Untitled

Champaka 9
"
Nghin cu lch s v nn vn minh Champa

Nhng phat hien mi
ve Champa

n hnh bi
International Office of Champa, 2008
Ti bn dng cho h thng mng Web
Champaka.info, 2012

Ky niem 20 nam IOC-Champa
Chu bien
Po Dharma

Cng trnh t di s ti tr ca

Trung Tm Lch S v Nn Vn Minh Bn o ng Dng
Paris

Champaka
Tp san nghin cu lch s v nn vn minh Champa

Hnh thnh vo nm 1999

Sng lp vin
Hassan Poklaun, Po Dharma

Tng bin tp
Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma (Vin Vin ng Php)

Ban bin tp
Pgs. Ts. Danny Wong Tze-Ken (i hc Malaya, M Lai)
Ts. Nicolas Weber (Vin INALCO, Paris)
Ts. Shine Toshihiko (i hc Ngoi Ng Tokyo, Nht Bn)
Pgs. Ts. Liu Zhi Qiang (i hc Dn Tc, Qung Ty)
Pts. Emiko Stok (i hc Nanterre, Paris)
Abdul Karim (Vin Bo Tng Quc Gia, M Lai)
Musa Porome (IOC-Champa)

Tr s
56 Square des Bauves
95140 Garges Les Gonesse, France
Email: champaka1999@aol.com
Web: www.champaka.info

C quan n hnh
International Office of Champa (IOC-Champa)

Champaka 2012
Hnh ba: Ban nhc c truyn Champa

Bi"n gi!i phia b&c Champa
Bi"n gi!i 1069
H N_i
Hu"

Bi"n gi!i 1306
Bnh F_inh
Bi"n gi!i 1471
Bi"n gi!i 1611
Nha Trang
Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653
Phan Rang
Phan Thi"t
Saigon
Bi"n gi!i phia nam Champa
Po Dharma 1999
C
A
M
P
A
1658
F_ai Vi_"t
H
Honh S!n
Thai Lan
Cao Mi"n
Lao
Trung Quc
Bi"n gi!i phia b&c Champa
Bi"n gi!i 1069
H N_i
Hu"

Bi"n gi!i 1306
Bnh F_inh
Bi"n gi!i 1471
Bi"n gi!i 1611
Nha Trang
Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653
Phan Rang
Phan Thi"t
Saigon
Bi"n gi!i phia nam Champa
Po Dharma 1999
C
A
M
P
A
1658
F_ai Vi_"t
H
Honh S!n
Thai Lan
Cao Mi"n
Lao
Trung Quc

Ban o Champa trong qua trnh lch s

Bnh F_ inh
Aia Ru
Aia Trang
Kam Ranh
Panrang
Parik
Malithit
Dalat
Banmethuot
Baigaor
(Saigon
Pleiku
Kraong
Pajai
Harek Kah
Harek Dhei
P
A
N
D
U
R
A
N
G
A
Thanh F_ia KAUTHARA
KAMPUCHEA
Bal Lai
Bal Sri Banay
Bal Batthinng
Bal Hangaow
Bal Pandarang
Po Dharma 1999

Ban o tieu vng quoc Panduranga
11

Li m au

Champaka so 9 mang chu e Nhng phat hien mi ve
Champa tap trung mot so bai viet a ang trong Harak
Champaka, ban thong tin va ngh luan cua tap san Champa phat
hanh qua he thong ien th. Trong Champaka so 9 nay, chung
toi ch chon mot so bai mang noi dung nghien cu, phe bnh
sach bao hay bao cao hoi thao ma thoi.

M au cho Champaka so 9 la bai nghien cu cua Po
Dharma vi ta e Nguyen nhan s suy tan cua vng quoc
Champa, mot phat hien mi ve chu thuyet e quoc cua vua
chua ai Viet, trong o chnh sach my nhan ke cung c e ra
qua bai viet vi ta e 700 nam cuoc tnh Che Man va Huyen
Tran Cong Chua (1306-2006) cua Dominique Nguyen.
Champaka so 9 cung khong quen ban en que hng va
s vung day cua Ja Thak Wa (1834-1835) nhan dp ky niem 175
nam cua nha cach mang nay va cuoc i cua Po Phaok The,
quoc vng cuoi cung cua Champa b t hnh cung vao na m
1835. Ngoai phan lch s, Champaka so 9 con trnh bay them
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cha m sau 1975 cua Po Dharma va
Tm hieu le hoi Kate cua Qasim T. Tiep theo la ban tng
trnh vi ta e i tm dau vet la c t tr cua dan toc Cham
di thi Phap thuoc c lu tr Nhat Ban cua Po Dharma,
ni ma Phat The Champa sang vieng vao nam 752. Sau cung la
bai khao luan cua Nguyen Van Nghiem lien quan en Chnh
sach oi vi ong bao thieu so cua chnh phu Viet Nam Cong
Hoa 1955-1975.

12
Phan th hai la phan phe bnh sach bao. Na m tac pham
va mot bai khao luan ma cac nha nghien cu a ra phan tch
o la Lch s vng quoc Champa cua tac gia Lng Ninh; Qua
nhng neo ng Bnh Thuan cua Mng Giang; Bangsa
Champa. Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach cua Dorohiem va
Dohamide; Danh muc th tch Cham Viet Nam cua Thanh
Phan; T ien Viet-Cham cua Inrasara va Phan Xuan Thanh.
Cuoi cung la bai khao luan Vng quoc Champa xa kia co
phai la lien bang khong cua Karma Riya
Champaka so 9 c ket thuc qua ban tng trnh ve
Hoi Champa Kuala Lumpur 30-11-2005.

Chung toi hy vong rang, nhng bai a c chon loc
phan tren se mang lai cho oc gia mot vai yeu to mi lien quan
en lch s va nen van minh Champa.

Po Dharma
Nguyen nhan s suy tan cua
vng quoc Champa

Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma
(EFEO, Vien Vien ong Phap)

Nguyen nhan s suy tan cua vng quoc Champa la
cong trnh nghien cu co phan bo tuc them. Cong trnh
nay vi ta e Le declin du Campa entre le XVIe et
le XIXe siecle ang au tien trong tac pham Le
Campa et le Monde Malais. Actes de la Conference
Internationale sur le Campa et le Monde Malais)
Berkeley (Universite de Californie, Travaux du
CHCPI, Paris, 1991, trang 47-64.

Champa la mot vng quoc mien Trung Viet Nam
chay dai t mui Hoanh Sn (Quang Bnh) en bien gii
Bien Hoa. c hnh thanh vao the ky th 2, vng quoc
Champa la mot quoc gia lien bang bao gom 4 tieu vng
quoc, o la:
Amaravati (t Quang Bnh en Quang Ngai)
Vijaya (Bnh nh)
Kauthara (khu vc Phu Yen Khanh Hoa)
Panduranga (Phan Rang va Phan R)

Nam 1471 anh dau cho ngay that thu thanh o Ban
(Vijaya). Li dung c hoi nay, ai Viet xam chiem toan
dien lanh tho Champa phng bac va di bien gii cua
mnh en eo Cu Mong, pha nam Bnh nh. Ke t o,
Champa b thu hep lai trong hai tieu vng quoc Kauthara
(Phu Yen-Nha Trang) va Panduranga (Phan Rang-Phan R).
The la vng quoc Champa be nho nay phai ng au ke
t the ky th 16 vi chnh sach Nam Tien cua nha Nguyen,
hung manh ca quan s lan kinh te.
Sau 17 the ky au tranh dng nc va bao ton at nc
nham ay lui cuoc Nam Tien cua dan toc Viet, Champa b
xoa han tren ban ong Dng vao nam 1832. Hom nay,
Nguyen nhan s suy tan cua vng quoc Champa
16
vng quoc nay ch e lai cho hau the mot chuoi vet tch
lch s hoang phe nam ngo n ngang tren manh at mien
trung Viet Nam va ba cong ong dan toc thuoc than dan
Champa cha ay mot trieu ngi song rai rac khu vc
Tay Nguyen, ong bang Phanrang-Phan R va Campuchia.

Trong suot 17 the ky thang tram cua lch s, Champa a
co ngoi len e tao cho mnh co mot nen van minh cao o va
ong mot vai tro quan trong trong tien trnh lch s khu
vc ong Nam A . Tiec thay dan toc Champa hom nay, v s
bat hanh hay v mot ly do nao khac, a tr thanh mot nhom
ngi vong quoc khong con co chu quyen tren chnh ban
than cua mnh, du o ch la chu quyen tre n di san van hoa
va tn ngng hay quyen tren manh at vun do chnh ban
tay cua mnh tao dng tai hai tnh Ninh Thuan va Bnh
Thuan va khu vc Tay Nguyen hom nay.
Noi en lch s th phai noi en s thang tram cua bien
co : het thi vang son th en thi suy tan. ay la mot quy
luat ma khong ai choi cai c. Nhng moi s suy tan eu
co nguyen nhan cua no . Tiec rang, nguyen nhan suy tan cua
vng quoc Champa a tr thanh mot chu e nong bong ma
moi nha nghien cu thng neu ra vi nhng ly thuyet thieu
s trung thc, ch da vao cam tnh va nhan quan rieng t
cua mnh e giai thch cho s bai vong cua Champa.

Tu trung, cac ly thuyet nay thng mang bo cuc nham
chng minh rang s sup o Champa ch la hau qua cua mot
quoc gia co ban chat hao chien thng gay chien tranh
chong pha ai Viet; mot vng quoc pha san, ch biet dung
tai nguyen cua mnh vao cong trnh xay cat en ai nguy
nga trang le; mot chnh quyen ch biet ngh en tranh chap
quyen hanh gia mien nam va mien bac, v.v Co chang ay
ch la cach ly luan phien dien khong co c s khoa hoc. V
rang, s sup o vng quoc Champa co mot nguyen nhan
sau xa cua no, bat nguon t hai dan toc lang gieng co hai
nguon van hoa va nen van minh khac nhau, co hai y thc he
17
ve bang giao va chnh tr khac nhau, co hai chu thuyet ve
bien gii va chien tranh hoan toan khac nhau, v.v.

Sau ay la mot so nguyen nhan chnh yeu a a vng
quoc Champa vao con ng bai vong vao nam 1832.

Chu thuyet banh trng at ai cua vua chua ai Viet

Mot khi a gianh c quyen oc lap va t chu vao the
ky th 10, ai Viet (sau nay la Viet Nam), mot vng quoc
chu anh hng nen van minh Trung Hoa, bat au ap dung
chnh sach thong tr nham bien cac quoc gia lang gieng
thanh ch hau cua mnh ma Champa la nan nhan au tien
cua chnh sach Nam Tien nay. Chnh sach thong tr cua
ai Viet thi co co muc tieu duy nhat o la banh trng at
ai cua mnh ve pha nam ma cac s gia thng goi o la
chu thuyet e quoc cua vua chua ai Viet. The la cuoc
xung ot quan s gia ai Viet va Champa bat au bung
no.

Trong nhng thi iem cua 5 the ky ban au, chnh sach
xam lang cua ai Viet hoan toan da vao yeu to quan s.
T the ky th 10 en the ky th 15, ai Viet ch tap trung
vao trong yeu qua n s e tan cong Champa. Tiec rang,
chien tranh cua ai Viet khong phai la chien tranh chinh
phat Champa, ma la chien tranh xam lc at ai. Mot khi
gat hai c chien thang quan s, ai Viet sap nhap tc
thi lanh tho Champa vao khu vc hanh chanh cua mnh va
bat au ap dung chnh sach Viet Nam hoa bang cach bien
dan toc Champa trong khu vc b chiem ong thanh ngi
Viet. Tat ca ngi Cha m sinh song t tnh Quang Bnh e n
Cam Ranh hom nay khong con biet nguon goc dan toc ho la
ai na va khong con biet noi tieng me e cua ho na la
minh chng cu the e chng minh cho gia thuyet Viet Nam
hoa cua ai Viet trong qua kh.
18
Ch can hai lan chien thang quan s vao nam 1069 va
1471, ai Viet chiem tron mot phan lanh tho rong ln cua
Champa chay dai t tnh Quang Bnh en tnh Bnh nh.
Trong khi o, di thi vua Che Bong Nga (1360-1390),
Champa a hn 7 lan chien thang quan s Thang Long,
nhng khong bao gi ngh en viec xam chiem mot manh
nho at ai nao cua ai Viet. ieu nay a chng minh rang
chu thuyet xay dng quoc gia cua ai Viet la chu thuyet
e quoc (imperialisme) theo ngha rong cua no, co ngha
la chnh sach thong tr va xam chiem at ai cua mot dan
toc khac.
Trong tien trnh lch s, mot quoc gia co ban chat e
quoc luc nao cung nam phan thang li tren mot quoc gia
lang gieng, du nc lang gieng nay hu ng manh tren hai
phng dien quan s lan kinh te, nhng ch bam vao y thc
he chien tranh chinh phat nham a quan ch vao con
ng suy yeu e ho khong con phng tien quay pha bien
gii cua mnh na. Champa la mot vng quoc chu anh
hng An o Giao, cung nh Campuchia, ch biet ton vinh
thc he chien tranh chinh phat chong ngoai bang, nhng
khong bao gi ngh en chnh sac xam chiem at ai cua
dan toc khac.
Da vao cac yeu to a a ra, chung toi t at cau hoi
rang co chang chu thuyet e quoc cua vua chua ai Viet
a tr thanh mot ong c chnh yeu a a ay vng quoc
Champa vao con ng bai vong vao nam 1832.

Nan nhan cua y thc he Thien T

Hoan toan khac han vi y niem than quyen cua
Champa, vua chua ai Viet, v anh hng nen van minh
Trung Hoa, t phong cho mnh la bac Thien T nhan lanh
s mang cua Tri chang nhng e cai tr dan toc Viet ma
phai co ngha vu m mang b coi hau lam sang ngi uy
quyen cua mnh tren nam chau bon be. o cung iem moc
a a chnh sach bang giao gia ai Viet va Champa
19
thanh hai the lc thu ch khong bao gi chap nhan oi tri
chung.
Nhan danh la Thien T phat nguon t nen van minh
Trung Hoa, ai Viet luon luon tm cach thong tr cac nc
lan bang nham bien ho thanh cac quoc gia ch hau cua
mnh. The la Champa, mot quoc gia lang gieng cua ai
Viet, a tr thanh mon moi au tien cua chu thuyet Thien
T nay.
oi vi ai Viet, moi tran chien chong Champa ch la
chien tranh chinh phat cac nc ch hau man r khong
cung nen van minh vi ngi Viet; moi thu oan xam chiem
at ai cua Champa ch la phong cach boc lo uy quyen cua
ai Viet va c s chap thuan cua Tri. e anh dau
cho s mang thieng lieng do Tri giao pho, ai Viet co
ngha vu xua quan xam chiem at ai Champa.
Ngoai s menh cua Thien T ma chung toi va neu
ra, ai Viet con nuoi dng mot chu thuyet chnh tr khac
rat la tch cc: cang thong tr cac ch hau e ho phai trieu
cong mnh th ai Viet cang co ly do e chng minh la vua
chua ai Viet a lam hoan thanh ngha vu do Tri giao
pho. Hai nc lang gieng ma ai Viet co the dung quyen
lc quan s e chinh phuc nham a lanh tho nay vao a
ban ch hau va at di quyen quan ly cua mnh, o la
Champa va Cao Mien.
oi vi ai Viet, s xam chiem Champa va Cao Mien
con la mot phng thc nham giai thch rang ai Viet
chang nhng co ngha vu cai tr than dan Viet, ma con nhan
them s menh cua Tri e thong tr hai nc lang gieng
chu anh hng nen van minh An o Giao, tc la khong
cung nen van minh vi ngi Viet e mang lai cho ho mot
ky cng mi, mot nen van hoa mi cua ngi Viet, mot
dan toc luon t xng mnh la con rong chau tien oai hung,
mot dan toc cua bon ngan nam van hien.
Ngoai ra, chu thuyet xam lc at ai cac nc lang
gieng a tr thanh mot cong cu truyen truyen nham ton vinh
vua chua ai Viet la nhng nhan vat co mot oai quyen v
20
ai, co ngha vu quan ly the gian nay trong tinh than dung
hoa va hu ngh; mang lai cho cac dan toc lang gieng
man r mot van hoa mi, o la nen van minh cao o cua
dan toc Viet. Nhan danh la bac Thien T, vua chua ai
Viet t cho mnh la ngi trung gian gia the gii vo hnh
va the gii hien tai e ieu hanh toan die n nhan sinh tren
trai at. Phat sinh t y niem cua Trung Hoa, ai Viet cho
rang moi bc tien trong cuoc xam chiem at ai cua dan
toc lang gieng la moi bc tien cua nen van minh Viet. V
rang, the gian nay khong the on nhan mot van hoa nao
khac ngoai van hoa cua dan toc Viet.
Qua phan nhan nh nay, chung toi tam ket luan rang,
chu ngha Thien T cua ai Viet mang mot ban chat rat
la e quoc a ong gop phan nao trong tien trnh cua s
bai vong Champa.

Hau qua cac cuoc noi chien gia dan toc Viet

1. Nam bac phan tranh gia chua Trnh va chua Nguyen

Sau ngay sup o thanh o Ban vao nam 1471, lanh tho
Champa b thu hep lai tieu vng quoc Panduranga, chay
dai t Harek Kah Harek Dhei (Phu Yen) en bien gii Bien
Hoa. Mot mat oi pho vi at ai eo hep va s suy yeu ve
mat quan s v dan so qua t oi, Champa phai ng au vi
tnh the chnh tr hoan toan mi la, o la s ra i cua trieu
ai nha Nguyen Thua n Hoa (t Quang Bnh en Bnh
nh) va s bung no cuoc noi chien gia chua Nguyen
mien nam va chua Trnh phng bac.
V khong u tiem nang e tien quan chong chua Trnh
phng bac, chua Nguyen ch con cach phat ong phong
trao Nam Tien ve pha nam, tc la ve pha lanh tho Champa
e cung co the lc quan s va kinh te cua mnh. Ke t o ,
Nam Tien a tr thanh mot cong cu cua nha Nguyen nha m
phuc vu cho chien tranh chong nha Trnh bang cach v quet
tai nguyen Champa e nuoi quan lnh cua mnh, e giai
21
quyet van e kinh te cua dan toc Viet qua ngheo oi, v at
ai cua ong bang Thuan Hoa qua chat hep. Cuoc Nam
Tien nay cang tang them toc o nhanh chong hn mot khi
chua Nguyen khong the phat huy phong tra o Tay Tien c,
mot khu vc ma dan toc Champa song Cao Nguyen khong
bao gi chap nhan bat c gia nao s hien dien cua ngi
Kinh trong lanh tho cua ho cho en nam 1955.
Noi tom lai, s hnh thanh mot quoc gia co chu quyen
Thuan Hoa do nha Nguyen sang lap vao the ky th 17 a
a chnh sach Nam Tien sang mot chieu hng mi hoan
toan khac han vi chnh sach Nam Tien cu a ai Viet trc
ngay sup o thanh o Ban vao nam 1471. Ke t o, Nam
Tien cua trieu Nguyen a tr thanh mot chu thuyet e
quoc vi muc tieu duy nhat la nuot tron vng quoc
Champa e lam ban ap tien quan sang Cao Mien.
Nam 1611 anh dau ngay xuat quan Nam Tien au tien
cua chua Nguyen. Hn 40 van quan chnh qui t Thuan Hoa
a sang vi s yem tr cua oan quan d b cong them cac
c dan Viet song gan bien gii, vt eo Cu Mong pha
nam Bnh nh e tan cong Aia Ru (Harek Kah Harek Dhei)
cua Champa sau o bien khu vc va mi chiem ong thanh
phu Phu Yen.
Bon mi hai na m sau, chua Nguyen li du ng thi iem
hoa bnh vi chua Trnh trong vong 7 nam, xuat quan xam
chiem Nha Trang vao nam 1653 va di bien gii mien nam
cua mnh en Cam Ranh. Ke t o, Nha Trang tr thanh hai
n v hanh chanh cua ngi Viet, o la Thai Khang va
Dien Khanh.
Ba nam sau, tc la nam 1658, chua Nguyen xua qua n
xam chiem lanh tho Cao Mien Bien Hoa. The la ke t
nam 1658, Champa tr thanh mot lanh tho hoan toan b bao
vay, pha bac giap can c quan s nha Nguyen Cam
Ranh va pha nam giap can c quan s nha Nguyen Bien
Hoa.
22
S co lap Champa trong at ai cua nha Nguyen ke t
nam 1658 a giai thch phan nao s bai vong cua Champa
trong nhng nam ke en.

2. Cuoc noi chien gia Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh

Het ng au vi chien tranh gia chua Trnh va chua
Nguyen, Champa b loi keo vao mot cuoc noi chien khac
gia dan toc Viet, o la s bung no chien tranh vao nam
1771 gia phong trao Tay Sn mien bac va Nguyen Anh
tran thu Sai Gon. Cuoc noi chien nay a bien lanh tho
Champa (khu vc Phan Rang va Phan R) thanh bai chien
trng am ma u trong vong 30 nam, phan chia dan toc
Champa thanh hai the lc thu ch, mot ben trung thanh vi
Nguyen Anh con ben khac th ung ho phong trao Tay Sn.
Nam 1773, Tay Sn xua quan chiem ong Panduranga,
trong khi o Nguyen Anh ri bo ngai vang vao nam 1775
chay ve mien nam lap mat khu Gia nh. Suot 30 nam noi
chien, Tay Sn bien Nha Trang thanh khu vc a au quan
s cua mnh, trong khi o Nguye n Anh tran thu Gia nh.
Hoan canh a d nay a bien Champa thanh mot khu vc
nam gia hai gong km bien gii quan s cua Tay Sn
pha bac va Nguyen Anh pha nam. The la vng quoc
Champa phai on nhan hang nam s hie n dien quan oi
vien chinh cua Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh tren lanh tho cua
mnh. Ly do rat la gian d, muon tan cong Nguyen Anh
Gia nh, Tay Sn phai lam chu quan s Champa (khu
vc Phan Rang va Phan R) trc. Ve pha Nguyen Anh,
muon tan cong Tay Sn Bnh nh, Nguyen Anh phai xua
quan chiem ong Champa trc tien, sau o mi co the tien
quan en Nha Trang c.
Nam 1776, vi muc tieu la tien quan tan cong Nguyen
Anh Gia nh, Tay Sn phai chiem ong Panduranga
trc tien e lam can c hanh quan. Nam 1779, Nguyen
Anh chiem lai Panduranga trc khi xua quan tan cong Tay
Sn Nha Trang. Nam 1791, Tay Sn tr lai chiem ong
23
Panduranga va nam 1793 Panduranga lai ri vao tay cua
Nguyen Anh. Mot nam sau (1794), Tay Sn xam chiem lai
Panduranga cho en nam 1798.
Trong suot cuoc noi chien gia Tay Sn va Nguyen
Anh, bien gii cua vng quoc Champa hoan toan b xoa bo
tren ban o v thieu quan lc e phong thu. The m vao o,
moi c cau to chc chnh tr va xa hoi Champa hoan toan b
sup o. Dan toc Champa phai chap nhan cui lay ca hai phe,
va Tay Sn lan Nguyen Anh e bao ton tanh mang. Cac
tang lp lanh ao Champa chia thanh hai phe nhom do hai
the lc thu ch ngi Viet tao dng ra. V rang, mot khi a
xam chiem Champa e lam c iem quan s, Nguyen Anh
thanh lap mot chnh quyen mi cua vng quoc nay tap
trung nhng thanh phan lanh ao than can vi mnh. Mot
khi tien quan vao Champa, Tay Sn lai ra lenh thanh trng
gat gao nhng phan t ngi Champa theo Nguyen Anh e
roi thanh lap mot chnh quyen khac ma cap lanh ao ch la
thanh vien cua Tay Sn.
S thay oi lien tuc chnh quyen trong thi iem o a
a moi c cau to chc quoc gia Champa ng ben le vc
tham. Li dung c hoi nay, hai phe thu ch Tay Sn va
Nguyen Anh tung hoanh cp pha tai nguyen Champa e
phuc vu cho chien tranh cua mnh va ieu ong thanh nien
Champa xung phong vao chien trng am mau ma muc
tieu cua chien tranh nay khong lien he g oi vi ho. Trong
khi o, Champa lai at di quyen cai tr cua mot tang lp
lanh ao mang tnh cach bu nhn, v vng chc cua ho hoan
toan do Tay Sn hoac Nguyen Anh tan phong. S kien na y
a chng to rang, moi c cau to chc chnh quyen Champa
hoan toan b sup o. Lanh tho Champa ch la ni on nhan
hang ngan quan lnh cua dan toc Viet, luon luon t cho mnh
la ke chien thang, thang tay boc lot nhan dan Champa ma
ho xem o ch la nhng ke man r khong cung noi giong
vi mnh.
Noi tom lai, Champa khong con ton tai na vi danh
ngha la mot quoc gia oc lap va t chu trong suot cuoc
24
chien gia Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh ke t 1771 en 1802.
The la nh menh cua s song con Champa khong con nam
trong tay cua nhan dan Champa na, ma la tuy thuoc hoan
toan vao ket qua cua chien tranh gia Tay Sn va Nguyen
Anh.

3. Noi chien gia Minh Menh va Le Van Duyet

Nam 1802, Nguyen Anh anh bai Tay Sn, len ngoi vi
ton hieu la Gia Long. e tri an nhng chien s a tng au
tranh ben canh mnh, Gia Long tai lap lai vng hieu
Champa, sau o phong cho Po Saong Nhung Ceng (to tien
cua gia nh hoang gia Ba Them Phan R), mot tng lanh
goc ngi Cham rat than can vi Gia Long len lam quoc
vng Panduranga-Champa. The la t na m 1802, Champa
khong con la mot quoc gia oc lap na ma la mot lanh tho
t tr at di quyen bao ho cua trieu nh Viet Nam va
hng quyen che ch rat la ac biet cua hoang e Gia Long
va tong tran Gia nh Thanh la Le Van Duyet c xem
nh la mot ong pho vng mien nam thi o.
Sau ngay t tran cua Gia Long vao nam 1820, hoang e
Minh Menh a ra chnh sach cai tr hoan toan ngc lai vi
chu trng cua Gia Long tc la phu vng cua ong ta. Minh
Menh la mot hoang e co t tng chnh tr rat la oc ao
da vao y thc he trung ng tap quyen, luon luon chu
trng Quoc Gia Viet Nam la mot va nhan dan Viet Nam
phai la dan toc co cung vi nen van hoa va van minh cua
ngi Viet.
Mot khi len ngoi, Minh Menh xoa bo hoa n toan chnh
sach u ai danh rieng cho vng quoc Champa do phu
vng cua ong ta e lai va tm cach ngan chan moi anh
hng cua Le Van Duyet vng quoc nay.
Nhan danh mot nha tng co cong trang ln lao trong
chien tranh chong Tay Sn va cung la ban than cua Gia
Long, Le Van Duyet vung day phan oi chnh sach Minh
Menh va nhat quyet ng ra bao ve vng quoc Champa
25
cho ti cung. The la s khung hoang gia Minh Menh va Le
Van Duyet bat au bung no va vng quoc Champa lai tr
thanh nan nhan lan th 3 cua cuoc chien noi bo gia ngi
Viet Nam thi o.
V qua than can vi Tong Tran Gia nh Thanh la Le
Van Duyet hay la v qua khiep s trc uy quyen chnh tr
cua ong ta, giai cap lanh ao Champa thi o khong phuc
tung hoang e Minh Menh na. Nam 1832, Le Van Duyet
t tran, Minh Menh xua quan xa m chiem Champa va trng
phat vo cung da man giai cap lanh ao Champa v toi phuc
tung Le Van Duyet e roi xoa han vng quoc nay tren ban
o ong Dng. The la nam 1832 anh dau ngay sup o
hoan toan vng quoc Champa.

Trc lan song di dan ngi Viet

Ngoai chu ngha Thien T va boi canh lch s cua cac
cuoc noi chien Viet Nam ma chung to i va trnh bay,
Champa con la nan nhan cua lan song di dan Viet sang pha
nam ke t the ky th 10. Ho la nhng toi pham, nh ng ke
phieu lu, nhng nong dan khong at ai e sinh song,
khong cong an viec lam, tm cach thoat than i tm t do va
cuoc song mi vng quoc Champa, ni van con nhieu
khu vc ph nhieu cha co ai khai khan.
Phong trao di dan nay cang ngay cang m rong ke t ky
th 13, thi ky ma a ban dan c song Hong cang ngay
cang tang gap boi e roi dan chung khong con at ai e
canh tac. e giai quyet nan thieu at, dan Viet ch con cach
tm ng tran xuong pha nam, tc la Champa. Phong trao
di dan nay cang day len ke t the ky th 17, thi ky ma dan
Viet ang lam vao nan oi rach v han han hay ma lu,
ng au vi chien tranh Nam-Bac va tnh hnh thieu an
ninh v nan cp boc. Li dung c hoi nay, chua Nguyen ho
hao dan Viet xung phong vao oi ngu e khai khan at
hoang khu vc bien gii pha nam cua mnh. Ho la nhom
on ien, tc la oi ngu va lam dan, va lam chien s
26
e phong thu at ai chong lai s quay nhieu Champa
bien gii. Chua Nguyen con khuyen khch them dan Viet
nen vt bien gii tran sang Champa va Cao Mien. Ban
au, ho ho ch khai thac nhng khu at hoang hay cam k
(tabung) ma dan ban x Champa khong canh tac. Sau o, ho
bat au khai thac nhng khu vc ph nhieu hn do dan ban
x ban nhng lai cho ho.
Trong nhng thi gian au, tat ca dan c Viet phai khep
mnh vao khuon kho luat phap cua Champa, co ngha la vua
chua cua vng quoc nay co quyen tuyet o i, ca quyen song
chet oi vi ho. Nhng sau the ky th 17, tnh hnh dan c
Viet Champa ang bc vao mot khuc quanh mi. Li
dung s hien dien cua ho tren lanh tho Champa, chua
Nguyen bat au nhung tay vao noi bo cua vng quoc nay
vi danh ngha la nha nc Viet Nam co ngha vu bao ve
quyen li c dan Viet sinh song nc ngoai. Sau o, nha
Nguyen tm cach ong vien ho e phuc vu cho muc tieu
chien tranh chong Champa trong tng lai. ien hnh nhat la
cuoc xam lang nha Nguyen nham xoa bo Champa tren ban
o au tien vao nam 1692 co s tham gia ong uc c dan
Viet sinh song lau i vng quoc nay.
V sc ep cua s vung day nhan dan Champa vao na m
1693, nha Nguyen chap nhan trao tra lai vng hieu
Champa vao nam 1694 vi ieu kien la vua chua Champa
phai chap nhan cho nha Nguyen thanh lap phu Bnh Thuan
au tien trong bien gii Champa nham quan ly cac c dan
Viet sinh song vng quoc nay. Ke t o, c dan Viet nay
khong con la cong dan cua Champa na, ma la dan Viet cua
trieu Nguyen.
Phu Bnh Thuan khong co bien gii nhat nh ma chung
toi goi o la bien gii da beo, tap trung tat ca cac thon
xom dan toc Viet nam rai rac tren lanh tho Champa. ay la
mot a ban c dan rat la phc tap oi vi nha nc Champa
thi o. Va a ban c dan nay a tr tha nh mot cong cu
hu hieu nham giup nha Nguyen thon tnh Champa bat c
luc nao ma ho can.
27
Ben le qui che hanh chanh ac biet nay, s hien dien
cua c dan Viet con co mot hau qua khac o la vai tro cua
ho trong guong may kinh te Champa thi o. V qua
ngheo tung, dan ban x Champa thng hay vay mn tien
bac cua c dan Viet vi ch so tien li nh gia hn 150%
nam. Mot khi dan ban x Champa khong the tra noi n,
ngi Viet xiet at ai va gia tai cua ho nh a ghi trong
hp ong. Chnh sach vay mn nay a a dan ban x
Champa i vao con ng ngheo tung en luc ho phai ban
chong con cua ho cho ngi Viet e thanh toan van e vay
mn.
Ngoai van e khung hoang kinh te, s hien dien cua c
dan Viet a a c cau to chc thon xo m va xa hoi cua
ngi Champa vao mot khuc quanh mi va khuyech ai
them s xung ot gia c dan Viet va dan Champa ban x.
Da tren quyen uy cua nha Nguyen, dan c Viet bat au
c x nh mot dan toc chien thang. Ho san sang tiep tay vi
trieu nh Hue bat c luc nao ma nha Nguyen can en ho.
oi vi nha Nguyen, chien lc nham tieu diet Champa co
hieu qua nhat khong phai la giai phap quan s ma la giai
phap chnh tr, co ngha la nha Nguyen ong vien c dan
Viet phu Bnh Thuan phat huy chng trnh khai khan at
hoang e lam chu at ai, oc quyen trong bo may thng
mai, kiem soat hoan toan mach mau kinh te vng quoc
nay.
Va oi pho vi dan c tha tht, at ai nho hep, quan
s suy yeu, vng quoc Champa khong con u kha nang e
bao ton t the oc lap cua mnh na mot khi kinh te cua
vng quoc nay hoan toan b bao vay bi c dan Viet phu
Bnh Thuan. o cung la iem ang chu y trong tien trnh
lch s cua s bai vong Champa vao nam 1832.

Chnh sach be mon toa cang

Trc nam 1471, Champa la hai cang quan trong tren
ng hang hai noi lien bien Nam Hai va An o Dng,
28
cung la ni tap trung nhieu tau be cua cac thng thuyen
quoc te.
Sau nam 1471, vng quoc nay ch la mot a the phu
thuoc trong he thong giao thng hang hai. Sau ngay that
thu Phu Yen (Harek Kah Harek Dhei) vao nam 1611, va
Nha Trang vao na m 1653, chua Nguye n a kiem soat hoan
toan khu vc hai cang Champa mien nam ma chung toi
goi la mach mau kinh te va chnh tr cua vng quoc nay.
Mot khi a xam chiem Phu Yen va Nha Trang, cac tau
be quoc te khong con ghe ben Champa na. o cung la yeu
to quan trong e giai thch rang tai sao Champa hoan toan b
co lap khong con ng day lien lac vi cac nc lang
gieng ke t the ky th 17.
Mot khi b truc xuat ra khoi truc giao thong hang hai
quoc te, Champa a tr thanh mot quoc gia hoan toan nam
trong gong km cua dan toc Viet. The la nh menh song
con cua Champa khong con nam trong tay cua tap the lanh
ao cua vng quoc nay na ma la tuy thuo c vao long u ai
cua nha Nguyen oi vi vng quoc nay.

