f (? e N
eCG - d ,WCS k T (OQCG GPEG) : Od
.(kGL TCG) : bh,JQCG - MdG JGf
gOh IjG GC jh eeCG j dG LdG f
Y j dG LdG G cJ .f fC
.IQdG eCG dG ddG MUh UdG
:b,X N dG dhdG j OdG c
e e fCG ZQ ?GQhCG j fCG H)
GMCG c .IN GQhCG fCG S .jQ
GQhCG g . S G e cCG J GQhCG
#**# A``T
: b (Oe N) !e aN e ?j
j .dG jdG jMCG GN bh cJ
dG IPG Jh .IPG dG AGG
G g e gO .aCG SCGQ dG Jh
:j OdG Sh jdG
?IQdG J g ... f .jCGQ Y Y d (?CJ GP) : dCj Oc
fCG hjh .ke bGj IjG GC j LdG c
Hg K,dEG fh LGhh,kfL IjG J b
gS .ef Ye M d .QdG EG JGf
hP LdG HGdG Y QfG h IdG T EG
.(?G dG Gg j GP) O SCG dG
EG d Ojh .OdG jh, a j c
NBG GY LGh .IjG GC j OY dG LdG
e HY Y dG AdEG) : JGAGH a
EG j gh bGj OdG CG M .(UdG
:FdG dhj gh OdG b .IjG
?FGG IAGb CG G X (?bGJ c g) d j Oc
: b .FdG Y dhj c .QU M
!FGG GC bCG fCG dH ?J CG .FGd gc j d j fEG b
fGE jh QhH FGG g j NGC c
.eb
!kbWEG GC bCG fCG QdG e e j gh IjG j c
,jfedG M NGO jh de Y IdG
jdG Y j CG Hh .dG EG Lj h
jdG SCG jh jGh dGh dG EG jh
j IadG N e QdG d jh
O d G e k e S . j M I jG
G e j gh IQ S TCG . fh
jRd LGG QGdG Y j c .LLdG
)*"
INCG g fc .IjL IQ S TCGh, dG

:OdG d b .iNCG Y a
?j e jd EG T !dH j NdG :j C G aOh,dEG f
.a aCG e d d g S G j CG VG e ) : b
c,dP ZQ (N a j eh .AGS jG
:jh eeCG H j OdG
?Ic dG Y HQCG ?Y HQCG NOCG fEG aY c (?NOCG dG FdG j GP) : b
aCG fCG j fCG YCG ) b .IdG HQCG
.(QhH g J IOfi dCe
c .aCG dM cCG CG Y c) : b
fCG j .(dH Gk S NCG fCG GX Ya
H) .He OSCG c L J .kT HOCG
.jT N GYG (!e UG hj fCG
J j d .IcCG bh gGe Ia EG b
.(IS e cCG d) .AT KCdG hCG .AT
d j . j d j O dG EG b
Y bJ .dH M a j dH, j
CG H QT e gG Jj h,Ie e GdG
H dG a j a Z NCG L J
CG H c .dG IOdG QGR dP H .OGh
OGQCG - dG aN gh - bdG f .j
c J fCG) :d j Oc .JAGH Od cDj CG
d CJ .INCG dG QSG d (!AT
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h hCG dG H BG Y QeCG QJ CG UN
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SQ H e d fCG cDhGC CG jQCGh
, e H NGJ a , NBG hO e MGdG
Sh hCG jW EG d Gg c CG dP e cCGh
EG LGG d g Gh ,dG e Gbd
d dG b EG N dG h dG N dG
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#**# A``T
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dGh FQ cGC CG aj dG HOCG d
dG dG dG M YSCG Wf SQ
Y dG g f J HOCG I d
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e e fCG eEGh M ihLh b d AH J
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a K hCG S dG d g J CG H i LC a
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fCG EG fCG GRCG e fCGh , Gk j fdG ,HdG
adG h eY HdG adG Ija dM
c HCG CG jQCGh , UG Lh Y jG
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L IAGdG dh HdG , c GPe , c
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F dG ; dG F dG dh , dG F dG
fc eCG fCG GPEG , bdG QGG FdG , edG
GC bCG PEG e fCa dH h f fc ; HdG
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gdG c OLe jR HCG db dG da
f fCG a dG ch Y e A H C j h
b e gCGJ k Uf CGb SdG CGh k Uf
a JRHCG dG ZdG TG e QWEG
Gje T W h GjL Gk a NG Cc LdG
H dG dG hCG eSEG d MO a I j e
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, LSGh jd IL ATCG a b Hc
dG Ia g j dG cH dP c b a
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c Y IOQGh dG jhCJ Ia ? SEG AY
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fi Gg . dG Y LdjjEG e IAGdG
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S aSd e hReGQc ING f h
#**# A``T
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: YSEG jdG Y QcdG

Gg e AT Lj h k jQhV Gg d .
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: YSEG jdG Y QcdG

j CG AG Y EG jGdG cP c
Gh NCG A dG CG fCG dG e
CG k FGO Y H , iG Gg Y bS IG
k e GOe QdG k ah j CGh Qj
bj dhCG CG m SdG d GH d Mh
b fEG CG d dCa , SCH a NBG e
j EG bQ e UCGh ,e j c
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gh dG YGHEG dG djh NBG gMCG j
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H TdG Gg EG OCG dG eGdG W dG
CG LCG e GdH dG Gg h GdH bdG Gg
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. FH h JGhOCH dG Gg GSG T jW
jj AT a jj jGhQ hCG f GC bCG M fCa
? jL f Y dj bG Gg ;bCG CG
: YSEG jdG Y QcdG

e Gc dG dG CG YG dCG g
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dG { c hCG z UG HdG dG { c
H AJCG c ebCGh UdG TCG z SdG
bCG eO e d cCG GP Gc f Hh
dd dG g fCG YCG e VCG GP ? GT
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g dCG HdG dG SG GPEGh ? (dG
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. G Gg dG H Y KCJh
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e k ja k LJ dh HOCG dG
LdGh M dG QdG Y K GPEa .e eR
dG dG ee NGO adG jb H EG
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HdG UCGh INCG fhBG e H
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j G da ,e Sa dG Gg
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dG VCGh , dGh dG H aG YVh
g d Gk PEG .jdG dGh dG b hdG
dGh dG G g e Y dG H U a
e . Ofi fEG f hCG e b SQc
c hO De IFGdG f CG H Gg LG
fCG CG MCG gh ,QG Gg e jdG a J
CG gh dCG d dH gLh e Qa EG
Deh Ihf H kba ( J Mf e) g
k YVe d O CG dG Ihda .hO
M fl Qhfi e QhJ IhdG CG jh , Gk MGh
j CG j a hdG DG eCG .VG Gg
e G Y VJ CG G PEG ; e Ve
dG H YRJh dGh jdG JaNG
FdG g ,OCGh dG H efGh QdGh
d . dG bGdG J dG IdG VQG
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(Interdisplanary) `dG if CG h .dG QWEG
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L dG Y k ec kGQfi c e Ih f V e
c d Sh OGOS dGh UG LddG
k ec T H S GS Y H dh ,jG
k jQL Gk J J b ATCG g c d e
Y Gg KCGh jd jdG LddG dG H
dG ie Y dhGG HOCG Zh HOCG dG
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#**# A``T
Gg CG T h dGh G Y bJ
j H k ej bf j aa , j CG H
c CGh .e dG Gg a j j JCSh
SdG gPCG j CG d f d dG f
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a j bh JCS fC ,dG f dH fEG
MU QH dh IQhdH k e dG Gg
gG e Jh J aGh Qj edG C
L H L j CG Hh Gk c hCG
k b HdG
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G eCG db e Y FJG UN fCG
CG gh dG JeJ G j c hCG
Gk L Ic a , HOCG IgdG NGe
YG HEG Gh HOCG dG EG N dG CGh
O J e EGh MGh N j NO
dG Gg SGh Me g S NGG
Ne CH AcG CGh IAe Zh e Z
j d fl G NG Y IQ Y g MGh
dG NG Gh , GNH dEG dG hCG GNG
IOe Y FJG UN iY e VCG fCGh)
jdG QJ dG L UCG bh dG
dG e Gk QJ cCG e OLh H jdG
Cc ( ec e cP c jhCdG EG a Uh
dc hCG aCc ST c d Sh J g
Mh b EG OQG IOYEG hCG , LLR Vhh
c gh.dEG eJ e Gg a , dG dP
Gg b hDhO H NGG Y j QcdG
. STh Gk L SGh fG j dG dG
: gGHEG f IQcdG
H e dG gG jdG Y QcdG
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d : dG dG Y GDdG U d QJCG fCG
IjL IHh M l W dG Gg W YCG
a JcP e EG k Sb fCG XCG ? Gg J g
jH a SG dG HdG dG H j
, KK j EG bCG Y edG e jd He
jha HGdG J 1961 Y e fCG XCG
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fG GOLe j f c M 1961
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a X edG e OY HQCG M gh dG
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jGhR e dG j CGh dG e hCG
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G dG Ea OCG Ge YCG fCG YG
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d dH dG Y Ea Gk PEGh .GP hCG G
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eh d d , ah dG EG N dG Y
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dG G YGfCG HOCG YCG dG
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g e e dN dG H fCG LQd
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Y Kh dG dG NBG fC a dP Y
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SQ fCG jh , jha hO e k jjha SQe
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: YSEG jdG Y QcdG

dGE Q TCG dGh S dG Q dG CG
hCG KK Gc b k SfCG g CG e f IQcdG
HOCG dH JG H G Gg c HQCG
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c g c ehdG HG IM ASH a
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dG dG OdG GC b . eDhJ hCG LdG DhH
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cCG AT EG WG h jQCG fCG ,fi Z T
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CG g JOGQEG AGQh e dh YCG CG SCG
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c hCG JY c bGe HK ATCG J CG
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d VJ fC JAGOQ JCJh .eG He
Gg bCG fCG Gk PEG , Y GDdG hjj e Y
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dEG f dG dG Sh dG G G
Gk jh Y SdG dG EG SSCG OJ dG
(Friedrich Nietzsche) f j j j a YCG EG
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b H , e hCG bNCG e hO gGh dGh
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d Yj Sa H Fb NG GPEGh
jdG IjG dG IYO Hh KhQG dG
fGh G HQEGh HGdG MM { Y GUM
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k SSCG j NCG jQJ dG Le EG
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{ eh .. G IOGQE k J ATCd , Y fi
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F dG e Z Y j CG fE d eGC
Fc EG dM dG MhdG dG cH iNCG
,dG IdG Va . GdGh C G Y QOb
AfEG EG G S jdG O dH f j C c
WG SQCG NCG Y J IjL NCG
Gh I dGh dGh G I F dG
Y I dG gG c O Y H , dG Mh IO dGh
gZh jGh G dGh Ld QfG
11 ... z dG MCG { h z AJCG { e
jO NCG AZ , OdG QCdG dh
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dG LGe hdGh dG O YH d
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G H UGdG dBH dG NBG G
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dP Y j b PEG , dG G j U
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mIjL maK SCd f he g dP , kie
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? dG e H OGj dG b - G G
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... z G { h z dG { H , GdGh C G H
Y dG j G G dG EG
d iAGj e a CG , bCG AGQh G
, MdG hCG LG d Hb Z , k fi M
#**# A``T
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a Y Q bGh b G jhC J I FGO
z IdG e { H HGh FH M dG fGdG
SCJ H QhG EG H Oj H , dG Gh
Y QOb e fEG AfEH jL e eR
G edGh GdGh dG e FdG j
eCG dP fEGh ag VQCG OLdG cEH
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q G g dG
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dG hdGh Ld fCG Q G H a
dTG dBGh G OhM H LdHEG
fGb fG hCG dG dG HQe EG Gk OSG
G fEG ee , Gk j dGh , dG
. hG eEGh G H Jh
(Gilles Deleuze Rd O L Jj c , G EG
JGP j dG HdG Y G G g )
ec e - dG M bQG e Gk jL k Yf
e - d Gk QM ddG bQG CT G
-
q dG M fG H OdG C a . ddG NGO
k J IOe cJ jRdGh Ff
, Ff -
q dGh FdG LGhORG Y AH ,Vj
a G j G e - dG OLh
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Y Gk H , Gk KCG G RdhO YG dd ..dGh
j hCG z k JU { , z k jH Gk KCG { H , dG G
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{ j JGP KCG Ke dGh , z k jd Gk KCG {
. 16 UG QKBH G z jG dG
RdhO gj j dG Gj J Y Gk Hh
dP , z ZQdG fG { EG G fEG e
e a , d eEG CG dj dG hCG GdG
... G dN
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KC dG dP O e b NCG z j H {
EG dGh G IFGO e dG f dG MhdG
EG OSCG z g { eh , gdGh hdG
Gk AH IG ehQ GPEGh , Gh dG IY
I dG f LGj C c JGP d H J
da , KOG jdG dG MR eCG jdG
ehb dG gh ehQ z d { dG dG
... TdG jdG IdH YJCGh G
WGSQCG z bNCG dG { SCG ch
M SG jdG dG g dG dG Y
Y f H dG Gdh , G dO G
-
B dG Y , dG dG S Y G
Yd IcQ gCG QYH , dH Gk AH , e
dG jh Oj CG SGH j dG
, 13 . IcGd G IcGdG H gh , IdGh
Y kGQG bG YdG dG dG G fC
. JGP dG dGh OdGh dG
Qj CG FdG j d NBG dG GHh
H UGdG SSCG Y d TG edG Ob e
e H , Gh cdG H , OGh QhdG
e H j CG eh j eh M
. H jh bGdG j
J YdGh dG dG dG Ie EG
j Cc , VH GdG dM IOYEG k SSCG
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c UGJ ZQ Ufl Yh IFGO V GdH
... JGP VH GhdG
Y QO dG O dG bNCG Q dG fCG d
aQ YH SGh IOGQEG jMh IOdG SQ
SDj , 14 IdGh IdG ec , f , dG
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IAGbh jGdG G e f b a
J e G j EG dG EG NCG jQJ
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G IO dG C J dG PEG , O LG
G EG LddG Vh e FdG d OLd
NBG EG fdG jh j H dG
... LddG OLh jQJ
OLd QNG , LdfCG , G g dc
Oj , OLh CG Y dG IOS H M UG
dG C j e - dG , dG ac
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jh dj dG Odc { , a edG e - dG
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j dG e H Ta hG J
gh , dG CG , G VdG d gdG NGO
ke G OLH dG H OGj dG hG
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, J IgX , e - dG CT , G GPEGh
iS IG eh , dG g UCG CG { Ia k jJ
dG X j A V hCG Gk L I U I j L
. 21 z HCG
edGh dG OLG z dh { dd CG EG
dh aG Adh jdG IQSGh dG
gCG , eY OLdG CT , k Ue j dG
ehGh dG Y eEG IQb cCJ ddG
Vh e H Gh edG ( G e ) h
, eG OG dG M EG QG OG G
zG UCG{ Y dG hO QGSH JGP Rhj
] .OLdG JN cGeh
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, FH b G , AdGh VQCG LGhORG
... k Le
k UCG k WMG , k fGN
dG edG G G g e - dG EG
G g CG Z .. G GQOEG Y Y j
jM e Jh gG H J CG aJ
PJh Yh - dH UG jha acGh f
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d RG e - q dG dG G Hh
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e G J dG IGOCG gQ Y H , kG j
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eh (...) UCG g AdG { dCG ... IG CG
{ dCG 17 ? z AdG Gg M dG iS OLdG
18 ? zkbf LhNh k bfG OLdG
CG EG , dG bGh OLd eEG OLdG EG
CG hO JGP OLdH k KhM j b eEG Gg
M dGE a e , d H e fC , j
eEG iS (tant) OLG - fEG eh ..TdG
I H , f dG H O Lh EG j O L d
d Ld dG OG SG IFGO e fG
LGh ATCGh z dG { h z BG { Yh EG dGh
... dG edG SGH dG EG
IGOCGh OdG g , dG a Go jh , da
:TGG
. Jf id Gh cdG Aja dH OG 1
hO jhCdGh d Y AfE ffEG dG fl e IOSG jdG dG e INCG KdG OdG fed eCG 2
.(J.Habermas) ReHd z IFdGh aG {h , (H.G. Gadamer ) eGOd z Gh G { QGZ Y , aG jf Y dG
K , AdG IRLEG f ,jeCG OQaQg eH VjdG Re PSC HG gh , dG ah jG G OGhQ e 3
(1878) z ? VGh fQaCG c{h (1877) z OYG J { : KK H JZGd SCG . dGh H TG
#**# A``T
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.(1905) z JZdG {h
:hH , OGG LQLh gT OGDa LJ , ( LdjG ) z dG YEG Y { , ( Regis Debray ) HhO jQ IQY M Y 4
.dG QGO
W.F, Hegel "Lo - phnomnologie de l'esprit ," Traduit par Jean Hyppolite , France: Aubier , Tome II , 1941 , p10. 5
13 U , HdG LG 6
Martin Heidegger , " l'etre et le temps" , Gallimand 1964. 7
G.W.F Hegel , la ph nomnologie de lsprit , p 311 8
,,
F. Nietzsche , Par del le bien el mal , France: Union Gnrale d' ditions , 1978 , p28. 9
. 37 U , f 10
,,
F. Nietzsche , Gnalogie de lo morale , Union Gnrale d' Editions , 1974 , p138.11
. 140 U , HdG LG 12
. 166 U , f 13
. 168-167 U , f 14
. 213 U , f 15
,,
Gilles Deleuze logique du sens , Paris: Editions . 16 de Ninuit , 1969, p87-89. 16
dGh SGQd eG SDG : hH , z LfCG LdHG H , dG dG J , dG a { , gOCG eS .O 17
. 325 U , 1993 , 1 , jRdGh
. f 18
. 326 U , f 19
. f 20
. f 21
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La Prsente philosophie du sens: de labsolu la
dconstruction et relativit
`àG `fG
Mustapha Kilani ( Tunisie )
Comment le concept de sens a

