transistor curve, x -y -I-V curve, loop 2. If the load swings below ground for some reason(e.g.

it is driven from ac, or it is inductive), use a diode in series with the collector (or a diode in the reverse direction to ground) to prevent collector base conduction on negative swings. Always remember that the base-emitter reverse breakdown voltage for silicon transistors is small, quite often as little as 6 volts. Input swings large enough to take the transistor out of conduction can easily result in breakdown (with consequent degradation of HFE) unless a protective diode is added (Fig. 2.10). A diode prevents base-emitter reverse voltage breakdown. grounded emitter amplifier, barn-roof output, voltage gain of GEA, The terms "grounded emitter" and "common emitter" are sometimes used interchangeably, and they can be confusing. We will use the phrase "grounded emitter amplifier" to mean a common-emitter amplifier with = A common-emitter amplifier stage may have an emitter resistor; what matters is that the emitter circuit is common to the input circuit and the output circuit. quiescent point (collector voltage and current), intrinsic resistance current mirror (temp and early effects)--PNP, i out and iprog