Chnh sach my nhan ke

Song trong mot che o phong kien, quoc trng
Champa, cung nh quoc vng cac n c ong Phng,
thng ket hon vi cong chua goc ngi nc ngoai. oi vi
Champa, s hien dien cua cong chua nc ngoai trong cung
nh khong mang y ngha nh mot mon qua oi chat ma la
mot s lien ket tnh than hu gia hai quoc gia. S ket hon
gia cong chua cua nc a ao (Jawa) va vua Champa la
Jaya Sinhavarman III (Che Man, -1307) thng bieu dng
cho chnh sach bang giao than hu gia hai quoc gia hn la
mot cuoc tnh trong ngha rong cua no.
Noi en cuoc ket hon gia quoc vng Champa va
cong chua xuat than t nc ngoai, th ngi ta phai noi en
cuoc tnh gia vua Che Man va Huyen Tran Cong Chua.
Nam 1301, nhan dp vieng tham Champa, thng hoang
29
Tran Nhn Ton ha ga cong chua Huyen Tran cho Che Man
e oi lay hai chau O va Ly (khu vc tnh Tha Thien).
Nam 1306, Huyen Tran Cong Chua sang Champa. Mot nam
sau, tc la 1307, Che Man t tran ma t lieu lch s khong
noi ro nguyen nhan. Vien c la phai en bai be e cau
nguyen trc khi len dan hoa vi Che Ma n theo phong tuc
cua Champa, Tran Khac Chung ch san gan b bien e a
Huyen Tran chay tron ve ai Viet.
Thai o chay tron cua Huyen Tran Cong Chua trong
luc ngi chong cua mnh va t tran a a cac nha khoa
hoc at ra bao nghi van : co chang s t tran cua Che Man
khong phai la van e tuoi tho qua cao ma la co s nhung tay
cua ai Viet trong bien co nay ma Huyen Tran Cong Chua
ch la ngi nhan lenh e thc hanh d an am hai vua Che
Man. Neu khong, Huyen Tran Cong Chua co toi g ma phai
chay tron? V nhan sac cua mot cong chua ngi Viet,
vng quoc Champa phai nhng cho ai Viet hai chau O
va Ly th ung la mon qua qua at.
Sau cuoc tnh Che Man, Champa con la nan nhan cua
mot cap v chong khac o la cuoc ket hon gia vua Champa
la Po Rome (1627-1651) va Ngoc Khoa, co ng chua cua nha
Nguyen ma s lieu tieng Cham goi la Bia Ut (cong chua
mien bac).
S hien dien cua Bia Ut trong trieu nh Champa thi o
co mot vai tro khac han vi Huyen Tran Cong Chua. Theo
truyen thuyet cua Champa, Bia Ut en vng quoc nay vi
mot s mang ma nha Nguyen a giao pho, o la lam the
nao e Po Rome chat bo cay Kraik, bieu tng cho than
quyen tran gi vng quoc nay. Nhng s that, Bia Ut en
Champa ch lam nha trinh tham nham bao cao cho nha
Nguyen biet moi chi tiet lien quan en to chc chnh tr va
quan s cua quoc gia nay. Sau khi nhan u tin tc, nha
Nguyen xuat quan tan cong Po Rome . Trong cuoc chien
nay, Po Rome b quan nha Nguyen vay bat em nhot trong
ro sat e khieng ve Thuan Hoa vi s ch ng kien cua mot
so nha truyen ao Tay Phng Champa. Sau bien co nay,
30
trieu nh Champa ket toi t hnh Bia Ut va tac tng ba ta
vi cai au nhui xuong at e hau the khong quen lch s
cua cong chua ngi Viet ong vai my nhan ke nay.
Ba nam sau ngay that tran cua Po Rome, tc la nam
1653, nha Nguyen xua quan xam chiem Nha Trang va di
bien gii mien nam cua mnh en Cam Ranh. The la vng
quoc Champa ch con von ven trong khu vc Phan Rang va
Phan R.

Hai chu thuyet chien tranh oi ngc

ai Viet va Champa la hai nc lang gieng co hai chu
thuyet chien tranh hoan toan oi ngc nhau. La mot vng
quoc hap thu nen van minh An o Giao, chien tranh cua
Champa chong nc lang gieng la chien tranh chinh phat
e lam suy yeu i sc manh quan s va chnh tr cua phe
ch, ch khong phai la chien tranh chiem at ai. Chu
thuyet nay a bieu lo ro ret trong thi Che Bong Nga. Hang
nam, Che Bong Nga xuat quan ra mien bac ot pha thanh
Thang Long sau o roi keo quan tr ve, nhng Che Bong
Nga khong bao gi ngh en chnh sach chiem at ai ai
Viet e sap nhap vao lanh tho cua mnh. Neu Champa a p
dung chu thuyet chien tranh nham chiem at ai th vng
quoc ai Viet a b xoa han tren ban o vao cuoi the ky th
14 roi.
Ngoai y niem chinh phat, chien tranh cua Champa
chong nc lang gieng thng mang mot yeu to tn ngng
ro ret, o la tan pha nhng g co lien he e n uy quyen than
linh cua quoc gia phe ch. Neu Champa ot pha thu o
Thang Long, v ay la trung tam chnh tr cua ai Viet; dap
tan cac ni th phng than linh, v o la cac than gi nc
non cua ai Viet, v.v. oi vi Champa, ap tan than linh
phe ch tc la bieu tng cho sc manh than linh cua mnh.
Chnh v the, sau ngay thang tran, vua chua Champa thng
hay xay en dng thap, dang le vat cho than linh e bay to
s tri an cua mnh.
31
Ngoai mau sac tn ngng nay, Champa con co mot qui
luat rieng lien quan en chien tranh, o la khong bao gi
dung chien lc dng ong kch tay hay noi mot cach
khac tm cach anh len lut sau lng ch. Moi lan xuat quan,
Champa phai hen ho trc vi phe ch ve ngay thang nhat
nh va ni chon cua bai chien trng. V qua trong nhan
cach quan t trong tran chien, Champa thng hay vap
phai nhng that bai nang ne.

oi vi ai Viet, y niem ve chien tranh hoan toan oi
ngc. Chien tranh la tran chien quan s khong co muc tieu
chinh phat phe ch theo ngha rong cua no, ma la e chiem
oat tai san va at ai cua phe ch e sap nhap vao lanh
tho cua mnh.
Noi en chien tranh, ai Viet thng hay ap dung moi
chien lc, moi tnh toan va mu mo nh dng ong kch
tay v.v. nham che mat hay la phe ch trong nhng cu
anh bat ng hong de dang pha tan phe ch cho bang c.
Chnh v the, chien tranh cua ai Viet luon luon mang mau
sac e quoc, tc la dung sc manh quan s e m rong b
coi at nc cua mnh.

Mot khi a chiem at ai, ai Viet ap dung chnh sach
ong hoa ngay dan ban x e ho tr thanh ngi Viet that
s co cung van hoa cua ngi Kinh. Ch can vai the ky,
chnh quyen ai Viet a lot bo hoan toan tam linh va tieng
noi cua dan toc Champa song tren dai at b chiem ong t
Quang Bnh en Cam Ranh, khong phai bang bao lc ma la
bang cach ong hoa ho e roi ho khong co n nhan dien au
la nguon goc lch s cua ho na. Hom nay, khong co mot
ngi Champa nao song mien trung Viet Nam con biet noi
tieng Cham la mot bang chng cu the.

oi vi ai Viet, chien tranh khong phai cong cu e ot
pha ni th phng than thanh co uy quyen cua phe ch,
ma la tan pha nhng g thuoc ve phe ch du o la trung tam
32
chnh tr (tc la thu o), du o en ai hay ngi dan vo toi
i na.
Noi tom lai, chu thuyet chien tranh cua ai Viet a
ong gop phan nao rat la tch cc trong tien trnh cua s suy
tan Champa ke t the ky th 10 en nam 1832.

Y niem ve bien gii: mot tat at, mot tat vang

Noi en y thc he ve bien gii, Champa va ai Viet
cung la hai nc lang gieng co y niem hoan toan khac biet.
oi vi Champa, bien gii la ni gii han lanh tho cua
mnh at di quyen bao ho cua than linh. Bien gii
Champa la bien gii tn ngng, luon luon co nh khong
the xe dch va khong ai co quyen vt bien gii nay ma
khong co s ong y cua than linh. Neu Che Bong Nga
khong nuot tron at ai cua ai Viet mot khi a anh bai
phe ch, v rang quoc vng nay khong da m ni rong bien
gii Champa ra mien bac, v s than linh Champa khong cho
phep.
Y niem bien gii co nh mang ban chat than quyen na y
con the dien qua cac dau an ro ret Champa. Mac du cung
song chung trong quoc gia Champa, ng i Cham ong
bang, du la at ai rat la chat hep, ho kho ng bao gi da m
vt bien gii khu vc cua mnh e tran len cao nguyen sinh
song. Bien gii tn ngng nay cung con bieu lo mot cach ro
ret hn trong cuoc song cua dan toc Cham khu vc
Panduranga trc nam 1975. Mot th du ien hnh o s ket
hon gia ngi Cham Phan Rang va Phan R thng t khi
xay ra. V rang, ngi con trai khong muon vt ra khoi
bien gii cua que cha at to mnh e lay v khu vc
khac.
Ngoai bien gii khu vc, ngi Cham con co bien gii
than quyen rat ro ret cua moi lang xa. Chnh v the, ho luon
luon chap nhan song chang cht, nha nay ke sat nha kia
trong ranh gii thon xom cua mnh, va ho khong chu ni
rong them bien gii thon xo m nay mac du ho la chu nhan
33
at ai rong ln bao la toa lac ngay trc cong lang cua
mnh, e roi sau nam 1975 ngi Cham khong con mot
mieng at e xay dng nha ca. V khong nam vng y niem
ve bien gii, mot so nha viet lach tng rang ngi Cha m
co ban chat ky th ngi ngoai lang lay v lang ta.
V qua trung thanh vi y niem ve que cha at to, dan
toc Champa tr thanh mot nhom ngi thu ong song quanh
quan trong khu vc ma ho cho o la bien gii than quyen
khong ai co quyen di chuyen hay xe dch.

oi vi dan toc Viet, bien gii la ni gii han cua mot
lanh tho, nhng bien gii nay khong mang yeu to than
quyen, luon luon co gian tuy theo khong gian va thi gian.
V khong mang yeu to than quyen, ai Viet co quyen ni
rong bien gii cua mnh en bat tan neu ho co u kha nang
e bao ve . Chnh v the, bien gii ai Viet ch la bien gii
kinh te va quan s luon luon co gian.
Tren ly thuyet, dan toc Viet cung co y niem ve que
cha at to, nhng y niem nay ch la mot hien tng ch
khong phai la ban chat cua dan toc Viet. V rang, dan toc
Viet luon luon co mot y thc he ro ret ve gia tr at ai.
Trong tiem thc cua dan toc Viet, ho luon luon ngh rang :
mot tat at, mot tat vang. T y thc he o, dan toc Viet
xo nhau xam chiem Champa mien nam e bien at ai
thanh hang tram cay so vang. Chung toi goi o la ban
chat banh trng (nature expansionniste) cua dan toc Viet
trong ngha rong cua no.
Noi tom lai, y niem ve bien gii co gian va linh ong
cua ai Viet cung la mot trong nhng nguyen nhan a a
Champa en s bai vong.

Go bo trong truyen thong tn ngng

Trc the ky th 15, Ba La Mon Giao la quoc giao
Champa, nhng ton giao nay ch danh rie ng cho gia nh
34
hoang gia va vua chua ma thoi. Ngi dan thong thng
khong the theo ton giao cua vua chua c.
V khong the tr thanh ngi Ba La Mon Giao c,
quan chung Champa phai tin vao mot tn ngng rieng biet
ma chung toi goi o la tn ngng dan gian. Phong cach sinh
hoat ton giao ngi Cham hom nay khu vc Panduranga
la th du ien hnh.
Tn ngng dan gian nay rat la a dang khong mang
mot ly thuyet ong nhat, nhng luon luon gan lien vi mot
so di tch tn ngng nh Bimong Kalan (en thap), Kut (mo
phan cua Cham Ahier), Gahul (ngha trang Cham Awal) hay
Ciet Praok Patra (to tien cua th toc) ni tap trung cac than
quyen rat la bao thu khong bao gi cho phep ngi Cham
mang cac di san tn ngng nay theo ho e nh c ni khac
v ly do g o.

Ngi Viet la dan toc theo ao Phat va tuc th cung to
tien, mot tn ngng rat la linh ong, khong qui luat gat gao
va cung khong bao gi ngan cam dan Viet phai dam chan
mot cho que cha at to. Tn ngng nay cho phep dan
toc Viet co hai quyen c ban, o la quyen di chuyen va nh
c hay sinh song bat c ni nao tren the gii nay va quyen
mang ca ong Phat hay ban th to tien i theo mnh, du trong
xe o hay ch bang may bay sang cho khac.
S linh ong cua tn ngng nay a a dan Viet dan
than vao moi cuoc phieu lu nham tm ni sinh ke, chiem c
at ai e lap nghiep. Noi tom lai, trong tn ngng dan
gian cua ngi Viet, ong Phat va to tien phai co ngha vu i
theo dan c Viet e sinh song ch khong phai dan c Viet
dam chan lai mot cho nh dan toc Champa e th phng
cac than linh nay.
Co chang s suy tan cua Champa cung co mot phan nao
phat xuat t truyen thong tn ngng ma than linh la nhng
nhan vat qua bao thu khong chap nhan vt ra khoi bien
gii co truyen e phat huy ke hoach kinh te c xem nh
la mach mau cua mot quoc gia thi o.
35

The che lien bang thi phong kien

Gan ay, mot so nha nghien cu, v t tiep can vi cac
bai nghien cu chuyen sau ve Champa, cho rang Champa la
quoc gia thong nhat, co the che trung ng tap quyen theo
kieu mau cua Phng ong. ay la quan iem sai lam
mang tnh chat phi khoa hoc, v cac tac gia nay khong a ra
mot d kien lch s nao e minh chng cho ly thuyet cua
mnh.
Trong qua trnh lch s cua Champa, trieu ai
Bhadravarman I (380-413) la vng trieu duy nhat a xay
dng the che chnh tr Champa da theo he thong quoc gia
thong nhat va trung ng tap quye n theo kieu ai Viet va
Trung Hoa. Tiec rang, the che nay ch xay ra trong vong 33
nam di trieu ai Bhadravarman, khong u e ket luan
mot the che chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa c.

Ke t au the ky th 20 cho en nay, tat ca chuyen gia
ve Champa hoc eu cong nhan rang Champa khong phai la
quoc gia thong nhat, trung ng tap quye n, ma la mot vng
quoc lien bang tap trung nam tieu vng quoc ro ret o la
Indrapura, Amaravati, Vijaya, Kauthara va Panduranga.
Moi tieu vng quoc co vua chua rieng, hanh chanh rieng
va cach ieu hanh rieng.
Trong nam tieu vng o, Panduranga la mot tieu vng
quoc mien nam mang nhieu yeu to chnh tr, hanh chanh
va quan s rat la ro ret nham bieu tng cho the che lien
bang Champa thi o. Mac du chap nhan chung song trong
lien bang Champa, Panduraga thng hay ng len chong
chnh phu lien bang e bao am the che t tr cua mnh va
oi luc vung day oi quyen oc lap rieng re.

ng au cho vng quoc lien bang la Rajadiraja (vua
cua vua) ch khong phai la Patao nh mot so nha viet lach
a ra. Thuat ng Rajadiraja (vua cua vua) co mot ngha rat
36
la ro ret o la quoc trng nay ch la ngi ai dien cho cac
vua tieu vng quoc ch khong phai e cai tr cac vua
chua tieu vng quoc nay.
Muon tr thanh Rajadiraja (vua cua vua) tc la quoc
vng lien bang, ong vua nay thng hay da vao the lc
kinh te, quan s cua mnh e buoc cac tieu vng quoc khac
phai than phuc. Mac du mang chc nang Rajadiraja (vua
cua vua), nhng quoc trng nay ch la nhan vat ai dien
cho Champa tren phng dien phap ly ngoai giao, v ong ta
khong co quyen g tren tieu vng quoc khac neu vua cua
tieu vng quoc nay khong chap thuan. The che nay con the
hien mot cach ro ret lien bang Ma Lai hom nay tap trung
9 vua cua tieu vng quoc.
To chc lien bang Champa di thi phong kien co mot
u iem ve the che phan quyen : Moi a phng t quyet
nh lay chnh sach cai tr cua mnh, hanh chanh va thue ma
cua mnh. Nhng the che nay thng hay a en nhng
cuoc tranh chap cong khai gia trung ng va a phng v
van e g o, neu quoc trng Champa khong co u sc
manh e chinh phuc cac tieu vng quoc khac. ay la hau
qua chung cua mot so quoc gia khu vc ong Nam A co
the che quoc gia lien bang nh vng quoc Lao, vng quoc
Ma Lai, v.v.
The che lien bang Champa con co mot tai hai khac. V
c cau to chc nay khong phat huy manh lie t c y thc he
oan ket cua mot dan toc va thng lam suy yeu i tiem
nang quan s cua mot quoc gia mot khi vng quoc nay b
tan cong bi mot nc lang gieng.
S kien nay thng bieu lo ro ret trong s lien he gia
tieu vng quoc Panduranga va chanh quyen trung ng
Champa thi o. Mot th du ien hnh o la bao lan ai Viet
hay Cao Mien xua quan tan cong thu o Vijaya mien bac,
tieu vng quoc Panduranga mien nam ch ngoi im e lam
nhan chng lch s. V Panduranga cho rang o khong phai
la van e cua ho ma la van e cua cac tieu vng quoc
mien bac. The la y thc he bao ve mot quoc gia Champa
37
thong nhat nham chong lai s xam lang cua ngoai bang,
hoan toan tuy thuoc vao tnh hu ngh gia quoc trng
Champa (Rajadiraja) trung ng va cac vua chua cua tieu
vng quoc.
Che Bong Nga la nhan vat duy nhat trong lch s a
thanh cong huy ong cac lc lng tieu vng quoc vao
chien tranh chong ai Viet trong nhng na m 1360 va 1390.
S thanh cong nay co mot nguyen nhan chnh ang cua no,
v Che Bong Nga la mot quoc trung co mot uy quyen ln
lao ma cac tieu vng quoc nao cung than phuc.

T qui che lien bang nay, chung toi tam ket luan rang
nhng tran chien cua ai Viet vao nam 1069, 1306 va 1471
nham xam chiem lanh tho Champa ch la s chien thang cua
mot the che quan chu tap quyen cua ai Viet chong lai vi
the che lien bang Champa tap trung cac tieu vng quoc th
ung hn.

*

S suy tan cua vng quoc Champa t the ky th 15 e n
the ky th 19 phat xuat t nhieu nguyen nhan chnh yeu.
Trc tien la a ban dan c Champa ch tap trung cac khu
vc mien duyen hai rat la chat hep vi so lng dan so rat
la t oi, khong the khang c lai vi cong ong khong lo cua
ngi Viet phng bac ma dan so cang ngay cang tang
gap boi. Chnh v the, chien thang Nam Tien cua ngi Viet
chong lai dan toc Champa ch la chien thang v so lng dan
c qua ong uc.
Nhng chien thang nay con tuy thuoc vao nhieu yeu to
khac na o la chu thuyet e quoc cua vua chua ai Viet
ma cac nha s hoc thng goi la tien trnh au tranh
thng trc e phat huy chu ngha quoc gia hung manh
(poursuite des donnees permanentes de la grandeur
nationale).
38
S suy tan cua vng quoc Champa con co mot nguyen
nhan khac na o la Champa tr thanh nan nhan cua truyen
thong van hoa ngi Viet. V trung thanh vi chu thuyet ba
chu va ba quyen, ai Viet khong ngan ngai xoa bo Champa
tren ban o ong Dng e roi bien vng quoc nay thanh
mot n v hanh chanh cua mnh. e tien en muc tieu, ai
Viet khong ngan ngai s du ng bat c mu o chnh tr nao,
ngay ca my nhan ke, e nuot tron dai at Champa nay.
Chnh sach dung c dan Viet sinh song Champa e
phuc vu cho mu o chien tranh xam lc chong lai nhan
dan Champa cung la mot yeu to quan trong e giai thch cho
s suy tan nay. Chnh sach xam chiem at ai Cao Mien
mien nam nham co lap hoan toan Champa, trc khi vung
len tieu diet vng quoc nay cung la mu o ang chu y
trong tien trnh cua s suy tan Champa. Chnh sach li dung
noi chien gia ngi Viet e cp pha tai nguyen Champa,
e xam lan dan dan at ai Champa va cuoi cung e xoa bo
vng quoc nay tren ban o cung la mot trong nhng ban
chat cua ai Viet a a vng quoc Champa vao con
ng suy vong vao nam 1832.

Tai lieu tham khao

Archives royales du Panduranga du fonds de la Societe
Asiatique de Paris: Pieces en caracteres chinois, Paris,
CHCPI, 1984.
Boisselier, J., La statuaire du Champa, Paris, Publication de
l'EFEO, 1963.
Bergaignes, A., L'ancien royaume de Campa dans l'Indo-
Chine, d'apres les inscriptions in Journal Asiatique, XI,
1888, tr. 5-105.
Coedes, G., Les Etats hindouise d'Indochine et d'Indonesie,
Paris, De Boccard, 1964.
ai Nam Chnh Bien Liet Truyen (Nha Tay Sn), Saigon,
1970.
39
ai Nam Nhat Thong Ch (Luc Tnh Nam Viet), Tap thng,
Saigon, 1973.
ai Nam Nhat Thong Ch, quyen 10, Saigon, 1964.
ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien, Quyen 1, Hanoi, 1962.
ang Phng Ngh, Les Institutions publiques du Viet-Nam
au XVIIIe siecle. Paris, Publiction de l'EFEO,1969.
Finot, L., Panduranga in Melanges Kern, Leiden, 1903, tr.
381-389.
Hoang Le Nhat Thong Ch, Hanoi, 1970.
Hoang Viet Giap Ty Nien Bieu, Saigon, 1963
Huard, P. et Durand, M., Connaissance du Viet Nam, Hanoi,
EFEO, 1954.
Lafont, P-B., Aperu sur les relations entre le Campa et
l'Asie du Sud-Est in Actes du seminaire sur le Campa
organise a l'Universite de Copenhague, Paris, CHCPI,
1988, pp. 71-81.
Lafont, P-B. et Po Dharma, Bibliographie: Campa et Cam,
Paris, l'Harmattan, 1989.
Le Thanh Khoi, Le Viet-Nam. Histoire et Civilisation. Paris,
1955
Lch Trieu Hien Chng Loai Ch, Quyen 1, Saigon 1972.
Maspero. G., Le Royaume de Champa, Paris-Bruxelles, Brill,
1928.
Nguyen The Anh, Le Nam Tien dans les textes
vietnamiens in Les Frontieres du Vietnam (Histoire des
frontieres de la Peninsule Indochinoise), Paris,
l'Harmattan,1989, pp. 121-127.
Phan Khoang, Viet s x ang trong 1558-1777 (Cuoc Nam
Tien cua dan toc Viet Nam) Saigon, 1969.
Phu Bien Tap Luc, Quyen 1, Saigon, 1972.
Po Dharma
Les Chroniques Royales du Panduranga, Paris (These de
l'EPHE. Multigraphies), 1978.
Le Panduranga (Campa): 1802-1835. Ses rapports avec
le Vietnam. Paris, Publication de l'EFEO (tap 1 va
2),1987.
40
Etat des dernieres recherches sur la date de
l'absorbtion du Campa par les Vietnamiens" in Actes du
seminiaire sur le Campa organise a l'Universite de
Copenhague, Paris, CHCPI, 1988, tr. 59-67.
Les frontieres du Campa (Dernier etat des
recherches) in Les frontieres du Vietnam (Histoire de
frontieres de la Peninsule Indochinoise), Paris,
l'Harmatan, 1989, tr. 128-135.
Quach-Langlet, T., La geographie de l'Ancien Campa, in
Actes du seminiaire sur le Campa organise a l'Universite
de Copenhague, Paris, CHCPI, 1988, pp. 27-48.
Tran Trong Kim, Viet Nam S Lc, Tap II, Saigon,1971.
Viet S Yeu, Saigon, 1971.

700 nam cuoc tnh Che Man va
Huyen Tran Cong Chua (1306-2006)

Dominique Nguyen
(Chng Trnh The Gii Ma
Lai-ong Dng)

Trong suot may nam trng lanh ao e chong quan
xam lang cua Mong Co , quoc vng Champa la
Indravarman V qua i v tuoi gia, ma nha thng thuyen
Au Chau la Marco Polo, nhan dp ghe tham Champa vao
nam 1288, co noi en.
Sau ngay t tran cua vua cha, hoang t Harijit, con cua
hoang hau Gaurendraksmi, len ngoi lay vng hieu la Jaya
Sinhavarman III, ma tai lieu Trung Quoc goi la Pou Ti va
tai lieu Viet Nam goi la Che Man.
T khi len nam chnh quyen, Che Man khong ngng
em lai niem an vui va thnh vng cho quoc gia nay. Gan
20 nam lanh ao quoc gia, ngai a e lai cho hau the hai
cong trnh kien truc o so o la thap Yang Mum (Kom Tum)
va thap Po Klaong Garai (Phan Rang). Sau the ky th 15,
vng quoc Panduranga trng dung thap nay e th mot
trong ba v than quan trong nhat a phng, o la vua
huyen s Po Klaong Garai.
Het ng au vi quan Mong Co cua Koubilai, ngai
chu trng tiep tuc bang giao vi ai Viet nhng khong bao
gi qui phuc nc lang gieng. Ngai cung tm cach lien ket
chnh tr vi vng quoc Majapahit cua Ma Lai bang cach
ket hon vi cong chua Tapasi cua quoc gia nay.
Bc vao thien nien the ky th 14 anh dau mot khuc
quanh mi trong chnh sach bang giao gia Champa va ai
Viet.Nhan dp vieng tham Champa vao nam 1301, thng
hoang Tran Nhan Ton ha ga cong chua Huyen Tran (tc la
em gai cua vua Tran Anh Ton) cho vua Che Man, vi ieu
kien Champa phai nhng cho ai Viet hai Chau O va Ly .
700 nam cuoc tnh Che Man
42
Thang 6 na m Bnh Ngo (1306) la ngay ket hon gia vua
Che Man va cong chua Huyen Tran. Thang gieng nam inh
Mui (1307), vua Tran Anh Ton oi hai chau O va Ly thanh
chau Thuan va chau Hoa. Thang 5 nam inh Mui (1307),
quoc vng Che Man t tran. Thang 10 cung nam inh Mui
(1307), vua Tran Anh Ton sai Tran Khac Chung sang
Champa tm cach a cong chua Huyen Tran ve nc.

ay la cuoc tnh hy hu cha tng xay ra trong tien trnh
lch s cac nc ong Nam A va cung la mot bi kch tnh
s ma cac s gia, cac nha van va ca kch anh Viet Nam
khong ngng ban en, tuy theo goc o quan iem cua moi
tac gia, nh Bao La C S, G. Coedes, Le c, Le Trang
Kieu, G. Maspero, o Trong Hue, Pha m Van Sn, Thai
Van Kiem, Vo Lieu (xem th muc), v.v.
Du di goc o ngoi but nao i na, nhng bai viet ve
cuoc tnh gia Che Man va Huyen Tran cua cac chuyen gia
Viet Nam ch noi len quan iem rieng t cua nhng tac gia
nay, thng mang mau sac chnh tr hay boc lo long ai quoc
cua mot dan toc ln co bon ngan nam van hien, e roi quen
i nhng yeu to lch s quan trong nham da vao o e
phan tch lai mot cach nghiem tuc va trung thc, du s trung
thc o co ton thng en danh d ngi qua co i na. V
vay chung toi co quyen at lai nhng nghi van sau ay :
1. Che Man co quyen dang hien at ai cho ai Viet
hay khong ?
2. Huyen Tran co u t cach phap ly e len dan hoa hay
khong ?
3. Tai sao Huyen Tran phai bo cung nh chay tron ?
4. au la danh d cua quoc gia ai Viet ?
5. au la ao c va the dien cua cong chua nha Tran ?

o la 5 van e trong yeu con cha ng bao ieu b an
can c phan tch trong bai khao luan, ma chung toi hy
vong em lai s sang to ve bien co nay, nhan ngay ky niem
43
700 nam cuoc tnh s Che Man-Huyen Tran Cong Chua
(1306-2006).

*

Cuoc tnh Che Man va Huyen Tran khong phai la cau
truyen hoang ng, ma la mot bien co lch s c ghi lai
lan au tieu trong ai Viet S Ky Toan Th (VSKTT).
Ai cung biet VSKTT la bien nien s chnh thc cua
vng quoc ai Viet va cung la tai lieu duy nhat a ra
nhng d kien rat la chi tiet lien quan en cuoc tnh Che
Man va Huyen Tran Cong Chua. V la bien nien s chnh
thc, thanh ra tai lieu nay luon luon mang mau sac van
chng chnh tr, viet theo quan iem cua vua chua ai Viet
va nham ton vinh vua chua ai Viet hn la noi len s that
cua mot bien co a xay ra. o la qui luat chung cua tat ca t
lieu lch s co khu vc cac quoc gia ong Nam A. Chnh
v the, chung toi can suy xet va phan tch lai mot cach
nghiem tuc tng kha canh cua van e trc khi a ra li
ket luan.
ay la phan trch dan t ai Viet S Ky Toan Th (tap
II, Nha xuat ban Khoa Hoc xa Hoi, Ha Noi, 1971) lien quan
en cuoc tnh Che Man va Huyen Tran :

Tan su na m th 9 [1301] Nguyen ai-c th 5
(...). Thang 2, nc Chiem-thanh sang cong.
Thang 3, thng hoang i chi cac a phng,
sang Chiem-thanh (...). Mua ong, thang 11,
thng hoang t Chiem-thanh ve (tr. 96).

Quy mao nam th 11 [1303] (...) Mua o ng, thang
10, (...) Lay oan Nh Hai lam tham tri chnh s
(...). Trc ay s nc ta sang Chiem-thanh
eu lay vua nc Chiem trc, roi sau mi m
chieu th. Khi Nh Hai en, bng ngay chieu
th e len tren an va bao vua Chiem rang : T
44
khi s gia em chieu th cua thien t en, xa
cach anh sang lau ngay, nay m chieu th ra,
hnh nh trong thay mat thien t, toi phai lay
chieu th a roi mi tuyen oc sau. Roi la p tc
hng vao chieu th lay xuong. Luc ay vua nc
Chiem ng ben canh, lay the khong khoi co
chut cha on, nhng lay c la lay t chieu th la
thuan le, ma s than cung khong phai khuat.
(...). Sau nay nhng ngi i s Chiem-thanh
khong lay vua nc Chiem la bat au t Nh
Hai (tr. 98).

At t nam th 13 [1305] (...) Thang 2, Chiem-
thanh sai Che Bo-ai va bo ang hn tram ngi
em vang bac, hng quy, vat la e dang lam le
vat cau hon. Cac quan trieu eu cho la khong
nen, duy co Van-tuc vng la ao Tai chu
trng la nen va Tran Khac Chung tan thanh,
viec ban mi quyet (tr. 100).

Bnh ngo nam th 14 [1306] (...). Mua ha thang 6,
ga cong chua Huyen-tran cho vua nc Chiem-
thanh. Trc ay, thng hoang i chi cac a
phng sang nc Chiem-thanh, a trot h a ga
con gai cho. Cac van s trong trieu ngoai noi
nhieu ngi mn ien vua nha Han em
Chieu-quan ga cho Hung-no lam th bang quoc
ng e che ci (tr. 102).
S than Ngo S Lien ban : Ngay xa Han Cao hoang
v nc Hung-no thng quay pha bien gii, mi
lay con gai cua dan lam cong chua ga cho thien
vu, ket hon vi ngi khong phai giong noi, cac
tien nho a tng che (...). Con nh Nhan ton
em con gai ga cho vua nc Chiem-thanh la
ngha g ? Noi rang nhan khi i chi ma chot ha
ga, s that tn, th sao khong lam viec oi menh
45
co c khong ? Vua gi ngoi tri ma thng
hoang a xuat gia roi, vua oi menh th co kho
g, ma lai em ga cho ngi xa khong phai
giong noi cho ung li hen c, roi lai dung mu
gian tra cp lai ve sau, the th tin au ? (tr.
102).

inh mui nam th 15 [1307] Mua xuan thang
gieng. oi hai chau O Ly lam chau Thua n va
chau Hoa, sai hanh khien oan Nh Hai en vo
yen nhan dan. Trc la vua Chiem-thanh Che
Man em at hai chau ay lam le vat dan ci,
ngi cac thon La-thuy, Tac-hong, a-bong
khong chu theo, vua sai Nh Hai en tuyen du
c y cua trieu nh, chon ngi trong bon
chung bo cho lam quan, lai cap cho ruong at,
tha to thue cho 3 nam e vo ve (tr. 103)
Mua ha thang 5. Vua Chie m-thanh la Che Man
chet (tr. 103)
Mua thu, thang 9. Con vua Chiem-thanh la Che
a-da sai s than la Bao Loc-ke dang voi trang
(tr. 103).
Mua ong, thang 10, sai nhap noi hanh khien
thng th ta boc xa Tran Khac Chung va an
phu ang Van sang Chiem-thanh on cong chua
Huyen-tran va the t a-da ve. Tuc nc
Chiem-thanh, he vua chet th hoang hau phai
vao dan thieu chet theo. Vua biet the, s cong
chua b hai, sai bon Khac Chung sang, m n c
lam le vieng va noi rang : Neu cong chua hoa
tang th viec lam chay khong co ngi chu
trng, chi bang hay ra b bien lam le chieu hon
ven tri, on linh hon cung ve , roi se vao dan
thieu. Ngi Chiem nghe theo (tr. 103).
Khac Chung dung thuyen nhe cp lay co ng chua
em ve, roi t thong vi cong chua, loanh quanh
46
mai ng bien, lau ngay mi ve en Kinh s.
Hng nhng ai vng ghet lam, moi khi trong
thay Khac Chung th mang rang : Ngi ay oi
vi nc ta la bat tng, ho ten la Tran Khac
Chung th nha Tran co le het v ngi nay
chang Khac Chung thng s phai lan tranh (tr.
104)
S than Ngo s Lien ban : Tran Khac Chung la ngi
gian ta biet chng nao ? Khong nhng la lam
viec cho ln nay, en sau lai vao tui vi Van-
hien hau vu ham quoc phu thng te (53) vao toi
phan nghch, lam chet oan hn tram ng i ma
no c hng phu quy tron i (...) (tr. 104).

Mau than, na m th 16 [1308] (...) Mua thu, thang
8, cong chua Huyen-tran. Thng hoang sai trai
chu Hoa Chau cho thuyen a 300 ngi Chiem
ve nc (tr. 104).

Phai cong nhan rang, VSKTT ke lai cot truyen hon
nhan gia Che Man va Huyen Tran rat la chi tiet va hap
dan oi vi oc gia bnh dan. Tiec rang nhng chi tiet nay,
neu nhn tren kha canh lch s, con mang mot so ieu va
b an va mau thuan ma chung toi xin a ra e bnh luan.