volu de labsolu au relatif en traversant les diffrentes poques,
savoir lhistoire ancienne , mdivale , moderne et contemporaine ?
Cette approche sinteresse la
problmatique du sens sur le plan
thorico-pratique , visant la smantique dune part et Ihrmneutique
dautre part,en se referant au rationalisme kantien, lagnalogie de la
morale Nietzschenne,
laphnomnologie Hegelienne de
lesprit, ltre et le tempsde

M.Heidegger etEcrits sur le signe
de C.S.Peirce tout en posant la question Deuleuzienne de la logique du
sens ,ainsi que de la mthode dans
une optique comparative , prenant
appui sur lanti - mthode et le sens
que prsuppose le non-sens.
Dans cette perspective,le sens
moderne et contemporain se libre
de la vrit uniqu et de la mthode
statique en prenant comme but le
sens du relatif , du nant et du
chaos...
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FGhCG e dGh (1968 , Amesterdam ) Manual of phonetics
b dH Yh J SCGh JCG b dG HCG
dGh hCG J g dG JdG H G
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G ebEGh , hdG Y Y dG j HU
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e UdG g e dJ CGh . G S
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FG hH j CG G GHh . G
g O Y H hCG z I dG { EG j dG Z
pr fn CG H , z IdG { e Gk AL FG
f CG , (3) L dG dG IdH
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j dG G J QfEG GH f CG hO
jdG Z FG e EG - gQfEG
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EG Y LH fY fEG b hCG. (4) Speech dG
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k jgL dG Gg c EGh , SGQd k SSCG jo
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CG Z e M Se b OLh H j dG
fG G S GQOEG Oa ; r ò J hCG hq ò J
W hCG jhJ hCG ò ff hCG gocJ d
dH JAGb c , Ge Id hCG IMGh I
dP EG H ; Ye IAGb JAGb hCG eU IAGb
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dG H r Jo a ; gG Ye SGQO g
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a Gg Yh , g bG Ve j a
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Y GUCG g fc NBGh , ? H gAGREG
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c H g - dG dG j bh . OfEG hCG H
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EG - fY dh .G Gg eBG H J
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Gh
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(5) Sound - form JdG dG J
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dG J eG dG Hh . JdG
gh . dG LdG e gCG GP JdG
H SCG dG Y f e g dG
Y H f e eCG eh ,(6) Stylizations
e (8) Macaulay ceh Ciccro (7) hT
CG Mf eh , RGdG e Ic LQO Y L
j dG dG h , dG dG S e S
Isosyllabism HCG G cG SSCG Y
.dP EG eh adGh RdG h ,(9)
:g f CG jh
GP dG e k bW J JGP dG CG (1)
dG dP eh , d G L dG e gGC
f HG dGh (10) Onomatopoetic .MG
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dGh , dG SQG Y dG H Ua
j gh , k qJ dh T H
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dY LQO H jf d J a ; Poetical
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IdG Jh . jdG Ze J b dG
S H eh b aGJ OLH dG M e
hCG Verses HCH f e gh HG dG
J dG G G L eCG . Lines QdG
M a dGh dG H e NGdG We
aGdG e AT Y HG dG S J
. Gk c k e IdG e aGdG Gg j CG hO dh
fSG GPEG - fCG Gg OH Vf fh
dG GUCG CG S - HCG H aGdG
Qa e , dG d dG dG dG J
LQO e H J a hCG , dG g c H
H - be a K eh .MEG dY
. d dG JdG dG Y - RjEG
j CG - gGdG MG - bG eh
k a FG a f dG M J
f dG H e h dG fh , kG H eh Gk O L
Yh ,dG f SQGdG e gZh
Gg j Q H . dG SGQdGh ,dG
,gG eCJ dG f cCG IQH dG
W h , ha e H a dG YEGh
S fCG dG Lj dP EGh . dG
EG - eOdG dG dG - egG
dG G GWG EGh , SSCG gG
dG G gCG jh ,IA dGh b dG gR J
IcG Y IQdH J dG d jdGh JdG LdG e dH gCG GP d W eCG G g dG g @

dG bQdG d dG dG SSCG hdG H jh , idG JdG hdG QjEG g dG gh . dGh edG UHh
Gg e jJ FGs dG f AGdH J dG dG fEG H Jacobson , 1962, and Jacobson et al .1962 ) fG ) HcL SCG Vh
. ( H a IOQGdG eCG fG Tick - Tack ( e HJ aG GfCG GSG EG J dG e H dG
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( z e . { 1966-1964 e : fG )
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hCG
hCG
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dG jdG eCG . HSCG J g bdG hCG
UH dG Y gJh cGQOEG Y j
L a Organized Wholes e c P
hCG ) GUCG S CG dG dP fh .
Stanza dG G hCG dG ( JdG dG
. HSCG J g IdG hCG (13)
Y e c P T J dG IG eCG
a I dG hCG dG G hCG dG IAG b
.( Katz 1950 : fG ) L
k aNG j G CG eCG e jh
CG c , j dG H SCG dG Y k e
J O e cCG g ge H G
e d d S Y G j bh , HSCG
. HSCG dG Hj
Ge S S dG G fYG GPEGh
Y C J CG dG G NG dP
dGh aGdGh dGh dG M e bdG
- g G gL J dG dGh . dG
J e j dG dG L - e m f Y
e IMGdG dG CG dG h A Whole c
J C c - fl hX dG
H k` q d L J CG - Y HdG HCG
.NG c fl
: ec Sed dG dG dEGh
Come , let us sound with melody the praises
GC j H AGdG e j CG dG Gg EG
j d EG G dG CG Gh
h , G Jh cdG h GOG
c C JdG dG s J CG - e f Y
EG aVEH - c , dL IMh gO
e Fd G OdG f CG - iNCG S
b GP Gk eCG Consonant cCG hCG eU e Vowel
(11) Word - Stress dG f dch , dL
f d Gg de fCG H (12) Tone dGh
dG d J dG dG ddG EG egG
. JGH
M , HdG hCG dG hV e V CG EG (2)
GP dG H a hJ dG e k f gahCG
g dG dG CG dP ; dG dG
Ua N K dh . LQdG NG dCe
TCG H e eQ U Oh M H So`J CG
g dG Jh G e ahCG G GP dG
Gk j f CG ddh . bCG M GP
gCG GP g dG dH e fEG : YVe
. IdG d UN
d b GP g dG GUCG cJ EG
GN e IN jJ Y IQOb cJ IdG
, ( H a jd VS e gh ) G
Y IQOb cJ g HSCG dG Ea K eh
VJ e GPEG - IQOb cJ fCG CG ; L OjEG
YGHEG dG jd J CG Y - G H d
YGHEG dG f a G eCG . Yd
dG H e Q dG V J h .Q d
dG G e QN e Gh H SCG
CG Y d IQb dG e S CG EG ; OCGh
, f fc O Melody k `q Se k J
Y IQO dG b dG e S C c
dGh . k YjEG JGP sno`J CG jEG hH hCG YS
SS GSH j J MGdG SG
J feEG CG dP eh , dG e fl
#**# A``T
dG EG gAfG Ea , JGP IdG

H IdG J QYG GHh .OQGh dG
- a HOCG Y g CG -H jJ SCG dG
OfEG Ea dP Yh . cCG a Y e Gk AL
GPEG I dG e Gk AL f SCG d jo
. d S dG jdG fYG
f
o YdG j M M eCG Gg jh
H gOfEG j dG dG O mG TD e
H . ( dG e OH dEG Qj dG bdc )
g H CG M CG Y gf CG j fCG
dH g OfEH J fCG hj dG GQTEG
.cdH j e S h , dG dG Fe e
VJ H G S Y dEG Qj e g Ggh
cdG Gg EG . YdG H H hCG dG
; G H G FG e g eCG M
Pitch dG LQO J P e P fCG CG
JGP OfEG CG Z .dG d VN (17)
dh d H b G G UC H j eCG g
G Y J gh , JdG Z d H
. G ej J fCG CG ; JGdG
Id JdG dG CG Y JG GPEGh
dG GDdG Ea a jdG dG e dCJ
d J dG J jdG dG CG : S
? HSCG
d e (1933) Jacobson H c L i j
Distinctive IdG bQdG dG CG d IQe
d J dG g Mh g features (18)
e b e g N f dh . H SCG
SGQOh HCG dH Y e Ga V d
z bQa { H f fCG VGdG eh . Ye
Redundant z a{ G H j e Distinctive
.(20) Configurational z J { Gh (19)
ghCG J : M e g OQ f CG O fh
z dG { e J dG d H
. z J { J dG dH iNCGh
)"&
: JBG dG Y
Come , lt us sound with mlody the prises
f YdG CG Gj CG j fCG Z
dG Y Ib e hCG dG j CG H jj
:JBG LdG Y GC j CG CG ; (15) Sapphic adG
Come, lt us sound with melod'y the prises
- e f Y - H SCG dG Jh
hCG c G dG g PEG Objective . YVe
. e f
JGP - f G e - a G eCGh
e j Jh YG HGE f g PEG ; Subjective
J fCG k jCG q JGP gh , e T
i d GG N H H ,U TCG N H
. MGdG dG
HSCG dG - 4
dG hd eL e K
dGh Metre R dG g I dG H SCG
SCG e Y HLEG j e hCGh .Versification
CG : iNCG IQH hCG ; k HSCG j dG Gg e :g
? HSCG d j dG e f
fCG CG ; HOCG a Y fCH IdG aY GPEG
J dG dG CG dP e C a z d a {
a c dG dG S g HSCG d
fEa S e dP iS e L eCG . IdG
soj c EGh , k HOCG k a UH IdG EG j
dG dG eh . HSCG dG e k Yf JGP
,H J CG Vj dG dG :dG GH f
M QdG U Y H J dG jdG hCG
Capital I dG h H H
C G jG H O J
W G H U dG ZG dG hCG ,(16) Letters
. jdG
EG J fc EGh dG g CG dGh
Stylizations
`Le `SGQO
#**# A``T
)"%
Ea K eh ;
k e jEG G Y e g
dG bdG Z d k e j JdG WG OY
. (21) dG HSCG d J
dG Ig dG CG kGQ e V e V j bh
P EG dG H SCG d J
FGdG OY g G JdG G dG
OY EG . a J dG W G O Y dh dG
dh , J S g dG JdG WG
j fC VGdG dG e f bdG k jCG
Oa G Yh . JdG e jOJ Y
FGdG OY hj c CG JdG WG
j CH nAG dP j a K eh ; f dG
HSCG d j dG CG gGODe f EG
G JdG G dG P EG dG
d Gg CG H . dG FGdG OY g EG
JdG WG OY CG dP ; M CG Y k eR
Lh Y hj e H jJ NGdG dG
dG M f dG FGdG OY bdG
; QdG fG P G dG e EG
EG J g Button h Bottle eCG e a
,JU e e J fCG e ,MGh FU Y
JU jEG /n/ h /l/ JdG CG dP
C Hb e CH GC J dG dG C , eU
H c , an IGOCH dh adG IGOCH J
(22) G Z FdG GP the dH J CG
QGZ Y /e/ FdG a j dG the H dh
an dh a lawn db dP eh he dG f
. dG lawn
(*) De Groot , 1946, 112 ff , stuttrheim, : fG )
1953 , 146 ff
dGh dG b e g dG dG eCG a
HcL ehQ CGQ Y HSCG d J
d dG e k HK k be j dG dG S
k fL MW GPEGh . JdGh jGh dG e
f CG feEG Ea dG J dG e
H dG - hj a - j e S OLh H
H d HSCG d dG g e Hb
. dG d VNh HK eGO e dL jZ
e fQ eCG Gg VJ h
bQh 52 e e dG GQhCG e bW a ; NBG
jdG d J J g CG
Spades OdG dG Y e ) bQa Y
Diamonds jQjdG YGh Hearts G dGh
MC G f dG eGC ,( Clubs jdG Y h
Gk MCG oj e S Lj h . dc a OSCGh
GQhCG GSG Y jdG d j CH
OLh fCG c , gMh OSCGh HCG fdG GP
j CH fdG e k fa j k S Vhe d
jZ H j IOe H jdG GQhCG H
Y k ee H j M , dL
Y Gk e dH j CG hCG , GdCGh TCG
a dG dH j a eCG. a GdCG
WG OY CG k j J dG L MG
. dG k e kGQhO OD j dG J dG
QU f OLh dG hV e c Mjh
HCG Isosyllabism JdG G cG e
dG JdG WG OY c EGh , HG
H bQa S jo dG g e c IMGdG
G j OdG Gg C dPh , a
Ggh . d fG Phonemes JdG d
hCG , eGdG e fCG Y Buttonh Bottle /a/ h /l/ jEG JdG J EG . j a gQf Me dG Gg Y Oo pjn
e k jCG ) eGdG e Lawn dG e /l/ JdG QYG Y G fG GPEGh . ef dG jdG Y bJ b g FGdG
EG f CG fKBG AGSh Bottle . c OLG JdG Y f dG fG IQhdH j Gg Ea ( G jdG c
, /a/+/l/ JdG e fe d ( JU ) f e fCG Y hCG /l/ Jd e J fCG Y /l/ (23 ) G edG JdG
dh JU QJ fCG Y QdG Gg a GPEG FU Y J a K eh ; e e J Bottle dG CG g a T dG Ea
OYh WG OY H HJ OLH f CG Gk L G e CG QG CGQ hj ddh ,The subtance odG JdG IOH e dCe
.( de . )FGdG
#**# A``T
M e dM dG dG dG jh
eGG Y J a dGh dG H NGdG
Ic FKh h , JYe H RGdG UN e
. dG dG iNCG
;HOCG a Y fCH IdG asY b eO eh
Glossal dG a hCG Linguistic art d a fCG CG
jdG d k `qHSCG
k J IdG a art
d Ib CG dG
o dG jh . Z
- GC G M e - eEG Kh , a c dG
dG H J dG dG OhM NGO QNd
e HV OLh j eCG Ggh . dG Ve
e M OLh e ) jEG dG hV
: gh ( H NGdG
Isoperiodic verse G YjEG GMdG T (CG)
eh ; Isosyllabism JdG WG KH k fe
Endymion Ib Keats c b
A thing of beauty is a joy for ever
Its loveliness increases, It will never
. IdG NBG EG Gg h
K G G Y jE G G M dG T ()
. JdG G KdH e Z Isoperiodic
: YdG b eh
The pubs of salop
Wells and Bath inns
Shared his pleasure
With taverns of athenes
( Elinor Wylie. Peregrine)
Y g HCG g JdG WG Oa
Y j e H c CG Z .6^4^4^5 GdG
YjEG If e xd , e YjEG JMh
One rhythmi z beat { IMGh
)"$
dG hV J - 5
, c L k YJ d ahG dG hV J
. Ye j k J J h
H G U dG e I Mh I dGh
Ggh . SCGdGh aCG jo dG Y Correspondent
a HG HCG e S e J fCG j
He GMh e QhH dCj e H ch . H
GP dG N HG GMdHh . NGO J
H c NGO HdG J fEG PEG ; SSCG gCG
fEG H , H Y H k e HCG g e
K eh ; HG HCG H HdG U J
g J CG j dG SGQdG jhGR e
UH Gk L k eGSG dG NGO HG GMdG
dG JCJ CG h , dG Oe e GC e
( De Groot , 1946, 8ff . 2 ) : JBG dG Y
Se g e eh) Syllabic verse G dG (CG)
f dG c e g eh , fH dG c
.(jG
Periodic Verse . G YjEG IMdG T ()
bh ) JU e e cCG e a GMdG Jh
H G YjEG IMdG NGO H dG j
Quantitative dG dG g Ggh , dGh jdG
. JdGh ffdGh jdG Ljh Verse
Ggh , QG Zh QG H e HdG j b c
L jh Accentual Verse dG dG g
. ( gZh ShdGh djEGh fCGh jEG
g a IMdG Jh Word Verse . dG T ()
b e Me JdG Ljh IOG dG
hj h Pre-Classical Latin Verse . SdG dG
f iG Y f CG EG Yj k S K CG
a , Pitch dG LQO GSH dG de
e dG LQO H dG j dG
HdG Gg j Qh . G dG N
T k `jq fK
k eY (24) Annamite e`q fC G dG
. dG
#**# A``T
)"!
JdG
j : AGLCd dG edG dG (2)
dG e GC j k `qeg k ef SG AGLCG
a , Measures SG jRG a Notes
edG dG CGj dG h phrases .SG
adG WCH K , SyllablesJdG WH
HhJ Y j e gh ) Frame - Morphemes
. a , da , (25) ( rahmeneinheiten
Syllables J dG W G e GC a dG eGC
, dG AGLCa Priods or "feet" IQhG da
. jdG Wa ,HCa
Dominant Centers in YG RhdG cGe (3)
RhdG cGe SG Beats bdG Groups :
JdG WG k SSCG RJ dG h . SSCG
hCG dG IQG JdG WGh , jdG
LQO gY J dG dG RJ , c Y
dG eCG . G J Pitch - PointdG
NGO QG hCG jdG JdG G k SSCG Ra
WG UNh dG j f RJ c , dG
.dG hV e c IG IQG JdG
CG jG H bG dG cG E a , G Yh
bG dG cG j , kGKC J cCG j Y
bU dG g KCG bh . jdG hCG SdG
CG c , YGfCG aH dG QKBG d dH
dG Y IcGdG Y jLGC dG Q dG
dH G dch , f dG EG UJ
dG Bar SG UdG ODJh . dGh Sd
EG dG b dG SG jhdG Vj
GG j f dH g I dG C ; dG A S
. SG IQdG hCG z IQhRG { SG
(26) Iambic Verse ejG dG CG Mjh
(27) Trochaic j chdG e k Y T cCG g
adG EG Y LH dG h . dG e
EG FT G HCG jf OJ dG INCG
. H M
`Le `SGQO
Syllables
G - 6
jdG Lh Y G GfCG e CG
:JCj e
J dG d H UG G (1)
dG
Gestalten of pure sound - form
H WJQG dH UG G (2)
G hCG
Gestalten of sound combined with
(meaning) or (content)
dG G hCG H UG G (3
Gestalten of pure meaning or content
dG g jG bH g Vf dh
dG : hCG d k e Sh , H Yh
: ddG dh , IdG : dG dh ,SG
df d fCG cDf CG g Ofh . MG IdG
JdG dH UG G EG SSCG
dh . JGP z RdG { hCG z dG { gh dG
JdG dG CG dG J dG dG
hCG Gk AL EG d fCG SG Y J jdG
hCG { Gh dG e dDG G e k fL
L E a M CG Yh . c z G
e dG IdG dG
. e ie EG G Y
G d G NGG o ahr GnC h
e Mf eh dG MdG e dG JdG
jh . SG e JCj M e H opn`J
e f Y Gk e d a bG CH SG
H JdG dG JJ M ; dG
j dG bGGh bdHh , d adG
Geb SGh dG AY CG c ; dDG dEG
CG f CG d dh ; dG RE H G G g
Y dGh SG CG FN H
: dG Qe e Hj
SG idG AGLCG : G AGLCG (1)
W a dG eGC , G dG g
#**# A``T
HG UGd edG KdG fCH e SQe

K CG VGdG eh .Isochrony of successive intervals
L CG G a j dG G H MhCG Q J A S
. edG UGdG K Y Fb jEG hV
G g CG Alphonse Millet e f dCG Vh bh
hdG QU d . WEG Y U Z QdG
HZ SG Y dZ S UGd edG
KC H dP ch , Y H dG dG HhQhCG
h QjG dG SG eCG . bdG
jEH a iNCG SG CG e c
ihJ jEG gh - HdG jJ M - Ofi
dG e c h Anisochronic k eR UGdG a
EG dGh S dG Jq dGh f dG
jQG S H j jEG P jG
CG CG ; H H UG dG H e dG h dG
dG h . edG M e de a UGdG
hdG fG Oq`j - G S Y - EG
. dG jf Y edG
dG d G dG Y gf CG h
GSH edG M e UGdG dJ j
: G H H H
ò`nà e T Y H of a
J jEG hH Y IQOdG bdG e S
G e fCG S Ib UGa H Y
dhe gQYH e bO c j CG k `q Y Y
S fCG S dGh , bdG e gZ e
S e d
q bO IY hCG bO H H
GPEG Gk cCG YjEG KCG Sh . YjEG
H Y J H bdG L d J
a JCJ f Y J j H jhe UGa
f UdH k FGO Y e K hCG bO c
.(Katz, 1950,p 34 )
d k Uh hCG k a j j e Yh
j Y j CG O H M H , e Ib
CG h . dG dH eCG dG Gg REG CG e
)"'
UG g : HG YG H HdG (4)
dG UGN cCGh . SG GfCG e VGh
GMdG Hh , HG HCG H aGdG g Gk KCJ
k fMCGh , IM Y H c NGO (
k e dc )
. jdG WG hCG HCG e IG GhRCG H
GP Gk QGJ dG QJ { fCH HdG sj CG h
. z dL b
d VG IOG dG S (5)
Lj HhQhCG Z IUG fSe : HSCG
, The Gamut dG S : dG Gg e S KK
hCG dG Sh , ( k eYh Gk OLh bdG ) dG Sh
Semi- : ec fh ; Breve:ec f) IG
Minimum or half f fh ; Breve or whole note
eCG . (dG Crotchet or quarter note ... f HQh ; note
Y HJ g dG a G dG
Vowel squares and trianglesFGdG eh He
, Consonant squares eG dG H eh ,(28)
. QG Zh QG G H HdHh
bdG SMEG j Rhythm : jEG (6)
eR ae OLh SSCG Y jEG IH OGh
RhdG cG e H f dG e 3/4 G M J e
z jEG { G CG Mj CG jh ) .HG
hCG QGdG e f CG Y dd eGSG j
dch , dG Y G QhdG hG
, dG IG HdG e f CG Y dd
IH k qY j e c Y Y LH ddh
.( VH ee Oj e jdG
: Wholeness G HN hCG dG dG (7)
g G GfCG e f CG gL EG or Pregnance
S fcCG AGS , Id e c U fc
dG Y g gh . NBG AT CG CG jH CG
fG M d fG dG S e SG
. H Y H
SGh QJ AS EG dG f CG g Ofh
au ò J jEa ; dG jEG UN Y QfG
#**# A``T
)"(
qhQ OhQh Y Mf e f Y Theme FdG

:JBG dG Alliteration IQGdG
From the lips everliling of laughter and love everlasting
dG HSCG dG a YdG K eCG

Y Mf e gh , FdG IdG RGHEG EG ODJ
: JBG dG IQGdG hQ
`Le `SGQO
The deep damnation of his taking off
AT d dG H e CG k jCG Y CG c
H d U dG Jh , H dG e
. WEG Y
e NBG Gk e d JGdG dG tno`Jh
J CG G a ; SGQO dG ge
k J IMGdG IdG J dG dG IG
dG Y J Q H , UTCG N
. LGG dM N k J MGdG
EG G CG - G H - j Ggh
dG Ggh . JGP IdG EG J e M
e - G Ea EGh , gG j ag e
G fCG IdG EG J -iNCG L
dG G ie EG . IdG OLd MdG
G g HNh LfEG IdG J
GPEGh . b hCG IdG ie O dG g
CG a dG f jhGR e dG g EG ff
dG IG c J IO YGE g S SCG dG
Y GHEG oUhh f YdG cG
dG gh ,dSG hCG HU e hj ZdG
Vf CG h . G J a J
I He S MdG IN CG G Gg
d k SSCG J VGaG g dG gh . YdG
f g gh , fCG SGQdG bU J g hCG
dh . G SGQd , IMdG dG jGdG
G G b Vf CG g YSG
VdG Gg U e cCdG H G
.(Stutterheim,1953, 13,ff.) dG
: fL RGHEH OdG Gg f
J IM Y H c IG CG : hCG fG
L g G e Yf Y bCG Y
kGQ J NBG f EG a VE H JGP dG
IgX Kh . RdH k dZ j k e j
S SCG dG gh SG H e
EG . SG G Undercurrent ThemeG
M L g Theme SSCG dG hCG RdG
, d fG AGLCG M e UG JS d JGP
RhdG cGeh , AGLCG edG efh
gh , H Gh jEGh aG dGh , Y G
H j dG J Y J UG dG
G e ) . f IQ dG hCG f dG
hCG RdG c GPEG e ae d MhG jdG
UN S j EG dG VG
jH H b Q gh Pitch . dG LQH
. ( G Gg jDJ fCG hj H J Buiskool
H IOhe GAMEG K CG : dG fG
dG SG EG OCG e HC e
: d JBG
. eQU YGb (1)
. Jb ie J gG (2)
Hh de JCJ jOa HSCG J (3)
. VY
f e jd dG dG j CG dP eCG eh
K e H Jc AGHG YdG a j
gh . dG H k VY IgdG g J
H jh Hj e d fH IjG G
EG { :Jc j ; G dG Y fGL
Y Z e e e U d fG AGLCG
e eh , Wholeness dG dG cJ OGj eY
(Katz 1950 , p. 46 ) . z k f d IQhV
d G KCdG f fh Yh
Yf H CG de dEG dG Y HSCG
IdG RJ dG HSCG dG dhCG ; e
#**# A``T
dG e d CG dG hV e V CG Y
Y JBG G bG bh . (30) d ahG
:jQGhh jh
Lo. the poor
in - di - on
whose un - to tored mind
FjdG dG Y FdG jdG VJh