1. Che Man co quyen dang hien at ai cho
ai Viet hay khong

Theo VSKTT, sau khi nhan li ha cua thng hoang
Tran Nhan Ton, vua Che Man sai Che Bo ai va hn tram
ngi em vang bac, hng quy , vat la e dang lam le vat
cau hon vao thang 2 nam At T (1305). Thang 6 nam Bnh
Ngo (1306), Huyen Tran ve Champa chung song vi Che
Man. Ch trong vong 6 thang sau, tc la thang gieng nam
inh Mui (1307), vua Tran Anh Ton tiep thu hai chau O va
47
Ly ma vua Che Man a dang hien cho ai Viet e lam qua
ci cong chua Huyen Tran.
ng tren phng dien lch s ma phan tch, viec vua
Che Man dang hien at ai Champa cho nc lang gieng,
du s dang hien nay e chuoc s mang v b bat lam tu binh
cha noi en la dang hien at ai e trao oi lay mot an ba
co sac ep, hoan toan ngc lai vi qui che chnh tr cua
vng quoc Champa thi o.
Ai cung biet, Champa la mot quoc gia theo che o mau
he, tc la mot he thong to chc xa hoi trong o moi tai san
(du at ai hay chau bau) va con cai trong gia nh la thuoc
quyen s hu cua ngi an ba . Ngi an ong du ho la
chong, vua chua hay quan lai, khong co quyen chiem oat,
chuyen nhng, mua ba n hay oi chac tai san va con cai
nay.
Champa la mot quoc gia theo che o mau he ch
khong phai che o mau quyen. Thanh va y moi quyen lc
chnh tr va xa hoi eu nam trong tay cua ngi chong. an
ong la ngi lam chu gia nh va lanh ao quoc gia, nhng
moi ngoi bau, vng mien va quyen noi ngoi thuoc ve gia
nh mau he. Hoan toan khac han vi the che chnh tr cua
nen van minh ai Viet, chu nhan cua ngoi bau va at ai
Champa la ba hoang hau. Vua len ngoi nhan danh ba hoang
hau va phai phuc vu e duy tr ngoi bau cua dong toc hoang
hau nay. Chnh v the, tat ca nhng ai co lien he trc tiep
(nh anh hay em trai cua v cung nh cau, bac pha ben v)
hay gian tiep (nh chu re) vi than toc cua ba hoang hau
eu co quyen len ngoi neu hoi ong gia nh hoang gia mau
he chap thuan.
Theo qui c che o mau he Champa, vua la ngi
lanh tu toi cao cua mot quoc gia, nam toan quyen chnh tr,
quan s va phap ly. Vua co quyen lay bao nhieu ngi v
cung c neu ba hoang hau chap thuan, nhng ong vua
khong co quyen chuyen nhng hay oi chac bat c nhng
g thuoc di san thuoc ve hoang gia cua ba v mnh, du o
ch la ao quan, ch ng noi en vang bac, at ai va con
48
cai. The th Che Man a da vao qui c nao cua vng
quoc Champa nay e roi t tien dang hien at ai chau O va
Ly cho ai Viet e c ci cong chua Huyen Tran ?
Khong ai phu nhan la VSKTT a xac nhan s chuyen
nhng at ai nay. Nhng VSKTT quen rang Che Man la
mot nha vua cai tr mot quoc gia theo che o mau he . Thanh
vay, moi s dang hien at ai cho ai Viet hoan toan i
ngc lai vi the che phap ly cua Champa thi o.

2. Huyen Tran co u t cach phap ly
e len dan ho a hay khong

Cha ay mot nam sau ngay ket hon, vua Che Man chet
vao thang gieng nam inh Mui (1307). Nghe tin nay vua
ai Viet sai Tran Khac Chung sang Champa lap mu ke e
a Huyen Tran ve nc. e giai thch cho van e nay, vua
ai Viet cho rang theo tuc le nc Champa, he vua chet
th hoang hau phai vao dan thieu chet theo.
Theo truyen thong Champa, mot khi vua t tran th ba
hoang hau thng xin len dan hoa chet chung vi chong,
ch khong b bat buoc phai len dan hoa v i chong nh mot
so ngi hieu lam. Tuc len dan hoa la mot vinh d ln lao
ch danh rieng cho ba hoang hau nham bay to long thuy
chung cua mnh oi vi chong, vi ieu kien la phai c
hoi ong hoang gia chap thuan. Chnh v the, trong suot 18
the ky cua s tien trnh lch s Champa, ngi ta a ghi
nhan ch co vai ba hoang hau ma thoi a nhan c an hue
cua hoi ong hoang gia e len dan hoa chet theo chong.
Huyen Tran cong chua ch la mot nam trong danh sach
hang th phi cua Che Man. Gia s Huyen Tran cong chua
co van xin that s i na e len dan hoa cung chet vi Che
Man, th hoi ong hoang gia Champa, tc la c quan tap
trung cac nhan vat cung dong toc vi ba hoang hau chnh
thc, khong bao gi chap nhan, v tuc len dan hoa thieu co
nhng qui luat sau ay :
a). Ch danh rieng cho ba hoang hau chnh thc.
49
b) Phai co dong mau Champa. Ba Tapasi la hoang hau
goc ngi Java, du a gi mot vai tro vo cung quan trong
trong hoang cung Champa thi o ma bia k thng noi en,
van khong nhan c an hue len dan hoa vi Che Man.
V khong phai la hoang hau chnh thc va khong co
dong mau Champa, Huyen Tran khong bao gi nhan c
an hue e cung chet vi Che Man c. The th chung toi
khong biet vua chua ai Viet thi o da vao c s nao e
roi ket luan rang Huyen Tran b buoc len dan hoa sau ngay
t tran cua Che Man.

3. Tai sao Huyen Tran phai bo
cung nh chay tron

ng tren phng dien phap ly, moi nhan vat du la vua
chua hay dan thng tm cach thoat than chay tron trc
mot bien co co lien he en xac ngi chet, eu b c quan
phap ly nghi ng la ke pham phap.
Vao thang 5 na m inh Mui (1307), vua Che Man t
tran. Trc cai chet cua Che Man, ung ra Huyen Tran phai
buon rau than khoc e tien a cho so phan ham hiu cua
ngi chong qua co, du rang hai ngi ch mi chung song
vi nhau va tron mot nam. o la quy luat t nhien cua oi
v chong. Tiec rang Huyen Tran khong than khoc ma lai
tm ng chay tron ve Tha ng Long. Chung toi khong noi la
Huyen Tran am hai Che Man, nhng ch at van e ay
co chang Huyen Tran a lam mot viec pham phap nao o
co lien he en cai chet cua Che Man thanh ra mi tm cach
chay tron. Chnh ay mi la cha khoa quan trong trong vu
tnh s vo cung b an cua Che Man va Huyen Tran.
Theo VSKTT (tr. 103), neu Huyen Tran tm cach thoat
than chay tron, la v :
Tuc nc Chiem Thanh, he vua chet th hoang hau
phai vao dan thieu chet theo. Vua biet the, s cong chua b
hai, sai bon Khac Chung sang, mn c lam le vieng va noi
rang : Neu cong chua hoa tang th viec lam chay khong co
50
ngi chu trng, chi bang hay ra b bien lam le chieu hon
ven tri, on linh hon ve, roi se vao dan thieu. Ngi
Chiem nghe theo.
ay la ly luan hoan toan phi khoa hoc. Che Man t tran
vao thang 5 nam inh Mui (1307). Theo phong tuc cua
Champa, le hoa tang Che Man phai tien hanh vao ngay tot
nhat trong vong mot thang sau cai chet. Tran Khac Chung
en Champa vao thang 10 nam inh Mui (1307) co ngha la
le hoa tang a xong roi trc khi phai oan t ai Viet en
tiep cu. Th au con am tang na ma vua chua ai Viet
bay mu sai Tran Khac Chung tm cach a Huyen Tran
chay tron.
Cung theo VSKTT, vu thoat than chay tro n cua Huyen
Tran khong phai la quyet nh rieng t cua cong chua nay
ma la me nh lenh cua vua chua ai Viet. Ngay ca s gia
Ngo S Lien, tac gia cua ai Viet S Ky Toan Th (tr. 102),
cung cong nhan d kien nay.
ng tren phng dien chnh tr ma phan tch, s bay
mu cua vua chua ai Viet e a Huye n Tran ve nc
bang con ng thoat than chay tron sau ngay t tran cua
Che Man hoan toan i ngc lai vi qui luat ngoai giao thi
o. S ket hon gia Che Man va Huyen Tran la mot hiep
c chnh thc c ky ket gia hai quoc gia Champa va
ai Viet. Neu Che Man t tran th vng quoc Champa phai
co ngha vu lam le, cho ngi thap tung a Huyen Tran ve
nc. Ba Tapasi, hoang hau goc ngi Jawa cung tr ve
nc sau ngay Che Man t tran. The th tai sao ai Viet
qua voi va tm cach dung mu gian tra cp Huyen Tran
ve Thang Long. Hanh ong nay cua vua chua ai Viet a
a chung toi at lai mot nghi van ngan gon sau ay :
Co chang vua chua ai Viet khong s Huyen Tran len
dan hoa ma chet ; v hoi ong hoang gia khong ai yeu cau
cong chua nay len dan hoa ; ma ch s trieu nh Champa
a Huyen Tran ra phap ly e xet s ve toi dung mu tra
ma ai Viet a xep at e am hai Che Man ?
51
Ngo S Lien, mot quan lai trong trieu nh ai Viet thi
o cung ong quan iem vi chung toi. Tac gia at lai nghi
van co chang Huyen Tran a nhan menh lenh cua vua cha
e lam viec phi phap g o Champa, tha nh vay vua Tran
Anh Ton phai dung mu gian tra cp cong chua a ve
Thang Long (VSKTT, tr. 104).

Ai cung biet, chnh sach my nhan ke dung an ba Viet
e phuc vu cho y o chnh tr cua Viet Nam cung thng
xay ra nhieu lan trong lch s. ien hnh nhat la trong the ky
th 17, vua Le Than Ton cung ga mot cong chua Viet cho
vua Lao la Suliya Vongsa, cung nh Chua Sai Vng a ga
cong chua Ngoc Van cho vua Chan Lap la Chey Chetta II
va cong chua Ngoc Khoa (con cua Chua Sai Vng) cho vua
Champa la Po Rome (1627-1651).
Ngoc Khoa co ten la Bia Ut trong t lieu viet bang tieng
Cham, co ngha la hoang hau mien bac (Ut co ngha la
pha bac). Sau ngay ket hon vi vua Po Rome, ba ta a tiep
tay vi vua cha Phu Xuan hau cung cap tin tc lien quan
en chien lc quan s cua chong mnh. Nh tin nay, Chua
Nguyen xua quan chinh phat Champa bat c vua Po
Rome va nhot trong ro sat. V qua ho then, Po Rome quyet
nh cham dt cuoc i cua mnh bang cach t t ma mot
ngi truyen giao tay phng Jesuite Joseph Tissanier a ke
lai. Sau ngay chet cua Po Rome, hoang cung Champa a
Bia Ut (Ngoc Khoa) ra phap ly va ket toi t hnh v toi phan
boi to quoc bang cach ap au ba ta vao bun lay cho en
khi tat th. Sau o, cungnh Champa ra lenh tac tng ba
ta vi t the au chui xuong at e hau the khong quen vu
an nay. Theo Nghiem Tham, tng Bia Ut van con vao nam
1960 toa lac canh ong Hamu Biuh (Phan Rang) cach en
Po Rome vao khoang 8 cay so.
Bia Ut, tc la Ngoc Khoa, con cua Chua Sai Vng b
hoang cung Champa len an t hnh v toi lam gian iep. Co
chang Huyen Tran cung mang than phan nh cong chua
Ngoc Khoa, tc la b Champa len an v a nhan s menh
52
cua trieu nh ai Viet nham am hai Che Man e roi vua
Tran Anh Ton phai tm mu ke a Huyen Tran ve Thang
Long. ay ch la gia thuyet cua chung toi ma thoi. Nhng
gia thuyet nay rat gan gui vi quan iem cua nha s gia
Ngo S Lien (tac gia cua VSKTT), tc la khong chap nhan
hanh ong gian tra cua vua chua ai Viet trong vu hon
nhan gia Che Man va Huyen Tran.
Ngo S Lien la mot quan lai quan trong trong cung nh
cua ai Viet. Mac du ong ta khong noi ra mot cach cong
khai la vua chua ai Viet ra lenh cho Huyen Tran a m hai
Che Man, nhng noi dung cua mot oan van ong viet :
dung mu gian tra cp ve sau, the th tin au ? a cho
chung toi mot minh chng ro ret the nao la y o cua vua
chua ai Viet lien quan en cai chet cua Che Man va cuoc
chay tron cua Huyen Tran.
Nhng d kien a neu ra, cho phep chung toi e ra mot
nghi van : Huyen Tran chay tron khong phai v s len dan
hoa vi Che Man ma la s b cung nh Champa ket an ve
toi lien lu en cai chet cua vua Che Man vao nam 1307.
Nhng ay ch la mot gia thuyet ma thoi.

4. au la the dien cua mot quoc gia ai Viet

La hai quoc gia lang gieng co hai nen van hoa va van
minh khac nhau, Champa va ai Viet khong tranh khoi
nhng xung ot quan s a m mau ma ngi thang tran
thng gi quyen u the chiem ong at ai cua ngi thua
tran. Tran chien ve vang cua vua Ly Thanh Ton chong lai
vua Rudravarman III vao nam 1069 a cho phep ai Viet
xam chiem lanh tho Champa khu vc a Ly, Ma Linh va
Bo Chnh (Quang Bnh-Quang Tr).
S that thu cua Champa vao nam 1069 la tieng chuong
bao hieu cho chnh sach Nam Tien cua ai Viet. Ke t o,
Champa va ai Viet ch biet dung chien tranh trong suot
237 nam e giai quyet s tranh chap gia hai quoc gia,
nhng khong ai at c phan thang li.
53
Mot khi giai phap quan s khong con hieu nghiem e
chinh phat Champa na, vua chua ai Viet lai ngh en mu
o e tien hn, o la dung my nhan ke e phuc vu cho y o
chnh tr. V quyen li chung cua dan toc, vua chua ai Viet
khong can ngh en the nao la danh d cua mot quoc gia, du
la quoc gia hung manh gap boi so vi lc lng quan s
Champa thi o. Nam 1306, vua Tran Nhan Ton tm cach
dang hien con gai cua mnh la Huyen Tran cho vua Che
Man, mot quoc vng nc ngoai ma tuoi a gia, e oi lay
hai chau O va Ly. Ngo S Lien, tac gia cua VSKTT la
ngi au tien a len an nha Tran. V long tham lam mot
manh at chau O va Ly, vua Tran Nhan Ton khong con
biet au la the dien cua vng quoc ai Viet e roi ban
ng trinh tiet con gai cua mnh cho mot ngi khong cung
giong noi. Ngo S Lien ly luan rang, neu : Ngay xa Han
Cao Hoang v nc Hung No thng qua y pha bien gii,
mi lay con gai cua dan lam cong chua e ket hon vi
ngi khong phai giong noi, cac tien nho a tng che
(VSKTT, tr. 102), th s gia Ngo S Lien con tha th c
v ngi an ba nay khong phai la con vua chua, ngc lai
[Tran] Nhan Ton em con gai ga cho vua nc Chiem
Thanh la ngha g ? (VSKTT, tr. 102).
Them vao o , Ngo S Lien con bay to long phan no cua
mnh trc mu o qua e hen ma cap lanh ao ai Viet a
ap dung e phuc vu cho y o chnh tr cua mnh, chang
nhng khong biet en danh d quoc gia, nha Tran con ra
lenh cho con mnh am hai ngi khac, tc la Che Man e
roi dung mu gian tra cp con cua mnh a ve Thang
Long. ay la li tran troi cua Ngo S Lien :

Noi rang nhan khi i chi ma chot ha ga,
s that tn, th sao khong lam viec oi menh
co c khong ? Vua gi ngoi tri ma
Thng Hoang a xuat gia roi, vua oi menh
th co kho g, ma lai em ga [Huyen Tran]
cho ngi xa khong phai giong noi cho ung
54
li hen trc, roi lai dung mu gian tra cp
lai ve sau, the th tin au ? (VSKTT, tr.
102).

Ngo S Lien la mot quan lai quan trong trong trieu nh
ma khong tin nha Tran, the th ai la ngi con tin vao chu
trng bang giao vi nc lang gieng cua ai Viet na.
oi vi ai Viet, the dien quoc gia khong phai la mot
van e thc tien ma la muc tieu chnh tr. Chnh v the, nha
Nguyen van tiep tuc eo uoi chnh sach nay bang cach
dang hien cong chua Ngoc Khoa cho vua Po Rome (1627-
1651) e thc hien y o anh bai cho bang c quoc vng
Champa vao gia the ky th 16.

5. au la luan ly va a o c cua
cong chua nha Tran

Theo VSKTT, thang 5 nam inh Mui (1307), vua
Chiem Thanh la Che Man chet. Thang 10 cung nam, vua
Tran Anh Ton sai Tran Khac Chung sang Chiem Thanh on
cong chua Huyen Tran va the t la Che a Da ve. Hn mot
nam troi dat gia ai dng, thang 8 nam Mau Than
(1308), cong chua Huyen Tran ve en Thang Long. Li
dung c hoi tren ng ve, Tran Khac Chung t thong vi
cong chua [Huyen Tran], loanh quanh mai ng bien, lau
ngay mi ve en Kinh s (VSKTT, tr. 103). Nghe tin nay,
vua Tran Anh Ton vo cung phan no va moi khi trong thay
Tran Khac Chung th mang rang : Ngi a y oi vi nc la
bat tng, ho ten la Tran Khac Chung th nha Tran co le het
v ngi nay chang ? (VSKTT, tr. 104). Neu that s
Huyen Tran chap nhan cho Tran Khac Chung kham pha tiet
trinh cua mnh trong suot 11 thang lenh enh ngoai bien
khi, th ngi ta phai at lai van e au la ao c va the
dien cua cong chua ai Viet thi o.
Ai cung biet, trong trieu ai cua nha Tran luon luon e
cao ton ti trat t trong gia nh, ao c cua ngi an ba
55
Viet Nam. S dang hien tiet trinh cua mot cong chua cho
quan lai trong trieu la Tran Khac Chung hoan toan i ngc
lai vi qui c ao c cua ngi an ba Viet do nha Tran
chu trng. Neu cho rang ay ch la do s cng ep cua
Tran Khac Chung i na, chung toi cho rang van e nay
khong the xay ra c neu Huyen Tran t choi. Xa kia,
cong chua Champa la M E, v vua Sa au (Jaya
Sinhavarman II) b bat lam tu binh vao nam 1044. Tre n
ng dan o ve Thang Long, tng Phat Ma dung quyen
lc e uy hiep dam ba ta. V danh d cua mot cong chua
Champa, ba ta phai nhay xuong song t t e gi tron tiet
trinh vi ngi chong.
Che Man va chet cha ay 6 thang. Nha n danh cong
chua cua mot vng quoc ai Viet co bon ngan nam va n
hien, va la hoang hau cua Champa du ch mi mot nam,
neu Huyen Tran khong thc tam e tang cho chong nh an
ba Cham trong cung nh a tng thu tiet, bang cach khong
phan son va khong goi au trong suot mot nam trng, th t
ra Huyen Tran cung phai lam the nao e gi danh d va the
dien mot cong chua Viet Nam.

*

700 nam a troi qua, nhng cuoc tnh Che Man va
Huyen Tran Cong Chua van e lai cho ha u the nhieu cau
hoi ln. Bai khao luan cua chung toi khong ngoai muc ch
la em lai mot so d kien e lam sang to lai mot so van e
b an nam trong chnh sach bang giao gia hai quoc gia lang
gieng Champa va ai Viet vao au the ky th 14.

Tai lieu tham khao

Bao La C S,
Huyen Tran ve Chiem quoc. Van hoa nguyet san, so
43, thang 8-1959, trang 913-919.
56
Coedes, G.,
Les Etats hindouises d'Indochine et d'Indonesie. De
Boccard, Paris, 1964.
Le c,
Che Man va Huyen Tran cong chua. Pho Thong tap
ch, so 199, thang 9-1967, trang 99-104.
Le Trang Kieu,
Huyen Tran cong chua va chau O chau Ly cung cau
chuyen goc tch thanh Loi Hue. Pho Thong tap ch,
so 167, 3-1966, so 16, 3-1966.
Maspero, G.,
Le Royaume de Champa. Van Oest, Paris, 1928.
o Trong Hue,
Vua Tran Nhan Tong. Hng Tra, 1968, trang 155-
156.
Pham Van Sn,
V sao cong chua Huyen Tran qua Hi. Pho Thong
tap ch, so 230 thang 9-1969, trang 23-28.
Thai Van Kiem,
Cong chua Huyen Tran va cuoc hon nhan vi Sri
Simhavarman III e oi lay hai chau O va Ly ve cho
ai Viet (vung Quang Tr-Tha Thien ngay nay).
at Viet Tri Nam, 1960, trang 399-403.
Huyen Tran Cong Chua va anh hng Cham trong
cac ieu ca Hue. Tap ch Tinh Hoa, so 02-1950, trang
44-49.
Huyen Tran Cong Chua. Nhng Net an Thanh,
1957, trang 93-102.
Huyen Tran ve Chiem Quoc. Van hoa nguyet san,
so 34, thang 8-1959, trang 913-919.
Vo Lieu,
Chau O va song O Lau. Pho Thong tap ch, so 35,
thang 4-1959, trang 45-50 ; so 36, thang 4-1959, trang
36-39 ; so 37, thang 5-1959, trang 53-58.

S vung day cua Ja Thak Wa
(1834-1835)
(Nhan ngay ky niem 170 nam cua nha cach mang Ja Thak Wa)

Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma

Thay li ta: S vung day cua Ja Thak Wa (1834-
1835) la bai khao luan trch t tac pham Le
Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam
(1802-1835), xuat ban Paris, 1987.
Ja Thak Wa con goi Katip Thak Wa, la mot tu s
Awal goc Palei Ram (Van Lam) a tng nam mot
vai tro quan trong trong trieu nh Champa thi o.
Ong ta la nhan vat xuat than t th toc Ja, (Phan
ng: Jaya) co ngha la chien thang, vinh quang,
tc la th toc cua vua chua, nh Jaya Indravarman,
Jaya Harivarman, v.v. Chnh v the, oc gia khong
nen nham lan ngon t Ja chien thang la ten th
toc qu phai cua Katip Thak Wa vi cum t Ja
thang, tui ma ngi Cham thng dung hom
nay.

Sau ngay t tran cua Le Van Duyet Sai Gon vao nam
1832, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh xo quan chinh phat
Panduranga-Champa vo cung da man trc khi quyet nh
xoa bo vng quoc nay tren ban o ong Dng.
S diet vong Champa vao nam 1832 a a nhan dan
Champa vao con ng vo cung thong kho . Mot khi khong
chu noi na nhng tang thng cua mot dan toc vong quoc,
nhan dan Champa ch con con ng duy nhat la vung day
chong lai ke xam lc. Cuoc bien ong au tien sau ngay
Champa diet vong la s vung day vao nam 1833 cua Katip
Sumat, mot nhan vat hoi giao a tng c tru nhieu nam
Makah (tc la Kelantan, Ma Lai). Trc oan quan hung
manh cua Viet Nam thi o, phong trao Kakip Sumat b tan
ra vao nam 1834.
58
S that bai cua Katip Sumat ch la tieng chuong bao
hieu cho s ra i cua mot phong trao au tranh ke tiep, vi
mot to chc quy mo va hien ai hn, o la s vung day cua
Katip Thak Wa, ngi Cham Bani lang Van Lam (Phan
Rang), cung la mot nhan vat a tng gi nhieu chc vu quan
trong trong trieu nh Panduranga-Champa thi trc.
S ra i phong trao cua Ja Thak Wa tren san khau
chnh tr Viet Nam vao mot thi iem rat thuan li, o la
thi iem ma nhan dan Champa vong quo c ang gap phai
bao thong kho hang ngay v s ap bc cua trieu nh Hue.
Ch nghe tieng goi au tien cua Ja Thak Wa, nhan dan
Champa vung day di mot la c chung, khong phan biet
ton giao, chung toc, a phng, nha m giai phong at nc
Panduranga-Champa, khoi phuc lai nhng g ma hoang e
Minh Menh a pha huy, t c cau kinh te, xa hoi, lch s,
van hoa, v.v. Nham tien en muc tieu, Ja Thak Wa e ra
mot chien lc au tien o la xay dng lai vao nam Giap
Ngo (nathak athaih, 1834) mot c cau giai phong vng chac
trong nhng mat khu vung cao nguyen Panduranga (ong
Nai Thng) va Kauthara (Nha Trang-Phu Yen).

Phuc hng lai trieu ai vua Po Rome

Mot khi a xay dng mat khu chien au, Ja Thak Wa
trieu tap mot hoi ong quoc gia e ch nh Po War Palei,
dan toc Raglai, thuoc lang Cadang, len lam quoc vng (Po
Patrai) cua Panduranga thi o. Po War Palei la anh re cua
Po Dhar Kaok (ten Viet la Nguyen Van Nguyen), tc la cu
pho vng Panduranga di thi vua Po Phaok The (1828-
1832). Sau o, Ja Thak Wa e ngh tan phong mot ngi goc
Churu mang chc la Cei Aia Harei (hoang t mat tri) lam
hoang t ke v va Ja Yok Ai goc ngi Cham lam Panraong
Sa-ai (ai quan quan s).

Po War Palei goc Raglai la mot nhan vat thuoc th toc
Po Rome (dan toc Churu), v vua a sang la p trieu ai th 6
59
cua vng quoc Panduranga keo dai t nam 1627 en ngoi
vng cuoi cung la Po Ceng Cei Brei (1783-1786) a bo
ngai vang chay sang Cao Mien lanh nan.
S phong chc cho mot quoc vng lam thi va cho
nhng quan lai trong thi iem o a chng minh rang Ja
Thak Wa muon phuc hng lai Panduranga thanh mot quoc
gia oc lap. Du rang cac s lieu tieng Cham a ghi nhan
rang Po War Palei c dan chung ton vinh len lam quoc
vng Panduranga thi o, nhng trieu nh Hue van xem
phong trao nay ch la nho m phan nghch at di quyen ch
huy cua mot so nha lanh ao ngu xuan va man r song
trong rng nui (...) vi muc ch la cp boc tai san va tan
cong ngi Viet song vng quoc nay.

Chien lc quan s cua Ja Thak Wa

e chuan b cho cuoc vung day, Ja Thak Wa ng ra
lanh ao toan bo guong may to chc, bien khu vc rng nui
pha tay cua cac tnh Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa, Bnh Thuan
thanh mot hau c chien lc. Mat khac, v ch huy nay biet
da vao hau thuan cua dan toc cao nguyen (Raglai, Churu,
Kaho, Stieng...) vung ong Nai Thng, mot lc lng
hung manh, luc nao cung san sang chong s xam nhap cua
ngi Viet vao khu vc cua ho ke t nam 1832. Cung nh
s hien dien cua Po War Palei (goc Raglai) va v hoang t
ke tha (goc Churu) trong to chc, Ja Thak Wa van ong rat
de dang cac dan toc mien nui tham gia vao mat tran giai
phong cua mnh. e m man cho cuoc a u tranh, Ja Thak
Wa xua quan lan th nhat vao thang th 7 nam Ngo
Champa lch (nathak athaih, 1834) nham ta n cong cung mot
luc khu vc ong bang t Phu Yen en Phan R.

Chnh sach at ai o la cua Minh Menh

Trc s vung day nay, Minh Menh khong ngan ngai ap
dung chnh sach at ai o la e khai tr quan phien
60
loan. Theo tac pham Ariya Gleng Anak viet vao nam 1835,
cuoc tan cong cua Minh Menh chong lai Ja Thak Wa vao
thang 7 nam Ngo (nasak athaih, 1834) cua lch Champa la
mot chien trng am mau, ni ma sung an va trong phao
vang doi nh sam set rung chuyen tri at. Hang loat thon
xom ngi Cham thi o b ot chay bi la thieng e
lam the nao quan noi loan phai khiep va va than phuc.
Them vao o, Minh Menh con trng tr vo cung tan bao
nhng thanh vien cua Ja Thak Wa ma s lieu Viet Nam a
tng noi en: t hnh tai cho nhng ke phan nghch va
ong bon, chat than xac ho ra tng khuc, lay toan bo ruot
gan ho ra e treo len cac canh cay, nham e gay s hoang
s.
Cung nh ap dung chnh sach at ai o la nay,
quan Minh Menh thanh cong ay lui s vung day lan th
nhat cua Ja Thak Wa. Ngc lai, Ja Thak Wa co quan iem
hoan toan khac biet. Theo ong ta, cuoc that bai nay khong
phai la v quan Viet Nam hung manh, nhng v dan chung
ngi Cham ong bang khong cng quyet ong loat noi
day nh ong ta hy vong.

Ky luat sat cua Ja Thak Wa

e chuan b cho cuoc tan cong lan th hai vao thang 10
nam Ngo cua Champa lch (1835), Ja Thak Wa ra lenh cho
chien s ngi Churu va Raglai phai thanh trng ch ang
nhng ngi Cham nao khong theo cach mang v s s tra
thu cua Minh Menh. Cung nh ap dung ky luat sat o, cuoc
tan cong quan s lan th hai a mang lai mot thang li ln
lao. Quan cach mang cua Ja Thak Wa lam chu tnh hnh vao
au nam At V (1835) toan bo lanh tho Panduranga cu
(huyen An Phc, Hoa a, Tuy Tnh va phu Bnh Thuan).
oi vi trieu nh Hue, Panduranga la mot khu vc
chien lc quan s quan trong. Chnh v the, hoang e Minh
Menh phai ch than ng ra giai quyet chien tranh nay e
tai lap lai quyen uy mien nam. Chien lc au tien cua
61
Minh Menh la trng tr thch ang nhng quan lai Viet Nam
bat tai khong tm giai phap e dap tan s vung day cua Ja
Thak Wa Panduranga.

Chnh sach diet chung kinh hoang

Minh Menh cung ra lenh cho moi qua n lnh cua mnh,
neu ai giet c mot thanh vien cua nhom Ja Thak Wa, ho
c thng ba quan tien mang da u khac Phi Long. Neu
ai giet c mot quan ch huy cua Ja Thak Wa, ho se c
mot phan thng quan trong hn na. Ngc lai, s lieu
tieng Cham con noi ro hn la Minh Menh ra lenh rang moi
ngi lnh cua trieu nh Hue phai chem c ba au ngi
Cham theo phong trao Ja Thak Wa trong mot ngay th ho
mi c quyen hng lng bong. Li dung chnh sach cua
Minh Menh e co them phan thng, c da n Viet tranh ua
tan sat hang ngan nhan dan Champa vo toi e a vao danh
sach la thanh vien cua Ja Thak Wa hau c hng tien
thng nay. ay la mot vu an diet chung kinh hoang cha
tng xay ra trong lch s ong Nam A.

Chnh sach quat mo to tien

Ngoai chnh sach tieu diet dan toc Champa e co phan
thng, hoang e Minh Menh con giao pho cho quan oi
Viet Nam thang tay tan sat, truc xuat, truy na, tu ay nhng
ngi phan nghch va ong bon theo Ja Thak Wa va tranh
thu thi gian e bien dan toc Champa mat nc thanh nhng
ngi dan no le. Ho thieu ot cac lang mac ngi Cham, v
quet gia san cua ho, quat mo to tien (kut) cua ho, ap pha
ni th phng cua cac nhan vat lch s Panduranga thi
trc nh Po Klaong Haluw (1567-1591 hay la 1579-1603),
Po Saong Nyung Ceng (1799-1822) va thieu ot ca en thap
Champa, nh en Po Rome.
Het quat mo ma vua chua Champa, hoang e Minh
Menh quyet nh thay han bo mat ban o dan c
62
Panduranga. e ngan chan s vung day co the xay ra trong
tng lai, Minh Menh ra lenh cac thon lang Cham phai di
i ni khac, xen ke vi lang mac ngi Viet e ho khong
con c hoi tu hop vung day na. Ke t o, a ban truyen
thong cua c dan ngi Cham Panduanga khong con na.
S mat tch tren ban o cua tat ca lang Cham nam sat b
bien la mot bang chng cu the. The che nh c tra tron
gia dan Cham va Kinh vung Phan Rang va Phan R a
giai thch cho s sup o toan dien c cau van hoa va xa hoi
cua ngi Cham, v ho khong con la chu nhan tren manh at
cua to tien ho na.

Da vao the lc cua trieu nh Hue, cac c dan Viet
Nam tung hoanh c x nh ho la chu nhan cua x s
Panduranga nay. Li dung s chuyen c cua ngi Cham i
ni khac e phu hp vi chnh sach ma Minh Menh a a
ra, c dan Viet Nam xung phong xam chiem nhng at ai
mau m va ch e lai cho ngi Cham nhng khu vc kho
can e roi nong dan nay phai chu bao oi kho trien mien.
Cuoi cung, Minh Menh cam tat ca s lien he gia dan
chung Cham o ng bang va anh em Champa song khu
vc cao nguyen tc la Churu, Raglai, Kaho, v.v. Chnh sach
nay co the giup chnh quyen Minh Menh kiem soat hay
ngan chan nhng mang li trao oi gia Cham va dan toc
song vung ong Nai Thng, ma Minh Menh xem ho la
nhng thanh vien trung thanh nhat vi Ja Thak Wa.

Chien tranh tam ly

Mot khi a nhan dien s sa lay cua quan oi Viet Nam
Panduranga, Minh Menh ngh rang ch co chien lc chnh
tr la giai phap hay nhat e a quan chung Champa ly khai
vi nhom phan ong cua Ja Thak Wa. The la trieu nh Hue
bat au vuot ve nhan dan Champa va keu goi ho la nen t
bo moi s nghi ky oi vi chnh quyen Viet Nam va nen at
lai niem tin vi trieu nh Hue.
63
Ngoai chnh sach chieu hoi quan chung, Minh Menh con
tm cach chinh phuc nhng nhan vat goc Cham co uy tn
Panduranga e theo phe mnh. Mot trong nhng nhan vat
ma Minh Menh muon thu phuc o la ba ch cua ong Dhar
Kaok (cu pho vng Panduranga 1828-1832), tc la v cua
Po War Palei. Mot nhan vat khac ma Minh Menh cung tm
cach thu phuc la Po Phaok The, cu quoc vng Panduranga
(1828-1832). Minh Menh e ngh thang tang cho cu quoc
vng nay chc Dien An Ba (ba tc Dien An), nhng huy
hieu nay khong bao gi en tay ong ta. V rang, vao thang 6
nam At V (1835), cu quoc vng Po Phaok The b trieu
nh Hue ket toi t hnh vi hnh phat lang tr (chet t t)
v a tham gia phong trao Ja Thak Wa.

Mat du Minh Menh a ap dung chu thuyet at ai o
La, nhng tran chien am mau gia oan quan cua Ja
Thak Wa va quan Viet Nam van con dien bien tren chien
trng Panduranga cho en thang th 4 nam At V (1835),
nam anh dau cho s t tran cua Po War Palei (tieng Viet la
La Bon Vng) va Ja Thak Wa (tieng Viet goi la ien S)
chien trng gan thon Hu c-Van Lam, Phan Rang. Mac
du a t tran, trieu nh Hue con ra lenh chat lay au cua
nha lanh ao Ja Thak Wa e trng bay cho quan chung xem.
S t tran cua Ja Thak Wa vao thang th 4 nam At V
(1835) a a dan toc Champa vao mot trang s mi, nhng
trang s cua mot dan toc khong vua chua, khong quan oi
va cung khong chnh quyen. S t tran cua Ja Thak Wa vao
thang th 4 nam At V (1835) cung la iem moc cua s thay
ten oi chua Panduranga thi o. Dan toc Champa khong
con la nhan dan cua vng quoc Champa na, ma la cong
dan Viet Nam, mot loai cong dan ngoai le, v ho khong co
quyen g tren at ai ho na ngay ca tnh menh cua ho.