Y f AG dG e L e g I dG CG
e Y Y - jdG g fc Qh .gOfEG
e k M dG ahCG - Y V e e d Y j
NH j AGdG Le T C , JGdG
NG dhCG : S EG dP Leh , UTCG
IG CG fKh ,UTCG NH dG RL
H fEG EG fEG e k jCG J G hCG
JM NH MGdG dG Y d fEG
gaY c IdG Ea M CG Yh . LGG
S dh , AGdG Le e S O d
da ; H e Th , JdG dG e
CG c , AGdG Le e S d JdG
L e e S k jCG IQh d H d dG
H hCG - AGdG Le CG Mf fh . AGdG
JU IN jJ Y IQOb - bCG Y YGfCG
LG d dh , G H id e
.GUCG e HdG HJ CG
fdG Y FdG jdG EG ff GPEGh
jW gfLh Modern Linguistic Method jG
jdG dG H gh . SSCG FMEG
Jh , dc d dG Jh dG dG GP
dG GP d dG dG Sd SSCG
f g QGdG hCG dG dG Ggh . dG
SSCG Y j dGh ,MdG id G QG
. dG dGh jdG dG H dG Y
SQ hCG bQCG T FdG J CG h
e j ah . TCG e YdG c hCG fH
KG HCG SSCG jdG dG Ud
)""
Id JdG dG UJ c -7
; Lh hP g j dG dG SGQ d
dG H h J dG j dG f CG : dhCG
:fKh ,HSCG dG CG Id JdG
dG g fc LCG e dG dG f CG
IQ H - j Ggh , Y g e Y H SCG
eh a c dG dG L e gf CG -iNCG
MdG EG f L eh , S e H J
Y IQOb g dG G L e CG dG
. LfEG
dG O f CG - R jEG S Y - h
: JBG GfCG EG dG Uh IFdG
jdG jdG (1)
SG dG jW (2)
FjdG dG jW (3)
dG dG jW (4)
Classical Method jdG jdG VJh
, J e j dG CG a G JQ U
, ( jhj e hCG ) jW e Y e c j
g GJ h . dG dG e cCG hCG eh
fCG Z dG hV L Y J jdG
: e d G dG Y EG J G
a . dGh JdGh ffdGh jdG
k HJ bQdG JS H j dG dG e dG
H
k HJ K eh , IdGh jdG cG H
. IdGh jdG JdG WG
Musical Method : SG dG jW eCG
Warren jQGhh Wellek jh b M Y - GJ a
jEG e H de jW (1949,P.169)
L CG SSCG Y jdG g Jh . jeCG
c , edG M e he jEG GP dG hV
e SG dG H T qS hP dG CG
. JdG H dG bj dG IG M
J SG dG Y FdG jd dh
#**# A``T
#**
dG dG f b JdG WG OY ()
gHh SSCG
IQG JdG WG OY
0
1
2
3
4
SSCG IhQdG b
0
6
27
13
3
SSCG IhQdG H
0
7
32
10
0
Endymion .
(31) c Ib e hCG dGh
JdG WG { hCG dG f VG e O Y (CG)

dG z IQG
`Le `SGQO
G bQ *
J FMEG jdG CG S jh
JdG WG OY Uh e ; IOe
Zh e Q G OY jh , H G HCG
OJ dG dGh , dGh jdG OY hCG , QG
dG Yh dG H OhG Jh , H
SSCG jdG g e CG T h .Word-Groups
. Y ASG h
CG - GC eh e b gh - j fCG H
j dG CG dhCG : j eC H Yh Y f
d ec Uh EG OJ CG FMEG
M e - fCG fKh , Id dG
Z e AMEGh dG jW f CG - GC G
Z e CG ; dG ge f bdG f CG
. d SGQO
IQU J CG FMEG j d h
. fH I dG OOJ dG d e c
e GQGdG T f IQdG g Jh
WG OY CG dP eCG eh . dGh IdG M
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, G G Hh H dG jb dG
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1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th
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50
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#**# A``T
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d G Z G Y dG CG , Y A L
. d
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d j d dG HdGh G e S
NDj dG VdG b e fcP dh . g a
H HdG VGaG g Gah G Gg H
.(Stutterheim, 1953 Passim) YdG INh MdG IN
dG G e BG g G SGQOh
Y MdG npb e G hG a J
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k V Gj FdGh
: JG Gg Gf
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dG G UGN SGQd dG G
hj - Y OhM - e k `jq GC CG Z . G
SGQdH j CG f dG S
fdG d Havet "g H b dG UdG
IR SGQO fc fCG e ZdG Y , JdGh
Y fGL H YG fCG c ; Uh
e JO aGE Y k jCG dP fh . A MEG
#*)
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eh , Y dL H k fMCG bCG dG f
. IQGdG qhQ e Ib YdG j CG dP
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: NBG
k e dd dh . Gk L b YT f
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Z , H M EG S e HCG j e Y
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Y k fl fc EG f ;JGH G g EG
fc EG hCG MdG HCG Y hCG HdG HCG
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J b H , dG e b H ddG dG
dG JQG Y g dG e dG dG g
(32) dG
: j e dP e jh
EG CG FMEG jdG CG (1)
jh . Uh hCG a j dG fGG H
d dH UG Lh Y dc eCG
. IOG HCG
HCG Y hCG IOG HCG dM fCG (2)
. G CG dG MCG QYG e H
H G Gg IdG MjEG FSdG eh
SG g : f eGSG j dG SCG
Assonance FGdG f hCG IQGdG hQ YdG
Y VQdG fG TCG e NBG
k T hCG (33)
EG dP O e CG CG , H V Z d b
M fGC f fG J gh ? G aO G
dH k `q d L z e{ TCG d CG Vf
. ? Yd
dG d PEG ; GDdG Gg AGQh M Kh
JdG d G UdG e F dG
p f CG g e mIb
e dGh IdG hdG
n n
#**# A``T
#*#
AGOCG - 9
(1933) Hc IdG KBG H e d
dG H e OG a dG SGQO Y
dG J Xj dGh dG Ggh .OfEGh
. Gh YdG H e
M - fdG LdG e - IdG OfEG EG
F j dG dG G MCG e O a
dG Gg e M Yh .Physical realization
j dG dG J k bO Gk CG j
gCG GP g dG SSCG dG EG .
: j a dLEG OfEd
j dG dG H J dG j dG (1)
dGh JGH bQdG dG Jh ) dG
. ( dG dGh VGdG
. jdG dG H J dG jdG (2)
H UG dG j dG dG (3)
. G
j CG dG e dG Gg CG VGdG eh
: JBG QeCd L VGh H EG
. Hh dG UN (1)
. Hh dG UN (2)
. dG LdS (3)
MdG e j dG Gg CG dP EG VCG
jG S h , jdG dG k `dCG
d J CG fGSCG d h . e
e Y dG cCG J IOe G Gg
] .dEG f
`Le `SGQO
Performance
gCG dG U dG SGQ dG
, fdG d Gramont (1913^1950)eGL
d Lotz Jdh HcLh HhJ SGQOh
e SGQdG H SGQOh , adG dG
gZh Stuiveling jSh Guittart QjL eCG
g CG e Z dG Y dPh , d dG d
a AY H b gZh UdG SGQdG
FNh CG Y c b f dGh dG
g gCG EG H , H J Ic fGbh
J Y H J dG dG d F dG
jdG G e Gk c SG dG FdG
. eG
dG H UGdG Gf NBG Gh
; AGdG Le SGQO g G Gg G
OfEGh dG f G e dG a
AGdG Le SGQH EG dEG UdG dG
, LG g fEH dG GP LCG cMh
fCG Z . b GhL dG CG hj eCG dP
CG - SGQdG e
k b Gk OY SG GPEG - Mf
Y dH j GG Gg BG M CG e
dG jOG IdG EG dP Leh , SGh f
jS Sh , MdG H Y Qj dG
g e fL H j CG bG eh .Scripture
e S dG M dG j dG I dG
Massachusetts Institute of Ldd STSe
HcL GTEG dG Y Technology
dG dS M (1962) Halle gh Fant fah
.Configurational dG
LGG Fb
DE GROOT, A. W., 1935 . Nieuwe Taalgids 29, 49
DE GROOT ,A. W., 1946 . Alegmene Versleer . The Hague .
GRAMMONT, M., 1913 Le vers franais . Paris ( 4th ed . 1937)
GRAMMONT.M., 1950 Petit traite de versification francaise . Paris
#**# A``T
#*&
HAVET, L., Cours de mtrique greeque et latin . Paris , several editions.

JAKOBSON , R., 1923 O cheshkom, stikhe ( On Czeeh Verse ) Betlin .
JAKOBSON , R., 1933 Ueber den Versbau der Serbokroatischen Volksepen, Archives Nerl. de Phont
Exprim. 8-9, 135ff.
JAKBSON , R., 1934 Mtrical slava , Enciclopedia Italiana 23, 112 ff.
JAKBSON , R., (With J. Lotz) 1941. Axiomatik eines Verssystems am mord winischen Volkslied dargelegt. Thesen zu
einem Vortrage im ungarischen Institut. Stockholm .
JAKOBSON, R., 1952 . Studies in comparative Slavic metrics . Oxford Slavonic Papers, vol. III, 21-26.
JAKOBSN , R., 1962 . Selected writings I. The Hague ( esp. chapter Kindersprache).
JAKOBSON, R., G. FANT, and M. HALLE, 1962. Preliminaries to speech analysis. Cambridge, Mass ., ( also later
ditions).
KAINZ, FR., 1941 Psychologie der Sprache I-IV. Stuttgart ( 1956 ed)
KATZ, D., 1950 Gestalt Psychologie; its nature and significance (transl.by R. Tyson) New York.
KAYSER , Wolfgang, 1954. Das sprachlicffe Kunstwerk . 3e ed.
MALMBERG, B., 1964 Couches primitives de structure phonogique, phonetica II.
MALMBERG,B., 1966 Stabilit et instabilit des structures in phonogiques, in phon tique et phonation (eds.) A. Moles
et B. Vallancien , Paris.
MEILLET, A., 1923 Les origines indo-europennes des metres. Paris
PEI,M., 1949 The story of language . Philadelphia-new york , p.811.
SAPIR,E., 1921 . Language . New York , pp 236-247.
SAUVAGEOT, A ., 195.Les procds expressifs du franais contemporain . Paris.
STUTTERHEIM, C.F.P.,1953 Problemen der Literatuu rwetenschap. Antwerpen Amsterdam.
WELLEK, R., and A. WARREN 1949 , Theory of literature. New York.(for most purposes the bibliographies in
STUTTERHEIM, WELLEK and WARREN, and for Gestaltpsychology , in KATZ, are practically complete, or contain
references to complete bibliographies).
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p
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h PsychobiologyLddG AMCG H Gh jha H a dEG UJ k UgQEG ch fEG dG aGhO a M
p G{
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. MdGh RjEGh
h , fCG fehdG SG dCdG IbY MCG (1810 - 1856) Robert Alexander SchumanneT QdCG HhQ g (2)
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. SH
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b F U e IO Y J dG G dC j (23)
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f dG G L EG g IQ TEG Q j (30)
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p
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Y IMGh aO f fEa ,G be
a CG H ,gG FdG LdfhCG fl
LQr Oo UH dh ,ad LQr Oo UH d dG
LdfCG Gk jhQ Gk jhQ Nf d fCG H .fd
Hh ,QdH dEG f d fEG c , g dG
dh ,jQ dh , d G G
.dTEd Le H dEG S fEG :dG
CG QY Fc j T CH :GDdG Y k Va
:dG GDdG S ?jQdG j CG hCG k f j
#**# A``T
EG Zjg e f CG GDdG fYj ?Sg

EGh .Zjg Sg jhCJ EGh Sg
EGh .dG g ,OdG jW Y aOf e hCG
,g eh .NCG z Sg { ,gGH H ,d Gg
d JGgdG SSCG Y k hCG Y f CG j
ge J jhCdG ge EG PEG .LdfhCG
gG { f CG , L a . LhO e
MG e e INCG MG z Y VG
jh .INCG Ff EG G b ,JGgdG
h .jhCdG G YVG gd dG Gg
Y Vj fC ,a Te Z H Gg j
dG OhJ fCH dG dG LdHEG YR
dh ,MdG ddG G PdH ffEG
VdG dO h j fC Te H k jCG
O j Geisteswissenschaften. `dG jh H
Ea ,iNCG L eh .dG Y e YVe
gd gf ,INCG Sg JGgX
k j W J H jEG d TEG Y Y VG
Y { g dTEG g Veh .dG LdfhC
bY Y HS HdG e W CG ,z IG
IjG fdG FM c eCG dG VGh GdG
.uLG YV
hG Gg k be NCG Sg c GPEGh
dG LdfhCG Vh EG j dG eG
dG hCG Sg Ea ,aG LdfhCG Ve
EG Logische Untersuchungen e g j
a .a k ce c b ,z JQjdG eCdG {
UH GdG EG Gk e jdG T ,cCdH ,dG
gjEG k e ,d eM UHh ,kje k b
GPEGh .G M dh ,dG g d bY
Sg e kbfG ,JGgdG ,kjOSG ,eC J
a ,UG Lh Y Zjg eh ,dG
Y hCG VGYG d h J CG J fCG
EG JGgX Je C dP .YVG gG
G Mhh , j dG I G b Y Gk j g
#*"
PEG dEG j CG j eh .jdG IQdG g

dG dG Gg .f GDdG b g ,dG jQL
Ld fhCG jhC dG Ld HEG e j
.dG
W jW c e dG g OG EG
EG J dG IdG Y dG dGh ,G
ae H k YGU Vj CG jL e jhCdG
Ea ,d e AYEG eCG .dG Y S e
h YVG aG e AdG j Gg
j dh .fdG aG jd G MCG
,VGh GdG dTEG S IFGO e PEG hG
Y AG A j d dh . F dG Y GD dGh
{ dG FdG Y Aj CG j ,Y H FdG
Y Aj CG j c .Fc H G z dG
f Y Lj dG FdG Gg Y CG ,zg OLdG{
j dG Ea ,dc G GOeh .FdG a
W e jW dh , a G W e j W
gh Lj dG FdG Gg jW fGE .f dG
.j
Gg T f CG k eJ k b bCG E a , g eh
bCG c .FdGh dG H bd dG fG
EG dPh ,dGO d k Y cCG QdG j CG
d a . YC G Q G j d f c I G
jf f j , f J dD e jQ dG
IG H b dG fc a . d H dG
b d G QG g i MC H JG Jh
.jQdGh fEG Hh dGh fEG H LhOG
d G CG a ,GbG Gg J GPEGh
dh ,jOG aG AGREG jQdG aG jJ
,eY c dG aG G J
e jQ dG F dG H d k Uh dPh
GdG bY e dUCG cCG j dGh , F dG
.aG jf VH
GQ dG H jhC dG e f c GPEGh
JGgX I J f CG a , L d fCG
`Le `SGQO
#**# A``T
#)*
CG f LdG N e h .UG fdG