Trong suot 17 the ky, hang tram ngan chien s Champa
a hy sinh bao mo hoi nc mat, bao co ng lao va xng
mau khong phai e thong tr dan toc khac, ma la e bao ton
64
mot chut quyen vo cung nho nhoi, o la quyen c song
cua mot con ngi trong lanh tho truyen thong Champa cua
ho. Ja Thak Wa la mot trong nhng chien s Champa nay.
Ja Thak Wa a hi sinh tren bai chien trng vao thang
th 4 nam At V (1835), nhng ten tuoi va linh hon cua Ja
Thak Wa van con song, song mai trong t duy cua bat c
ngi Champa nao con nhan dien mnh la ke vong quoc
nhng khong bao gi chap nhan vong than.

Palei Ram, que hng
cua nha cach mang Ja Thak Wa
(Nhan ngay ky niem 170 nam cua nha cach mang Ja Thak Wa)

BBT Harak Champaka

Noi en Palei Ram (lang Van Lam), hau het ngi
Cham eu ngh en thon lang co nhieu rng ram. Neu nhn
k lai, Palei Ram la mot khu vc kho can soi a, cay coi
khong the am choi n la. The th Ram ay khong the co
ngha la rng ram c.
Trong ngon ng Cha m co hai cum t ma mot so ngi
Cham thng nha m lan. o la t ram hay aram xuat phat t
gia nh ngon ng a ao (Ma Lai : rimba) co ngha la rng
ram. Con Ram (trong Palei Ram) phat xuat t Phan ng
khong co ngha la rng ram ma la at go , tng ng vi
t ta-mbok trong ngon ng Cham. Va hom nay, ngi Cham
van con dung cum t Ram Ta-mbok Krah, Ram Ta-mbok Gah
e am ch lang Van Lam. Tom lai, Palei Ram co ngha la
xom go th ung hn.
Van e quan trong trong e tai nay khong phai i tm
nguon goc ng ngha cua t Ram ma la i tm vet tch cua
Palei Ram trong lch s, nhng net ac trng cua thon nay
trong to chc xa hoi cua ngi Cham hom nay.
Noi en Panduranga-Champa, ngi ta thng ngh en
Virapura, thu o cua tieu vng quoc nay. Nhieu nha s hoc
va khao co hoc cho rang Virapura toa lac tai Bal Caong
khong xa cho lam Danao Panrang gan thon Bau Truc. Neu
da tren ly thuyet nay, Palei Ram nam ngay tren a ban
dan c cua thu o Virapura. Chnh v the, Palei Ram khong
the tach ri ra khoi cac bien co chnh tr hay quan s a
tng dien ra thu o Virapura (Bal Caong) thi trc.

Bien co au tien la tran chien vao nam 787 gia oan
quan Jawa (dan toc a ao) va quan oi Panduranga tai thu
Palei Ram, que hng cua nha cach mang Ja Thak Wa
66
o Virapura. Mac du khong co s lieu viet ve vai tro cua
Palei Ram, nhng chien trng nam 787 khong the gat bo
Palei Ram ra khoi chu vi cua bien co nay c. Va da n
chung Palei Ram cung khong the nham mat lam ng, trong
khi quan oi Panduranga ang chien au v i quan xam lc
ngay trc cong lang cua mnh.
Phai ch 358 nam ve sau, van e Palei Ram lai xuat
hien tren ban c chnh tr Champa. Nam 1145, Cao Mien
xua quan xam chiem Vijaya (Bnh nh). Hoang t Sri Jaya
Harivarman I, theo vua cha la Sri Jaya Rudravarman chay
sang mien nam e lanh nan Panduranga. Nghe tin nay,
vua Cao Mien ra lenh tan cong thu o Virapura vao nam
1158, bien canh ong Van La m ma bia ky goi la Kayev (ni
co tang a Batau Tablah) thanh bai chien trng am mau.
Vi s yem tr cua nhan dan Panduranga, Sri Jaya
Rudravarman ap tan toan dien oan quan vien chinh Cao
Mien. Sau ngay chien thang, ngai ra lenh khac len tang a
Batau Tablah (a Ne) e ghi cong n chien s a hy sinh
xng mau trong tran chien nay. Ngai con phong chc cho
tang a Batau Tablah thanh Yang Batau Tablah (than a
Ne) e dan chung Champa tng nh, th phng va giao
cho Palei Ram bao quan.
Batau Tablah la mot tang a co be ngang gan 3, 50 m va
be cao gan 4, 75 m toa lac mot cach o so Palei Bal
Caong, pha bac cua Palei Ram. Tren tang a nay co khac
17 hang ch bang tieng Cham co vi net ch co ve ep
tuyet vi ma ngi ta cha tng thay khu vc Panduranga.
Phai cong nhan rang, Batau Tablah la mot bia ky co dien
tch ln nhat khu vc ong Nam A.
Bia ky nay noi dung nh sau :
Sau ngay vua cha t tran, dan chung Panduranga ton
vinh hoang t lu vong tieu vng quo c nay ten la Sri
Jaya Harivarman I len lam vua Champa vao nam 1147.
Nghe tin nay, chnh quyen Cao Mien ang chiem gi thu o
Vijaya vi s yem tr cua nguy quan Champa mien bac
lam tay sai cho Cao Mien xuat quan ram ro tan cong
67
Panduranga ong bang Caklyan (tc la Palei Caklaing,
My Nghiep) nhng b ay lui. Na m 1158, cung oan quan
nay tr lai tan cong Virapura va bien canh ong Kayev (gan
lang Van Lam, ni co tang a Batau Tablah) thanh bai
chien trng am mau. La mot hoang t vo cung dung ca m
(bia ky goi la prong viryya harih), ngai anh tan trong choc
lac oan quan Cao Mien va nhom nguy quan Champa mien
bac bai chien trng nay. Nam 1159, Sri Jaya Harivarman
I ri Panduranga vi mot oan quan hung manh tien en
mien bac e giai phong Vijaya khoi ach no le cua Cao
Mien. Sau ngay chien thang, ngai thong nhat hai mien nam
bac thanh mot quoc gia lien bang hung manh va co uy
quyen nh thi trc.

Ngoai chien trng nam 1158, Palei Ram con gi mot
vai tro khac trong tien trnh lch s cua Panduranga. ng
tren phng dien chien lc phong thu, Palei Ram a tr
thanh mot a the quan s quan trong ha ng au. V rang,
Palei Ram nam ngay ben canh Kraong Biuh tc la song Luy
hay song Thanh Luy, bat nguon t ong Nai, chay qua cac
thon Palei Thuen, Palao, Pabhan, Ram, Caklaing. Doc theo
hai b song nay, t thap Po Rome en lang Van Lam, ngi
ta tm thay co rat nhieu dau tch on luy ma vua chua
Panduranga-Champa a xay dng thi tr c. Ve mat quan
s, mot khi thanh luy cua Palei Ram b pha v th quan ch
tran qua Ca Na e tien en Phan R rat la de dang. The th
Palei Ram a tr thanh mot on phao quan s nam ngay a
au cua tran chien e ngan chan quan xam lc xuat phat t
mat bien tien quan ve pha tay tc la en Po Rome hay xuat
phat t pha bac tran ve Phan R. Chnh v the, Palei Ram
phai la mot thon ap tap trung nhieu chien s dung cam e
ng au vi oi phng trong suot qua trnh lch s au
tranh cua tieu vng quoc Panduranga.

Noi en Palei Ram th ngi ta phai ngh en Bhum
Kawei, mot a danh trong tac pham Ariya Gleng Anak ra
68
i vao luc chien tranh gia Ja Thak Wa va Minh Menh vao
nam 1834-1835. Mot so ngi Cham cho ra ng Bhum Kawei
la ten mot vng quoc. Tiec rang Bhum Kawei khong phai
la danh xng cua mot x s ma la ten cua Palei Ram, phat
xuat t Kawei (ho cha nc) nam ngay trong thon nay.
ay la cau th noi en Bhum Kawei trong Ariya Gleng
Anak:
Balan tajuh Lengka merai sumu,
klau pakar merai saong nyu, Kawei angan bhum Kawei.

Cau nay co ngha rang : vao thang 7, nam Giap Ngo
(1834) hoang e Minh Menh (Langka co ngha la thien,
thien hoang hay thien t, am ch vua Minh Menh) ra lenh
cho ba nha quan s Viet Nam xuat quan tan cong Bhum
Kawei, tc la lang Van Lam, que hng cua Ja Thak Wa.
ay la mot cuoc chien kinh hoang ma Ariya Gleng Anak ke
lai trong cau th so 4 :
Tel thun nasak athaih nan ra brei,
apuei kadhir mbeng palei, nager chai drut merai

Nam Ngo trong cau th nay la nam Giap Ngo (1834), v
trong thi iem o, hoang e Minh Menh ra lenh ot pha
lang Cham nh la thieng bung cha y, bien x s
Panduranga nay thanh mot ngha a tang thng buon tui.
The th Palei Ram, que hng cua Ja Thak Wa, ni dien ra
chien trng, khong the thoat khoi boi canh lch s nay.

Ngoai bien co lch s, Palei Ram con gan lien vi cot
truyen huyen thoai lien quan en Nai Tang Riya Bia
Atapah, mot n than hoi giao goc ngi Makah (Kelantan,
Ma Lai) en Champa e cu mang dan toc Cham thong
kho.
Theo truyen thuyet ma ngi Cham ke lai trong sach co
mang ky hieu Cam 146-3, Nai Tang Riya co hai em gai ten
la Riki va Rikit cung theo ba sang Champa thi o. Rieng
ve Nai Tang Riya, ba co mot ngi ban trai ten la Po
69
Keimaw (mot so truyen thuyet cho rang ong ta la ngi goc
Raglai), mot chuyen gia noi tieng ve ky thuat xay dng e
ap di thi Po Klaong Garai (Cam 146-17). Tnh c gap
nhau, Nai Tang Riya va Po Keimaw ngoi tam s nh hai
ngi ban than thiet. V qua met moi trong suot em dai,
Nai Tang Riya ngu guc say me. Khi tnh day, ba thay Po
Keimaw cung ang nam ben mnh. V qua ho then ve danh
d cua mot ngi an ba hoi giao, Nai tang Riya buon tui ra
i e tm ni tu an. Sau mot thi gian lang thang tren nhng
neo ng, ba quyet nh dng lai tren nh nui pha nam
Palei Ram, mot khu vc rat la tuyet vi cho nhng ngi tu
an. Tren nh nui cao nay, ba co the thng thc nhng
danh lam thang canh cua ong bang Phan Rang-Phan R va
nhng nhp song bien nhap nho tren hai pha n trung khi. o
cung la phong cach e hoi tng lai que hng ba Makah
(Kelantan, Ma Lai).
Khong hieu c nguyen nhan Nai Tang Riya lai bo nha
ra i, Po Keimaw quyet nh len ng e tm ba cho bang
c. Mot hom, Po Keimaw nhan dien ba ang tu an tren
nh nui gan Palei Ram, ngai mi ba xuong va xin gap mat,
nhng ba t choi. Trong cn bc tc, ngai rut cay no than
cua ngai ban vao nh nui. Sc manh cua cay no than che
nh nui ra lam hai. Chnh v the ngi Cha m goi nui nay la
Cek Ca-mbang (nui che oi, hay nui Cha Bang). Rieng ve
n than Nai Tang Riya, ba ta b trung no than va chet o.
Nghe tin ba chet, dan lang Palei Ram lap en th ba tren
nh nui nay va ton vinh ba lam n than Nai Tang Riya Bia
Atapah ma ngi Cham Palei Ram goi nom na la Po Nai.
Khong c tin tc g cua Nai Tang Riya, hai co Riki va
Rikit lang thang i tm dau tch cua ch mnh, bang qua Palei
Dara (thon Nh Ngoc) lai gap mot bo lao. Mot khi nhan
dien rang Riki va Rikit la hai n than linh thieng co ghe qua
Palei Dara (dara la goc t Phan ng : videaea, Ma Lai :
bedara, co ngha la trai tao) e i tm ch, ong ta thong bao
vi xom lang e dng en th danh rieng cho hai n than
nay. Riki c ton vinh vi ten goi la n than Nai Mah
70
Ghang Tang Di Nagar. Con Rikit la n than Nai Mah Rung
Ra-ung Ina. Moi nam, Palei Dara thng dang le cung hai
n than Riki va Rikit.

Trong Palei Ram, con co mot th toc ma ai cung biet
en, o la th toc Po Yang In, noi tieng la than co uy quyen
trng phat nhng ai anh cap o vat thuoc ve th toc nay.
ay la mot cot truyen co xuat x rat la xa xa cua no:
Theo truyen thuyet cua ngi Cham ke lai trong mot
van ban co (Cam 245-8), Po Yang In la mot chuyen gia ve
mua dieu (papar kalang). Ngai la ngi Ma Lai t Makah
(Ma Lai) sang Champa e day nghe thuat mua dieu trong
cung nh cua Panduranga thi o. Chnh v the, ngi
Cham ho m nay van con th phng ngai ha ng nam qua buoi
le tuc papar kalang, mot nghi le van con thnh hanh Ma
Lai hom nay.
Nhng Po Yang In con co mot truyen thuyet khac na,
o la nhan vat trong s thi mang ta e la Dalukal Po Halau
Aia saong Patao Tabai (Cam 245-4) ma tac pham nay danh
cho ngai mot vai tro rat la ac biet o la dung tieng hat cua
dieu (waw) rat la au sau ai oan e chinh phuc trai tim n
than Nai Bila (Nang Nga), mot ngi tnh cua hoang t
Patao Tabai. Cung v Po Yang In ma Nai Bila va Patao
Kabai phai chet uoi trong dong nc lu. V qua an han, Po
Yang In nguyen the la khong bao gi tm cach anh mat bat
c nhng g thuoc ve ngi khac, du o la o vat hay tnh
yeu i na. Ngc lai Po Yang In cung kho ng muon ai anh
mat nhng g thuoc ve s hu cua ong ta. Chnh v the,
ngi Cham hom nay khong ai dam anh cap mot th o
vat g xuat phat t th toc Po Yang In.

Ngoai di tch lch s va thuyen thuyet rat la hap dan,
Palei Ram con co mot ac trng rieng biet ve ban chat van
hoa xa hoi.
Palei Ram (xom go) la mot thon ngi Cham nam tren
a ban dan c vo cung can coi, v thieu n c canh tac, ngay
71
ca nc e dung hang ngay trong gia nh. Chnh v yeu to
a ly vo cung khac khe nay, con ngi Palei Ram co mot so
ban chat nhan sinh rat la la thng so v i ngi Cham
thon xom khac.

Ve mat kinh te, Palei Ram co nhieu ac iem rieng
biet. So vi khu vc ma ngi Cham goi la Palei Kapraong
(bien the t Kraong Praong, song Dinh) tc la khu vc dung
he thong dan thuy nhap ien e canh tac lien tuc, hoan canh
a d cua Palei Ram th hoan toan ngc lai. Palei Ram
nam trong khu vc ma ngi Cham goi la Palei Kabruh
(bien the t Kraong biuh, song Luy). Khu vc nay rat la kho
can va luon luon b that mua. V moi s canh tac ruong at
cua no hoan toan tuy thuoc vao nc ma do Kraong Biuh
cung cap.
Mac du at ai khong mau m v thieu nc e trong
ti, nhng Palei Ram van tm cach khang c vi at ai
kho can soi a e a cuoc song kinh te cua ho en mot
mc o cao hn so vi cac lang Cham khac. Ket qua nay co
the co nhieu nguyen nhan. Theo chung toi, ban chat can cu,
thao vac va kien tr cua Palei Ram la mot yeu to quyet nh
trong chnh sach phat trien kinh te cua ho. Ngoai ban chat
can cu nay, Palei Ram con co mot ban cha t khac na o la
ban chat linh ong trong nghe nghiep. Het mua cay cay, ho
tap trung lam ray. Het mua ray, ho i on cui, on cay, v.v.
Het on cay, ho tap trung lam nghe chuyen ch, buon ban,
chan nuoi, v.v. Noi tom lai, Palei Ram khong lam mot nghe,
ma lam ba nghe.
S linh ong nay lam tang them nguon li tc va nang
cao mc song gia nh cua ho. S linh ong nay cung la mot
phng cach giai tr cua ho. Thay v an khong ngoi roi ch
mua gat hai, lao ong tr thanh mot thu vui say me cua
Palei Ram, nh nhng ngi i lam nghe buon ban.

Ngoai ban chat can cu, linh ong trong nghe nghiep,
Palei Ram co tinh than xa hoi rat cao. Trong nam 2005,
72
Palei Ram la nhom duy nhat cua ngi Cham hai ngoai
ong gop tien bac gi ve que e giup ong bao ngheo
oi v han han. Mac du so tien khong the giai quyet van e
ngheo oi cua thon nay, nhng o la ha nh ong qu gia
nham chia xe tnh thng vi cac thanh vien trong cung mot
thon xom, tc la cung chung mot nguon goc nhan chung,
mot yeu to van hoa va nhat la cung chung so phan lch s.
Chung toi goi o la y thc he tng than tng tr.

Nhn tren kha canh xa hoi va van hoa, Palei Ram co
mot vai net ac thu rieng. Neu so sanh vi cac thon xom
khac, Palei Ram van la mot thon Cha m co nhieu nhan vat
lanh ao xa hoi, nh xa trng, quan trng, dan bieu, quoc
gia hanh chanh. Palei Ram cung co khieu ve the thao, van
nghe, cung co ca s va nhac s noi tieng nh T Cong Phung
v.v. Noi en chng trnh giao duc, ch so gii tr thc, sinh
vien cua Palei Ram van chiem so lng cao hn so vi thon
xom khac. Noi en s truyen ba tn ngng, Palei Ram van
la trung tam truyen ba ao Islam au tien va ln nhat
Panduranga.

Palei Ram con co mot ac iem khac, o la y thc he
ve truyen thong van hoa dan toc cua ngi Cham. ng
tren phng dien khoa hoc ma phan tach, Palei Ram phai
c xep loai vao nhom bao thu (conservateur) ma chung
toi hieu theo ngha rong cua no nh Phng Tay. Bao thu
ay la mot cum t am ch cho nho m ng i chu trng ton
trong luat le xa hoi, bao ton nhng gia tr di san van hoa va
truyen thong ma ong cha a e lai, ch khong phai la cum
t am ch nhom ngi cc oan.
Mot th du ien hnh lien quan en tinh than bao thu
(conservateur) o la Palei Ram khong bao gi chap nhan
ngi Kinh nh c trong thon xom cua ho . V ho cho rang,
s nh c nay khong phu hp vi truyen thong lang xa cua
ngi Cham. Tom lai, mot xa hoi bao thu (conservateur) la
xa hoi khong chap nha n b ong hoa bi mo t yeu to van hoa
73
phat xuat t ben ngoai khong phu hp vi truyen thong cua
ho. Chnh v nam trong trng phai bao thu (conservateur)
o ma Palei Ram con gi lai hom nay nhieu net ac thu van
hoa va xa hoi cua ngi Cham.

Noi ve ch kh cua con ngi, th Palei Ram co mot t
tung au tranh rat la tch cc co ban chat gan da va cng
quyet, mot khi quyen li chung cua thon nay b xuc pham.
Ho thng hay tap trung e phan oi chnh quyen, du di
thi Viet Nam Cong Hoa hay Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha,
ma ho khong bao gi s set.

Ngoai nhng ac iem ma chung toi a ghi phan tren,
Palei Ram, cung nh hau het trong cac lang Cham khac, co
mot y thc he oan ket rat la cao o gia cac thanh vien
trong thon xom cua ho. Nhng y thc he oan ket nay
khong dien ra mot cach thng trc. No ch boc phat mot
cach manh liet nh mot tia sang, khi nao co nhng bien co
vi pham en quyen li va danh d cua dan toc ho. Cung v
thieu yeu to thng trc trong y thc he oan ket, ma quan
chung Palei Ram, cung nh ha u het ong bao Cham trong
nc cung nh hai ngoai, khong co mot to chc chung,
mot nh hng tng lai chung so vi mot so dan toc thieu
so khac. Nhng ay ch la mot hien tng ch khong phai la
ban chat cua quan chung Palei Ram. V trong nhng thi
iem cua nha cach mang Ja Thak Wa, quan chung Palei
Ram a boc lo mot cach ro ret ve y thc he oan ket nay.

Nhng ac iem cua Palei Ram ma chung toi ghi lai,
nhan ngay ky niem 170 nam cua nha cach mang Ja Thak
Wa ch la mot bai tieu luan mang mot yeu to nhan nh hn
la yeu to phan tch theo chieu sau cua khoa hoc. Ngc lai,
mot so nha viet lach ngi Cham khong cung quan iem vi
chung toi ve van e nay. Inrasara (Van Ho a-Xa Hoi Cham,
1999, tr. 111-116) cho rang dan toc Cham ch la nhng ke
cuc bo, tnh kh tieu cc, thieu khoa hoc, lanh i va tron
74
xa hoi, s hao, khong biet giup nhau, nhat gan, khong trung
dung, tnh o tha, khong ben ch. Nguyen Van Ty
(Tagalau so 4, 2004, tr. 130-134) nhan nh rang dan toc
Cham luon luon co ban chat t hiem nhau ; ban chat doc
phach ; ban chat thieu khiem ton ; ban chat hao danh ; ban
chat thieu tnh nhan ai ; ban chat thieu tnh song phang ; ban
chat khong dam noi trc mat nhau va 4 hien tng tieu
cc : th nhat la hien tng cua thanh nien Cham lam viec
th tieu cc ma an chi lai tch cc. Th hai la ky th nhng
ngi ngoai lang lay v lang ta. Th ba la s bat hoa
thng trc trong thon xom. Th t la ru chi phoi qua ln
oi vi xa hoi Cham.
Theo chung toi, quan iem cua Inrasara va Nguyen Van
Ty mang mot phong cach che bai dan toc Cham hn la nhan
nh that s ve ban chat ngi Cha m. V rang, quan chung
Cham cua Palei Ram, que hng cua nha cach mang Ja
Thak Wa, la mot trong nhng thanh phan cua dan toc Cham,
khong co nhng khuyet tat tho thien o.
Quan iem sai lam lien quan en ban chat dan toc
Cham se co mot tac hai khong o lng c trong lch s.
Ch can mot na the ky ve sau, oc gia o c lai hai bai viet
nay, ho c tng rang dan toc Cham hom nay co nhng ca
tnh vo cung xau xa ma Inrasara va Nguyen Van Ty a neu
ra. at lai van e ve s nhan nh sai lam nay cung la mot
phng cach e bao ve danh d dan toc Cham, mot dan toc
vong quoc, nhng khong phai v the ma mot so ngi Cham
co quyen gan cho ho bat c khuyet tat tho thien hoan toan
phi khoa hoc.

Tom lai, Palei Ram la thon Cham luon luon gan lien vi
lch s, co nhieu ban chat rat la tch cc, t y ch can am
en tinh than xa hoi, t s linh ong trong nghe nghiep en
ban chat sang tao kinh te. ay cung la ieu ang mng cho
thon xom ngi Cham.

Ky niem 175 nam Po Phaok The,
quoc vng cuoi cung cua Champa
(1835-2005)

BBT Harak Champaka

Tom lc t bai viet cua Po
Dharma ang trong tac pham Le
Panduranga-Champa, 1832-1835:
Ses rapport avec le Vietnam, Paris,
1987, tap 1, trang 119-137

Sau ngay t tran cua Po Klan Thu vao nam 1828, Minh
Menh tm cach a mot ngi than can vi mnh len lam
quoc vng Panduranga-Champa. ay cung la dp ma trieu
nh Hue muon tach ri Champa ra khoi vo ng kiem soat cua
tong tran Gia nh Thanh la Le Van Duyet, mot nhan vat
lch s khong bao gi tan ong vi chnh sach cua hoang e
Minh Menh sau ngay t tran cua vua Gia Long vao na m
1820.
e oi pho vi bien co nay, Le van Duyet nhat quyet
chong lai quan iem cua Minh Menh. Theo Le Van Duyet,
ngi ke v nay phai con trai cua Po Saong Nhung Ceng
(1799-1822), quoc vng Champa t tran vao nam 1822 tai
Bal Canar (Tnh My, Phan R), mot ngi rat than can vi
ong ta va cung la chien hu cua Gia Long trong nhng nam
khang chien chong quan Tay Sn (1771-1802). The la s
xung ot cong khai e tranh gianh anh hng chnh tr
Panduranga bat au bung no gia hoang e Minh Menh va
Le Van Duyet, pho vng cua Gia nh Thanh giau co,
c che ch bi mot quan oi hung manh, san sang ly khai,
neu can, e thanh lap mot quoc gia oc lap mien nam. V
khong con cach nao e ngan chan oai quyen cua Le Van
Duyet mien Nam, hoang e Minh Menh ch con cach la
Ky niem 175 nam Po Phaok The
76
chap nhan nhng bo bc au e tm thi c nham lat o
lai the c.
Nam 1828, Le Van Duyet quyet nh a Po Phaok The,
con trai cua vua Po Saong Nhung Ceng (1802-1822) len nam
chnh quyen cua Panduranga-Champa va phong cho hoang
t Po Dhar Kaok (tc la Nguyen Van Nguyen trong bien
nien s Viet Nam) lam pho vng Champa.
Sau ngay len ngoi cua Po Phaok The, tnh hnh chnh tr
Panduranga-Champa hoan toan bc sang mot giai oan
mi. V rang, Le Va n Duyet a thanh cong tach ri
Panduranga-Champa ra khoi anh hng chnh tr cua trieu
nh Hue va danh lai quyen bao ho vng quoc nay ma
ong ta a tng na m gi di thi vua Gia Long (1802-1820).
Co chang Le Van Duyet a gat hai mot thanh cong trong
cong tac ngan chan anh hng cua vua Minh Menh
Panduranga, nhng cha chac la ngi a thang tran chong
lai chnh sach cua trieu nh Hue oi vi Champa trong
nhng nam sap ti.
Quan iem bat ong gia Le Van Duyet va Minh Menh
a a van e bang giao gia Viet Nam va Champa thanh
mot moi xung ot khong loi thoat. Trong nhng nam 1822
va 1828, x s nay at di s giam ho trc tiep cua trieu
nh Hue. Sau nam 1828 tr i, vng quoc nay lai thay
ngoi oi chua e tr thanh mot lanh tho hoan toan phu
thuoc vao Gia nh Thanh, bat chap s chong oi cua hoang
e Minh Menh. Mot khi a tr thanh mon moi trong cuoc
tranh chap quyen hanh gia Minh Menh, mot hoang e
khong bao gi chap nhan bat c ai long hanh trong vng
quoc cua mnh va Le Van Duyet, mot nhan vat luon luon t
ton mnh la mot pho vng mien nam, tng lai song con
cua Panduranga-Champa ang ri vao vong tam toi va hoan
toan tuy thuoc vao ket qua cua cuoc chien gia Minh Menh
va Le Van Duyet ma khong ai co the o lng c hau
qua.
Luc ban au, cac tang lp lanh ao Champa rat ung ho
chnh sach ly khai vi trieu nh Hue do quoc vng Po
77
Phaok The e xng. Tiec rang, ke t nam 1831, c cau to
chc chnh tr Panduranga-Champa ang lam vao cn gio
bao. Mot so quan lai trong trieu nh Champa ng ra phan
oi chnh sach cua Po Phaok The va nhat quyet t choi quy
phuc oai quyen cua Le Va n Duyet mien nam. Ly do cua
ho rat la n gian, o la khong ai co the o lng c thai
o cua hoang e Minh Menh oi vi dan toc Champa sau
ngay t tran Le Van Duyet, v tuoi tho cua ong ta khong con
la bao nhieu na. Va ai cung biet, hoang e Minh Menh la
ong vua rat oc quyen va cc oan, khong chap nhan bat c
s d biet nao trong to chc chnh tr Viet Nam thi o va
cung la ong vua a tng tan sat ca dan toc Viet ly khai vi
phat giao e theo thien chua giao. The th tng lai cua
Panduranga se a ve au sau ngay t tran cua Le Van
Duyet ? o la cau hoi to tac ma mot so quan lai thng a
ra e ban bac.

Ben le ung nhot chnh tr nay, Panduranga phai oi pho
vi bao s xung ot xa hoi gia dan toc Champa va c dan
Viet vng quoc nay. Da tren quyen the cua mot dan toc
hung manh, dan c Viet thng bay to thai o kieu hanh va
khinh miet oi vi dan toc Champa, nhat la cac gii chc
sac Cham Ahier (Ba La Mon) va Cham Awal (Bani) Them
vao o, chnh sach ong hoa dan toc Champa cang ngay
cang banh trng manh me. Ngi Cha m b ep buoc phai
mac y phuc Viet Nam, thc hien nhng le tuc cua ngi
Viet, ca an chay va cung ram, v.v. Ngay ca le mua rija,
ngi Cham phai chap nhan e oan hat boi Viet Nam vao
trong rap le hau trnh dien van nghe chung ma Viet Nam
xem o la chnh sach hoa ong dan toc.
Mot khi nen tang xa hoi va ton giao Champa thi o
ang bc vao con ng thai hoa, mot so quan lai khong
con at niem tin vao quoc vng Po Phaok The na. Ho
khong ngan ngai ng ra to cao cong khai chnh sach cua Po
Phaok The. S hien dien cua nhom oi lap trong trieu nh
chong lai Po Phaok The la mot bien co quan trong oi vi
78
trieu nh Hue. V rang, hoang e Minh Menh ma ai cung
biet la ong vua ai tai ve mat chien lc chnh tr, se khong
bao gi bo l c hoi e ap tan oi phng.
Nam 1832 cung la nam anh dau cho nh menh so ng
con cua Panduranga-Champa. Mot khi a nhan thay quoc
vng Po Phaok The khong con uy tn trong gii quan lai
Champa na va nhat la Le Van Duyet ang nam tren
ging benh e ch ngay tat th, hoang e Minh Menh ra
lenh bat giam Po Phaok The v toi kho ng tra thue cho trieu
nh Hue t nam 1828, va nhat la toi ly khai vi chnh
quyen trung ng Viet Nam e phuc tung Le Van Duyet.

Cha ay mot thang sau, tc la vao thang 7 cua nam
Nham Thn (1832), Le Van Duyet t tran Sai Gon. Li
dung c hoi nay, Minh Menh ra lenh xua quan chiem ong
Panduranga va trng phat vo cung da man nhng cap lanh
ao Champa a theo Le Van Duyet. Sau cung Minh Menh
quyet nh xoa bo vng quoc Champa tren ban o ong
Dng vao nam 1832.
S diet vong Champa vao nam 1832 a a nhan dan
Champa vao con ng vo cung thong kho . Mot khi khong
chu noi na nhng tang thng cua mot dan toc vong quoc,
nhan dan Champa ch con con ng duy nhat la vung day
chong lai ke xam lc.
Cuoc bien ong au tien sau ngay Champa diet vong la
s vung day vao nam 1833 cua Katip Sumat. Tiep theo o
la phong trao Ja Thak Wa vao nam 1834, mot mat tran vu
trang nham tai lap lai vng quoc Champa oc lap va co
chu quyen. Ch vai thang sau, Ja Thak Wa a thanh cong
keu goi nhan dan Champa vung day chong oan quan Viet
Nam xam lc.
Mot khi a nhan dien s sa lay cua quan oi Viet Nam
Panduranga, Minh Menh ngh rang ch co chien lc chnh
tr la giai phap hay nhat e a quan chung Champa ly khai
vi nhom phan ong cua Ja Thak Wa. The la trieu nh Hue
bat au vuot ve nhan dan Champa va keu goi ho la nen t
79
bo moi s nghi ky oi vi chnh quyen Viet Nam va nen at
lai niem tin vi trieu nh Hue.
Ngoai chnh sach chieu hoi quan chung, Minh Menh con
tm cach chinh phuc nhng nhan vat goc Cham co uy tn
Panduranga e theo phe mnh. Mot trong nhng nhan vat
ma Minh Menh muon thu phuc o la Po Phaok The, c u
quoc vng Panduranga (1828-1832) va e ngh thang tang
cho ngai chc Dien An Ba (ba tc Dien An).
Vao thang 4 na m At V (1835), Ja Thak Wa b t tran
chien trng gan thon Hu c, Phan Rang. Mac du a t
tran, trieu nh Hue con ra lenh chat lay au cua nha lanh
ao Ja Thak Wa e trng bay cho quan chung xem.
Mot khi a dap tan oan quan Ja Thak Wa, hoang e
Minh Menh lai tr tay tieu diet luon Po Phaok The, cu
vng quoc a chap nhan ly khai phong trao Ja Thak Wa e
hp tac vi trieu nh Hue. Vao thang 6 na m At V (1835),
Minh Menh ket toi t hnh Po Phaok The, nhng khong a
ra mot li giai thch chnh ang nao.

*

Po Phaok The (1828-1835) la v vua cuoi cung cua
vng quoc Champa. Chnh sach ly khai vi trieu nh Hue
e phuc tung Le Van Duyet mien nam a tra mot gia qua
at, o la s sup o cua vng quoc Champa vao nam 1832
va Po Phaok The phai chap nhan toi t hnh qua hnh phat
lang tr, tc la dung nhieu phng thc rat la da man e
trng tr ngai cho en ngay tat th.
ay cung la mot bai hoc lch s ma dan toc Champa
khong the quen c trong ky c cua ho.

80

Van e ngon ng
ch viet Cham sau 1975
!

Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma

Ch viet la yeu to quan trong trong he thong ngon ng ,
la bieu tng cho tieng noi va t duy cua con ngi qua ky
hieu. Ch viet cung la phng tien e truyen at moi di san
van hoa va i song tam linh cua mot dan toc t the he nay
qua the he khac. Dan toc co ch viet luc nao cung chiem
mot u the hn ve moi mat trong tien trnh cua lch s so vi
dan toc khong co ch viet.

Ch viet Cham trc nam 1975

Tieng Cham la mot ngon ng co ch viet t lau i va
co the chia thanh hai thi ky ro ret.
Thi ky au, t the ky th 2 en the ky 15, vng quoc
Champa che bien mot loai ch viet da vao ky hieu mau t
cua Phan ng mien nam An o e khac tren bia a cua
mnh. ay la loai ch Cham co. Thanh vay cac chuyen
gia An o khong the oc c neu khong qua mot khoa ao
tao.
Ngoai mau t Phan ng nay, Champa con che them 3
phu am ma Phan ng khong co, o la phu am nja (nh
njap phai), phu am nda ) (nh ndih ) ngu), phu
am mba (nh mbeng an). Noi ung ra, Champa khong
che bien 3 phu am nay ma ch tong hp lai hai phu am cua

!
Bai tng trnh trong hoi thao Van hoa ch viet khu vc ong Nam
A luc a to chc tai Osaka, Nhat Ban ngay 3-4 thang 2 nam 2006.

Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
82
ch Cham co e bien thanh phu am nja , nda ) va mba
. V rang :
nja ch la ky hieu tong hp cua hai phu am :
nya tren va ja " viet phan di. V l do nay nen
Vien Vien ong Phap phien am thanh nja.
nda ) la tong hp cua hai phu am : na tren va
da " viet di. V l do nay nen Vien Vien ong Phap
phien am thanh nd.
mba cung la tong hp cua hai phu am : ma
tren va ba J viet di. V l do nay nen Vien Vien
ong Phap phien am thanh mb.