dGh , f AGREG H NCG Y I G IQ b
QDG c GPEGh .gG Fd H J ,H
Oj CGh ,f AdH f j CG j
. jQJ YVeh fC da , G e JGH
kHS ,PEG jQdG dG g T j Ggh
- d Gk M c e Ea ,g eh .e c Y
eh .Fd SDe j - FdG fjQJ ae
_ Y V e EG hDu G A fG a e _k b J c
.LdfhCG S j
g d bQG I dG J e fEG
S dP e bCG E a , S SCG L d fhCG
jhCdG G j CG bCG c .NBG jW
Gg GPa .iNGC jH Lde dG Y
d ?z g OLd { dG dG eCG fG
EG : j a e bCG S LCG e dP c
,M Z e a J d H cM dG jdG
H dPh ,kjCG jDhdG Y S dh
Ad fEGh .Zjg Y GDd jQG jdG
ch ?UdG d CG ,kGY d c
ch ?dG Y AGREG jQdG dG SDf
g EG ?aG jhCdG H GdG f
jhC J N e dEG j G d H j dG
jhC dG Gg j :kG Y dP c bh . S SCG
Zjg Ea ,dch .HGPE dh , k Le
dH J UN b CG j CG C j
HJ j CG OGQCG a .J hCG fdG H UG
CG Zj ch .fK ff LJ j CGh Y
T fCch ,LdfhCG dH jQdG f
e dCG ,Gg eCG c GPEGh .UCG T e e
d ,d G TCG e fG aCG
j CG Gg j ?bTG GQTEG a f
a dG SQ dG JGP G e fG
.dG fl e fG j CG CG ,f
d :fdG IcG EG hCG IcG g OJ
e Hh .jdG IG g Y dG ,ddG
AH a OYCG b hCG Sg EG f CG dP
dG IjG f dG e jb ,IjL d e
GNG g EG dG MhWCG GNG EG :HQj
e b EG F dG b e d H g j
O EG QhH NG b FdG e EG K .FdG
.d JGdG d bY
jf AH EG U b fCG ,kGNCG if dh
jf gG Vh ,PEG hCG Sg V dG
EG k jQhO d dGh , j G h G
j NCG Sg c GPEGh .da ,fWaCG
a QGe Y dP c a ,LdfhCG g f
dG dP c c ,FdG GNG Yhe
e JGgd FdG dG J QGe Y
e ZdG Y fCG Gg j dh .FdG Yhe
f G dG GdG e k H ,cG b
Y dG dh ,Y d k M k Fc ,H UG
.JLJ d aCG d GhdG
SCJ Y HS G e M j Ggh
e fC ef dG c ,VjdG dG
YVG Y HS G e fEGh .dZ
b Lj dG aCG C dP .aQY GP EG dH
jf OLh b YdG IG LJ c ,YVG
IG kfMCG Sg j dGh ,JGP aG
GP EG afG H Oj fC dP dh ,ro G
d dG G dG C dh , f c T Z
.YdG IG e e f g EG ,YVe
b jQG LQO e LQO CG EG if fEG
dC a . G eh dG e M
e jQJ ae dCe J fjQdG
j dG jdG EG J fEG .ke UH
dG Ea ,dch .GOLG z e { a OLG
c eh .dG dG Y dG Y OQ j
F dG O L d j W j fC EG d c dP
Ad Y HS jW gh .F dG e dH
#**# A``T
fEG :GQTEG jhCJ M (aCG) LdG g J

Fb fCH ,JM J WSH ,j OLe
GOeh .Y jh JGP e j CG b FdG
OLdG jW S jhCdG Ea ,Gg Gg
jh .khDe k Fc jdG EG jGdG e S
Oj CG ,kGJ UH f j PEG ,Mh dG
bj Gg CG H .d LdfhCG QhG EG
Ggh .dG cM jW Yh ,dG G Y
.a S dG YdG jdG g
dG G -3
AGS ,dG k FGOh k hCG f Y a c j
fEa ,Gdh .kfhCG c CG k fhCG dG Gg c
dG fG AG j CG PEG dG e d
fOY a .jhCdG G Le Qfi Y
e Gk OY j dG CG Ia Y b e dG
e e MG dG H j G g CGh . G
z fi { e MhdG G CG fOY c .NBG
G Y (SZhCG jd edG jdG)
dh .G Gg EG aVEH ,G hCG jQdG
,kjCG UdG EG f CG dOh NeT Y
K JM GJ UH hdGh ,FKdGh
dG QG U d dG EGh ,Gg .HdG
K ,jOG WJQG IG ib YV
dPh YVG g EGh . jQ dG dG
TCG e NBG k T f d dG
UH dG fL e f dY dh. G
.jhCJ j dG IdG IOGQEG dh Id GJ
f Ia ,dP e cCG g e Y d fEGh
k jhC J dG J G gh . jhC J g EG
{ GY jha a a ,kGNCGh .jhCd
fCG YhQ GAGLEG e S ,z G Y
j ,AGdG EG Jh ,kfi e J
.jh gdG G G G f bdG
adG GdG AGdG Gg J J dh
#))
gdG Fd LdHEG dG fG j
Te UH f CG k hCG f CG j ,k
dG Fd _HS LdHEG gG Z e
K .JGH Fb g c k e ,z g OLG { j
e jW UH dG CG dP H Y j
e QhG g dG HdG EGh .fdG W
dG EG aG W e jW UH dG
EG :j a J ,fdG W e jW UH
g ,g OLdG Ff e f g dG dG
f F dG Gg dN eh H j dG JGP
dG f CG j CG ,aVEG Ih .kFc UH
jW EG g r GE dG CH dGdG edG Y JGP
?fdG W e
k MGbG f bdG adG Gg j
dG jdG jdG Vh :g GbG Gg ,kHjEG
LG j dG Ve j dG dG Y
aS fEa ,GHh .g OLdG H G
SQ J dG fCG e bdG Y k FGO
a AGZEG hS fEG c .e jH jhCdG
eJ dG G Y dH UG zG{
dTEG K c GPEGh .dG Y dG fCG
,gDhfEG G e j CG j OLd IjL
IYb Yh e k bfG EG j CG Gg Ea
c H G jhC dG Q dG V dG
M ddG g Sh . jhC dG fC G
OG hCG OdG H d ce Ve
RedG M S fEG k jCG S hCG , G
.(SG dG OdG QoS)
b EG NG QJCG c ITe TCS
:ddG g dG Y dP Gk e ,OLdG
z AGdG k e { S ,O O VJ CG EG
IOG HdG a CG f eO e j k eR
.JGd dG e jedG hCG G
HQ e f S ddG HQG E a ,G gh
CG Y J d hDu J dG GdG dh .ja
`Le `SGQO
#**# A``T
#)#
L H MGC E a ,G g bGC PEG EGh .G

Ggh .G G jhCd CG ,d FdG
K PEG .de jQe jhCdGh edG j
jOJ C dP .Oe e Lj M g ,jhCJ
.jhCdG jOH J G
dG d YG jdG Gg e jh
G e e OY jhCdG Lh edG L e
.H Fb Vh Y bCG dG
e E a , j e dG G dG j e eGC
. hj c Ye a S dG dG
e OGH dG ,L e ,OG CG f dh
Ggh .jedG TCG j eEG Qb ech
dH MdG G jdG g FGSG jdG
,bdG Lh Y ,dCG C dP .dG jGH EG
CG g cG dG j J
RedG QXEH g dG jh .edG dG e
CG ,IMd jS GNH gG Z e fdG
e ,jdG JGgX Y J dG RedG QXEG
Seh ,OQd jQeh ,d jO a JGgX
dG dG c d - XCG dG ,O dEG
,Q d dG JO e c e G j e dG
YG HEG -W SCGh , b Gh , aGGh
,G Qd bdG d k J Yd edG
jeQ LJ PEG .dG Y k L fEa
e dG IQ b f c EGh , j dG fEG b
soGh ,ZdGh ,dG EG CG .dG IQe
Y j c ,Gdh .dG WSH dG d
dG NCG IOYEG EG Qj d d OLh GhdG
G Ea ,dch .QdG Se j d dGh
EG dG eGOe G Y k e j
.dG ie
edG dG C OG dG Gg Y jh
SDG J e Sh .H j d dG Y
.IcGh ,RGh ,IQSG e TCd ddG
jW LJ gh ?G f RG Xh g a
ad Gk J GH ch
s ,jdh ,NCdh ,d
j fCG d Gg EGh.f H Gk L k T
CG e j CG h j H CG G e
,UN hCG Y ,jhCJ d z ddG IdG{ J
,G dG CG hd fEGh .fl hCG SSCG
dG e Gk AH ,e c Lj dG dP CG
Sg e k Yf , dG dH A fGh
G hCG YG G f CG ,G
H c EGh ,I e c gQhO jh .O G
g PEG iQC EGh.J gh oJ CG ,fl
iY KJ ,ANEGh QXEG Y J dG ddG
IOG GdG dO gGQCG c ,dG dG
.G
Yb e Ofi b H b fEG h
{ q J dG GYG d b gh , d dG g
d z eQ { J bCG fEa ,z dG jeQ
d YCG Ea ,Ggh .G IOG GdG
e , j dG dG e k V cCG e eQ
bGd a c Y eQ SG j ,jSc
, G GQOE H Gk A H ,GQ TEG Y j
YCG EG c .dH A fGh , dGh ,IQ SCGh
jdG dG e k YJG cCG e z eQ { d
hCG ffdG ZdG e k bfG ,SdG EG fdj
Ea ,QNHh .IjG fWaC G d J e
G a j ,dGO H d z eQ { SG YCG
e EG f Y
k a ,Gh ,hCGh ,TG
j CG h ,Rh ,fKh ,Te Z NBG
e I FG dG g Jh.hCG G N e EG
H jhCdG G YG G GP GdG
.bdG
g j jhC dG Qe E a ,AH Y Gk OYh
YCG e oj CG bC EGh .kGOfi k b k jCG
dG Y g jhCdG EG f a .JG e edG
,gdG G G G a e j dG
G jG G je f Y jh
#**# A``T
CG RedG a YGb Oj ,QdG dG

dG dG CG Z . ZdG dO j
g Y j eh .Y j e Oj CG j
eG GKDdh d z ObG { G
, NCGh , dGh , dG dGh , G
GJ Z NBG k T j CG j fEGh .jdGh
cCG ZdG EG J GKDeh H Ie
dG jhdG S G Gg jh .fEd k eb
GC j jhC dG G a . a dG i G Y
k GC j c ,jedG TCG k Se QSH

H LGe a ,Hd fEGh .jedG dG a
fC kG f j c ,U dG J d SCG
H EG jhC dG g G j J
k fi , jhC dG
SQ f j dH gh . SG j dG
H k M k S dGh , dG e
PEG gh .jhCdG e MGh d ddG GAYOG
T Y e c H j dG jdG Y j
.UG JFGO OhM e c Qj fEa ,jdG
Ge jhCdG Gd jdG XdG g gh
.a dG
J ,khCG . a Ij dG jGG Mf dh
SQG gH U Y jhCdG ddG HQG
Y d gQe H W J h ,k a
eDJ ,iNCG Mf ,e ,fEG K .d gQe
J ie Y dPh ,JGgdG jhCdG GQfG
Y CG ,f e Gk cCJ J e cCG jgdG a
.G dG Cf dG G jf ie
Z G Ia d c e Sg Ea ,cCdHh
CG c dh .dGNG Qj H Y G
.hCG z G dG { Gk QL Y dP j
G dG JGgX E a , dG G dh
Y fG GPEG dh . jhC J J CG J
jf QWEG bCG Y S Gg Ea ,Sg
dh ,hdG j a .dGdG GdG Y
Lebenswelt. `dG JGgd a G iG Y
#)&
Nof ch ?RG Z H G Hd iNCG

dG G dBG g e dG G SD e EG
TCG e Hf CG gh ?jha cG
?jdGh IQSG e ,kHS IG ZdG
e jha eSG dG AGdG dBG J gh
G f z G Y { jha j e N
gcDJ dG jedG GAGLEG J dG dG
CG dG Y Y Ljh ?jdG Ldea
.SCG g e j
SGQO Y QhH d dG Y Ea ,dch
NBd MGdG WSH aY dh .jhCdG GAGLEG
.jhC dG GAGLEG Mh j e dG SGQ dG M
dG J ,edG Mj dG a
jhCdG j CG dH FGd fEGh .jhCdG e Y
CG dh .VQe H ,je L g k fe
G a . dG dGh j dG JG g X EG
e Gg dh .dP eCG e k jQ L VQ j
O G j dG e j jhC d a .g j
dG j c k jaJ gj eh_Red
EG ,dc g M e ,j c CG H .dG
.GTGh D WGdG jOdh ,IhdG d GNG g
eh .H UN IAGd d k J edG Ljh
jhCdG T CG j CG dG Y e e Ea ,g
Ve jhCdG d jdG dG e Sj
VG H jdG JGgX J Ggh .dG
J fCG Z .kGOYa ,IQSCa ,kSW jdG
H Oj dG ,SG dTEG e k bfG dH
,dP e dG Y ,dG dG eCG .jdG
SEG o r Ho fEG : eQ H i S j fE a
gG Ve a Vj eh .JG ZdG
WdG YdG J dG G T g ,dG
MdG eSEd k Jh ,hCG dG e k bfG
dG Y f CG f bh .fdG d
C dP .OLh S g Ga :dG Gg dG
Y jha j e Ggh ,dG dG jf
`Le `SGQO
#**# A``T
#)%
.GO Sh fEG OLdG EG CG J f

G H f e Y f K Z j g fEG
,dG iG Rh cM j a .GYG
J dG dG g Ggh .LdfhCG ZQ g
.dG S S Y
d dG eO f CG c dh
VGYG ICWh f CG Z e ,LdfhCG
EG ?z g OLdG { AGREG k HS f c dG
CG , eC dG g ,O L dG H S dG MG
fEa ,Gdh .GdG ah GQTEG a H bdG
.OLG Y d k M GdG g
Ea ,GdG H jedG dG HQ bCG PEGh
jhCJ CG C dP .jhCd k Y cCG QdG MCG
j dG dGh YdG Y j CG j EG
,dEG dG j dGh dG dG dG H
, dG G g G Rh GPE a . f hDu G Hh
:G CG j fEa ,d Gk Ue UCGh
k e j CG CG ,kUN jdG e j CG jj fEG
Gd UG dG SJ PEG Gg j dh .d
.NBG a Y j dG
jhCdG Y j fEG PEG dG OOJCG d fEG
ie Y a Gg dh ,JGgdH j CG
iG Y dh ,G HCd G jf
z jjEG{ e c o e ,z Ld { TEG
bGC cGC d dh .z jQ jdG eC dG { EG
a .MG dG j dG EG dG Gk OOJ
G G G NOEG CG c b e jCGQ
f c ,k e I M dG J Y ZQCG b dG
fCH BG f CG jh .Y b G HCG
aG Y Gk D WGJ IOG G g PEG
.kY kGJ LdG dTEG f fEa ,JGd
eCdG d NGdG UG Gg EG Gk Qa dh
jL H Y a f CG H a QS dG g
d ,LdG j c f CG b dh .OLd
.jh jhCdG EG AdH j c
a ,dG ie EG TdG f PEG Ea ,kGNCGh