Ke t the ky th 16, vng quoc Champa con che them
mot loai ch viet na goi la akhar thrah co nguon goc t
ch Cham co xuat hien lan au tien tren bia ky thap Po
Rome, quoc vng Champa tr v t nam 1627 en na m
1651. Ke t o, akhar thrah tr thanh mot loai ch viet
thong dung cua vng quoc nay. Tat ca nhng van ban
hanh chanh, ton giao, van chng, v.v. cua cua vng quoc
Champa sau the ky th 16 eu viet bang akhar thrah.
So vi mau t cua ch Cham co dung tren bia a, he
thong akhar thrah con them 4 phu am : nga ;, nja , na _,
ma { nhng no khong co gia tr g tren phng dien ng am
va loi chnh ta. Th du ch nan oi luc viet la nan _ o
va oi luc viet la nan . Cung nh ngap lam, oi luc
viet la ngap va oi luc viet la ngap ;.
Cung trong he thong akhar thrah nay, ngi ta con them
mot nguyen am na o la takai kak ( ). Nhng trong tai lieu
hoang gia, tc la van ban chnh thc cua vng quoc
Panduranga-Champa viet t nam 1702 en 1810, takai kak
a xuat hien, nhng ch dung cho mot va i ch rat la ac
biet, nh jia " thue hay ten ho cua ngi Cham. Con
nhng t thong thng ma ngi Cham hom nay dung takai
kak nh anak ) , ama ) , tai lieu hoang gia Champa
ch viet la anak ) ; ama ) ma thoi. Ngc lai, trong
akhar thrah hom nay, takai kak tr thanh mot ky hieu thong
83
dung, nhng cach dung cua no oi luc khong nhat thiet. Th
du, ama ) cha, oi luc viet la ama ) va oi luc la ama
) .
Ngoai tr trng hp bat quy luat ve cach dung cua 4
phu am nga ;, nya , na _, ma { va ban nguyen am takai
kak ( ), ch viet Cham trong cac van ban t trieu ai Po
Rome (1627-1651) cho en na m 1975 eu co mot qui luat
kha ro rang t cach viet en cau truc chnh ta.

Trng hp bat qui tac trong ch viet Cham

Ch viet Cham co mot nguon goc lch s phat trien lau
i, on nh va co mot so qui luat ro rang t the ky th 2
cho en nam 1975. Tuy nhien, ch viet Cham, cung nh bat
c ch viet nao tren the gii, co mot so trng hp bat qui
tac, v mot so am to (phoneme) co ky hieu nh nhau nhng
oc khac nhau, the hien qua 3 cach phat am ma chung toi
tam goi la am thap, am cao va am trac. V la trng hp bat
qui tac, thanh ra cach phat am cua no pha i da vao ngha
cua t vng nam trong mot cau ma thoi.

ay la 7 trng hp bat qui tac trong he thong ch viet
Cham:

Trng hp 1: am to (phoneme) aok
laok lot vo (am thap)
laok am ruong (am cao)
laok nay ra (am trac)

Trng hp 2: am to aong

caong ( ) trong caong jalan m ng (am thap)
caong ( ) trong caong tagok ao c (am cao)

baong ( J ) trong baong kra mai con rua (am tram)
baong ( J ) trong gai baong cay gay (am cao)
84

Trng hp 3: Am to ak, uk.

yak gi tay (am thap)
yak kien tung (am cao)

luk ngu an (am thap)
luk tha, tam (am cao)
luk trong luk mata lom mat (am trac)

Mot so bo lao ngi Cham giai thch rang, muon cho a m
to ak, uk co am tram, th phai them baluw, th du:
yak gi tay (am tram, co baluw)
yak kien tung (am cao, khong co baluw)

luk ngu an (am tram, co baluw)
luk tha, tam (am cao, khong co baluw)

Tiec rang ay ch la ly thuet, v trong van ban Cham
khong ai ton trong qui luat nay. The la qui luat hua baluw
van con la mot van e can nghien cu lai.

Trng hp 4: Am to aik

aik -) rau que, amaik )- me (am thap)
maik - thoi ma, taik - rach (am cao)

Trng hp 5: takai kik va takai kik tut takai mak

Trong Phan ng, takai kik tng ng vi ( i ) ngan va
takai kik tut takai mak tng ng vi ( i ) dai. Hai ch i
nay co mot gia tr tuyet oi. Neu viet sai ve i ngan va i dai
trong ngon ng Phan, th ngha cua t o se b thay oi. Th
du:
agatika ) (takai kik) co ngha la sinh lc cuoi
cung
85
agatka ) (takai kik tut takai mak) co ngha la con
ng cam s dung

Cung chung mot he thong cua Phan ng, tieng Cha m
cung co takai kik ( ) tc la i ngan va takai kik tut takai mak
( ) tc la i dai, nhng cach dung cua no khong cha ng
mot gia tr tuyet oi ve ng ngha, co ngha la cung mot t,
ngi Cham oi luc viet takai kik va oi luc viet takai kik tut
takai mak, nhng ngha cua t nay van con nguyen ven. Th
du kami chung toi, ngi Cham viet hai cach khac nhau
kami va kami .
Theo thong le cua ch viet Cham, takai kik thng nam
tren phu am chnh gia, nh labik J, gilac . Ngc
lai, takai kik tut takai mak thng nam tren phu a m cuoi
cung, th du ni , kami , nhng tren thc te, ngi ta
cung co the viet ni , kami .

Trng hp 6: Quy luat baluw

Ky hieu baluw (am dai) rat quan trong trong he thong
Phan ng, v baluw la yeu to e nh ngha t. Bo baluw tren
mot phu am co the bien t nay thanh mot ngha khac. Th
du:
viha (khong co baluw) co ngha la mui ten
viha (co baluw) co ngha la bo, quat i

Tieng Cham cung co baluw, nhng mot so bo lao Cha m
cho rang no co the dung e bien am to ak, uk am cao
thanh am to ak, uk am thap. Th du: jak " khon (am
cao) va jak " ru nhau (am thap) ; tuk gi khac
(am cao) va tuk trong cu m t tuk dan " thuoc
dan (am thap). Tiec rang, ay ch la mot gia thuyet, v
trong van ban Cha m, ngi ta khong thay qui luat nay xuat
hien mot cach ro ret.
Ngoai gia tr tuyet oi nay, cac bo lao Cham con cho
rang baluw con dung tren phu am cuoi cua mot t nh taha
86
gia, ln tuoi, tada " ngc, nhng ay cung khong
phai la quy luat nhat nh, tuy theo tac gia muon dung hay
khong. V taha co baluw hay taha khong co baluw,
ngha cua no van la gia, ln tuoi.

Trng hp 7: Quy luat ch noi, ch viet

Tieng Cham cung nh tieng Ma Lai nam trong gia nh
ngon ng a ao, chia lam hai he thong : ch noi va ch viet
hoan toan khac nhau.
Tai Ma Lai hom nay, ngi Ma thng dung ch noi e
giao te hang ngay, nhng khi viet th ho phai ton trong qui
luat chnh ta truyen thong. Trc nam 1975, ngi Cham
van ap dung phng phap nay, co ngha la khong the a p
dung noi sao viet vay trong ngon ng ch viet Cham
c.
Ch noi va ch viet trong ngon ng Cha m va Ma Lai
hoan toan khac nhau. Khi noi, ngi Cham va Ma thng
n tiet hoa mot so am to, nhng khi viet ho phai viet ung
chnh ta, khong n tiet hoa c. Th du :

Cham noi la mai - en, nhng viet phai la marai
mr
Cham noi la rang ngi ta, nhng viet phai la
urang ur=
Cham noi la tai - tim, nhng viet phai la hatai
-
Cham noi la ndoc ) chay, nhng viet phai la
nduec )

Ngi Ma Lai cung the :

Ma noi la mai en, nhng viet phai la mari
Ma noi la gang ngi ta, nhng viet phai la orang
Ma noi la hti tim, nhng viet phai la hati

87
e ly giai cho hien tng n tiet hoa trong ngon ng
Cham, a so nha ngon ng Viet Nam cho rang, v anh hng
tieng Viet, ngi Cham thng n tiet hoa tieng noi cua
ho. ay la quan iem sai lam. V ngi Ma Lai cha bao
gi thay ngi Viet au nhng ho cung n tiet hoa tieng
noi cua ho.

*
Hn 5 the ky, akhar thrah Cham co mot he thong cau
truc vng chac khong b chi phoi bi boi canh ben ngoai.
Ch can oc lai t lieu hoang gia Champa t nam 1702 e n
1810 con lu tr Cong Hoa Phap va nhng van ban Cham
con lu lai trong cac thon xom ngi Cham hom nay, chung
ta co the khang nh rang, akhar thrah Cham co mot quy
luat kha on nh trong phan cau truc ch viet. V rang, sau
ngay sup o vng quoc Champa vao na m 1832 cho e n
nam 1975, du trong giai oan lch s nay ngi Cham khong
co trng lp e giang day, nhng ho van duy tr c ch
viet truyen thong va ho luon luon xem akhar thrah la mot di
san van hoa quy bau thieng lieng can c bao ton.

Ngon ng Cham sau 1975 va
nhng sai lam trong sach giao trnh tieng Cham

Nam 1978, Viet Nam cho thanh lap Ban Bien Soan Sach
Ch Cham (BBSSCC) e soan sach giao trnh giang day
tieng Cham danh cho con em dan toc Cham cac trng
tieu hoc. ay la mot chnh sach hu ch ma nha nc Viet
Nam a danh cho dan toc Cham nham duy tr va bao ton di
san ngon ng ch viet cua ho va nhat la tao ieu kien e
con em Cham tiep thu kho tang van hoc ma cac bac tien
nhan cua ho lu lai. Chnh sach nay a c ngi Cham
ong tnh hng ng va ho khong bao gi quen cong lao cua
nha nc Viet Nam.
e thc hien nhiem vu cua Nha nc Viet Nam giao
pho, bc au chac chac BBSSCC gap phai kho khan ve vat
88
chat va tinh than, nhng bang no lc cua mnh, BBSSCC a
vt qua va thc hien c giao trnh day tieng Cham cho
con em ngi Cha m. ay la viec lam ang hoan nghenh va
tran trong ma khong ai co quyen phu nhan. Nhng tiec rang
ben canh cong lao to ln o, thay v BBSSCC a nguyen
ch viet truyen thong cua ngi Cham vao giao trnh e
giang day cho con em ngi Cham, th BBSSCC lai lam
ngc lai. o la BBSSCC t sang tao ra mot bo ch Cham
mi qua phng phap cai bien va lt bt ch viet truyen
thong Cham e lam giao trnh giang day cho con em Cham.
Hau qua nay a a giao trnh giang day tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC (do Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao Viet Nam an hanh)
vap phai mot so sai lam. Trong nhng sai lam noi tren, co 4
sai lam mang yeu to he thong va 3 sai lam mang yeu to
chnh ta.

Bon sai lam mang yeu to he thong

Yeu to he thong trong cach cau truc ch viet la qui luat
bat di bat dch khong the sa oi hay cai bien c. V lt
bo mot yeu to he thong co the lam ao lo n ca mot di san
ngon ng ch viet. Bon sai lam mang yeu to he thong o la:

1). Che tao ch Cham co paoh gak

Ch viet Cham phat xuat t Phan ng, khong bao gi
dung phu a m ga lam akhar matai cuoi t, nh kak matai
(), tak matai (), lak matai () v.v.

e giai quyet van e mot am to trong tieng Cham, viet
giong nhau nhng phat am khac nhau nh trng hp: laok
lot vo, laok am ruong, laok nay ra,
BBSSCC t tien che bien phu am gak e lam akhar matai.
ay la phng thc hoan toan i ngc lai nguon goc ch
viet Cham.
89
Ngon ng ch viet Cham la mot di san tinh than cua cua
mot dan toc. Tha nh vay, khong ai co quyen che bien mot ky
hieu mi e a vao he thong ch Cham c. Tai sao
BBSSCC lai quen i yeu to vo cung quan trong nay ?

2). Lc bo dar tha ra khoi nh trung am craoh aw

Trong he thong ch viet cua Phan ng hay Cham ng ,
nhom traoh aw luon luon phai co dar tha hay noi mot cach
khac, dar tha (o) la ky am c ban trong nhom nh trung a m
traoh aw (ao), chnh v the ma khong the bo c. V a m to
ao trong traoh aw phat xuat t ky hieu dar tha (o) ma ra.
Neu bo traoh aw th con lai la dar tha oc la o . Nhng ne u
bo dar tha tc la bo ky hieu o, th traoh aw khong co gia tr
na va khong biet oc nh the nao. Thanh vay, trong tat ca
van ban ch Cham, Phan, Campuchia, traoh aw (ao) luon
luon phai co dar tha.
Da vao ly do cac con em Cham khong phan biet c
am thap va am cao cua nhom ao, BBSSCC quyet nh bo
dar tha. Th du : caong () c muon, BBSSCC viet
thanh caong ( ) khong co dar tha ; baoh (J) trai,
BBSSCC viet thanh baoh (J) khong co dar tha. Nhng
cung trong sach giao trnh nay, BBSSCC van tiep tuc duy tr
traoh aw co dar tha nh daok (") ngoi, malaow ()
cam. ay la cach che bien tuy tien, nhng BBSSCC
khong co li giai thch tai sao.

S sai lam nay a lam cho ngon ng Cham von co quy
luat on nh lau i tr thanh mot ngon ng rac roi, khong
theo mot quy luat nao ca. V ngi ta khong biet trng hp
nao co am to traoh aw co dar tha va trng hp nao la
khong co dar tha.

90
3). Hua baluw tren nh trung am dar tha dar dua

Tren nguyen tac, dar tha dar dua (= ai) trong ch Cha m
va ch Phan khong bao gi co baluw. Ngc lai, BBSSCC
dung baluw tren dar tha dar dua mot cach tuy tien, nhng c
quan nay cung kho ng cho biet nguyen nhan nao lai phai
dung baluw. Th du nh kanain - co baluw, ngc lai
hagait - khong co baluw.
S sai lam nay co the a hoc sinh Cham va o con ng
kho x. La m sao ho biet khi nao dar tha dar dua co baluw
va khi nao th khong dung baluw.

4). a ra qui luat noi sao viet vay

Sach va giao trnh tieng Cham cua BBSSCC la loai sach
soan theo kieu ngon ng noi sao viet vay ch khong phai
la soan theo van ban ch viet cua ngi Cham. ay la hai
th du ien hnh cua phng phap noi sao viet vay cua
BBSSCC :

nduen ()) non, BBSSCC viet thanh ndon ()).
juai (-" ) ng BBSSCC viet thanh joy (").

Trng hp nay cung nh cac gii tre ngi Viet thng
noi vi nhau : i de, hom va, noi day, v.v. Nhng
giao trnh hoc tieng Viet luc nao cung phai viet i ve,
hom qua, noi vay. ay la qui c chnh ta cua tieng
Viet bat buoc hoc sinh va ngi s dung tieng Viet phai viet
ung. Chnh o mi la yeu to c ban ma giao trnh giang
day cua BBSSCC phai ton trong.
Noi sao viet vay la cong thc ch ap dung cho ngon
ng khong co ch viet nh tieng Churu, Raglai, v.v. Tieng
Cham cung nh tieng Viet la ngon ng co ch viet. Noi
sao viet vay, co ngha la viet theo cach phat am hang ngay
cua ngi Cham e lam va long hoc sinh la mot phng
91
phap sai lam. Va s sai lam nay, v vo tnh, co the lam bien
dang i di san ngon ng va ch viet Cham.

Ba sai lam mang yeu to chnh ta

Nhng sai lam mang yeu to chnh ta khong lam ao
lon he thong cau truc ch viet, nhng th ng gay ra nhng
xao tron quan trong trong phan cau truc cua chnh ta.

1). Che tao qui luat cho takai kik tut takai mak

Tieng Cham co takai kik, tc la i ngan va takai kik tut
takai mak tc la i dai, nhng cach s dung cua no khong co
qui luat ro rang.
Theo thong le, takai kik thng nam tren phu am chnh
gia nh labik J , gilac . Ngc lai, takai kik tut takai
mak thng nam tren phu a m cuoi cung, th du ni n va kami
km.
Lien quan en phan nay, BBSSCC che ra mot qui luat
mi cho takai kik tut takai mak mot cach t do khong da
vao mot minh chng khoa hoc nao. Th du ma-in _,
lingik viet co takai kik tut takai mak, nhng ri trong
ariya ) lai khong co takai kik tut takai mak.
Cach dung takai kik tut takai mak mot cach tuy tien cua
BBSSCC se a cac con em ngi Cham va ngay ca ngi
ln tuoi hoc tieng Cham cung khong the hnh dung noi trong
trng hp nao phai phai viet takai kik tut takai mak va t
nao khong mang ky hieu nay.
Ch Cham co qui luat kha ro rang ve takai kik va takai
kik tut takai mak. Tai sao lai che bien them qui luat mi e
bien ch Cham cang rac roi them.

2) Che bien quy luat hua baluw

Cung nh Phan ng, tieng Cham cung co baluw, nhng
no ch dung, theo ly thuyet bo lao Cha m, e chuyen mot so
92
am to nh ak, uk "am cao" thanh a m to ak, uk "am thap" ma
thoi. Th du: jak (") (am cao) khon va jak (") (am
thap) ru nhau ; tuk () (am cao) gi khac va tuk ()
(am thap) trong cum t tuk dan thuoc dan. Ngoai gia tr
o, baluw con dung tren phu am cuoi cua mot t nh taha
() gia, tada (") ngc. Tiec rang, ay ch la li giai
thch cua cac bo lao Cham, v tren thc te, qui luat dung
baluw cha c qui nh ro rang ngoai tr mot so trng
hp baluw thng i vi pak praong nh pak " so 4
patagok " cho len tapay " con tho, v.v. ma
tai lieu hoang gia Champa thng s dung.

Trong giao trnh cua BBSSCC, ngi ta thay baluw c
dung khap ni va tuy tien, nhng c quan nay cung khong
cho biet tai sao. The th lam sao ma cac con em co u tr
nh e biet cho nao phai viet baluw va cho nao khong viet
baluw. Ch can xem mot hang trang 33 cua Kadha Pathrem
Sap Cham 5 (NXBGD, 2002), oc gia co the hnh dung c
au la qui luat cua baluw do BBSSCC a ra. Theo gia o
trnh nay, ikan _ - panan _ - paban J - hajan
" phai co baluw, trong khi o cac ch thong dung nay
c dung trong van ban Cham ca hang the ky khong bao
gi co baluw.
Neu cho rang co hai t hajan trong tieng Cham nhng
oc khac nhau, thanh vay BBSSCC quyet nh cho hajan
" ma co baluw. Tiec rang ch Cha m ch co mot t
hajan duy nhat la ma.
Theo truyen thong, likuk ang sau khong bao
gi co baluw, ngc lai BBSSCC viet likuk (trang 32)
lai co baluw, tai sao ?
Dung baluw mot cach tuy tien tren phu am, khong co
qui luat nhat nh ro rang e a va o giao trnh giang day
tieng Cham cho con em Cham hoc a gay ra mot hau qua
khong lng c, o la BBSSCC vo tnh t che bien ngon
ng ch viet Cham hoan toan mi la, khong lien he g vi
93
ch viet Cham truyen thong ma cac gii tu s, bo lao va tr
thc Cham hom nay ang s dung.

3) a ra quy luat pak praong ()

Trong ngon ng Cha m co hai phu am pak goi la pak
praong () va pak asit (). Ngoai tr ch po () ngai,
ngi Cham luon luon viet pak praong. Con mot so t khac,
ngi ta cung dung pak praong nhng khong co qui luat ro
rang. Thanh vay, BBSSCC can nghien cu ro rang cach
dung pak praong trc khi a ra mot qui luat trong trng
hp nao dung phu am nay.
Trong t ien Cham-Viet-Phap cua G. Moussay, phu am
pak praong dung e lam tien to trong he thong bien t. Th
du : manei () tam ra > pamanei ( ) cho tam ;
matai (-) chet > pamatai (-) giet.
Theo G. Moussay, ay ch la ly thuyet cua nhom ngi
Cham lam trong ban bien soan t ien ma thoi, v ho khong
da vao mot d kien nao ca.
Theo chung toi, tha giai thch cho con em biet cach dung
phu am pak praong la nhng trng hp ngoai le, nen hoc
thuoc long, con hn a ra qui luat cho pak praong ma qui
luat nay khong lien he g en nguon goc lch s cua ch viet
Cham.

Nguyen nhan cua s sai lam

Nguyen nhan nao a a en nhng sai lam nay, nhat la
4 sai lam mang yeu to he thong co the tan pha ca mot di
san ch viet ma khong ai co the o lng c hau qua cua
no. o la e tai ma chung toi muon a ra ban bac ay.
Theo chung toi, van e loi lam a xay ra trong giao trnh
phat xuat t hai nguyen nhan chnh ang o la :

Khong ton trong di san akhar thrah Cham truyen
thong cua ngi Cham.
94
Chon la sai lam muc tieu giao duc cua giao trnh day
tieng Cham.

1). Khong ton trong qui luat ch viet truyen thong

Tat ca 7 trng hp sai lam cua BBSSCC neu tren xuat
phat t viec BBSSCC khong tuan theo nhng quy luat va
nhng trng hp bat quy tac cua tieng Cham truyen thong
noi rieng va ngon ng ch viet cua nhan loai noi chung. V
bat c mot loai ch viet nao tren the gii eu co nhng
trng hp bat qui tac. Khi gap trng hp bat qui tac th
ngi s dung, ngi hoc ngon ng o phai hoc thuoc long,
khong con cach nao khac.
Trong tieng Anh, co rat nhieu trng hp mot ky hieu
nhng lai oc khac nhau, cha tnh hn hang tram ong t
bat qui tac khong theo qui luat nao ca nhng ngi hoc
phai hoc thuoc long ma thoi. Tieng Ma cung nh the.
Nguyen am e, khi oc la , khi oc la e, tuy cum t ma
nhan dien. Trong khi o, tieng Cham ch co 7 trng hp
(tam cho la bat qui tac), tai sao BBSSCC khong giai thch
o la trng hp bat qui tac va buoc con em Cham phai hoc
thuoc long, ma lai i cai bien theo quan iem rieng t cua
mnh.

BBSSCC ly luan rang che bien, thay oi va lt bo mot
so ky hieu ch Cham la e cho hoc sinh Cham de hoc. a y
la ly luan hoan toan phi khoa hoc, khong khac chi mot ngi
Cham ng ra soan thao giao trnh day tieng Viet e ngh
bo i dau nga ch con lai dau hoi, e cho con em Cham hoc
nhanh hn. Chung toi tin rang nha nc Viet Nam khong
bao gi chap nhan dung giao trnh nay e day tieng Viet
cho con em ngi Cham tai Viet Nam. Ne u cong ong bo
lao va tr thc Cham hom nay phan oi sach giao trnh giang
day tieng Cham cua BBSSCC cung la v ly do o.

95
Theo qui luat giang day akhar thrah Cham, ngi soan
sach giao trnh phai a ra nhng trng hp bat qui tac
trong ch viet Cham va buoc ngi hoc tieng Cham phai
hoc thuoc long, ch khong phai cai bien va lt bo no. La m
c viec nay mi la muc tieu chnh yeu cua BBSSCC
nham bao ton nguyen ven di san ngon ng ch viet Cham
truyen thong va t o giup the he tre co c hoi tiep can vi
kho tang van hoc Cham cung nh tm lai nhng tinh hoa b
an trong kho tang van hoa nay do bac tien nhan cua ho e
lai.

2) Sai lam muc tieu giao duc

Cung nh cac sach giao trnh cua cac ngon ng khac nh
tieng Viet, Campuchia, Lao, Ma Lai v.v, mu c tieu giang day
tieng Cham cua BBSSCC la ao tao con em ngi Cha m
biet oc van ban tieng Cham do cac bac tu s, bo lao va tr
thc Cham ang s dung ho m nay, tiep thu va khai pha
nhng kho tang van hoc Cham vo cung qu bau hien con lu
tr trong cac gia nh va lang xa cua ho. ay mi la muc
tieu quan trong hang au ma BBSSCC phai ton trong triet
e, va o cung la mot ngha vu cao ca cua BBSSCC nha m
bao ton di san ngon ng va ch viet cua dan toc Cham a
truyen t the t the he nay sang the he khac.
The nhng, khi nhn qua noi dung giao trnh giang day
tieng Cham cua BBSSCC, chung toi nhan thay rang c quan
nay a chon muc tieu giang day tieng Cham hoan toan i
ngc lai vi muc tieu ma chung toi va a ra. Thay v
BBSSCC tm phng phap e lam the nao cho cac con em
hoc tieng Cham co the oc lai van ban viet bang tieng
Cham cua mnh, th c quan nay lai chon mot phng phap
trai ngc, o la tm cach lam the nao e con em Cha m o c
va hieu that nhanh tieng Cham do BBSSCC thc hien e lay
thanh tch vi nha nc. Chnh v the ma a en hau qua la
con em hoc xong giao trnh cua BBSSCC trong nhieu nam,
nhng khong the oc c th t cua cha me ho viet bang
96
tieng Cham co truyen cha noi en tac pham van hoc
Cham.
S chon la sai lam muc tieu cua BBSSCC a a cong
ong Cham ng ra phan oi sach giao trnh nay. Theo
chung toi, s phan oi cua ba con Cham co mot ly do ro ret,
o la ho khong muon con em cua ho hoc ngon ng ch viet
Cham cua BBSSCC hoan toan ngoai lai vi ch Cham
truyen thong cua ho. Ho thng at van e, t the ky th 15
cho en nam 1975, tat ca con em ngi Cham eu hoc akhar
thrah Cham truyen thong va ho oc c ngon ng ch viet
Cham co truyen nay. The th tai sao con em ngi Cha m
di che o Xa hoi Chu Ngha sau 1975, v ly g ho khong
con au oc thong minh e hoc tieng Cham theo loi co
truyen e roi BBSSCC phai che ra mot kie u ch Cham mi
cho ho de hoc. Chung toi khong tin la con em Cham di
che o Xa hoi Chu Ngha u viet nh the ma lai thieu thong
minh. Neu van e nay co xay ra la ch v BBSSCC a chon
sai muc tieu cua giao trnh, o la thay v day tieng Cham e
cho con em ngi Cham biet oc ch Cham trong nhng tac
pham van hoc truyen thong cua ho, BBSSCC lai ch day con
em ngi Cham ch biet oc duy nhat giao trnh cua
BBSSCC ma thoi.

Mot khi a chon muc tieu sai lam, BBSSCC ch chu tam
en logic cua nganh giang day theo quan iem cua mnh e
roi quen i mot yeu to vo cung quan trong o la ch viet
Cham co mot lch s lau i gan vi nen van minh
Champa : ch viet Cham co mot cau truc rat khoa hoc ; co
qui luat han hoi ; mang tnh ben vng, on nh va nhat quan.
Thanh vay, khong ai co quyen thay oi, cat xen, them bt
ma khong a ra mot minh chng ro ret.

Hau qua cua viec cai bien ch Cham

Viec cai bien ch Cham cua BBSSCC a mang lai 5 hau
qua ln lao ma chung toi xin ghi nhan ay :
97

1). Bay sai lam trong cong trnh cai bien cua BBSSCC
a lam cho ch viet Cham von co quy luat on nh trai qua
hang tram nam trong lch s, tr thanh ch viet rac roi,
khong theo mot quy luat nao ca.

2). a cac con em ngi Cham hoc tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC tr thanh ngi tai mu ch Cham. V hoc xong
giao trnh cua BBSSCC, ho khong the o c c van ban
viet bang tieng Cham truyen thong con lu lai trong lang
xa, trong gia nh cung nh th t cua cha me ho viet.
Mot khi khong con ai oc c tieng Cha m co truye n
na, kho tang van hoa Champa co gia tr nh van hoc, lch
s, tn ngng, y hoc, v.v se b chon vui vao d vang trong
mot mot vai the he sau.

3). Tao ra moi ran nt tram trong trong cong ong ngi
Cham phat xuat t s mau thuan oi nghch gia hai the he:
The he ngi ln tuoi van tiep tuc s dung ch Cham truyen
thong va the he tre em hoc tieng Cha m cai bien cua
BBSSCC khong oc c ch Cham do cha me ho viet. Ke
t o, dan toc Cham hom nay noi cung mot th tieng nhng
co hai he thong ch viet khac nhau. ay la bien co cha
tng xay ra trong khu vc ong Nam A.

4). S ra i sach giao trnh day tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC a lam cho mot so chc sac, bo lao va tr thc
Cham co trach nhiem oi vi di san van hoa dan toc rat
hoang mang ve tng lai cua ngon ng va ch viet truyen
thong cua ho. Mot so cu gia Cham con noi rang neu ma y
cho tao sach tieng Cham viet theo kieu BBSSCC th tao
khong lay. ay la s phan ng cong khai va cung la li
cham biem khoi hai noi len mot cach ro re t quan iem cua
ngi Cham hom nay kho ng chap ch Cham cai bien cua
BBSSCC.

98
5). S lt bt, cai bien trong sach giao trnh day tieng
Cham cua BBSSCC khong phai la lam giau va phong phu
them ngon ng va ch viet Cha m ma vo tnh tr thanh hanh
vi tieu cc gop phan pha huy ca mot di san ngon ng va ch
viet truyen thong cua dan toc Cham a lu truyen t the he
nay sang the he khac.

Thay l i ket luan

Cong ong ngi Cham ho m nay khong bao gi quen
cong lao Nhanc Viet Nam, Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao va
BBSSCC a giup con em cua ho co c hoi hoc tieng
Cham trong trng lp. Tiec rang, sach va giao trnh day
tieng Cham cua BBSSCC lai vap phai mot so sai lam, nhat
la 4 sai lam mang yeu to he thong, a a ngon ng ch
viet Cham mot di san van hoa a ton tai va on nh qua
hang tram nam gan lien v nen van minh Champa i vao
bc quanh co cua lch s, o la sau 1975, di san ch viet
Cham bat au bien oi theo a cai tien cua BBSSCC va xu
hng se lai cang e roi dan dan t bien mat neu khong kp
thi ieu chnh.
Nha nc Viet Nam luon luon chu trng lam viec cho
dan va v dan. Do vay, ong bao Cham tin tng rang Bo
Giao Duc va ao Tao se co chnh sach thch hp, ch ao
BBSSCC chnh on lai 4 sai lam mang yeu to he thong
trong giao trnh day tieng Cham noi tren e thong nhat
akhar thrah Cham truyen thong cang sm cang tot.
Neu Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao chnh on lai 4 sai la m
mang yeu to he thong o th giao trnh day tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC se tr thanh mot tac pham hoa n hao va cong o ng
Cham se khong con hoang mang ve so phan di san ngon ng
va ch viet cua ho trong tng lai na. Theo chung toi biet,
cac sach giao khoa va giao trnh giang day tieng Viet cua
Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao giang day cac Trng pho thong
va ai hoc Viet Nam cung a c nhie u lan chnh on.
The th, giao trnh day tieng Cha m cua BBSSCC cung can
99
c chnh on e phu hp vi nguon goc ngon ng ch viet
truyen thong cua ngi Cham hom nay. ay la viec lam rat
bnh thng va can thiet.

Tat ca moi van e neu tren ch nham muc tieu bao ton
ngon ng ch viet Cham truyen thong mot di san van hoa
qu gia cua nen van minh Champa hoan toan phu hp vi
hien chng cua UNESCO ma Nha nc Viet Nam la thanh
vien cua to chc quoc te nay.

100

Gop phan tm hieu ve le hoi Kate

Qasim T

Trong thi gian qua, chung toi co nhan mot so y kien va
ien th cua mot so ban ve le hoi Kate. Trong cac bai viet
nay, cac tac gia eu co nhng nhan xet va quan iem rieng
cua mnh ve le hoi Kate. Co ngi th cho rang Kate la le
ghi n cua cac bac tien nhan Champa. Mot so khac th cho
rang Kate la le hoi cua ngi Cham Ahier. Va con mot so
khac th cho rang Kate la quoc le Champa.
Xuat phat t nhng quan iem khac biet tren, chung toi
xin gop phan at lai van e the nao noi dung va muc tieu
cua Kate nham a le hoi nay ung vi v tr truyen thong
cua no.

*

Kate la mot e tai hap dan cho cac nha khoa hoc, cac
nha nghien cu xa hoi trong nc va tren the gii. Kate
cung la mot e tai tranh luan khong ngng cua ngi Cham
song hai ngoai trong suot mot thap nien qua.
Kate la g ? Kate co t bao gi ? Kate la le hoi mang
hnh thc tn ngng hay la mot ai le cua toan dan toc
Champa ? Va le Kate ong mot vai tro g trong s sinh ton
va phat trien truyen thong van hoa cua vng quoc
Champa ? o la nhng cau hoi ay thac mac cua chung toi
t khi con la sinh vien ai hoc Viet Nam.

Sau mot thi gian tiep xuc vi cac nhan s, tr thc
Cham va mot so nha khoa hoc chuyen ve Champa, chung
toi tiep thu c mot so bai viet ve Kate, nh Thien Sanh
Canh, Le Kate Cham va Truyen thuyet vua Po Rome
(Noi San Panrang, so 3/1973), Nai Thanh Viet, Le Kate
Cham (Noi San Panrang, so 1/1972 ), Sakaya, Le Hoi cua
102
ngi Cham (Ha Noi, 2004) va Van Mon, Le hoi Kate Cham
Ninh Thuan (S Van hoa Thong tin Ninh Thuan, 2000). Can
c vao nhng s kien cu the va nhng t lieu nay, chung toi
xin a ra mot vai nhan nh sau ay nham gop phan lam
sang to le hoi truyen thong Kate.

T khi vng quoc Champa b xoa han tren ban o ban
ao ong Dng vao nam 1832 bi cac lan song Nam Tien
cua dan toc Viet, trong nc cung nh nc ngoai cha
co mot tai lieu cu the nao giai thch va chng minh ro ret ve
nguon goc va xuat x le hoi Kate.
ieu ma khong ai co quyen phu nhan c o la dan
toc Champa hom nay van con gi mot kho tang van hoa va
lch s vo cung qu bau. Va kho tang nay khong phai la cua
rieng cua dan toc Champa ma la mot di san van hoa cua
nhan loai. Kate la mot trong nhng le hoi cau thanh kho
tang van hoa qu bau nay.
Mac du la mot dan toc vong quoc, nhng ngi dan
Champa van con hien hu ngay hom nay. Ho ang song
lang le cac thon ap, tap trung chu yeu vung Phan Rang-
Thap Cham, tnh Ninh Thuan va vung Phan R, tnh Bnh
Thuan, mien trung Viet Nam, o la nhng ni co nhieu en
thap Champa co knh va cung la ni thng dien ra le hoi
Kate hang nam vao thang 7 Cham lch (khoang t thang 9
en thang 10 Tay lch). Ho chnh la chu nhan, la nhan
chng cua le hoi Kate nay. Ho la hien than cho nen van hoa
Champa. Ho la nhng ngi trc tiep gi gn va bao ton
truyen thong van hoa lau i cua ho. Ho xem Kate nh mot
bau vat a c lu truyen lai t hang nghn nam nay,
nhng net ac trng cua le hoi Kate khong he thay oi.
e tm hieu ve le hoi truyen thong nay, Chung toi xin
tom tat s lc ve dien bien va noi dung le Kate khu vc
tnh Ninh Thuan, mot lanh tho cua tieu vng quoc
Panduranga ngay xa.