J dG ,iNCG dG dCG CG MCG
dO E a , cC dHh .ce VQCG Y k dM
dG jf e VQJ G IOG HdG
kJ IOLG dG J CG jJ dG UGdG
g e QG Gk OM d VQdG EGh .de Pd
dG Y ,fCG Z .Sg Y G AGREG OM
Y dG gGG e m e QGM Nj ,dP e
dG dh jfd dG QSG
Gg e EGh .jEH WdG OdG jOdG
fK d ,kjCG iG Gg Y ,dG jhCdG
Y IQOdGh jG JGQdG dG egG
dG jhC dG Gg iQC EG K . SQeh H
dG d dG dG g ge UH
ADg iS dG f a .f e dG f
,kjJ k Yh ,kjeQ k e jdG dG
Id ,g jdGh ,k f k h , LdHhfGh
G LEG dCe Gj CG hQOb ,Q hCG
g J EGh .I Mh dC e U H fEG
.bah G Gg J HCG b fG gGG
.e dG J ,fEG dG IMh C dP
SG iG -4
ddG d G HdG dG c d
dG dG g ,G IOG hCG YG Hd
c GPEG ,e j CG dG jhCdG Y j dG
EG k e C J dG gGG Y j CG jj
CG H .dG dGh ,jQdGh ,dG :jhCdG
jhCdG d J G IOG HdG dO
dj dG dG dG Ea ,dch .dH
fEa ,JGP Y e Y UH G
g J G dh . G EG dfi dG aS
g dGh ,IQTEd SSCG dG jdG VdG
FdEGh GdG Rhd b PEG ,... LCG e b
dG C EG dc dP c eh .dEG J a
#**# A``T
dG dG Yh ,jdG gGG c Y
g ,Te Yh fCG Yoj dG YdG CG k UN
,fh ,cQe fTQCG dh .z je Yh { k hCG
BG e PEG j ,Gdh .G b N EG jhah
j cG CH jG Yd f EG Gk Ya
a C dP . J M F Kh L dG G H
.YdG a e dG Y J CG j dG
d z fCa { :HdG EG dG dG jh
GJ EG f CG J dG gMh
f J dh , Y V e dG I G
.z dG jhCdH { k jCG j YdG
Te Z j CG SG Y j Ggh
EG f j OLdG C k hCG :Ye H
Yh g jGH YdG C k jCG dh ,JM FKh
e f H k FGO JQG j fCh ,FGR
.dG EG dG AS
Me gS dG fdG MG g jQCGh
LJ hCG MG Ff CG c HCG CG ,SG
MG g S dG MG J CG ,I W e
.ddG
dG dG OLh ,hCG MG ,fNCG d
fEGh .kKM UH jOMCG G EG J
,LdG jeH fG YdG GYG CG k jCG
ZdG u J CG dc fEGh .fdGh ,Gh
Y gQG SG cD J j eQ N e J G
.WSCGh ,aGGh ,jhG jGh ,MCG
j eQ N e S G u j CG fEG K
CG Z .QdGh ,VQCGh ,AdG :fdG UdG
k Ve j G dG d dG SG
G d k J , G da . G LQ VGY
Ea ,Gdh .YGN M iS J ,VGYG
GPEG EG k jQL j CG j jhC dG j dG
GC e Y SG d f dG H
M G Gg j dh .YG G
Y j gh .me e dh ,T e iS
#)$
,JGd dG GP dG j GPe
k a a CG
hCG ,dG d jhCJ e f eY dPh
,kb af fEG ,f dh .dG d
g fC a ZdG fc EGh ,kjH dh
eC G j GP a . dG Gg O J dG gMh
CG ,jhCdG J dG GdG J GPh ?dc
?jhCdG Ff e f UH EG JGP LJ
,dG j :d j EG dP CG f
dG dG JQjdG LdG EG ,AH P OH
EG ,dG eG ITe Y bdG
fCG fCG fCa .aGO ge QG WH M
GHh .H f J M fEG ,M
J CG h ,n J CG J fEa G
Vhh FdG Vh JGP bdG a .dn fl
.dG Y Vhh OLdG Vh c .dG
.qGE dH a j z Lh {h .aCG fCGh ,cCG fCa
g G g CG H .aCG fEG OLe fCa
CG dG hCG IG e fEG .WH M
z aCG fCG { z fCG { GOe iNCG IN CH J
EG da .daCGh ,dYCGh ,FTCG IBGe ijo
dO j k Se j GPEG YCG k SM j
dh .YVe a IG J dG H dG
EG dG ,Hf L d g iNCG d f
,OLdG d e j CG EG dG
dG aCdh YCd J f jW Y dPh
SG j Ggh .Gg OLdG d GQTEG g
dh ,LGdGh dG jd fdG H d ,kGf
EG k n j CG L dG CG
j Ggh .JM FKh Y j J dH
CG Zdh ,OLdG S f k ceG dG
G Gg Y J dG dDG N e f
.ZdG gh
ge QG WH M d LdG dh
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Le conflit des interprtations c e a
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#**# A``T
##)
7 Norman Daniel , Islam and the West : The Making of an Image ( One World Publications,
Oxford, 1993) , p. 9
8 Ibid , p.9
9 Aziz Al-Azmeh, Ibid ., p. 127
10 See for example Bernard Lewis , The Muslim Discovery of Europe ( W.W. Norton & Company,
New York , 1982 ) and Aziz Al-Azmeh, Al- Arab wa al-Barabirah: al-Muslimun wa al-Hadarat
al-Ukhra ( Arab and Barbarians ) ( Riad EI-Rayyes Books , London , 1991 ).
11 The Quran , 49: 13
12 Pam Morris, Introduction , in The Bakhtin Reader: Selected Writings of Bakhtin, Medvedev
Volshinov. Edited by Pam Morrison ( Edward Arnold , London , 1994 ) p 6
13 M.M. Bakhtin, Art and Answerability : Early Philosophical Essays by M.M. Bakhtin, Edited
by Michael Holquist and Vadim Liapunov, translation and Notes by Vadim Liapunov ,
Supplement translated by Kenneth Brostrom ( University of Texas Press, Austin , 1990 ) p 23.
14 Stuart Hall, Introduction : Who Needs Identity? in Question of Culture Identity , edited by
Stuart Hall and Paul du Gay ( Sage Publications , London , 1996 ) pp. 4-5.
15 Ibn Tufayls Hayy Ibn Yaqzan : A Philosophical Tale , translation with Introduction and Notes
by Lenn Evan Goodman ( Twayne Publishers, Inc., New York , 1972 ) p. 159 .
16 Anthony D. Smith, The Formation of National Identity , in Identity , Edited by Henry Harris
( Oxford University Press , Oxford , 1995 ) p. 130
17 Jorge Luis Borges , Collected Fictions , Translated by Andrew Hurley ( Penguin Books , New
York , 1999 ) , pp. 411-17 .
18 Ibid . p. 412
19 Ibid. p. 417
20 The Rt. Rev. Dr. Michael Nazir - Ali , Jaw - jaw not war- war : Face to Faith , The Guardian
(London ) , Saturday - August 7 , 1999, p. 18 .
21 H.R.H. The Prince of Wales , Islam and the West ( Oxford Centre for Islamic Studies , Oxford
1993) , pp. 17-8.
22 The Rt. Rev . Dr. Michael Nazir - Ali , ibid , p. 16 .
23 Tzvetan Todorov , The Conquest of America , translated from the French by Richard Howard
(Harper Perennial New York , 1984 ) , p. 3 .
24 Wald Godzich , The Culture of Literacy ( Harvard University Press , Cambridge , Ma , 1994)
p.263.
25 Clifford Geertz , Local Knowledge ( Basic Books , New York , 1983 ) p. 16
26 Tzvetan Todorov , ibid. p 3 .
27 Paul Ricoeur , Oneself as Another , translated by Kathleen Blamey ( The University of Chicago
Press , Chicago , 1992 ) , 3 .
28 Wald Godzich , ibid , p . 226.
)(
#**# A``T
###
Studies
that of a comparison ( oneself similar

to another ) but indeed that of an
implication ( oneself inasmuch as
being other ) . 27
society , and of the world around us .

The resulting knowledge of the world
and its inhabitants should be
employed to serve mankind irrespective of race , color , religion , sex or
age , and never be used as an instrument of domination ; in fact , it must
,
renounce mastery as such . 28
,
Once we see the other as one,
self ,we become prepared to
acknowledge his contribution to , or
rather his participation in the production of , the knowledge of ourselves
and the world around all of us together . Then there is a great hope that
our attitude towards this other would
change. Rather than feeding the
notion of clash or conflict between
the self and the other or between peoples , nations and civilizations , we
should , as a matter of fact , call for
partnership at all levels to produce ,
advance and disseminate a better
class of knowledge of ourselves , of
other peoples history , culture and
Finally , this notion of partnership

in the realm of knowledge between
peoples from east and west , south
and north takes for granted that no
one should have a monopoly over any
part of human knowledge . As Abu
al- Ala al-Ma arri once prayed :
May rain never fall on me or my
land
Unless it covers the whole country.
Postscript :
Some readers of the present paper might think that it was intended as an answer to Samuel
Huntingtons notorious conclusion that conflict between the worlds leading civilizations is
inevitable . However , the notion of partnership in the realm of knowledge suggested by the present writer was the result of his , now almost thirty years old , engagement with the question of orientalism . Having considered the pros and cons of both the knowledge produced by the orientalists about the East and that which is produced by the Orientals themselves about their own history,
culture and society , the present writer reached the conclusion that only a genuine partnership
between the two parties could produce a batter class of knowledge about the East - a knowledge
which would solve the crisis of Orientalism .
1 Albert Hourani , Islam in European Thought ( Cambridge University Press, Cambridge , 1992),
p8
2 R.W. Southern , Western Views of Islam in the Middle Age ( Harvard University Press ,
Cambridge , Ma 1978) pp. 1-33
3 Ibid , pp. 14-5
4 Ibid p 25
5 Ibid , pp. 27-8
6 Aziz Al- Azmeh , Islams and Modernities ( Verso Books , London , 1993 ) pp. 124-25
)'
#**# A``T
##&
,
can be achieved only when the self
,
acknowledges the other as a subject, comparable to what the self is.23
The problem with the West is that its
thought has always thematized the
other as a threat to be reduced , as a
potential same-to-be , a yet-not,
same. 24 This has to undergo a radical change . For we must rethink ourselves and the others . We must see
ourselves among others , a case
among cases , a world among
,
worlds. 25 As Tzvetan Todorov has
rightly pointed out :
influenced by India ; Indian reform

movements were , on the other hand ,
often influenced by Islam and
,
Christianity. 22
In short , whatever achievement
accomplished by humanity at any
time or in any area of the world , it
was the outcome of a partnership
among the diverse peoples and
nations of humankind . In fact this
long - standing partnership is still
practiced nowadays , albeit in a different form and within different environments , in the various international and national research and academic institutions , where scholars ,
belonging to different races , nations ,
and creeds , work together in the various projects which aim at advancing
human knowledge . Although such a
partnership is formed at the expense
of the developing countries and to the
advantage of the developed world , it
is nonetheless a further proof of the
interdependency of the human civilizations throughout the ages .
We can discover the other in ourselves , realize we are not a homogenous substance , radically alien to
whatever is not us : as Rimbaud said,
Je est un autre . But others are also
Is : subjects just as I am , whom
only my point of view - according to
which all of them are out there and I
alone am in here - separates and
authentically distinguishes from
,
myself . 26
In fact , we must recognize that we
are just as others , and that , to use the
title of Paul Ricoeurs book , Oneself
as Another. This suggests in
Ricoeurs words that :
Our knowledge of ourselves , our

identities and our civilizations stems
from an implicit partnership between
,
,
I and you on the individual level
,
,
and between we and they on the
collective level . This partnership has
always aimed at producing , advancing and disseminating knowledge of
ourselves and of the world .
the selfhood of one self implies

otherness to such an intimate degree
that one cannot be thought of without
the other , that instead one passes into
the other , as we might say in
,
Hegelian terms . To as I should like
to attach a strong meaning , not only
It is high time that this implicit

partnership became explicit . But this
)!
#**# A``T
##%
preted and expanded upon that civilization , and made a vital contribution of its own in so many fields of
human endeavor - in science , astronomy , mathematics , algebra ( itself
an Arabic word ) , law , history , medicine , pharmacology , optics , agriculture , architecture, theology ,
music , Averroes and Avenzoor , like
their counterparts Avicenna and
Rhazes in the East , contributed to the
study and practice of medicine in
ways from which Europe benefited
for centuries afterwards . [...]
Studies
the spirit of mutual appreciation

among peoples and nations . As
H.R.H. The Prince of Wales has
rightly pointed out in his Islam and
the West (1993) :
If there is much misunderstanding in the West about the nature of
Islam, there is also much ignorance
about the debt our own culture and
civilization owe to the Islamic world.
It is a failure which stems , I think,
from the straightjacket of history
which we have inherited . The
medieval Islamic world , from
Central Asia to the shores of the
Atlantic , was a world where scholars
and men of learning flourished . But
because we have tended to see Islam
as the enemy of the West , as an alien
culture, society , and system of belief
, we have tended to ignore or erase its
great relevance to our own history .
For example , we have underestimated the importance of eight hundred
years of Islamic society and culture in
Spain between the eighth and fifteenth centuries . The contribution of
Muslim Spain to the preservation of
classical learning during the Dark
Ages , and to the first flowerings of
the Renaissance, has long been recognized . But Islamic Spain was much
more than a mere larder where
Hellenistic knowledge was kept for
later consumption by the emerging
modern Western world . Not only did
Muslim Spain gather and preserve the
intellectual content of ancient Greek
and Roman civilization, it also inter-
The surprise is the extent to which