103

Phan nghi le

Can c vao noi dung, Kate c chia thanh 5 phan nghi
le chnh :

Le rc y trang
ay la le trnh dien ao quan, n trang v.v... cua mot so
vua chua, v than ma dan toc Raglai va Cham Ahier con cat
gi e a ve 3 ni to chc Kate : Thap Po Klaong Garai
thon o Vinh, th xa Thap Cham, thap Po Rome Hau
Sanh, xa Phc Hu va en Po Ina Nagar lang Hu c,
xa Phc Hu, huyen Ninh Phc, tnh Ninh Thuan.

Le m ca thap
Sau le on nhan ao quan, n trang nay, Po Adhia, ca s
cua cong ong Cham Ahier ng ra chu tr buoi le cau xin
cac v than linh cho phep m ca thap.

Le tam tng than
Le nay c dien ra ben trong thap vi s chu tr cua Po
Adhia, co s hien dien cua ong Kadhar (ngi keo an nh
va hat cac bai ca tung), ong Camney (ngi trong nom
thap), Muk Pajau (ngi phu ta trong viec sap xep le vat) va
mot so chc sac Cham Ahier khac.

Le mac y trang cho tng than
Le nay c thc hien ngay sau le tam cac tng than
xong.

Phan ket thuc: ai le Kate
ai le Kate c bat au sau nghi le mac gia bao cho
cac tng than. Trong luc ong Kadhar hat cac bai ca tung,
cac ba con en tham d Kate (du ho la ngi Cham Ahier
hay Awal, Raglai hay ngi Viet) eu tap trung ben ngoai
104
thap lam le dang vat va cau nguyen xin than thanh ban phuc
lanh cho ho.
Theo phong tuc co truyen, le Kate c m man bi
tieng gong, cieng, tieng ken raklaiy va ieu mua cua dan toc
anh em Raglai en tham d.
Trc nam 1965, Kate ch la mot le tuc. Sau nam 1965,
qua sang kien cua ai uy Dng Tan S, quan trng quan
An Phc thi o, le Kate c them phan van nghe dan
gian qua cac tieng trong ginang oai phong, tieng ken saranai
vui nhon, cung phu hoa vi ieu mua co truyen nhp nhang
cua cac thieu n Cham ben ngoai thap. Va ke t o, Kate
tr thanh va la le tuc va la le hoi.

Trong phan ket thuc, le Kate bao ham hai yeu to tn
ngng ro ret :
Th nhat la bieu tng cho yeu to An o Giao. Trong
phan nay, Po Adhia lam chu tr buoi le Kate hoan toan da
tren cac nghi thc mang mau sac va am vang ro ret cua tn
ngng An o Giao (than Shiva, Vishnu, v.v...).
Th hai la bieu tng cho yeu to Cham Ahier Giao, o
la ong Kadhar hat cac bai ca tung nham ton vinh mot so v
than linh co cong dng xay at nc, bao ve s song con
vng quoc Champa. V nghi le nay khong lien he g en
An o Giao va khong co chc sac Cham Awal chu tr buoi
le.

ieu ma khong ai co the phu nhan la xa hoi Cham hom
nay co hai tn ngng chnh : Tn ngng Cham Ahier va tn
ngng Cham Awal (hoi giao khong chnh thong). Hai tn
ngng nay ang ng tr va chi phoi moi sinh hoat va i
song hang ngay cua ngi Cham tai Panduranga. Chnh v
the, chung toi muon a ra ay mot so cau hoi e lam
sang to them ve le hoi Kate.

105
1. Muc ch cua Kate

Theo Thien Sanh Canh, Nai Thanh Viet va Van Mon,
Kate la le tuc cua ngi Cham Ahier nham tng niem
Nam Than va cung la c hoi xin than linh Champa ban cho
ma thuan gio hoa, lam an thnh vng. Le Kate do chc
sac Cham Ahier nh Po Adhia, Po Basaih ng ra lam le
tren en thap. Sau o Kate lai dien ra trong thon xom
ngi Cham Ahier va cuoi cung trong gia nh Cham Ahier.
Trong ngay Kate, khong co s tham d cua cac chc sac
Cham Bani va ba con Cham Bani khong an le Kate trong
thon xom va gia nh cua ho, nhng mot so gia nh Bani
cung thng len thap e dang le vat xin than linh ban phc
lanh.

2. Noi dung cua Kate

Nhn qua 5 phan nghi le Kate, chung ta co the rut ra 3
ac iem chnh sau ay.
Th nhat la nghi le Kate. Chung ta khang nh rang,
Kate la mot le tuc do Po Adhia lam chu tr, co s hien dien
cua ong Kadhar, ong Camney, Muk Pajau va mot so chc
sac Cham Ahier khac. Ho la gii tang l, chc sac thuoc ve
tn ngng Cham Ahier. Trong le Kate khong co s tham
gia cua cac chc sac Cham Bani, nh Po Gru, Po Mm, Po
Acar.
Th hai la s vang mat cua cac chc sac Cham Bani
trong le Kate co mot nguyen nhan chnh. Theo truyen thong
Champa, cac chc sac ton giao Cham Ahier va Cham Awal
c chia ra thanh hai nhom tu s khac nhau va moi nhom
co ngha vu rieng biet e bao ton di san van hoa va lch s
Champa, o la Bimong va Sang Magik.
Phong tuc Cham co cau Tajuh Halau, klau Bimong (7
Thanh ng va 3 Thap), co ngha la cong ong Cham
Awal (Bani) co trach nhiem ve 7 Thanh ng Hoi Giao,
o la Sang Magik palei Ram thon Van Lam, xa Phc
106
Nam, Sang Magik palei Cuah Patih thon Thanh Tn, xa
Phc Hai, Sang Magik palei Patuh thon Tuan Tu, xa An
Hai, Sang Magik palei Baoh Hadeng thon Phu Nhuan, xa
Phc Thuan, huyen Ninh Phc, Sang Magik palei Mblap
Klak thon An Nhn, xa Xuan Hai, Sang Magik palei
Mblap Barau thon Phc Nhn, xa Xuan Hai, huyen Ninh
Hai va Sang Magik palei Cang thon Lng Tri, xa Nhn
Sn, huyen Ninh Sn, tnh Ninh Thuan.
Ngc lai, cong ong Cham Ahier co trach nhiem ve 3
en thap, o la Bimong Po Klaong Garai, Bimong Po Rome
va Bimong Po Ina Nagar la nhng ni dien ra le Kate hang
nam. Chnh v the, Kate la mot le hoi dien ra 3 en thap
do Cham Ahier co trach nhiem bao ton. Ngc lai, Cham
Awal phai co trach nhiem to chc le Ramavan hay Muk Kei
(vao au thang 9 Hoi lch), cung la ngay le trong ai 7
Thanh ng ma chung toi va neu tren.
ac iem cuoi cung o la sau ngay le Kate tren thap,
cac gia nh Cham Ahier lam le Kate tai nha ma ho goi la
ew lathei. ay la le tuc cua ngi Cham Ahier, v ngi
Cham Bani khong lam le Mbeng Kate sau ngay le Kate tren
thap.

Qua 3 ac iem neu tren, chung ta co the ket luan rang
Kate la le hoi cua ngi Cham Ahier tai vung Panduranga
hom nay.

3. Kate khong the la quoc le Champa c

Noi en quoc le th ngi ta thng ngh en ngay le
Quoc Khanh. ay la khai niem chnh tr c ap dung trong
cac quoc gia oc lap hien nay.

Tren phng dien lch s, Champa la mot quoc gia a
ton giao. Trc the ky 15, Champa chu anh hng An o
Giao. Sau the ky 15, Champa nhan them mot tn ngng
mi na, o la tn ngng Awal (Bani), tc Hoi Giao khong
107
chnh thong. Champa la mot vng quoc theo the che lien
bang gom cac tieu vng quoc nh Amaravati, Vijaya,
Kauthara, Panduranga. Va Champa la mot quoc gia a
chung gom co dan toc Cham va cac dan toc anh em Tay
Nguyen nh dan toc Jarai, Radhe, Bahnar, Hroi, Churu,
Raglai, v.v...

Kate khong the la quoc le Champa c, v trong ngay
le trong ai o lai khong co s tham d cua cac chc sac
Cham Awal (Bani) tren en thap vi tu s Ahier va ba con
Cham Bani khong an Kate trong thon xom va gia nh cua
ho. Them vao o cac dan toc khac nh Radhe, Jarai,
Bahnar, Hroi, Churu, v.v... khong lam le Kate, ngoai tr
ngi Raglai trach nhiem gi gia bao cua than linh cua
Kate.

Du Kate do cong ong Cham Ahier to chc, nhng co
rat nhieu ba con Cham Bani cung en thap d le Kate xin
than linh ban phc lanh cho ho. S hien dien cua ho khong
khac g nh Cham Ahier en thanh ng ben Cham Bani
trong dp le Ramawan, ch co the thoi.
Tom lai Kate khong the la quoc le Champa c, v noi
dung cua le Kate ch lien quan en tn ngng rieng cua
ngi Cham Ahier ma thoi va co s tham gia cua dan toc
Raglai, tc la cong ong gi gn mot so gia bao th phng
than linh Panduranga.

4. Kate khong phai la le tuc duy nhat nham ghi n
cac than linh Champa

Trong ngay le Kate, ong Kadhar hat cac bai ca tung e
ton vinh mot so v than linh goc Cham Ahier va goc Cham
Awal co cong trang ln lao vi at nc Champa.
Trong bai hat nay, ong Kadhar thng nhac en than
linh quan trong nh Po Ina Nagar, Po Klaong Garai, Po Thun
Girai Thun Cek, Po Bia Binan, v.v.. ; mot so vua chua
108
Champa tr thanh than linh, nh Po Rome, Po Binthuer,
v.v... mot so than linh goc Awal (Bani) ma nguon goc lch
s cha c sang to nh Po Gahlau, Patao Yang In, Po
Biruw, Po Riyak, Po Tang Ahaok, Po Haniem Par, v.v... va
mot so than linh phu thuoc ma khong ai biet ho t au en,
o la Yang Brait Yang Bri, Po Mangi, Po Manguw, Nai
Carao Craoh bhaow, Kadit Tanaow, Kadit Binai, v.v.
Neu noi rang Kate la le ghi n cac bac tien nhan
Champa th cung cha ung ngha cua no. V trong le Rija
Nagar, Yang Puis, Yang Payak, Kubaw Ma-ih, Thrua, v. v.,
ong Kadhar cung hat bai phung ieu than linh ma ong ta a
hat trong ngay Kate.
ung ra, le Rija Nagar mi tam goi la le cua ong bao
Cham Panduranga. V le nay c to chc trong cac lang
Cham Ahier va Cham Awal vao ngay au nam cua Cham
lch. Nhng le Rija Nagar cung khong the goi la le Champa
c v cac dan toc khac nh Raglai, Churu, v.v... khong
en tham d.
Va ung ra Suk Ayeng cung co the tam goi la ngay le
cua hai cong ong Cham Ahier va Awal tai Phan Rang. V
c ba nam mot lan, cac tu s Ahier va Awar tap trung trong
thanh ng Bani e nh ngay thang va xem xet lai tnh
hnh xa hoi Cham tien trien nh the nao.

Noi chung, Kate, Rija Nagar hay Suk Ayeng, v.v. la
nhng le tn ngng. Va mot khi noi dung cua le tuc nay ch
lien quan en tn ngng rieng cua Cham Ahier va Cham
Awal, th chung ta khong the goi la quoc le Champa c,
mac du trong cac le nay, ngi ta hat bai ca tung cac than
linh Champa. V rang, phan ca tung nay ch bieu tng cho
long tin cua moi cong ong, moi tap the hay moi ca nhan
ngi Cham oi vi than linh Champa cua ho ma thoi.
Neu noi Kate la quoc le Champa hay le ghi n anh hung
liet s Champa, th t ra tat ca tap the dan toc Champa, du ho
la ngi Cham, Raglai, Churu, v.v. khong phan biet chung
109
toc, ton giao va a phng, phai tuan hanh tham gia the
theo truyen thong a e lai.

ng tren phng dien lch s, Kate khong phai la ngay
quoc le Champa, nhng la mot ngay le cua tieu vng quoc
Panduranga-Champa mang am net tn ngng Cham Ahier.
ieu can nhan manh rang Kate khong phai le hoi An o
Giao v An o khong co le hoi nay.
ng tren phng dien tn ngng Panduranga hom
nay, ngi ta phan biet co 3 he thong le hoi ro rang :
Kate la ngay ai le cua ngi Cham Ahier co s hien
dien cua dan toc Raglai, nhng le nay cung c ngi
Cham Awal len en thap sung bai than linh v long tin ca
nhan cua ho.
Ramavan la ngay ai le cua ngi Cham Awal (Bani),
nhng le nay cung c ngi Cham Ahier en thang ng
sung bai ang Allah, v long tin ca nhan cua ho.
Rija Nagar, Rija Praong, Rija Harei, Palao Sah, Rija
Atuw Cek va Rija Atuw Tathik, v.v... la cac le hoi dan gian
c lu truyen trong hai cong ong Cham Ahier va Cham
Awal (Bani).

*

ng tren phng dien tn ngng, Kate la mot le hoi
cua ngi Cham Ahier, nhng le hoi nay a tr thanh mot di
san van hoa cua toan the dan toc Champa. Va le Kate nay
co gia tr van hoa tng ng vi cac le hoi khac cua vng
quoc Champa nh le Ramavan, Rija Nagar, Suk Yeng, v.v...
hay mot so le cua Cham Islam (Hoi Giao chnh thong).
Theo quan iem cua chung toi, bao ton truyen thong le
hoi Kate, Ramavan, Rija Nagar, Suk Yeng, v.v... khong phai
chung ta tin vao than thanh, nhng la bao ton cac gia tr
truyen thong van hoa cua ngi Cham Ahier va ngi Cham
Awal.
110
Kate hom nay a tr thanh mot trong le hoi truyen
thong cua Champa, cung nh cac le hoi khac cua dan toc
Cham Bani, dan toc Raglai, Churu, Radhe, Jarai, v.v... Tat
ca cac le hoi nay la yeu to cau tao thanh nen van minh
Champa. Dan toc Champa phai t hao la chung ta co mot
nen van minh rat a dang va a hnh thc.
Dan toc Champa la dan toc a ton giao. Nhng khong v
tn ngng rieng biet cua mnh ma chung ta lai phu nhan
nhng yeu to van hoa Champa khong lien he en ton giao
cua chung ta c. V rang, ton giao thuoc long tin thieng
lieng cua ca nhan. Van hoa va lch s thuoc long tin thieng
lieng tap the cua mot dan toc. Chung ta co the tin va t hao
ve bat c mot ton giao hay mot tn ngng nao, nhng
chung ta khong the phu nhan mnh la dan toc Champa.
Van hoa la linh hon cua mot dan toc. Mat van hoa co
ngha la mat tnh dan toc. Tm hieu ve van hoa cua dan toc
la bon phan va trach nhiem cua moi ngi dan Champa.
Hieu va thc hien ung y ngha va gia tr van hoa Champa
cung la mot ngha vu nham gop phan chng minh rang dan
toc Champa chung ta co mot nen van hoa va van minh rieng
biet.
Yeu to van hoa cua dan toc la mot iem vo cung quan
trong. No phan anh trc tiep gia qua kh va hien tai, gia
xa va nay. Khong v Champa vong quoc ma ai cung muon
nh ngha Kate theo quan iem rieng t cua mnh, da tren
chu thuyet ton giao cua mnh hay da theo nhng dong y
thc vo c s khoa hoc c.
Cuoi cung chung ta khong the quen cau cham ngon ma
cac bac tien nhan chung ta e lai o la Ia hu halau, kayau
hu agha (nc co nguon, cay co coi). Chung ta hay nhan
dien Kate mot cach ung an hn e t o chung ta cung
nhau gop sc e a le hoi Kate cung nh cac le hoi khac
tr ve vi coi nguon, goc re, va ung vi v tr trong vn
van hoa cua dan toc Champa.

111
Ket luan:

Du Kate la le tuc cua cong ong Champa Ahier, nhng
Kate a tr thanh di san van hoa cua Champa. Thanh ra tat
ca dan toc Champa khong phan biet ton giao, chung toc va
a phng co quyen tham gia hay to chc le hoi e chao
mng ngay Kate hay chao mng nhng ngay le khac nh
Ramawan, Suk Yeng, v.v. va nhat la phai co ngha vu bao
ton va phat trien nhng le hoi nay.

Phu ban :
Danh sach than linh va vua chua c ca tung trong
Kate theo sach Cham co CAM 148 cua Vien Vien ong
Phap :

1. Po Thun Girai Thun Cek, 2. Po Girai Bhaok, 3. Po Bia
Binan, 4. Po Rame, 5. Po Sah, 6. Po Ina Nagar, 7. Po Pan, 8.
Po Klaong Kasat, 9. Cei Tathun, 10. Po Praok, 11. Praok
Thuer, 12. Praok Dhar, 13. Po Ginuer Matri, 14. Po Bia Nai
Kuer, 15. Po Bia Patao Yang-in, 16. Po Tang, 17. Po Gihlau,
18. Po Biruw, 19. Po Riyak, 20. Po Li, 21. Po Phuatimah, 22.
Po Than, 23. Po Thai, 24. Po Tang Haok, 25. Ong War Palei,
26. Cei Sit, 27. Cei Praong, 28. Cei Dalim, 29. Cei Sak
Bingu, 30. Po Haniim Pan, 31. Nai Mah Ghang Tang Nagar,
32. Po Patao Binthuer, 33. Dam Mbaok, 34. Dam Mbung,
35. Dam Tiap Pabuei, 36. Dam Tiap Pabaiy, 37. Yang Brait
Yang Bri, 38. Po Mangi, 39. Po Manguw, 40. Nai Carao
Craoh bhaow, 41. Kadit Tanaow, 42. Kadit Binai, 43. Bia
Soy, 44. Bia Binan, 45. Bia Juk, 46. Nai Lileng Tabeng
Mah, 47. Nai Lileng Bingu Tapah, 48. Po Kathit, 49. Po
Kabrah, 50. Po Klaong Halau, 51. Po Klaong Can, 52. Patao
Tabai, 53. Bia Mahik, 54. Ong Pasa Muk Cakleng.

112

i tm dau vet la c t tr cua
dan toc Cham di thi Phap thuoc
c lu tr Nhat Ban

Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma

Di thi Phap thuoc, chnh quyen ong Dng Phap
a danh cho dan toc Cham khu vc Phan Rang va Phan R
mot quy che t tr vi hieu ky rieng biet. Va le ton vinh
hieu ky nay thng dien ra lang Palei Mblang Kacak
(Phc ong, tnh Ninh Thuan) vao nhng nam 1945-1948,
ni co tru s cua huyen Cham mang ten la huyen An Phc.
Mot so ngi Cham cung tng thay la hieu ky nay. Ho cho
biet rang hieu ky nay giong la c cua Phap gom ba soc mau
xanh, trang va o. Tren tng mau trang chnh gia co ve
hnh tron mang ky hieu a m dng giong nh c ai Han,
nhng ho khong con nh na mau cua ky hieu am dng
nh the nao.
Sau vai nam tra cu, chung toi c tin la trong mot
chua Phat Giao Nhat Ban con lu tr mot bao vat bang
vai ma t lieu cho rang o la Champan no hata hay la c
Champa.
Ngay 1 thang 7 nam 2005, t Ma Lai, toi ap may bay
sang Nhat e gap tien s Shine Toshihiko cua University of
Foreign Studies Tokyo, ngi ng ra to chc chuyen
vieng tham cua toi Nhat Ban.
en Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, chung toi
c ban to chc tiep ai rat la nong hau. Sau khi thuyet
trnh tai ai hoc nay mot e tai mang chu e chng trnh
bao quan va pho bien sach co Cham do Bo Van Hoa Ma
Lai va Vien Vien ong Phap thc hien, toi va Ts. Shine
i tm dau vet la c t tr cua dan toc Cham
114
dung xe buyt en tnh Tottori cach xa Tokyo vao khoang
700 cay so ve pha nam ni ma t lieu Nhat Ban cho rang co
la c Champa hien c lu tr trong chua x Inaba. ieu
ma chung toi xin lu y ay, tnh Tottori cua Nhat Ban co
hai cang noi tieng chuyen ve nganh giao thng hang hai
vi Champa vao nhng nam 1600-1610.
1. Tnh Tottori : ni lu tr c Cham thi Pha p thuoc
hay la c Champa thi co ?
en x Inaba cua tnh Tottori vao buoi sang ngay 2
thang 7 nam 2005, chung toi en tham chua Jodenji
(Nhng Truyen T) va c Hoa Th ng Morishita Tosho
tiep on chung toi. Trong buoi tiec tra than mat theo phong
tuc cua Nhat Ban, Hoa Thng cho chung toi biet la tai
chua nay con gi mot bao vat qu, o la la c cua vng
quoc Champa c mang sang Nhat Ban vao the ky th 16
va hai bao vat khac co lien he trc tiep hay gian tiep vi
Champa. Ba bao vat nay c chup hnh e th phng
trong chua Jodenji (Nhng Truyen T).
Hoa Thng Morishita Tosho

115
Toi vo cung ngac nhien khi nghe li tng thuat cua
Hoa Thng. Toi t noi tham co chang v tuoi qua cao, Hoa
Thng Morishita Tosho ang nham lan ve ten goi cua bao
vat nay. V muc tieu cua toi sang Nhat Ban e tm c t tr
cua dan toc Cham
di thi Phap
thuoc, ch toi cha
tng nghe en co
hieu ky Champa
vao the ky th 16
c lu tr Nhat
Ban. The la cuoc
phien lu bat au
dien tien. oi vi
toi, moi bao vat cua
Champa hien lu
tr Nhat Ban eu
la qu ca. Khong
gap c c Cham
di thi Phap
thuoc ma la c
c hoi nhn thay c
Champa vao the ky
th 16 lai cang qu
gia them na.
Sau buoi tiec
tra, Hoa Thng hng dan chung toi en xem hnh la c
Champa hien con th phng trong chua. Qua that nh Hoa
Thng noi, la c nay la mot tam vai theu bang t lua rat la
cong phu. Chnh gia nhng hoa van rat la ac biet, co hai
con cong (amrak) la hai nhan vat chnh tren la c. Phan cuoi
cua la c co hnh con nai va con s t. Be dai cua la c
khoang 150 cm va be ngang khoang 120 cm.
Gia bao th hai la tam vai ma t lieu Nhat Ban cho rang
la san pham dung e may y phuc cho vua Trieu Tien. Theo
Hieu ky vua chua Champa vao the ky 16

116
truyen thuyet cua Nhat Ban, t lua dung e san xuat tam
vai nay phat xuat t vng quoc Champa.
Bao vat th ba la tam tham an theo kieu Trung ong.
Ch mau en khong phai la long con cu ma la long con de .
Chnh v the, cac chuyen gia Nhat Ban cho rang tam tham
nay co the san xuat Champa.
e xac nh lai li tng thuat cua Hoa Thng, chung
toi en th vien cua tnh Tottori e xem t lieu chnh thc
noi ve xuat x cua c Champa nay. Qua that, c Champa
ma ngi Nhat goi la Champan no hata c minh hoa nho
lai (khoang 5x10 cm) trong ho s ke khai cac bao vat qu gia
cua x Inaba (tnh Tottori) mang ten la a Ch X Inaba,
quyen 47 : Inabashi (tc la Nhan Ba Chi), viet vao nam
1805.
Sau cung chung toi xin phep ghe qua vien bao tang tnh
Tottori e xem tan mat ba bao vat nay ma nha chua a
chuyen sang lu tr ay khoang 10 nam va qua. ay,
chung toi rat han hanh c ban quan tr th vien tiep on
nong hau va cho phep chung toi xem tan mat la c Champa
vao the ky th 16.
Nhn qua noi dung cua la c , chung toi ngh rang ay
khong phai la quoc ky Champa ma la huy hieu cua vua chua
Panduranga-Champa thi co th ung hn. V quoc ky bieu
tng cho mot quoc gia ch la y niem xuat hien vao the ky
th 19 Au Chau ma thoi.

2. Tnh Nara : lu niem cua Phat The Champa sang
vieng tham Nhat Ban va o nam 752

Sau chuyen vieng tham tnh Tottori, chung toi quyet
nh sang thanh pho Nara-Shi cua tnh Nara e i tm dau
117
tch lch s cua Phat Triet hay Phat The cua Champa sang
Nhat Ban vao nam 752, tc la gan 1253 ve trc.
Nh s hng dan cua Ts. Shine Toshihiko, chung toi
en tham chua Todaiji (tc la chua ong ai), tai thanh pho
Nara-shi ni co s hien dien cua Phat The Champa trong
buoi le khanh thanh chua nay vao nam 752. Trong buoi le
khanh thanh, Bo e Tien Na cua x Ba La Mon (An o ?)
la ngi ng ra lam chu tr. Con Phat The cua Champa la
trng ban nhac cua buoi le.
Theo truyen thuyet cua Nhat Ban, Phat The cua
Champa en Nhat Bon trc ngay khanh thanh cua chua
ong ai e thanh lap mot ban nhac cua ngi Nhat
chuyen ve nhac ieu Champa. Tau khuc va am ieu cua
nhac nay van con lu truyen cho en hom nay, nhat la trong
nhng buoi le khanh thanh cac chua Phat Giao Nhat Ban.
Trong thi gian Nhat Ban hn mot na m, Phat The
Champa khong trong chua ong ai ma la chua Dai Oi
(tc la ai An T), khong xa cho lam vi chua ong ai.
Nhan dp nay, chung toi cung ghe sang chua ai An T toa
lac tren mot canh ong lua rat ph nhieu cua thanh pho
Nara-Shi.
Chua Todaiji (ong ai)

118
S hien dien cua Phat The Champa nhan dp khanh
thanh chua ong ai tai Nhat Ban la mot bien co lch s
quan trong. Cung nh s hien dien cua Phat The nay tnh
Nara ma ten goi Champa a vang doi trong truyen thong
dan gian cua ngi Nhat t nam 752 cho en hom nay.

3. Tnh Yokohama : Hoa tau nhac Champa

Tnh c ngau nhien, chung toi c tin la chua Kunamo
Jinja Shrine thanh pho Yokohama se trnh bay mot e m
hoa tau nhac Champa vao luc 18 gi 30 ngay 3 thang 7 nam
2005 vi muc ch la e xin tien tu bo chua nay. Toi va Ts.
Shine khong the bo l c hoi, v hoa tau nhac Champa
khong bao
gi dien xuat
tren san
khau nghe
thuat ma la
trong chua
ma thoi.
Ban nhac
Champa gom
vao khoang
12 ngi ca
nam lan n.
Cac nhac cu
gom co ba loai sao giong nh raklaiy, kalak, saranai, mot
cai gong (ceng) vai hai cai trong.
Nhac Champa co mot am ieu vo cung buon ba giong
nh am ieu hat e trong am tang cua Cham Ahier. Theo
truyen thong ngi Nhat, nhac Champa thng hay ru ngu
thnh gia.

Ban nhac Champa
119
Hom nay, nhac Champa tr thanh mot tieu e c
giang day trong cac trng am nhac co ien Nhat Ban.
Cac th sinh muon hoc nhac co ien Nhat Ban th ho phai
hoc am ieu va tiet tau nhac Champa trc tien.

120

Chnh sach oi vi ong bao thieu so
cua chnh phu Viet Nam Cong Hoa
1955-1975
!

Nguyen Van Nghiem

Viet Nam la mot nc a dan toc, moi dan toc co nhng
sac thai van hoa, sinh hoat khac nhau. Ghep hai ch Dan Toc
va Sac Thai rieng biet khac nhau, ma trc ay toi a dung ch
SAC TOC e noi ve moi Dan Toc trong cong ong Viet Nam.
Theo thong ke dan so tien hanh nam 1999 cua nha cam quyen
Viet Nam, th ca nc co 79 trieu ngi (nay a 84 trieu). Ngi
Kinh la mot sac toc chiem a so, ti 86%. So 14% con lai thuoc
ve 53 sac toc t ngi hn. Trong so nay, nhng sac toc co tren
1 trieu ngi gom ngi Tay, ngi Thai, ngi Mng, ngi
Hoa, ngi Khmer. Nhng sac toc di 1 trieu ngi co ngi
Nung, ngi Hmong, ngi Dao.
Hiep nh Geneve na m 1954, chia n c Viet Nam
thanh hai phan Bac Viet Nam va Nam Viet Nam v tuyen 17.
Vao thi ay, dan so mien Nam VN ch co 15 trieu
ngi, ngi Kinh van la a so. Ngi Hoa, ngi Khmer co so
dan t 800 ngan en 1 trieu. Ngi Cham ch co khoang 50
ngan ngi. 19 sac toc t ngi tren mien nui va tren mien Cao

! Bai tng trnh trong buoi le ra mat tap san Champaka so 7 do Pgs. Ts. Po
Dharma thc hien vi ta e: T Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng en
phong trao FULRO: Cuoc au tranh cua dan toc thieu so mien nam ong
Dng (1955-1975), vao ngay 19 thang 4 nam 2008 tai Hoi Trng Nhat Bao
Vien ong, 14891 Moran Street, Westminster, Los Angeles, CA 92683.

122
Nguyen Mien Trung co khoang 700 ngan ngi, ong nhat la
ngi Gia-Rai, ngi Ra-e, ngi K-Ho va ngi Ba-Na.

Chnh sach cua chnh phu Ngo nh Diem (1955-1963)

Sau mot cuoc trng cau dan y ngay 26-10-1955, Cu
Hoang Bao ai b truat phe, Tong Thong Ngo nh Diem tuyen
bo thanh lap nen Cong Hoa Viet Nam. Ne n Cong Hoa non tre
nay phai ng au vi tat ca nhng kho khan do chnh sach
chia e tr cua thc dan Phap e lai. Rieng oi van e cac sac
toc thieu so, thc dan Phap thng u a i ngi thieu so va
nuoi dng s ky th, thu ghet gia ngi thieu so vi ngi
Kinh. Tuy nhien khi can lay long ngi Kinh th thc dan Phap
khong t nan viec bo ri cac sac toc thieu so. Ngi dan Nam
Bo van khong quen nan ngi Khmer thng noi day Cap
Duon chat au ngi Kinh. Ngi Hoa c de dang vao Viet
Nam buon ban lam an, nam tat ca nhng nguon li va thao tung
nen kinh te cua at nc. Ngi Cham th khong bao gi quen
c moi han thu lch s e lai rang mnh la mot ngi dan a
mat nc, nhat la moi han thu oi vi nhng bien phap an ap
khoc liet ngi Cham di thi vua Minh Mang, v ly do
ngi Cham a ung ho Le Van Khoi, con nuoi cua tng Le
Van Duyet, noi loan chong trieu nh Hue.
Rieng oi vi mien nui va vung cao nguyen mien trung,
th nam 1893, ngi Phap a buoc trieu nh Hue chap thuan
cho ngi Phap toan quyen gi gn an ninh va cai tr nhng
vung at nay. Ngi Kinh khong c phep len buon ban lam
an sinh song ay. Nha Vua cung khong con c thu thue
vung nay na.
Sau the chien II, ngi Phap quay lai ong Dng, Cao
Uy Phap la Argenlieu a ban hanh quyet nh ngay 27-5-1946,
thanh lap vung nay thanh mot vung hanh chanh rieng biet goi
la Pays Montagnards du Sud Indochine, X Thng Nam ong
123
Dng. Muc ch la li dung ngi Thng trong chien tranh
chong lai Cong San Viet Nam e thiet lap lai nen o ho tren
lanh tho Viet Nam.
Khi cuoc chien tranh khong co ket qua ngi Phap phai
x dung la bai Cu Hoa ng Bao ai. Ngay 8-3-1949, Tong
Thong Phap Vincent Auriol cung vi Cu Hoang Bao ai ky
mot thoa hiep trao tra nen oc Lap cho VN. Chnh Phu Quoc
Gia Viet Nam ra i vi Cu Hoang la Quoc Trng va mot
Chnh Phu do mot Thu Tng ng au. X Thong Mien Nam
ong Dng c trao tra lai cho ca nhan Cu Hoang, va tr
thanh Hoang Trieu Cng Tho, do mot Quan ao
Banmethuot la cu Ton That Hoi ch huy, trc tiep di quyen
cua Cu Hoang, Van Phong at tai a Lat.
Ngay 21-5-1951, Cu Hoang Bao ai ky quyet nh so
16 ban hanh mot quy che ac biet danh cho nhng ngi dan
khong phai la ngi Kinh song tai lanh tho X Thng Mien
Nam.
Quy che ac biet gom 10 ieu khoan co the tom tat nh
sau: Ngi dan c bao am t do tien hoa trong s ton trong
truyen thong va phong tuc tap quan rieng cua mnh. Lanh tho
theo truyen thong trc thuoc trieu nh Viet Nam, nay van gi
nh cu trc tiep trc thuoc Cu Hoang Bao ai. Ngi Thng
c tham d ln lao vao cong viec quan ly mien Thng. Cac
lanh tu t nhien, hay theo truyen thong, hay theo s chon la
bi tho dan van c duy tr, c gi nguyen danh hieu, chc
vu va quyen hanh. Mot hoi ong kinh te gom nhng ngi co
kha nang nhat se c thanh lap v li ch cua nhan dan ve
nong, cong nghiep va thng mai. Cac toa an phong tuc a co
hoac se m them c duy tr, luat phong tuc c bao am.
Mot uy ban nghien cu hon hp se tien hanh chng trnh thiet
lap mot nen luat phap cho Cao Nguyen, theo nhng luat phong
tuc, cung chu y xet en s tien bo cua dan chung, va nhu cau
can thiet hien nay, e thch nghi vi luat cua Viet Nam va luat
124
cua Phap. Quyen s hu tai san at ai c hoan toan bao
am. e bao ve quyen s hu nay, moi s mua ban, cho thue
mn eu phai c s chap thuan cua tham quyen hanh chanh
a phng vi s khai bao cua lanh tu tho dan, moi s tham
khao y kien phai phu hp vi truyen thong. Tuy ngan khoan
cho phep se to chc y te va giao duc trong chng trnh phat
trien e nang cao mc song ve tinh than va the lc cua nhan
dan. Tieng tho dan la tieng can ban cho nen giao duc au tien
cua tho dan. Tieng Viet, tieng Phap cung c thc hien theo
ieu kien ac biet cua X Th ng. Se no l c ao tao nhng can
bo tho dan cho nhu cau ve moi nganh quan s, hanh chanh, y te
va giao duc. Ngha vu quan s bat buoc khong nang hn bat c
ni nao tren lanh tho Viet Nam. Cac quan nhan Thng c u
tien gi gn an ninh a phng va khong b goi i phuc vu cho
nhng n v ben ngoai X Thng. Giam oc Van Phong
Cu Hoang va Quan ao ai bieu cho C u Hoang tai Hoang
Trieu Cng Tho chu trach nhiem thi hanh quyet nh nay.
ng trc hau qua cua chnh sach chia e tr ay, chnh
phu Ngo nh Diem a thong nhat at nc bang cach thi hanh
mot chnh sach ong hoa gap rut cac sac toc thieu so. Hoang
Trieu Cng Tho b giai tan. Cac tnh eu trc thuoc Bo Noi
Vu. Mot ai Bieu Chnh Phu tren Cao Nguyen Trung Phan
giam sat cong viec cai tr cua cac tnh. Quy che ac biet cho
ong bao Thng khong c nhac ti na. Phan ln cac chc
vu ch huy hanh chanh, quan s ngi Thng eu b thay the
bi ngi Kinh. V du, Thieu Ta Nay Lo ngi Gia Rai, mot anh
hung ch huy chong Cong San t vung Attopeu ben Lao en eo
Mang Yang An Khe , ang lam Tieu oa n Trng mot trong
13 Tieu oan Sn Cc, b mat chc ve la m S Quan Thanh Tra
Tieu Khu ac-Lac, vi nhan vien la mot th ky Thng anh
may oc nhat, va cung khong co en mot cai xe e i lam.
Thieu Ta Ya Ba, ngi Churu, goi Ong Touneh Han ang, ai
dien ngi Thng canh Cu Hoang Bao ai la chu, ang lam
125
Tieu oan Trng mot Tieu oan Sn Cc khac cung b mat
chc, ve lam ai oi Trng mot ai oi Chien Tranh Tam
Ly. Quan nha n, cong chc Thng cung nhan c lenh phai
thay oi ten ho Thng sang ten ho ngi Kinh. V du Ya Ba
oi thanh Trng Sn Ba, Y Pem Knul o i thanh Khong c
Phien. Nhieu a danh Thng tren Cao Nguyen cung b oi
sang a danh Kinh. V du Lang Bian thanh Lam Vien, ho
Daklak thanh ho Lac Thien. Tieng Thng khong c day
trong cac trng Tieu Hoc Thng na. Sach day tieng Thng
e trong kho, th c lenh cua Bo giao duc phai em ot i.
Nhng ieu ma ngi Thng cam thu nha t chnh sach
cua Tong Thong Ngo nh Diem la van e quyen s hu tai
san at ai cua ong ba o khong c chnh phu cong nhan. at
ai canh tac la phng tien song con quan trong nhat, quy gia
nhat. Mot mieng at tr gia nhieu chieng choe, trau bo. Quyen
s hu theo phong tuc c truyen t the he phu n nay sang
the he phu n khac theo che o gia nh mau he. trong Buon,
Plei ai nay eu biet ro at thuoc ve ai, v moi khi mua ban sang
nhng t ngi nay qua ngi khac eu co s chng kien cua
ba the he, the he tre, the he trung nien, va the he ngi gia lam
chng. oi vi Tong Thong Diem, Cao Nguyen la mot vung
chien lc ve quoc phong va la mot vung giau tai nguyen e
phat trien kinh te. Nam 1958, Tong Thong Diem ky mot Ngh
nh an nh rang ngi Thng khong co quyen s hu at ai
ma ch co quyen hng dung hoa mau canh tac. Can c vao
Ngh nh nay, Tong Uy Dinh ien va Tnh Trng cac tnh
tren Cao Nguyen t do lay at ai mau m ang canh tac cua
cac Buon Thng e em ngi Kinh len Cao Nguyen thanh
lap cac Dinh ien ma khong can phai ho i y kien cac Buon,
cung khong can phai ieu nh lay at, cung nh chang can
phai boi thng cho ai ca.

126
Phan ng cua ong bao thieu so

e chong lai chnh sach bat cong cua Tong Thong
Diem, nam 1958, ong bao Thng tha nh lap phong trao
BAJARAKA (ch ng au cua ten 4 bo lac ong ngi nhat
tren Cao Nguyen la Ba-Na, Jarai, Radhe va Kaho ghep lai) va
to chc cuoc hop Pleiku. Chnh phu a thang tay an ap
phong trao nay. Cac lanh tu cua to chc eu b canh sat bat b
nhot tu. Mot so ong quan nhan cong chc Thng b thuyen
chuyen ve lam viec cac Tnh Duyen Hai mien Trung. Viec
lam nay a tao nen mot khoang trong ve lanh ao ch huy tren
Cao Nguyen.
Li dung c hoi hiem co nay, nha cam quyen Cong San
Ha Noi, a cho nhng can bo Thng theo Cong San tap ket
nam 1954 ra Bac, a c huan luyen, theo ng mon Ho Ch
Minh tr ve xam nhap vao Cao Nguyen e tuyen truyen, loi
keo, to chc ngi Thng theo Cong San. Tnh hnh an ninh
tren Cao Nguyen cang ngay cang xau i. Chnh phu Viet Nam
phai chap thuan e cho My trc tiep to chc huan luyen quan
s, phat sung an, va thanh lap nhng lc lng dan s chien
au cac Buon. Mot so oan vien phong trao BAJARAKA tre
tuoi cha b bat a li dung c hoi, i huan luyen quan s, va
tr thanh cac cap ch huy cua Lc Lng Dan S Chien a u
cac Buon. Mot so oan vien phong trao, nh Y Bih Aleo, th
tron i theo Cong San, c Cong San cho lam Chu Tch Phong
Trao Tay Nguyen T Tr, mot thanh phan trong to chc cua
Phong Trao Giai Phong Mien Nam.
Ngoai phan ng cua o ng bao Thng, ngi Khmer
trong Nam cung chong oi chnh sach cua Tong Thong Diem.
Mot nha s ten Samouk Sen a thanh lap Phong Trao Khan
Trang (Can Sen So Front) vung Bay Nui. en na m 1961 th
phong trao oi ten thanh Phong Trao Tranh au cua Ngi
Khmer Kampuchea Cu (Struggle Front of Khmer of Kampuchea
127
Krom, Phong Trao KKK). Mot S quan Kampuchea goc Cham
ten Les Kosem cung thanh lap Phnom Penh mot Phong Trao
Giai Phong Champa.

Chnh sach cua nen e nh cong hoa viet nam

Ngay 1, thang 11, nam 1963, Chnh Phu Ngo nh
Diem b lat o. Mot Hoi ong Quan Nhan Cach Mang ra i.
Luc ay toi ang lam Trng Phong 5 S oan 23 ong
Banmethuot. c tin Thieu Tng o Mau lam Uy Vien
Chnh Tr cua Hoi ong Quan Nhan Cach Mang. Ong von la T
Lenh cu cua toi vao nam 1955 tai Phan Khu Duyen Hai Nha
Trang, toi ben gi ngay cho Thieu Tng mot t trnh ve tnh
hnh ong bao Thng Cao Nguyen, nhng sai lam cua Chnh
Phu cu oi vi ong bao va e ngh xin ban hanh mot chnh
sach mi cong bang hn oi vi ong bao thieu so Thng
Cham noi chung. Thieu Tng o Mau a trnh len Hoi ong
Quan Nhan Cach Mang mot ke hoach ac biet nang ong
bao Thng Cham e giai quyet van e noi tren.
Mot so ln nhng lanh tu trong phong trao BAJARAKA
a c ai Tng Dng Van Minh cho lenh tha ngay. Ong
Paul Nr giao vien ngi Ba-Na Pho Chu Tch Phong Trao sau
khi c tha ve, a c bo nhiem ngay va o chc vu Pho Tnh
Trng Thng Tnh Kontum. Rat tiec ke hoach nang ong
bao Thng Cham do Thieu Tng o Mau e trnh cha kp
c thi hanh th ngay 29/1/1964 a xay ra mot cuoc Chnh Ly
lat o Hoi ong Quan Nhan Cach Mang.

Chnh phu mi do Trung Tng Nguyen Khanh, nguyen
T Lenh Quan oa n II va Vung II Chien Thuat Pleiku ve lam
Thu Tng. Ong la ngi rat chu trong en van e ong bao
Thng Cham. Khi ve lam T Lenh Quan oan II ong a
thuyen chuyen toi ve lam Trng Phong Thng Vu Quan
128
oan II va Vung II Chien Thuat. Viec lam au tien cua Thu
Tng la tha not ngi ng au phong trao BAJARAKA, ong
Y Bham Enuol, sac toc Ra-e, Chu Tch Phong Trao. Ong c
bo nhiem ngay vao lam Pho Tnh Trng Thng tnh Darlac.
Sau o chnh phu tiep tuc cho m ngay nhieu Hoi Ngh quy tu
cac lanh tu Thng Cha m e tm hieu ro nguyen vong cua ong
bao.
Hoi ngh au tien do Phong Nam S oan 23 Bo Binh
va Khu 23 Chien Thuat to chc ngay 9-1-1964 tai Banmethuot
di quyen chu toa cua ai Ta Le Quang Trong, T Lenh S
oan. Ong Y Chon Mlo uon u, Tham S Hanh Chanh toa
tnh Darlac, sac toc Ra-De a ai dien cac lanh tu Thng
Cham trong Hoi Ngh xin chnh phu co mot chnh sach cong
bang va co nhng chng trnh hu hieu, thc te, e nang cao
i song cua ong bao Thng Cham. Nh ng nguyen vo ng cua
ong bao a c gi len Hoi ong Quan Nhan Cach Mang.
Ngay 5-5-1964, Thu Tng Nguyen Kha nh cho lenh
Nha ac Trach Thng Vu to chc mi 55 lanh tu Thng
Cham ve Sai Gon. Trong mot Hoi Ngh vi cac v lanh tu nay,
Thu Tng a nghe va tiep nhan nhng nguyen vong cua ho.
ay la lan au tien trong lch s, t 1954, cac sac toc Thng
Cham co c hoi t do trc tiep trnh bay nhng y kien cua sac
toc mnh trc ngi lanh ao cao cap nhat cua quoc gia.
Hoi Ngh lan th ba dien ra tai Hoi Quan Phng Hoang
Pleiku do Phong Thng Vu Quan oan II va Vung II Chien
Thuat to chc vao ngay 25, 26-8-1964, d i quyen chu toa cua
Trung Tng Nguyen Hu Co , T Lenh Quan oan II. Mot Uy
ban gom Thieu Ta Ya Ba, ai Uy Y Pem Knul, Tham S Hanh
Chanh Y Chon Mlo uon u va toi la Trng Phong Thng
Vu Quan oan II c thanh lap e uc ket tat ca nhng
nguyen vong cua ong bao Thng Cham trnh len Chnh Phu.
t ngay sau mot Hoi Ngh khac do Trung Ta Nguyen Phi
Phung, Giam oc Nha ac Trach Thng Vu thuoc Bo Quoc
129
Phong to chc tai a Lat. Thu Tng Nguyen Khanh a len
chu toa Hoi Ngh nay va gap g nhng ai bieu Thng Cham.
Cong viec thu thap nhng nguyen vong that s cua ong
bao Thng Cham ang c tien hanh th ngay 20-9-1964, xay
ra Bien Co Banmethuot do mot to chc mi Front Unifie de
Lutte des Races Opprimees, Mat Tran oan Ket Tranh au cua
Nhng Dan Toc B Ap Bc thanh lap Phnom Penh, s dung 5
Trai Lc Lng ac Biet Th ng chiem a i Phat Thanh va bao
vay thanh pho Banmethuot. Bien co nay giup cho mot chnh
sach mi am bao Dan Quyen va Nhan Quyen cho ong bao
thieu so do mot to chc vo hnh, khong co ten goi, anh em
Thng-Cham-Kinh ket ngha anh em vi nhau theo phong tuc
ket anh em cua ong bao Thng ap u t bao nhieu nam c
ra i. Nhieu ngi anh em cua to chc khong hnh, khong ten
nay a na m xuong nh Touneh Han Tho , Ya Ba, Paul Nr,
nhng co mot ngi anh em van con hien dien ay, xin tran
trong gii thieu vi quy v: ong T Cong Thu.
Sau khi giai quyet em ep Bien Co Banmethuot ngay
20-9-1964, mot ai Hoi ai dien ong bao Thng Cham c
to chc tai Pleiku trong 3 ngay 15,16,17, thang 10, nam 1964.
Neu toi nh khong lam th co mot v hien dien trong phong
hoi nay cung a tng ai dien ong bao Cham i d nhng hoi
ngh ke tren, xin tran trong gii thieu vi qu y v ong Dng Tan
S.
em 16-10-1964, Hoi o ng Noi Cac Chnh Phu a hop
tai Biet ien cua Tong Thong tai Pleiku e nghe toi, Trng
Phong Thng Vu Quan oan II thuyet trnh ve nhng nguyen
vong cua ong bao Thng Cham, va nhng e ngh ve mot
chnh sach mi, cung nhng bien phap thiet thc giup ong
bao ve moi mat chnh tr, quan s, hanh chanh, kinh te, y te,van
hoa, giao duc, luat phap, xa hoi v.v..
Hoi ong Noi Cac gom co Chu Toa Thu Tng Nguyen
Khanh, 2 v Pho Thu Tng, mot so cac v Tong Trng trong
130
o co Tong Trng T Phap, Giao Duc, o ng Tong Giam oc
Tong Nha ien a, Trung Ta Ngo Van Hung, Pho Giam oc
Nha ac Trach Thng Vu thuoc Bo Quoc Phong, tat ca a
lang nghe toi thuyet trnh va a thao luan ky cang tng van e
mot, v vay cuoc hop keo dai suot t 8 gi 30 toi en 1 gi sang
hom sau. Chnh trong cuoc hop Hoi ong Noi Cac nay Thu
Tng va cac v Tong Trng a chap thuan tat ca nhng e
ngh va a quyet nh ban hanh mot chnh sach mi khong ch
ap dung cho ong bao Thng Cham noi rieng ma con ap dung
cho tat ca ong bao thieu so Viet Nam noi chung. Ngi thieu
so ay bao gom ngi Thng mien Nam, ngi Thng mien
Bac di c t nan cong san vao mien nam nam 1954, hau het
ang nh c tren Cao Nguyen, va ngi Cham. Sau nay cung
c ap dung them cho ngi Khmer na.

Thong iep cua thu tng chnh phu 17-10-1964

Chnh sach oi vi ong bao thieu so Viet Nam c
ban hanh lan au tien di dang mot Thong iep cua Thu
Tng Chnh Phu gi nhan dan ca nc, va do chnh Thu T ng
ch than oc trc ai Hoi ai Dien ong bao Thng mien
nam, mien Bac, va ong bao Cham vao sa ng ngay 17-10-1964.
Chnh sach mi c at tren 3 nguyen tac can ban:

1). ong bao thieu so Viet Nam la cong da n cua nc Viet
Nam. ong bao co quyen hng ay u quyen cong dan
nh tat ca nhng cong dan thuoc nhng sac toc khac.

2). Tuy nhien v i song cua ong bao con nhieu kho khan
nen chnh phu co trach nhiem phai hoach nh ra nhng
chng trnh, ke hoach hau giup ong bao mau chong tien
bo theo kp a tien chung cua toan dan.

131
3). Chnh phu ton trong phong tuc tap quan, ngon ng, ch
viet, van hoa cua ong bao thieu so. To a an phong tuc
Thng se c m lai. Tieng cua ong bao se c day lai
cac trng hoc. Quyen s hu at ai cua ong bao
Thng c ton trong. Mot chng trnh Kien ien se
c tien hanh e cung cap bang khoan ve quyen s hu
at ai cho ong bao.

Ngay sau cuoc hop Hoi ong Noi Cac, Tong Trng Bo
T Phap a thao ngay mot Ngh nh huy bo Ngh nh cu
nam 1958 cua Chnh Phu Ngo nh Diem khong cong nhan
quyen s hu at ai canh tac cua ngi Thng. Tong
Trng Bo Giao Duc cung soan thao mot Thong T an nh
nhieu bien phap nang hoc sinh, sinh vien Thng Cham.

Hien phap Viet Nam Cong Ho a 1-4-1967

Chnh sach oi vi ong bao thieu so Viet Nam t dang
mot Thong iep cua Thu Tng gi toan dan sau a c
ghi vao trong Hien Phap ngay 1-4-1967 nhng ieu khoan
2, 24, 97 va 98.
ieu 2 cong nhan va bao am nhng quyen can ban cua
moi cong dan. Moi cong dan eu bnh ang khong phan
biet sac toc. ong bao thieu so c ac biet nang e
theo kp a tien chung cua dan toc.
ieu 24 cong nhan s hien hu cua cac sac toc thieu so
trong cong ong Viet Nam. Phong tuc tap quan va moi sac
thai van hoa rieng biet cua ong bao thieu so c ton
trong. Cac toa an phong tuc phai c thiet lap e xet x
nhng vu an ve phong tuc gia nhng o ng bao thieu so.
Mot ao luat se quy nh nhng quyen li ac biet e nang
ong bao thieu so.
132
ieu 97, 98 quy nh viec to chc mot Hoi ong Cac
Sac Toc (HCST). Nhiem vu cua Hoi ong la co van cho
chnh phu ve cac van e lien quan en ong bao. Vi s
chap thuan cua Quoc Hoi, HCST co the c ai dien thuyet
trnh trc Quoc Hoi ve cac van e lien he. Cac d luat lien
quan en ong bao thieu so co the c HCST tham gia y
kien trc khi a ra Quoc Hoi thao luan. ieu 66, quy nh
Pho Tong Thong la Chu Tch HCST.
Nh vay ngoai nhng ieu 66, 97, 98 lien quan en
HCST, 3 nguyen tac can ban trong chnh sach mi do Thu
Tng Nguyen Khanh ghi trong Thong iep gi quoc dan
ong bao ngay 17-10-1964 a c ghi lai ay u trong hai
ieu 2 va 24 cua Hien Phap.

Quy che quy nh nhng quyen l i ac biet e nang
ong bao thieu so

Nham thc hien ieu 2 va 24 trong Hien Phap, Bo Phat
Trien Sac Toc a soan thao, va Thieu Tng Nguyen Cao
Ky, Chu Tch Uy Ban Hanh Phap Trung ng a e trnh
len Trung Tng Nguyen Van Thieu, Chu Tch Uy Ban
Lanh ao Quoc Gia ky Sac Luat so 033/67 ngay 29/8/1967.
Noi dung Sac Luat co 10 ieu hop thanh mot Quy Che
quy nh nhng quyen li ac biet e nang ong bao
thieu so.
ieu 1, va 10 la phan m au va ket luan.
Cac ieu con lai t ieu 2 en ieu 8 an nh nhng
nguyen tac can ban nang ong bao thieu so ve moi mat
Hanh Chanh, Cong Chc, Quan S, Kinh Te, Nong Nghiep,
Quyen S Hu at ai, Y Te, Xa Hoi, Giao Duc, Van Hoa.
Se thanh lap Vien Bao Tang Nhan Chung e bao ve va
phat huy nen van minh cua cac sac toc thieu so. Mot Vien
Nghien Cu ve cac Sac Toc thieu so e giup Chnh Phu
133
thiet lap cac ke hoach phat trien i song cua ong bao.
Rieng ieu 9 co quy nh rang nguyen tac nang phai phu
hp vi thc trang cua tng a phng va cua trnh o phat
trien cua tng sac toc, e cac sac toc thieu so du co tnh
trang sinh hoat khong ong eu cung co the theo kp a tien
bo chung cua ca nc.
Noi dung Sac Luat 033/67 la s tong hp tat ca nhng
nguyen tac nang ong bao thieu so a c cac Bo ban
hanh va a c lien tuc thc hien t sau cuoc hop cua Hoi
ong Noi Cac tai Pleiku ngay 17-10-1964.

Ket luan

Toi va trnh bay vi quy v ve Chnh Sach oi Vi
ong Bao Thieu So cua Chnh Phu Viet Nam Cong Hoa t
1955 en 1975. Nhieu ngi co the a c hng chnh
sach ay va bay gi cung ang co mat tai ay. Nhieu ngi
co the khong ong y vi chnh sach ay v khong ap ng
c nhng muc tieu tranh au cua sac toc mnh. V du muc
tieu tranh au cua mot so ngi Thng muon hoan toan
giai phong lanh tho Pays Montagnards du Sud Indochine do
chnh sach chia e tr cua Phap e lai. Hoac nh muc tieu
tranh au cua mot so ba con ngi Khmer trong Phong Trao
Tranh au Giai Phong Kampuchea Cu ong bang Song
Cu Long. Hoac cua Thieu Tng Les Kosem va nhng
ngi Cham theo ong tranh au nham giai phong at nc
Champa. Toi a co han hanh c cu Trung Ta Les
Kosem, Pho o Trng Phnom Penh tiep kien nam 1970 tai
van phong cua ong. Toi rat kham phuc ly tng cua ong.
Nhng, la mot s quan lien tuc phu trach van e thieu so
Viet Nam t 1956 en 1973, toi hieu ro nhng nha cam
quyen trong Chnh Phu Viet Nam Cong Hoa khong bao gi
chap nhan mot chnh sach xam pham en chu quyen va s
134
thong nhat toan ven lanh tho cua at nc Viet Nam. Do o
toi ch co the cung vi mot so rat ong anh em Thng
mien Nam, mien Bac, Cham, Khmer ket ngha anh em theo
phong tuc ket anh em cua ong bao Thng e cung nhau
van ong cho c mot chnh sach nh va trnh bay. Sc
ngi co han mong lch s va nhng the he tiep noi thong
cam va hieu biet cho.
Toi rat vui mng c biet Giao S Dan Toc Hoc
Nguyen Van Huy ai Hoc Paris 7 a cho rang thi ky
1964-1975 la thi ky vang son cua ong ba o Thng Viet
Nam.
Trc khi dt li toi muon vinh danh hai ngi a am
tham tr giup chung toi ma cha ai biet: Giao S Nguyen
ang Thuc va Giao S Nhan Chung Hoc Nghiem Tha m.
Neu khong nh Hoi Van Hoa A Chau ma hai ong la Chu
Tch va Tong Th Ky th anh em toi a khong ieu hanh
c quy cua Asia Foundation tr cap hoc bong moi nam
gan 1 trieu ong cho sinh vien, hoc sinh Thng Cham. Neu
khong nh tu sach rieng cua Giao S Nghiem Tha m va tu
sach cua Vien Vien ong Bac Co Bao Tang Vien Saigon
ma Giao S lam Giam oc th anh em chung toi cung a
khong ngh ra c chnh sach ke tren.

Lng Ninh
Lch s vng quoc Champa
1

M. S. Bertrand
(Chng Trnh The Gii Ma Lai-ong Dng)

Tac pham Lch s vng quoc Champa cua Lng
Ninh (Nha Xuat Ban ai Hoc Quoc Gia, Ha Noi, 2004, 352
trang) gom co 6 phan:
Phan I- Thi tien s va s s;
Phan II- Thi s k vng quoc Champa (the k
II- X);
Phan III- Thi k Vijaya (the k X- XV);
Phan IV S phat trien kinh te-xa hoi Champa;
Phan V- Champa thi hau k (sau nam 1471);
Phan cuoi cuon sach la phu luc va t lieu tham
khao.
ay la cuon sach au tien cua hoc gia Viet Nam
nghien cu chuyen sau ve lch s vng quoc Champa ke t
sau 1975 en nay. V vay, s ra i cuon sach nay a gay s
chu y cho gii nghien cu va oc gia.

Noi en lch s vng quoc Champa ngi ta ngh
ngay en cac bai viet cua tac gia noi tieng ngi Phap,
trong o co tac pham Le Royaume de Champa (Vng quoc
Champa) cua G. Maspero
2
, mac du co mot vai khiem

1
Bai tieng Phap c chuyen sang tieng Viet bi BBT Harak Champaka.
2
G. Maspero, Le Royaume de Champa, Paris ( Van Oest), 1928.
ay la mot so tac gia viet ve lch s Champa : G. Coedes, Les Etats
hindouises d'Indochine et d'Indonesie, de Boccard, Paris, 1964), A.,
Bergaigne, L'ancien royaume de Campa, dans l'Indochine, d'apres
les inscriptions, in Journal Asiatique XI, 1888, pp. 5-105; R. C.,
MAJUMDAR, Ancient Indian Colonies in the Far East. I . Champa.
Lahore (Greater India Society Public. 1. Punjab Oriental Series XVI)
1927; Po Dharma, Le Panduranga (Campa) 1802-1835, Ses rapports
Lng Ninh: Lch s vng quoc Champa
138
khuyet nho, nhng van c xem nh la cuon sach co gia tr
viet ve lch s vng quoc Champa ma en nay cha co mot
cuon sach nao xng ang e thay the no.
Nhng cho en nay, mot ieu ang mng la cuon
sach Lch s Vng quoc Champa cua Lng Ninh ra i
gop them cho nganh khoa hoc lch s Viet Nam, ac biet la
trong lnh vc nghien cu Champa mot cong trnh mi.
Nhng rat tiec rang, cuon sach nay co nhieu quan iem lch
s bat cap, sai lam can phai xem xet va chnh on lai. Trong
pham vi bai viet nay, chung toi ch neu ra mot so yeu to sai
lam quan trong, hoan toan ngc lai vi nen tang c ban
cua lch s Champa.

Sai lam ve cach phan ky lch s

Ngay t li noi au, tac gia a phe phan nhng cong
trnh nghien cu lch s Champa cua cac tac gia ngi Phap.
e m au cho quan iem cua mnh, Lng Ninh cho rang
cuon sach Vng quoc Champa cua Maspero no a qua xa
cu, ke ca tai lieu va quan ie m. Nhng cho sai (...) a b
khi sau, gay tam l t hiem trong long dan toc (tr.1). Mac
du la vay, nhng cuon sach cua tac gia con te hai hn khong
co ong gop g mi them cho lch s vng quoc Champa.
Ngay ca cach phan k lch s cua vng quoc Champa,
Lng Ninh van theo loi mon cach phan k lch s vng
quoc Champa cua tac gia ngi Phap nh Maspero.

Sai lam ve nien ai cuoi cung Champa

Mot ieu ang lu y, a so cac s gia khi viet lch s
Champa ch chu y nhng s kien lch s trc ngay sup o
thanh o Ban vao nam 1471. Con nhng nam sau o, v
thieu t lieu, ho t quan tam hoac viet rat s lc va con a

avec le Vietnam, Public. EFEO CXLIX, Paris, 2 Tomes, 1987.

139
ra nhieu moc lch s khac nhau ve s ton tai cua vng quoc
Champa sau nam 1471. Trong cuon Lch s vng quoc
Champa, tac gia Lng Ninh cho rang: Nam 1693 anh dau
mot moc rat quan trong, Chiem Thanh cu ng khong ton tai
vi t cach mot quoc gia rieng biet ma tr thanh mot phan
lanh tho cua chnh quyen ang Trong, sau o tr thanh mot
tnh cua nc Viet Nam (tr.220).
Noi en lch s Champa sau nam 1471, Po Dharma
3

a ra nhng d kien lch s hoan toan khac han vi quan
iem cua Lng Ninh. Theo Po Dharma, nam 1692 (ch
khong phai 1693 nh Lng Ninh viet), nha Nguyen xua
quan chinh phat Champa, sau o thay oi danh xng Chiem
Thanh (Champa) thanh Tran Thuan Thanh va sat nhap
vng quoc nay vao lanh tho Viet Nam. Nam 1693, nhan
dan Champa vung day anh uoi quan xam lc ra khoi
vng quoc nay. V khong the khang c vi s vung day
nay, Nha Nguyen chap nhan tai lap lai vng hieu
Panduranga-Champa, vi ieu kien la vng quoc nay chap
nhan s hnh thanh phu Bnh Thuan au tien trong bien gii
chnh tr cua Panduranga-Champa, nham cai tr trc tiep cac
c dan Viet song rai rac tren lanh tho nay. Nam 1771, chien
tranh gia Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh a bien Panduranga-
Champa thanh bai chien trng am mau gia hai the lc
cua ngi Viet. The la nh menh song con cua
Panduranga-Champa hoan toan tuy thuoc vao ket qua cua
chien tranh nay. Nam 1802, Nguyen Anh thanh cong, len
ngoi lay danh hieu la Gia Long. e en ap cong lao cua
nhng nhan vat a co cong giup ngai trong chien tranh
chong Tay Sn, Gia Long giao cho Po Saung Nhung Ceng
quyen cai tr x s Panduranga-Champa ma s lieu Viet
Nam hay t lieu hoang gia Champa viet bang tieng Han goi
la Thuan Thanh Vng. Nam 1832, Hoang e Minh Menh
xua quan trng phat Panduranga-Champa v toi theo Le Van
Duyet va xoa bo vng quoc nay tren ban o ong Dng.

3
Po Dharma, 1987.
140
Po Dharma cung nhan manh rang, sau na m 1692,
Panduranga-Champa van co mot to chc hanh chanh rieng,
mot quan oi rieng, he thong thue ma rieng, hay noi mot
cach khac Panduranga-Champa nay la mot vng quoc oc
lap, du s oc lap o nam trong qui che bao ho cua trieu
nh Hue i na.
e chng minh luan iem nay, bang nhieu nguon s
lieu mi, ac biet van ban co Champa, bi k Champa, nhng
nhat ky cua cac nha truyen giao hay cac thng thuyen
Phng Tay co mat Champa vao thi iem o va co so
sanh vi bien nien s Viet Nam, tac gia Po Dharma a trnh
bay t lieu nay mot cach cong phu, co he thong va co sc
thuyet phuc trong tac pham cua ong ta lien quan en nhng
ngay cuoi cung trong s lien he chnh tr va quan s gia
vng quoc Panduranga-Champa va chnh quyen Viet Nam.
Tac pham nay go m 2 tap, day 425 trang. Sau nay, luan iem
Po Dharma c xem nh la mot phat hien mi kha quan
trong trong lch s 33 nam sau cung (1802- 1835) cua vng
quoc Champa c ang tai nhieu lan trong sach bao t
1987 en nay
4
. Trong khi o, Lng Ninh ch danh von ven
15 trang e noi ve lch s Champa T tran Thuan Thanh
en phu Bnh Thuan (Chng 13, tr.223-227), vi loi viet
s sai va da tren t lieu rat la ngheo nan. Tac gia ch s
dung s lc mot so nguon th tch co Viet Nam
5
e nghien
cu van e, nhng lai voi vang i en phu nhan quan iem
lch s cua Po Dharma cho rang vng quoc Champa van

4
Po Dharma, Etat des dernieres recherches sur la date de l'absorption
du Campa par les Vietnamiens, in Actes du seminaire sur le Campa
organisme a l'Universite de Copenhague le 23 mai 1987, Travaux du
CHCPI, Paris, 1988, tr. 59-67; Po Dharma, Le deline du Campa
entre le XVIe et le XIXe siecle, in Le Campa et Le Monde Malais,
CHCPI, Paris ,1991, tr. 47-61; Po Dharma, The History of Champa,
in Cham Art, River Books Ltd, Bangkok, 2001, pp.14-27; Po Dharma,
S lc ve lch s Champa, in Champaka, So 1-1999, IOC- Campa
an hanh tai San Jose, California, USA, pp.33-37.
5
ai Nam nhat thong ch, ai Nam thc luc tien bien, v.v.
141
con ton tai nh mot quoc gia cho en 1832
6
(tr. 222-223)
la khong ung. Khi phu nha n quan iem lch s cua Po
Dhama, tac gia Lng Ninh viet mot cau ket luan khap
khieng va ngong ngu nh sau : Nen thuyet tng la ung
nay thc ra lai la khong ung.
Cung can noi ngay rang, trong thi ai thong tin
bung no ngay nay, oc gia khong the chap nhan c khi
nghien cu ve Champa, tac gia Lng Ninh ch s dung duy
nhat mot so nguon th tch co Viet Nam e nh ngha qui
che chnh tr cua mot quoc gia lang gieng ma Viet Nam xem
o la oi tng thu ch. Cung nen nh rang, t lieu co Viet
Nam thng khang nh hoac giai thch theo quan iem cua
vua chua Viet Nam nham ap ng cho muc tieu chnh tr
hay quan s cua vua chua nay. Chnh v the, t lieu nay
khong mang tnh khach quan va van con nhieu khiem
khuyet. Chang han sau ngay that thu Vijaya vao nam 1471,
bien nien s ai Viet khong con noi en Champa suot gan
mot the ky. Ngc lai, quyen Minh Che cua Trung Hoa
7
con
ghi nhan mot so bien co lch s a xay Champa sau nam
1471
8

ieu ang ngac nhien ay o la Lng Ninh viet
lch s Champa, nhat la lch s sau nam 1471, nhng tac gia
gat bo hoan toan t lieu viet bang tieng Cham lien quan en
vng quoc nay. Co chang tac gia khong muon oc hay

6
Po Dharma, 1987, tap 1, tr. 222-223. Xem them P. B. Lafont, Pour une
rehabilitation des chroniques redigees en cam moderne, in BEFEO
LXVIII, 1980, tr. 105-111.
7
Trch dan trong G. Maspero, 1928, tr. 214; Le Thanh Khoi, Le Viet-Nam.
Histoire et Civilisation, Les Editions de Minuit, Paris, 1955, tr. 265; J.
Boisselier, La statuaire du Champa. Recherche sur les cultes et l'i-
conographie, Public. EFEO LIV, Paris, 1963, tr.1963.
8
o la s hien dien phai oan ngoai giao Trung Hoa vng quoc
Champa vao nam 1478; s tan phong cho hoang t T'chai Ya Ma
Fon Ngan (Bo Tr Tr ?) vao gia nam 1478 va 1505; s tan phong
mi cho con cua v vua noi tren vao nam 1515 va mot phai bo ngoai
giao cua Champa sang Trung Hoa vao nam 1543.
142
khong biet oc ch Cham? ay la mot loi lam viec tat trach
cua mot nha s hoc.
Trong kho tang van chng Cham, cac bai k s viet
bang ch Cham nh Ariya Po Cei Brei, Tuen Phaow, Po
Ceng, Po Phaok, v.v. la mot t lieu lch s quan trong lien
quan en s kien 33 nam sau cung cua vng quoc Champa
1802-1835
9
. Tiec rang, tac gia Lng Ninh lai bo qua va
khong bao gi nhac en. Nhng bai k s nay co noi dung
hoan toan khac biet vi quan iem cua vua chua Viet Nam
va khong nham muc ch khang nh t kien cua quoc gia
Champa, hoac giai thch chnh the hp phap cua trieu ai
Champa thi o. o kho ng phai la nhng ban van chnh
thc cua trieu nh Champa ma la nhng bai k s viet ve
cac v vua chua cua vng quoc nay, ve cac cuoc noi day
chong lai trieu nh Hue cung nh chong lai mot so nha
lanh ao Champa cua ho. Trong bai k s nay, tac gia
thng noi en cuoc song hang ngay va s thong kho cua
dan chung Champa thi o. Ho la nhan ch ng lch s ke lai
nhng cot truyen ma ho a nghe, a thay vi chnh con mat
cua mnh
10
. Bao nhieu thong tin t van ban co Champa co
the cho phep cho cac nha s hoc Viet Nam kiem chng lai
va bo tuc nhng tai lieu cua mnh. Nhng tac gia Lng
Ninh lai bo qua khong e cap. ieu nay u cho thay rang,
Lung Ninh la phien dien, khong u tam nhn tren moi goc
o cua lch s vng quoc Champa.