Islam has been a part of Europe for so
long , first in Spain , then in the
Balkans, and the extent to which it
has contributed so much towards the
civilization which we all too often
think of , wrongly , as entirely
Western . Islam is part of our past and
our present , in all fields of human
endeavour . It has helped to create
modern Europe . It is part of our own
,
inheritance , not a thing apart. 21
If the West is indebted to the
Islamic world for mediating the
ancient knowledge of Central Asia ,
India , the Meddle East , Greece and
Rome to it , as well as for the contribution of the Muslims from all over
the ancient world during the medieval
times ( or the Dark Ages in Europe )
Islam , in turn , acquired this knowledge through the various communities of the Middle East . Islamic
civilization was also significantly
)$
#**# A``T
##$
me in a dream , which was why he

could forget me ; I spoke to him while
I was awake , and so I am still tor,
mented by the memory . 19
young man and so on , thinking that

they are stages in our development
and growth . But they are historical
selves that belong to the same name
and title we carry throughout our life.
Jorge Luis Borges captures an
encounter between two historical
selves perfectly in his story The
,
Other 17 , in which the 1969 Borges,
living then in Cambridge , north of
Boston , meets the other Borges , who
was living several decades ago in
Geneva .
In short , it is in the overwhelming

presence of other and through this
rather implicit partnership between
the self and the other that man knows
himself , constructs his identity and
later articulated it through the medium of natural language , whose very
existence is indebted to the other .
In addition to this partnership
between the self and the other , there
is a long - standing and far- reaching
form of partnership which transcends
all linguistic , national , regional and
temporal boundaries . This form is
the translinguistic , transnational ,
transregional and transtemporal collective form of partnership among the
diverse nations , peoples and ethnicities of the human kind . Civilizations
may be named after one language ,
one nation , one people , one region ,
one continent or one age. But they are
the product of the partnership
between different nations , peoples,
areas and ages . There is no single
civilization in human history that is
not indebted to other civilizations .
Hybridity has been the governing
force of all human achievements .
Ignoring this fact , or what the Right
Reverend Michael Nazir - Ali calls
the historical perspectives on how
civilizations have become interdependent , and have learned from each
,
other 20 is not helpful in spreading
In that case , I resolutely said

to him , your name is Jorge Luis
Borges . I too am Jorge Luis Borges .
We are in 1969 , in the city of
Cambridge . No, he answered in
my own , slightly distant , voice, I
am here in Geneva , on a bench , a
,,
few steps from the Rhone .
Then , after a moment , he went
on: It is odd that we look so much
alike , but you are much older than I ,
,,,
and you have gray hair . 18
Although the two characters share
the same name and the same physical
features , they feel that they have two
distinct personalities and their
encounter , at least for one of them ,
was real . Thus Borges concludes his
story , writing :
I have thought a great deal about
this encounter , which Ive never told
anyone about . I believe I have discovered the key to it . The encounter
was real , but the other man spoke to
)%
#**# A``T
##!
workers, members of a religious community , ethnic group , regional association , or whatever , each of which
may become relevant in certain situations and for certain purposes . As a
result , we have multiple identities ,
ranging from the most intimate family circle to the widest , the human
,
species . 16
In fact , human identity is so inclusive as to embrace within itself a multitude of many selves, any of which
may dominate at a particular moment
and certain circumstances, exercising
a focussing function , ruling , determining and transforming the other
selves in such a way as to preserve
the integrity and unity of this multicomponent structure which we call
our identity .
Studies
learn the natural language only when

Absal came to his deserted island ,
or when some other , came to share
his life with him :
,
Absal had studied and gained
fluency in many languages , so he
tried to speak to Hayy, asking him
about himself in every language he
,
knew . But Absal was completely
unable to make himself understood .
Hayy was astounded by this performance, but had no idea what it might
mean unless it was a sign of friendliness and high spirits . Neither of
them knew what to make of the
,
other. 15
So they both realized that only natural language can salvage their rela,
tionship and consequently Absal
started teaching it to Hayy .
Nothing would probably capture

such a conception of human self and
identity as the Arabic verse :
Yet, when we examine our identity we soon discover that it is a complex mixture of several collective
identities .
You think that you are merely a

small planet , while the whole great
,
cosmos is folded within you .
Human beings have a wide variety of possible collective affiliationseconomic and occupational groups ,
leisure and welfare associations , age
and gender categories , territorial and
political organizations, as well as
families and cultural communities.
With all of these individuals can
simultaneously identify , moving
with relative ease from one to the
other , as circumstances demand. We
may be wives or husbands , manual
Upon reflection on our past life ,

we realize that we do not only have a
multitude of diverse selves , but we
also have had over the years so many
selves , each of which belonged to a
particular stage of our past life and
development . We explain these past
selves by talking about the changes in
our personality as a result of the passage of time . We even label these
selves as the baby , the boy , the
)&
#**# A``T
##'
personality . This means that a partnership can be formed between

myself and the other , which will
help us both to gain a more complete
picture of ourselves . This exchange
of knowledge between the self and
other can create a strong bond
between the two of us . It would help,
no doubt, in building a relationship
that is based on equality and in providing an ample human space whereby each partys existence, wellbeing ,
safety and prosperity are secured .
Whatever people think about the

act of knowing , they would all agree
that knowing must start with the self .
Knowing oneself is the best way to
achieve inner peace. But can one
know oneself without the active participation of the other in the very act
of knowing ? The answer to this
question is a big No For it is impossible to see ones face, head and back
without the help of a set of mirrors .
It is only with the mediation of another person that one can form a more
rounded picture of oneself . By the
same token, the other , needs someone else to acquire knowledge of
himself . A single consciousness
could not generate a sense of its
self12 No one ever articulated such
an interdependency between the
self and the other in the act of
knowing better than Bakhtin when he
wrote:
Thus knowing oneself is impossible without the active participation of

the other . Furthermore, establishing
ones awareness of oneself and construction ones identity as some thing
different and distinct from other identities are only possible in the overwhelming presence of the other . For
identity is always defined by difference It is only through the relation
to the Other , the relation to what it is
not, to precisely what it lacks , to
what has been called its constitutive
outside that the positive meaning
of any term - and thus its identity
can be constructed , writes Stuart
Hall. 14
When I contemplate a whole

human being who is situated outside
and over against me ,...I shall always
see and know something that he ,
from his place..., cannot see himself :
parts of his body that are inaccessible
to his own gaze (his head , his face
and its expresstion ), the world
behind his back , and a whole series
of objects and relations, which in any
of our mutual relations are accessible
to me but not to him . 13
Similarly , only someone situated
outside can offer me a unified and
complete image of myself , of may
The two processes of coming

aware of ones identity and of articulating it can only be realized through
the medium of natural language ,
which is in fact a social institution
that can only exist in a human space
that combines both the self and the
other . Hayy Ibn Yaqzan needed to
)#
#**# A``T
##(
accidentally true . Its authors luxuriated in the ignorance of triumphant

,
imagination 5
Although his primary purpose has

been the scientific one of establishing
a series of facts , his secondary purpose , he adds , has been to see what
is implied by his unpleasantness and
ignorance in mens attitudes towards
those they suppose to be their enemies . 8
Studies
Commenting on this type of

Western view of Islam and Muslims
during age of ignorance, Aziz AlAzmeh writes :
It appears that Crusaders and others who were in direct contact with
Muslims learnt nothing about them ,
and only borrowed the arts of gracious living. For the rest , the Islamic
orient was a source of fantasy, the
Land of Cockaigne , and the source of
military antagonism . It is not the
individual contents of knowledge that
matter, but the confrontation of contents , and this was oriented to a specific warring fantasy . [ ...] The overriding need was to speak ill , and
knowledge of Islam was a kind of
,
defensive ignorance. 6
The saddest thing about this state

of ignorance and the ensuing enmity ,
conflict and confrontation between
Islam and the West , is its peculiar
resistance to time , change , rationality or progress , 9 as well as mutuality 10 . Hence the urgent need to
remove this enmity from the relationship between the two parties and to
replace it by a spirit of cooperation
and mutual respect . After all, God
has created mankind from a single
pair of a male and female , 11 , and
made them into nations and tribes in
order that they may know each other
not that they may despise each other ,
hate each other and fight each other .
But how can man remove this enmity
from his life and how can he reconcile himself with the rest of the
world?
Thus the late Norman Daniel find

himself obliged to defend his pursuit
of the image of Islam in Western
,,
thinking in his forward to his classic Islam and the West : The Making
of an Image ( 1960 & 1993 ), as he
writes :
According to Arabic culture and

society , the answer to this question
seems obvious : the key which opens
the door wide to healthy and amicable relations between man and his
surroundings is to know The question is whether knowing can be
carried out individually or collectively, and whether it is a one-way street.
I hope the Muslim readers will

not be scandalized by some of the
things in this book , or consider that I
have been wrong to revive the memory of, among other things , certain
silly and unpleasant libels of their
religion and their Prophet . 7
))
#**# A``T
##"
firm foundation available to them the Bible . They were ignorant of

Islam , not because they were far
removed from it like the Carolingian
scholars, but for the contrary reason
that they were in the middle of it . If
they saw and understood little of
what went on round them , and if they
knew nothing of Islam as a religion ,
it was because they wished to know
,
nothing . 4
700 ; the second was the creation and

characteristic attitude of the forty
years from 1100 to about 1140 . [...]
To turn first to the ignorance of
confined space . This is the kind of
ignorance of a man in prison who
hears rumors of outside events and
attempts to give a shape to what he
hears , with the help of his preconceived ideas . Western writers before
1100 were in this situation with
regard to Islam . They knew virtually nothing of Islam as a religion. For
them Islam was only one of a large
number of enemies threatening
Christendom from every direction ,
and they had no interest in distinguishing the primitive idolatries of
Northmen , Slavs , and Magyars from
the monotheism of Islam , or the
Manichaean heresy from that of
Mahomet . There is no sign that any
one in northern Europe had even
heard the name of Mahomet . Yet ,
despite their ignorance , Latin Writers
were not left entirely without a clue
to the place of the Saracens in the
general scheme of world history.
This clue was provided by the
,
Bible. 3
When we turn to the ignorance of

a triumphant imagination during the
first forty years of the twelfth century, we notice that the first Crusade ,
which brought Christendom and
Islam into a new round of confrontation , did not bring knowledge of
Islam .
Quite the contrary . The first
Crusades and those who immediately
followed them to Palestine saw and
understood extraordinarily little of
the Eastern scene . The early success
discourage and immediate reactions
other than those of triumph and contempt . But they also made the religion and founder of Islam for the first
time familiar concepts in the West .
Before 1100 I have found only one
mention of the name of Mahomet in
Medieval literature outside Spain and
Southern Italy . But from about the
year 1120 everyone in the West Had
some picture of what Islam meant ,
and who Mahomet was . The picture
was brilliantly clear , but it was not
knowledge , and its details were only
The view of Islam which was

developed :
Was a product of ignorance , but
ignorance of a peculiarly complex
kind. The men who developed this
view were men writing of what they
had deeply experienced, and they
related their experience to the one
)*
#**# A``T
#&*
Partnership
in the Realm of Knowledge
Abdul - Nabi Isstaif
relationship has of the other . If we

pursue the Western thinking about
Islam we soon realize that :
There is an Arabic proverb , which

reads: Man is enemy of that of which
is ignorant.,
with few exceptions , Christians

in Europe who thought about Islam ,
during the first thousand or so years
of the confrontation , did so in a state
,,
of ignorance . 1
Ignorance leads to enmity , and

human history testified to this fact of
our life . To take only one obvious
example , one can refer in this context
to the relationship between Islam and
the West which has been dominated
by conflict , confrontation and , of
course , misunderstanding . Scholars
from both East and West agree that
this state of affairs between the two
can be attributed to a significant
degree to the ignorance which dominated their views of each other . For
the nature of any human relation is
always determined by the conception
which each party involved in this
* Syrian-
Confirming Albert Houranis conclusion, R.W. Southern calls the first

four and a half centuries of Western
thinking about Islam The Age of
,,
Ignorance 2 - an ignorance which
he classifies into two types ; the ignorance of a confined space and that of
a triumphant imagination .
The first was the predominant
note of the Western attitude to Islam
during the four centuries after A.D.
Professor , Comparative Literature & Criticism ,University of Damascus.
"
#**# A``T
the door in his face. All the while he

was vigorously scraping the wilted
shoe, flecks of mud flying off in all
directions.
#&)
one tells me I have taken too long

polishing a shoe or used the wrong
color or demand that I come to a stupid meeting. These people are good
and simple, and I am happy doing
good work for them. Why should I
risk making myself miserable by putting myself back in the hands of corrupt and silly people?
But Orhan-Bey, interposed the

crestfallen Yusuf, You are badly
needed at the school. Half the best
teachers resigned after you left, and
many of the good students are discouraged, seeing the few remaining
teachers they respect being pushed
around by the Board. You must
come!
Almost ready to give up at this

tirade, Yusuf decided to make one
final effort at persuasion. They told
me I should tell you, Sir, that if you
will only come back you can teach
any hours, any salary - within reasonhere he smiled and any subject.
Looking at his former student

thoughtfully, Orhan said slowly,
You must realize, my friend, that the
people who dismissed me are still
around, and they have servants, and
they have toadies who emulate them
and who love mediocrity as much as
they do. Who can guarantee that,
even if I were to close my shop today
and go back to teaching, some other
false charges will not be cooked up
tomorrow?
With a mischievous look Orhan

asked, Even leather craft? Yusuf
smiled incredulously at this and said,
Oh Im sure, even leather craft, Sir,
if you really want to.
Orhan leaned his head back and
laughed a deep resonant laugh. Then
he became serious once more, picked
up the other shoe, and said deliberately, In the late fourth century BC,
when a city named Kittium stood in
the south of Cyprus where modern
Larnaca stands today, there was a
wealthy Phoenician merchant named
Zeno who invested all his fortune in a
single shipping enterprise, and he
gestured didactically with his blacking brush, and this Zeno lost everything when the whole fleet was
destroyed by a storm at sea ...
You seem to actually enjoy fixing

shoes, Yusuf exclaimed wide - eyed,
as though he had had a sudden revelation, observing the care his former
mentor exercised on the dilapidated
shoes. Ah, now you are beginning to
understand! You see, here in this
shop no one tells me what to do. The
peple come and always they need
good work, and always they appreciate good work. No fool stands over
me to tell me how to make a boot, no
Fiction
#**# A``T
#&#
shoes, and Yusuf stood up to dismiss

him. But Orhan motioned Yusuf to sit
down, and as he reached out for the
shoes he greeted the boy kindly by
name and promised to have the shoes
ready by early afternoon.
sonorously. It was all there, like a

flash into a dark obscene pit.
Dikmens ambition, his jealousy, his
fear that Orhan was becoming too
popular and would be a rival for a
post in the Ministry, his accusations
of communism and sexual misconduct against Orhan and his dear
friend Hikmet, but worst of all
against Pinar. Orhan skimmed the
article and found the whole disgusting episode coming back with rising
nausea. Of course he had loved
Pinar, and much of his remaining bitterness was over what she had suffered on his account. He could that
humiliation ever be erased? We
thought he was stupid, he said half to
himself, because he was so mediocre
and so compliant, everyones friend.
A man may smile and smile and be a
villain...
Yusuf hesitated to break in on the
reverie of his former teacher, but at
last he said quietly, The kettle is
boiling, Hoam. Will you make tea
for us as before ? Orhan hugged his
grown - up student and set about
making tea, glad of a distraction from
his dark thoughts.
But Orhan-Bey, the young man

protested, They told me to bring you
back at once.
Sit down, Yusuf, said the shoemaker firmly. Im not sure I should
go back at all.
As he spoke he took down some
brushes and picked up one of the sad
looking shoes. And Im in no hurry
in any case. Seeing the dismay on his
young friends face, he added gently,
You remember, Yusuf, how much of
a hurry the Board was in when they
wanted to do Dikmans bidding? Did
they give me time to defend myself
and my colleagues against his stupid
accusations? All the while he was
scraping the mud from the shoe,
knowing there were some things he
could never make Yusuf understand.
How he had insisted on traveling to
Ankara to present their statements to
someone high up in the Ministry,
only to learn, when no one important
would see him, that Dikmen had his
spies there before him. How he had
felt like poor emasculated Abelard,
setting out for Rome full of hope to
defend his book only to learn that
Bernard had sent a condemnation
ahead of him to the Pope who closed
Fathi, who had read the whole

Hurriyet piece, joined them for tea
exclaiming, Mashallah! and slapping his thigh, shouting They finally
got the bastard! and jumping up
every few minutes to kiss the shoemaker roundly on both cheeks.
Suddenly at the door stood a small
boy carrying two pairs of very muddy
'
#**# A``T
at all he was back as a teacher in his

old school. How he loved the students, how he opened to them the
books that had been so lovingly
opened to him - Gilgamesh and
Homeros, Pythagoras and Newton,
Nietzsche and Yunus Emre, Nazim
Hikmet and Yasar Kemal. And Zeno
of Kittium! Perhaps he was the best
of all. The others had taught him how
to think and how to dream and how to
love. Zeno had taught him how to
renounce and how to accept defeat, to
accept being made a fool of, even,
and how not to love too much.
#&&
,
You cant be Yusuf Hatim, He
managed. So grown up ... so tall!
The two hugged each other in affectionate recognition.
They sent me to tell you I mean,
to ask you to come back,the young
man announced proudly. They said
you would refuse if anyone else
should come. The Board of Directors
met right after Turhan - Bey was
arrested ... Suddenly he stopped and
looked embarassed. Did you not
know? he faltered.
Yes, yes. Just this morning in the
,
newspaper, Orhan smiled pointing
to the folded newspaper on the shelf.
It still seemed so unreal that he had
not yet taken time to think of the possible consequences, especially to
himself.
Work is the best medicine, he told

himself, taking down a pair of dirty
boots from the shelf. Off with the
worn heels, out with the big scissors,
down on the table to start to cut , the
machine whirred, the new heels were
tapped into place, the blacking
smeared and polished. Voila! They
look like new! Up on the shelf you
go. Next ...Suddenly Orhan felt
rather than saw a figure at the door.
He turned expecting to find a customer in need of shoe repair. But the
tall young stranger who stood at the
door had shiny shoes - remarkably
shiny, probably quite new.
As soon as the charges against

Dikmen were announced, Yusuf
explained, recovering his assurance,
the witnesses he had bullied into testifying against you and - the others made statements swearing they had
lied under threats from Dikmen. You
have been completely cleared ... all
three of you.
Orhan sat down , absorbing the
news. See, its all here in
Hurriyet,Yusuf said unfolding the
paper and turning to an inner page.
Former Headmaster Orhan Tekil and
Two Others Cleared of All Charges.
To be reinstated ... Yusuf declaimed
,
Orhan-Bey,
the young man
began, extending his hand and smiling warmly. They told me I would
find you here. Wiping his hands on a
grimy apron, Orhan stared at his visitor, reaching his hand out with some
misgiving.
Fiction
#**# A``T
#&%
- blew the whistle. He couldnt make

sense of the accounts so he sent an
auditor to the District to check it out ,
bridles or footstools. Bridles with

bright colored glass - that looked to
the small boy like the jewels in the
Topkapi Palace he had seen once together with belts and harness hung
from hooks on the ceiling, catching
light from the fire in the potbellied
stove. That was many years ago .
The bus came down the hill, jolting Orhan from his memories. He
jumped on and took a seat next to his
neighbor Fathi Demir, who kept the
barbershop. The two old friends often
took their tea together in quiet
moments. This morning Fathi seemed
excited. Taking out his newspaper he
pointed to a headline and said in a
subdued voice, The bastard has
finally been exposed for what he is.
The two friends realized with a

start they had arrived at their stop and
hurried out of the bus. Here, you
take the paper,Fathi said, taking a
close look at his friends face as they
crossed the street. Absently Orhan
replied, Yes., yes. Thanks, and both
began to unlock their shop doors to
make ready for another day.
As Orhan ran his hands over the
heavy black treadle sewing machine
and raised the tattered blind over the
back window, that bloated face kept
appearing before his eyes. Hate? No,
only a kind of loathing tinged with
contempt , maybe pity even. He took
the kettle to the lavatory to fill it with
water and came back to light the fire.
So long ago, he thought, dismayed to
feel a shadow of the old blinding rage
begin to seep back to disturb his hard
- won tranquility. Get to work,
Orhan. He knew the remedy for such
unwelcome emotions.
Orhan looked at the printed words

and the bloated face in the photograph for a full ten seconds before he
realized who it was. Turhan Dikmen
Charged
with
Fraud
and
Embezzlement read the headline.
Above it a paunchy man in handcuffs
flanked by policement looked out,
familiar yet strange. Yes, this was his
old enemy, the once powerful face
looked out as though a smile had
been skewed into a embecile grimace.
Ill see to it that you never teach
again in Turkey - anywhere! Ever!
Orhanremembered him snarling.
In his village Orhan had been the

most promising student, sent off to
the Village Institute School to learn
to be a teacher. His parents had been
so proud when he took honors in
mathematics and Literature. Then
two years at the Technical Training
College, then a scholarship in
Philosophy at Robert College in
Istanbul. Then, it seemed in no time
What happened? he asked in disbelief. With a knowing smile Fathi

answered, Somebody in the accounting office at the Ministry - a new guy
#**# A``T
#&$
The Stoic Shoemaker By

A. Clare Brandabur
ones last as long as possible. Still,

once in a while, when the old ones
couldnt be salvaged , he would offer,
a bit shyly, to make a new pair, quoting a price that paid for the fine supple leather and left very little for his
labor. Then there was the measuring,
the cutting, the sewing, some of it by
hand, all of it filled with deep satisfaction capped by the pleasure of
watching the proud owner try on his
new boots. Sometimes they paid over
the money in some confusion as
though they expected the modest
price to change suddenly as in a trick,
yet not wanting to reveal that they
found the price so low. So little
money .....
The shoemaker locked the door of

his little blue house and, after checking to make sure there was grain in
the birdfeeder and water for stray cats
and dogs in the tub under the rainwater spout, hurried down the path to the
bus - stop. The earlier he got to his
shop the better. The sky was blue
crystal with a few soft white clouds,
but it was still cool. Good. The shop
was quite small and in hot weather
could be oppressive. Still, as long as
he had plenty of work to do, his mind
stayed busy and happy. Mothers
brought their children and their damaged shoes, the workers who kept the
huge gardens and forests of the
University brought their heavy worn out boots, hoping he could patch
them together for one more season.
They regarded him as a magician
with boots.
Money. Orhan did not do the

work for money. Leatherwork had
been the trade of his grandfather in
their village in Capadoccia. Often and
often he had seen the white haired old
man bent over his last, humming
melodies from old songs, his blackened fingers cunningly shaping the
camel hide or calfskin into saddles or
Only rarely now did he actually

make the beautiful leather boots that
were his specialty. In these hard
times people tried to make their old
Academic & Writer - has taught extensively in the Middle East. Published several articles most
* British
of which show a comparative approach as well as an interest in post-colonialism.
Thaqafat
Contents
!
Symposium
No. 1 Winter 2002

))"
Issues
Editorial
Arab Culture
)&!
Studies
"
#$
An Arab view point:

Terrorism War.
Burhan Ghalioun
Arab Culture ..The Hegemony of Despotic

System
Ibrahim A. Ghuloum.
)%"
Mahmoud Al-Misadi and the Rhythm of

Language
Abdul Salam Al-Missaddi.
Edward Said: The Paradox of Identity, by

Bill Ashcroft
Reviewed by: Fakhri Saleh
)$&
The Science of Kalam and the Theory of

Rhetoric in the View of Arabs.
by Mohammmad Anuairy
Reviewed by Munthir Ayyashi
Book Reviews
Studies in Poetic Discourse

%&
Izzidin Ismail meets Thaqafat
Kamal Abu - Deeb:

Suffers explores plays with recollects trembles in
The Shock / Thrill - pleasure of Metaphor.
Kamal Abu - Deeb
Arts
)$'
Arab Art Today: A Dialogue with

Dhia Al-Azzawi
Rafa Al-Nasiri
Poetry
'!
Siggil
Adonis
)!(
Modern Painting in Bahrain.

Farouq Yusuf
()
La fleur de safran marine - Qassim Haddad

Translated by Samira Ben Ammou
)'(
A Cinema Diary
Qassim Hawal
($
Jai pour te btir un tombeau - Andr Velter

Translated to Arabic by: Abdul Karim
Hassan
('
Less Than a Drop of Ink

Fawziya AsSindi
World Cultures
Studies
)()
Studies in Novelistic Discourse

"*
Self Narration and The Formation of Identity.

Munira Al-Fadhil
)("
#*!
Fiction
"'
)*'
The Confessions of Abdulllah AsSayyar - A

short novel for a long story
Mohammad A. W. Shouaihna
Phobia
Mohammed Abdul. Malik
Al Uraidh and The Conjunction of Cultures:

A Dialogue with Ibrahim Al Uraidh
Translated Studies
By: Saad Maslouh.
By: Munthir Ayyashi
Texts in English and French
Studies
#&*
Partnership in The Realm of Knowledge

Abdul - Nabi Isstaif
Fiction
Dialogue
)))
La prsente philosophie du sens : de labsolu

la dconstruction et relativit.
Mustapha Kilani
#&$
The Stoic Shoemaker

Clare Brandabur
The Board of Directors:

Dr. Majid Bin Ali Al Al-Nuaimi
President of the University of Bahrain
Chairman
Dr. Hana Makhlouf

Mr. Said Al Olaimi
Dr. Fawaz Toqan
Dr. Alawi Al-Hashimi
Advisory Board
Abu-Deeb
Adonis
Jabir Asfour
Bill Ashkroft
Dhia Al-Azzawi
Carmen Ruiz Bravo-Villasante
Salah Fadl
Qasim Haddad
Izz Al-din Ismail
Abd Al Fattah Klitto
Shirly Lam
Abd Al-Salam Al-Masaddi
Andr Miquel
Baqir Al-Najjar
Edward Said
Khalida Said
Ahdaf Soueif
Kamal
Editorial Board
Alawi Al-Hashimi
Editor- in- Chief
Munthir
Ayyashi
Assistant Chief Editor

Abdul Hamid
Al-Mahadin
Editorial Manager
May Muzaffar
Editorial Secretary
Rafa Al-Nasiri
Art Director
Abdullah Ghuloum
Bassiuni Abdul Rahman
Samira Ben-Amou
Munira Al-Fadhil
Abdul Qadir Faydouh
Abdul Karim Hassan
Ahmad Al-MannaI
Ibrahim
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Iqgoe'G Ù Ù FQ: ©ædg Y Øh Ólée Qƒàcódg

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Copyright:

Available Formats

IQGOEG FQ

UdG aGQ jJ / jdG eL GhQ

NBGh fCG H aG cGdG #&*

bGhdG jMCG fU #&$

.G CGQ Y ,Hc AGQBG Y J IQG G

dOj e hCG ..O 15

(OGYCG HQG) dG GTG

H Ke M dG UCG CG EG ,GS H b fl YGj k M fc CG

k jW k bh dP J a .hdG Qj M Gk j Gk eCG ,jdG ec UQ Y

jdG eL - ffEG dG j FQh jG dG PSCG

adGG hCG jdG Oqh Y f dG G J

Gg GSG iL bh .(23U ,KGGh GdG)

ddG GP gdG eCG e .. INCG IQJ gdG

Y j jJ Gg (45U ,KGGh GdG)

IjdG JbNG HdG IMdG H b CG

adG He k LEG HdG hCG eSEG adG

.(e ,dG QGO 3U

jhe S e Gk Qe hCG dH jdG eCGJ e

oY ordq hn e qdGh Ea ,H eCG {

b poj CG hCG IdG SEG Oc

.(28U ,1 ,Gh HdG)

c ..ghJG dG dG e G IdG ghCG

GdG IAGb fhOCG h`e fG h ,HG HY fi he fG) ,G`dG j YCG - jhGdG

KGG hCG jjdG jDhdG H ,jdG

g e jG cDJ G Ea (gZh SQG

.(22U ,UG HdG G

NdG H Whe fCGh UN .. OGh Lh

j k hCG fC QhV dEG TGoC dG jdGh

LddG hCG dG hCG dG dhCH eCG j eY

dCG jGHh ..KGG H e Me SEG

G G YLG AdG jJ :kdK

dG jEG ) Y jdG H IK HdG

z jQG { IjL gfh z G Ofi

hCG YLG hCG jObG VhC jYdG hCG SdG

n `o a b fCG jhCda RG jH k Ke c EGh ,

qe QhU eCG H GbCG

Aa q`d dG gOhM RhJ Th

JQb ieh dHh ,kGbh W gOGeGh fEG

NCJ fEa FQb HQe H r`n`M Mh dG

YCG e eh SEG Ijg HCG G H a

H hCG j U Y H e dP cCG AG S HOCG

Ija d dP e gh . JHe MdG dh

. jRGeh VhY g jEG d

OLh Y IQOG g , eY HdG dG jEG

bdG dCe H M EG RhJ jdG dG Gg

e e Y Fdh BGd J EG ,AjEG

, KhQe d c Jh jh , Xfi IQY c W

M GJ e f fBGdG GKCdG g AGUCG

. jhCdG dB IOqG eG T q`bdG Lh

qS fCHh dn`n G e g jEG CH G eC

.d eL dGh HdG OCG Sc PSCG ,jQS e (QahH) PSCG *

: QGdG e jb dM f bbe YGdG

e G fYEG OsJ SdG aG g e

aJh . HQCG MG VQCG jGhR e H HG

. (JGUe fc jCG NdG HGH qH

.dG h hJ ATCG . ATCGh dG

: NCG dCG G Gg eCd , Gk NCG

(4) " . Ad IOsS BG eO

q . AdG IOQh IOQdGh . G O g dG

HCG hCG - g - g , zp H idG eO k LRe { VCG

rf QbCc .... AGVCG bJh

H J hCG dG GJ e IQd gdG H hGJ

H HdG hCG JdG MdG k jCG j c