Sai lam ve the che chnh tr

Het phu nhan quan iem Po Dharma ve nam thang
cuoi cung cua trieu ai Champa (1832), tac gia Lng Ninh
con phe bnh hoc gia nc ngoai ve khai niem Madala, the
che lien bang cua Champa. Theo tac gia, Champa khong the
la mot quoc gia lien bang c nhng ong ta khong a ra

9
Po Dharma, 1987.
10
Po Dharma,1987, tap 1, tr 183-184.
143
mot d kien lch s nao e chng minh. Trang 152, tac gia
viet vi l thuyet Mandala [co ngha la lien bang], neu em
ap dung ay, toi ch ong y mot na () ??? .
S sai lam cua tac gia Gs. Lng Ninh ve the che
chnh tr Champa co mot tac hai to ln en nen tang c ban
cua lch s Champa. Da theo quan iem cua Lng Ninh,
hai nha viet lach Dohamide va Dorohiem
11
lap i lap lai s
sai lam nay trong tac pham xuat ban vao nam 2004. Ngoai
ra, Dohamide va Dorohiem t che bien mo t ly luan roi gan
cho L. Finot
12
la ngi a em ra ket luan: vng quoc
Champa hp thanh mot c cau quoc gia thong nhat ch
khong phai la mot chuoi cac tieu vng quoc oc lap nho
be. Tiec rang L. Finot ch noi rang trieu ai Bhadravarman
I (380-413) la vng trieu duy nhat a xa y dng the che
chnh tr Champa da theo he thong quoc gia thong nhat va
trung ng tap quyen theo kieu ai Viet va Trung Hoa.
Tiec rang, the che nay ch xay ra trong vong 33 nam di
trieu ai Bhadravarman, khong u e ket luan mot the che
chnh tr cua vng quoc Champa c.
ieu ma chung toi xin m ngoac au, L. Finot va
E. M. Durand
13
la hai nha khoa hoc phap a neu ra ly thuyet
vao au the ky th 20 cho rang Champa khong phai la mot
quoc gia tap quyen nh the che chnh tr Viet Nam. Noi got
L. Finot va E. M. Durand, cac s gia Phap
14
tiep tuc chng
minh rang Champa tap trung bon tieu vng quoc (ch
khong phai la Tnh hay ao) e thanh lap mot ''quoc gia
lien bang'' (federation) va oi luc con la mot ''vng quoc

11
Dohamide va Dorohiem, 2004, tr. 262-263.
12
L. Finot, Notes depigrpahiques in Etudes apigraphiques dur le pays
Cham, Publi. EFEO, Paris, 1955, tr. 7 va16.
13
L. Finot, Notes d'epigraphie. V . Panduranga, in BEFEO III, 1903, tr.
630-654; E. M. Durand, Notes sur les Chams. III. La Chronique
Royale, in BEFEO V, 1905, tr. 377-382.
14
G. Maspero (1928), G. Coedes (1964), P. B. Lafont (1980), Po Dharma
(1987). Xem them, P. Pelliot, Textes chinois sur le Panduranga, in
BEFEO III, 1903, tr. 649-654.
144
lien hiep'' (confederation), tuy theo s tien trnh lch s cua
vng quoc trong khong gian va thi gian.
Panduranga mien nam la mot tieu vng quoc
cung cap cho nha khoa hoc rat nhieu tin tc lien quan en
the che chnh tr Champa thi o. Noi en Panduranga,
hau het cac s gia chuyen ve Champa ma chung toi a neu
phan tren eu a ra mot nhan nh chung. Theo li ket
luan cua cac tac gia nay, Panduranga khong phai la n v
hanh chanh cua Champa tng ong vi Tnh hay ao trong
to chc hanh chanh Viet Nam. Panduranga la mot tieu
vng quoc co vua chua rieng biet, co thu o (Virapura),
quan oi, he thong hanh chanh, thue ma va bien nien s
rieng biet. Tieu vng quoc nay san sang song chung trong
mot bien gii chnh tr cua Champa, nhng khong phai v
the ma ho chap nhan moi quyet nh cua vua Champa
trung ng khong phu hp vi quyen li cua ho va neu can,
ho xua quan chong lai trieu nh trung ng hay ho tm cach
tach ri ra khoi lanh a cua Champa e thanh lap mot quoc
gia rieng biet.
ng au cua vng quoc lien bang Champa khong
phai la Patao
15
nhng la Rajadiraja (vua cua vua), thng
do cac v vua cua tieu vng quoc ton vinh. Nhng oi luc
ong ta cung thng da tren oai quyen quan s tieu vng
quoc mnh e chiem oat ton hieu Rajadiraja. He thong to
chc lien bang Champa thi co co rat nhieu iem tng
ong vi to chc lien bang Ma Lai hom nay. Co chang tac
gia Lng Ninh khong oc en lch s cua dan toc Ma Lai,
cung chung mot gia nh ngon ng va van hoa Champa.
Mot khi a nh ngha rang Panduranga khong phai
la mot tnh hay ao cua Champa, nhng la mot tieu vng
quoc cua Champa, cac s gia chuyen ve Champa trong o
co Gs. P. B. Lafont va Po Dharma
16
a ra gan ay li ket

15
Cum t dung trong tac pham cua Dohamide va Dorohiem, Bangsa
Champa, tm ve vi mot coi nguon cach xa, Seacaef-Viet Fondation,
California, Hoa Ky, 2004, tr. 263.
16
Lafont, 1980, Po Dharma, 1987.
145
luan rang Champa khong phai la mot quoc thong nhat trung
ng tap quyen nh the che Viet Nam hay Trung Hoa,
nhng la mot quoc gia lien bang (federation) va oi luc con
goi la lien bang quoc gia (confederation), v Panduranga, a
may lan trong lch s, t phong cho mnh la quoc gia oc
lap
17
.

Sai lam ve thanh phan dan toc

Ngoai s sai lam ve the che chnh tr, tac gia Lng
Ninh khong tan thanh quoc gia Champa la vng quoc a
sac toc. Trang 155, tac gia con viet neu coi o [Champa] la
nha nc lien minh a sac toc th a khong phan anh ung
thc te lch s.
Champa khong phai la vng quoc cua dan toc
Cham nh Lng Ninh hieu lam, nhng la mot quoc gia a
sac toc. Nhieu nha s hoc, trong o co Ts. B. Gay, Po
Dharma la nha nghien cu cuoi cung viet bai vao nam
1988
18
e chng minh rang dan toc Champa bao gom tat ca
sac dan song trong bien gii chnh tr cua Champa thi
trc, trong o co sac dan Tay Nguyen Jarai, Rae, Koho,
Cru, Raglai, v.v. va sac dan Cha m song mien duyen hai.
Tat ca dan toc Champa eu co quyen va ngha vu nh nhau.
ay la mot vai th du e chng minh cho ly thuyet ho. Na m
1151, hoang t Vamsaraja, anh re cua vua Jaya Harivarman
I ong o Vijaya keu goi anh em Tay Nguyen ma bia ky
goi la Rade, Mada, v.v. vung day chong lai tan vng nay v

17
Da tren t lieu co cua Trung Hoa, P. Pelliot (1903) chng minh rang
Panduranga vao thi ky o dng nh a c hng mot che o t
tr trong long vng quoc Champa. Nhng t lieu tren cung gii thieu
x s nay vao cuoi the ky X, nh la mot vng quoc thuoc Champa
nhng lai trieu cong ca hai trieu nh Trung Hoa va Champa nhng
san vat cua a phng mnh.
18
B., Gay, Vue nouvelle sur la composition ethnique du Campa, in
Actes du Saminaire sur le Campa organise) l'Universite de
Copenhague le 23 mai 1987, CHCPI, Paris, 1988, tr. 49-58.
146
ho cho rang Jaya Harivarman I la vua cp ngoi. Trong
nhng cuoc au tranh chong ngoai xam t thi chien tranh
vi Mong Co vao nam 1283, vua chua Champa thng chon
khu vc Tay Nguyen lam c iem cua mat khu. Cac thanh
vien au tranh nay khong phai ch la dan toc Cham, nhng
tap trung nhieu sac dan Tay Nguyen. Ch can oc cac cuoc
vung day cua Tuan Phaow (1796), Katip Sumat (1833) va Ja
Thak Wa (1834)
19
, oc gia co the tra li cho quan iem sai
lam cua Lng Ninh ve sac dan Champa.
ieu ma chung toi muon lu y ay o la cum t
Cham khong bao gi xuat hien tren bia a. Noi en nhan
dan cua vng quoc nay, bia o goi ho la urang Champa
(ngi Champa). Noi en vua chua vng quoc nay, bia a
viet la Raja Champa (vua Champa). Noi en en thap
Champa, bia a dung t kalan Champa (en thap Champa).
Neu Lng Ninh cho rang Champa la vng quoc
cua ngi Cham, tai sao vua chua cua vng quoc nay
khong dung cu m t Cha m e xac nhan nguon goc cua ho
tren bia a. Neu ho khong goi ho la Raja Cham (vua Cham)
ma la Raja Champa (vua Champa), th ho co mot ly do
chnh ang ma cac nha nghien cu can tra cu lai.
Champa la vng quoc a chung. Moi sac dan co
quyen va ngha vu ngang nhau. Chnh v the, vao nhng the
ky th 16 va 18, nhieu s lieu con chng minh rang Po
Rome, ngi ng ra thanh lap mot trieu ai t nam 1627
en nam 1796 tieu vng quoc Panduranga khong phai la
vua goc Cham nhng la Churu. Them vao o, tai lieu hoang
gia Panduranga viet vao nam 1702-1810 ch xem ngi
Cham la mot thanh phan cua sac dan tieu vng quoc nay.
Hang loat van kien hoang gia Panduranga con cho biet la co
nhieu ngi Raglai va Churu gi mot so quyen hanh quan
trong trong trieu nh thi o va thng hay than phien vi

19
Nicolas Weber, S khi ngha cua Tuen Phaow 1796-1797, in
Champaka 4, 2004, tr. 81-100 Po Dharma, 1987; T phong trao Katip
Sumat 1833-1834 en mat tran Ja Thak Wa 1834-1835, in Champaka
4, 2004, tr. 37-80.
147
vua chua la mot so binh lnh ngi Cham thng hay tron
tranh trach nhiem. Nam 1834, nha cach mang Ja Thak Wa
a chon mot ngi Raglai len lam vua Panduranga, mot
ngi Churu nh mot hoang t ke v, va mot ngi Cham
nh v ch huy trng quan oi chng to mot lan na x s
Champa that s la mot quoc gia a dan toc
20
.
Mot vai th du ien hnh ma chung toi a chng
minh phan tren cho thay rang quan iem cua Lng Ninh
cho rang Champa la mot lanh tho ch co nhng ngi Cham
c ngu va c cai tr bi nhng quan lai ngi Cham la
hoan toan sai lam.

Mot tac pham khong co g mi la

Trong tac pham nay, Lng Ninh ch lap i lap lai
nhng t lieu qua cu, khong chnh xac, khong co g mi la
mac du tac gia phe phan tac gia ngi Phap viet ve Champa
la loi thi, cu rch (tr.1). Khi ban ve bi k Champa vung
Phan Rang (tr.37), Lng Ninh cho biet tren at Phan Rang
co khoang 10 minh van. Thc ra, ay ch la so lieu bi k cu
cua ngi Phap thong ke tren at Phan Rang t au the k
XIX. Ngoai bi k a c ngi Phap thong ke
21
, nhng nha
nghien cu a phng Ninh Thuan a phat hien nhieu bi k
mi
22
, nhng tac gia khong cap nhat c thong tin khoa
hoc, o la ieu ang tiec.

20
Po Dharma, 1987, tap 1, tr.181-182; B. Gay, 1988.
21
G. Coedes et H. Parmentier, Listes des inscriptions et des monuments
du Champa et du Cambodge, Hanoi, Public. EFEO, 1923.
22
Nh bia Hon o, bia Tru Chua My Hai, bia Vach a Chua Linh Sn
(Thap Cham), bia Po Gha, bia Phc Thien, v.v. So bia mi phat hien
van ang con bao ton mot so di tch va mot so ang lu gi tai Bao
Tang Ninh Thuan. Ben canh o Ninh Thuan con phat hien nhieu di
tch, di vat khac thuoc van hoa Champa ma cac nha nghien cu a
ang tai thong tin tren cac tap ch chuyen nganh Viet Nam. Xem
Sakaya, Nhng di tch, di vat khao co hoc tnh Ninh Thuan, Tap
ch Xa & Nay, So 128 (176), XI-2002, tr 38 -42.
148
Them mot iem loi thi, lac hau na trong cuon
sach Lng Ninh la khi viet ve dan so ng i Cham. Mac du
sach cua Lng Ninh xuat ban vao na m 2004, nhng tac gia
dung so lieu thong ke dan so ngi Cham t nam 1989 (sai
lech qua nhieu), trong khi o, tac gia quen i tong ieu tra
dan so cua Viet Nam va o ngay 1/1/1999 lien quan en dan
so cua ngi Cham Viet Nam (133.000 ngi) a c
pho bien rong rai tren cac phng tien thong tin ai chung
va cac sach bao Viet Nam
23
.
Cuon sach cua Lng Ninh con cha ng mot so
lap luan m ho. Trang 228, khi e cap en van ban ch
Cham, tac gia viet Mot so c quan n c ngoai van c
ngi i du lch nhng i vao dan, thue ngi dan tiep tuc
tm kiem nhng ba n thao con lai (nghe noi khong phai la
t). Viet sach khoa hoc ma tac gia Lng Ninh ch nghe
noi, khong co bang chng e chng minh cho quan iem
cua mnh la ieu khong the chap nhan c.
Trong tac pham nay, tac gia co e cap en Ton
giao va tn ngng cua ngi Cham t 1471 en nay
24
. ay

23
Theo tac gia Lng Ninh, vao nam 1989, ngi Cham Ninh Thuan
co khoang 45.971 ngi; Bnh Thuan: 21.000; ong Nai:1.000; Tay
Ninh: 2.000; An Giang: 15.000; Thanh pho Ho Chnh Minh: 4.000.
Neu da vao so lieu thong ke dan so nam 1989 cua tac gia Lng
Ninh a ra th tong so dan ngi Cham Viet Nam la 80.000 ngi.
Trong khi o theo so lieu tong ieu tra dan so cua Viet Nam vao ngay
1/1/1999 th dan so cua ngi Cham Viet Nam la133.000 ngi. Cu
the, ngi Cham sinh song 9 tnh tren 64 tnh thanh Viet Nam. Tnh
An Giang: 13.000 (huyen An Phu, Tan Chau, Chau Thanh); Bnh
nh : 4.800 ngi (tap trung huyen Van Canh, Bnh Phc, Phc
Long, Thuan Phu, huyen ong Phu); Bnh Thuan: 31.599; ong Nai:
2.628 (xa Xuan Hng, huyen Xuan Loc; xa Bnh Sn); Thanh pho
Ho Ch Minh : 5.173 (cau Th Nghe, cau Ch Y, cau Trng Minh
Giang, cau Bnh Tien, cau Cong L, ch Phu Nhuan, ch Nacy, ch
Rach Ong.); Ninh Thuan: 60.340 ngi (Ninh Phc, Ninh Hai, Ninh
Sn, Phan Rang); Phu Yen (Cham Hroi): 17.835 (Huyen Sn Hoa va
ong Xuan); Tay Ninh: 2.900 ngi (huyen Tan Bien, Tan Chau).
Xem Ngay Hoi Van Hoa Cham Tai Ha Noi , Bo Van hoa Thong tin,
Trung tam trien lam Van hoa Nghe thuat, Ha Noi, 2003.
24
Van Mon (Sakaya), Thc Trang ton giao, tn ngng cua ngi
149
la mot c hoi tot e tac gia Lng Ninh bo sung them nhng
phat hien mi a ang tai tren cac mang sach khoa hoc Viet
Nam lien quan en tn ngng va van hoa ngi Cham.
Tiec rang tac gia khong ong gop g ve mi la ve phan nay,
ma con lam sai lech d kien lch s ton giao, phao on tin
nham, vu khong cho ngi nc ngoai nhung tay vao van e
tn ngng ngi Cham ma khong co chng c.
Lien qua en d kien lch s do cac nguon t lieu
khai quat khao co hoc Viet Nam cung cap t nam 1991 en
nam 2001, Lng Ninh co a ra mot danh sach trong th
muc tham khao cua mnh (tr. 346-347). Tiec rang Lng
Ninh khong dung en nhng bai bao cao khoa hoc nay e
bo sung cho van e a at ra. The th tac pham Lch s
vng quoc Champa cua Lng Ninh ch la mot cong trnh
sao chep lai nhng g ma cac nha khoa hoc the gii a viet
va xuat ban ma thoi. Du la sao chep lai, Lng Ninh con
vap phai bao loi lam noi dung bai biet bang tieng Anh hoac
Phap ma Lng Ninh dch ra tieng Viet. V du khi viet ve
Hoi giao Cham (tr.193-197), tac gia khong ch chep nguyen
van t lieu ma con copy ca y tng cua P. Y. Manguin
25
ma
khong co dan mot chu thch. ieu ang noi ay, a copy
roi ma con copy sai, tuy tien bo ca chu thch t lieu goc cua
tac gia P. Y. Manguin.
phan khac (tr.239 -305) tac gia Lng Ninh gii
thieu van bi k Cham, nhng tac gia cung khong cho biet
nguon t lieu nay phat xuat t au, ang trong tap ch nao.
S khuyet dien nguon t lieu nay a a oc gia ngo nhan
rang chnh Lng Ninh la ngi dch cac bia k Champa t
ch Phan va ch Cha m goc ra tieng Viet ma thc ra bi k
Champa la do cac tac gia ngi Phap a dch va cong bo rai
rac tren BEFEO t 1903-1933 va sau nay tac gia R. C.
Majumdar
26
a tap hp xuat ban thanh sach. To m lai, tac

Cham, Tap ch Ton giao, So 4/2000, tr. 49-54.
25
P.Y. Manguin,The Introduction of Islam into Campa, EFEO, tome
LXVI, 1979, tr. 7-13 (translated English by Robert Nicholl ).
26
R. C. Majumdar, 1927.
150
gia Lng Ninh ch co cong dch thuat t tieng Phap, Anh
sang tieng Viet. Qua hai v du tren cho thay thai o khoa
hoc cua tac gia nh the nao oi vi cac bac tien boi cua
ong? ay la mot thai o hoan toan i ng c lai vi qui luat
khoa hoc tren the gii.

Mot van chng e quoc

Mot van e khac ang ban ay o la mot so t
tng e quoc cua Lng Ninh lien quan Lch s Vng
quoc Champa. Khi oc sach nay, oc gia co cam tng rang
Lng Ninh khong phai la nha khoa hoc chan chnh, vo
minh. V khi viet sach Lch s Vng quoc Champa, tac gia
thng hay boc lo t tng cua mot dan toc ln (ngi Viet)
tc la mot dan toc thang tran e viet ve dan toc Champa,
tc la dan toc thua tran, ma ong xem ho ch la ngi man di,
tat yeu phai b mat nc va lam no le. Cho nen khi viet ve
Champa, tac gia luon tm cai yeu kem, cai mau thuan trong
noi bo cua vng quoc nay (tr.219) ma khong thay c
nhng net ac trng rieng biet, t to chc chnh tr, quan s
en y thc he chien tranh va bang giao gia cac nc lang
gieng, a dien ra trong tien trnh lch s cua vng quoc
Champa. Mot th du ien hnh o 2 trieu ai Che Bong Nga
va Po Rome ma cac nha s gia van goi la trieu ai vang
son cua vng quoc nay
27
. Ngc lai, Lng Ninh lai phu
nhan quan iem tren e roi ket luan rang trieu ai Che
Bong Nga (1360-1390) ch la tia nang quai cua buoi hoang
hon (tr.107) va trieu ai Po Rome (1625-1651) la mot anh
sang nhng la mot anh sang thay c trong buoi chieu ta
(tr.214). Ket luan vi li van cham bie m va ma mai nay a
cho oc gia thay rang tac pham Lch S Champa cua Lng
Ninh ch la cong cu e bao cha t tng e quoc cua tac
gia th ung hn.

27
Xem G. Maspero,1928, tr. IX; Po Dharma, S lc lch s Champa,
in Champaka, No 1-1999, tr. 20.
151
Khi viet ve van hoa Cham, ong ta con co giong ma
mai cho rang dan toc nay cung thch suy t. Cung nen
nhac lai rang, dan toc Cham khong nhng thch suy t ma
con phai suy t, tran tr rat nhieu ve than phan vong quoc
cua mnh, mat t do ve s bao ton va sang tao nen van hoa
cua chnh ho trc sc ep cua cong ong ngi Kinh cang
ngay cang tang trng gap boi.
Tac gia Lng Ninh con cho rang van hoa Cham ch
la tan d cua van hoa Viet : vi nhng chiec ao dai mang
ro net anh hng cua chiec ao dai Viet (...) ( tr.222). ay la
loi lap phi khoa hoc. Ao dai Cham co cung nguon goc vi
ao dai Ma Lai mang ten la Baju Kurung, khong lien he g
vi ao dai Viet Nam ca. ung ra, Lng Ninh phai noi dan
toc Viet a chu anh hng nang ne van hoa cua dan toc
Champa th ung hn. Mot bang chng cu the o la ngi
Viet anh hng Champa ve tuc th ba Thanh Mau (Thien Y
Ana) Hue va Nha Trang
28
; Nhac Viet anh hng nhac
Champa di thi L Thanh Tong. Ngi Viet con tiep thu
ngi Champa k thuat e ieu, dan thuy nhap ien, giong
lua Chiem, non la
29
, tuc th ca ong, k thuat i bien, ky
nghe lam ghe thuyen
30
v.v. Ngc lai, dan toc Champa, du
la ke that bai, nhng ch tiep thu t ngi Kinh, mot dan toc
chien thang, mot vai net van hoa nh hoa van cham tro tren
go cua vach tng hay tren ngoi nh va mi xay cat gan
ay.

28
Xem Ngo c Thnh ( chu bien), ao Mau va cac hnh thc Shaman
trong cac toc ngi thieu so Viet Nam va Chau A, Nha xuat ban
Khoa hoc Xa hoi, Ha Noi, 2004.
29
Non la la vat quy c Champa dung lam qua than hu cho nha
Nguyen, c ghi chep lai trong Phu Bien Tap Luc c trch dan bi
Danny Wong Tze-Ken (Moi quan he gia chua Nguyen va vng
quoc Champa. Bc nghien cu s khi, in Champaka 1, 1999, tr.
59-75). Trc o ngi Viet (Kinh) ch co ao dai t than, non quai
thao; con ao dai Hue va non la ngi Viet (Kinh) dung pho bien
ngay nay la anh hng t ao dai va non la Cham.
30
Ghe trong cum t ghe thuyen phat xuat t tieng Cham : gaiy. Bau
trong ghe bau phat xuat t tieng Ma Lai: perahu (Cham: haok).
152
Trong tac pham Lch s vng quoc Champa, tac gia
Lng Ninh con co mot chuyen nc ci trong l luan. Mot l
luan duy nhat cua tac gia e l giai chien tranh gia ai Viet
va Champa trong suot 352 trang sach ch co mot nguyen do
duy nhat la v vng quoc nay thng hay cp pha va
khong nop cong cho nen ai Viet em quan anh
(tr.81,82,85,187). Ngc lai khi Champa xuat quan tan
cong ai Viet nham oi lai at ai b chiem ong vao nam
1069, 1306, 1471, 1611, 1653, Lng Ninh cho rang Champa
em quan cp pha (tr.113, 220, 217, v.v.).

Sai lam ve y thc he chien tranh va qui che trieu cong

Noi en trieu cong, tac gia Lng Ninh t ra cung
nen xac nh mot cach chnh xac the nao la qui che trieu
cong cua ai Viet oi vi nc lang gieng trc khi ap dung
cum t nay trong bai viet cua mnh. Ai cung biet, ai Viet
chu anh hng nen van minh Trung Hoa luon luon xem cac
nc khac tren the gii nay la ch hau cua mnh, tc la phai
co ngha vu trieu cong mnh. ay la mot chu ngha e quoc
ma ai Viet la quoc gia duy nhat trong khu vc ong Nam
A thng hay ap dung.
oi vi Champa, mot vng quoc chu anh hng
nen van minh An o Giao, ho khong bao gi chap nhan
trieu cong bat c ai, nhat la nc ai Viet ma ho goi la
Nagara Yavana (hom nay goi la Nagar Yuen), tc la quoc
gia cua nhng ngoai lai. Ngc lai, vng quoc Champa
luon luon tm cach phat trien moi quan he ngoai giao vi
cac quoc gia lang gieng qua cac mon qua than hu do cac
phai bo ngoai giao cua ho mang en tang. Tiec rang, moi
lan Champa mang qua than hu sang Thang Long, trieu
nh ai Viet lai ghi trong bien nien s cua mnh la vat
trieu cong cua Champa. Ngay ca mon qua ma cac nc
Thai Lan, Tay Ban Nha, Phap, v.v. gi en ai Viet, bien
nien s Viet Nam van reu rao la vat trieu cong ho. Ch can
153
oc tac pham Quoc Trieu Chanh Bien
31
di thi vua Gia
Long, oc gia se thay mot danh sach dai cua cac nc ma
vua chua Viet Nam goi la ch hau cua ho trong o co ca
Thai Lan va Phap.
ieu can nhan manh ay, trieu cong tc la qui che
dang le vat co nh ky ro ret ma cac quoc gia nho be hay
thua tran phai dang hien cho quoc gia hung manh e bay to
s than phuc cua mnh. Mot khi a trieu cong, quoc gia ch
hau khong bao gi da m vung day chong la i quoc gia hung
manh o. oi vi Champa, qui che trieu cong cho ai Viet
ch la mot cot truyen do ai Viet ba at nham ton vinh oai
quyen cac nha lanh ao cua mnh th ung hn. V khong
lan nao s lieu Champa noi en van e trieu cong nc lang
gieng. Mot so ieu rat la mau thuan ma ngi ta a nhan
thay o la Champa thng hay xua quan tan cong ai Viet
sau vai thang ma ho mang qua sang "trieu cong''.
Mot th du ien hnh ma chung toi a ra e chng
minh qui luat lu m trong qui che trieu cong nay, o la trong
vong 135 na m (1059-1194), bien nien s ai Viet co ghi lai
46 lan trieu cong cua Champa. Tiec rang nhng nien ai
trieu cong khong c qui nh ro ret va ca c mon qua hoan
toan co gia tr khac nhau. Mot khi tong ket lai danh sach
mon qua trieu cong ma bien nien s a ra, chung ta thay
rang trong khoang thi gian 135 nam o, Champa ch ''trieu
cong'' cho ai Viet nam mon qua co gia tr o la bon con voi
trang va mot con nga trang. oi vi Champa, ay ch la
mon qua qua nho nhoi va bat thng ma vng quoc nay
thng mang sang ai Viet trong nhng lan vieng tham cua
phai bo Champa ch khong phai la le vat ''trieu cong'' nh
tac gia Lng Ninh hieu lam. Sau nam 1692, tc la thi ky
ma Panduranga-Champa b at di quyen o ho cua nha
Nguyen, qui che trieu cong bat au ro hn, nhng nh ky
cua tieu cong nay van con lu m
32
.

31
Quoc Trieu Chanh Bien, Saigon, 1971.
32
Danny Wong Tze-Ken 1999.
154
Du cac nha s hoc Viet Nam co bien minh nh the
nao i na ve hanh ong xam lc Champa, nhng ho
khong the che dau c chnh sach e quoc cua ai Viet
oi vi Champa ma bien nien s Viet Nam la nhan chng
lch s. Mac du Champa trieu cong roi nhng bien nien s
ghi rang la ai Viet van xuat quan tan cong Champa :
trong 2 nam 1830-1831, quan he ngoai giao dien ra nhon
nhp () Champa c s than sang trieu cong. Tat nhien nha
Nguyen khong bang long nh the, ma ca n xuc tien viec
chinh phuc han Champa. (tr. 97). Th tch co nay con nhan
manh them t chua Nguyen en Tay Sn viec m at va
gi yen lanh tho () la qui luat phat trien, cung la l tng
va m c cua moi ngi dan () la l tng thieng lieng ma
moi ngi dan [Viet] phan au thc hien (tr. 225). Ch can
oc qua bai viet cua Nguyen Gia Kieng, oc gia co the hnh
dung c au la thai o e quoc cua cac nha lanh ao
Viet Nam : trong lch s Viet Nam, moi khi giai quyet
nhng s bat ong thng chu trng anh hn cau hoa, du
anh la ngu xuan
33
. T nhng dan chng ne u tren a hien
ra ro ban chat cac giai cap lanh ao Viet Nam thi co rat la
da man, hieu chien oi vi lang gieng Champa pha Nam.
V rang, chnh sach xam lc, cp at ai, giet hai dan toc
khac c giai cap lanh ao Viet Nam xem la qui luat phat
trien, cung la l tng thieng lieng, va m c cua moi
ngi dan [Viet] phai thc hien. Vay ma khi ai Viet tien
quan chinh phat Chiem Thanh, nguyen do duy nhat ma cac
s gia Viet Nam trong o co tac gia Lng Ninh thng neu
ra la v Chiem Thanh cp pha hoac bo trieu cong. ay la
mot ly luan hoan toan phi khoa hoc.
T nhng d kien a neu ra phan tren, oc gia co
cam tng rang cac nha s hoc Viet Nam ch biet da vao
chnh s cua quoc gia nay, hay noi mot cach khac chnh s
cua mot chnh quyen e quoc, e xay dng noi dung lch s

33
Nguyen Gia Kieng, To Quoc An Nan, in lan th 2, Paris, in lan th 2,
2004, tr. 37.

155
cua mot quoc gia thua tran, goi la Champa. Chung toi goi o
la lch s mot chieu, khong co gia tr khoa hoc.
Lch s la d kien cua s that a tr thanh di san
tinh than cua mot dan toc. Cac s gia khong co l g e
xuyen tac nguyen do va luon tao dng nen nhng luan ieu
e bien ho cho s banh trng va xam lang cua ai Viet.
Hom nay, ai Viet va Champa la hai nhan to chnh e cau
thanh lch s va quoc gia Viet Nam. Va trong thi ai bung
no thong tin khoa hoc nh ngay nay, lai cang khong the lay
chnh s Viet Nam lam t lieu tuyet oi, vi loi t duy mot
chieu cua nha s hoc Viet Nam e viet ve Champa na.

*

Cuon sach Lch s Vng quoc Champa cua Lng
Ninh khong co g mi, hoan toan copy va s dung lai t lieu
cua cac tac gia ngi Phap, e roi viet lai theo thien y cua
ngi Kinh nham xuyen tac va lam phai nhat i Lch s
Champa. Hoc gia khong co tinh than khoa hoc. Khi viet
sach, tac gia thng hay boc lo thai o cua mot dan toc e
quoc, bay to t tng cua dan toc ln viet ve dan toc nho.
V vay cuon sach khong mang mot gia tr khoa hoc t noi
dung en hnh thc.

156

Mng Giang
Qua nhng neo ng Bnh Thuan
1

M. S. Bertrand
(Chng trnh the gii Ma Lai-ong Dng)

Tac pham Qua nhng neo ng Bnh Thuan cua
Mng Giang phat hanh bi Nha Sach T Lc tai
California-USA, nam 2003, 864 trang.
Sach gom 8 chng : Chng Mot Ba the k noi dai
Chiem Thanh (tr.7-52) ; Chng Hai Chiem thanh thc
chat va huyen thoai (tr.101-203) ; Chng Ba T Nguyen
That Thanh en trng Duc Thanh (tr.212- 346) ; Chng
Bon Bnh Thuan qua 3 the k (tr.382-449) ; Chng Nam
Qua nhng neo ng Bnh Thuan (tr.468-536) ; Chng
Sau : Phan Thiet trong tam t ngi ly x (tr.552-660) ;
Chng Bay Tham lai ng xa loi cu Bnh Thuan
Phan Thiet (tr.687-784) ; Chng Tam Bnh Thuan, nhng
thang nam ly loan (tr.804-847) ; va phan cuoi sach la Li
ket, Muc luc, T lieu kham khao.
Trong 8 chng tren cua cuon sach Mng Giang, chung
toi ch a ra bnh luan 2 chng (Chng Mot va Chng
Hai), tc la nhng chng co lien quan en lch s, van hoa
va van minh cua Champa (Chiem Thanh), mot lnh vc lien
quan en nghien cu cua chung toi.
ay la sach co ba in hnh ep, trnh bay trang nha, ch
in nghieng ro rang, thuan tien cho ngi oc.Van phong cua
tac gia trnh bay mach lac, cam xuc dat dao, tuon chay trong
tng trang viet. Noi dung cua cuon sach toat len tam trang
cua tac gia Mng Giang, mot ngi yeu nc Viet Nam
Cong Hoa, yeu que hng Bnh Thuan qua nhng neo
ng. Bang k s, qua 864 trang viet, tac gia a co phac

1
Bai tieng Phap c chuyen sang tieng Viet bi Ban Bien Tap
Champaka
Mng Giang: Qua nhng neo ng Bnh Thuan
158
hoa nen mot bc chan dung cua manh at Bnh Thuan: t
en thap Champa (Chiem Thanh) en chua Phat, nh lang
cua ngi Kinh ong bang, ven bien, e n ao Phu Quoc
xa xoi ; t con ngi dan Champa ban a cua x Bnh
Thuan ng au vi cuoc Nam tien ngi Kinh en nhng
oan hon cua nhng chien s a con at Viet tan sat lan
nhau trong 30 na m noi chien Bac-Nam (1945-1975) v.v. Tat
ca nhng hnh anh, nhng s kien lch s o c tac gia
a vao cuon sach nh mot s on co tri an. Tuy nhien, do
cuon sach co noi dung rong ln, lai c viet theo dang k
s cua mot nha viet lach, khong phai la nha khoa hoc
chuyen nghiep nen cuon sach a pham nhieu loi sai lam ve
s kien lch s, t lieu, cung nhng quan iem khi nhan nh
van e.

Sai lam ve s kien lch s

M au chng I, viet ve Chiem Thanh, tac gia Mng
Giang khong can dan chng, t lieu trch dan t au, da
tren c s t lieu nao ma tac gia dong dac tuyen bo nh inh
ong cot rang la: Tren danh ngha t nam 1693, ai Viet
chanh thc la chu nhan ong [sic] toan coi vng quoc
Chiem Thanh noi chung va tai Panduranga, tc la Thuan
tran hay tnh Bnh Thuan ngay nay (tr. 2). Va s kien nay
c tac gia lap lai nhieu lan mot cach qua quyet cac tr.
16 va tr. 106. ay la van e sai lam ve s kien lch s giong
nh t tng sai lam cua Lng Ninh ma chung toi a phan
tch va trnh bay trong Harak Champaka so 3.

Sai lam ve lanh tho va thanh phan dan to c Champa

Khi noi en vung at Tay Nguyen va cac thanh phan
toc Champa, tac gia Mng Giang luon phu nhan Tay
Nguyen la vung at thuoc Champa va cac dan toc Tay
nguyen la cac dan toc b cai tr bi ngi Cham (tr. 105,
108). Tac gia viet Trong suot thi gian chien tranh dai
159
dang gia Viet-Chiem, Phu Nam-Chan Lap, cac bo toc
Cao Nguyen Trung Phan cung b hoa lay t chien nan cua
ngi Cham (tr. 105). Va cho ti nam 1471 vua Le Thanh
Tong mi giai phong hoan toan ach o ho cua Chiem Thanh
cho cac bo toc (tr. 106, 193 va 194). ay la mot quan iem
sai lam ve lanh tho va thanh phan dan toc Champa ma
chung toi cung a phe bnh Lng Ninh trong Harak
Champaka so 3.

Sai lam ve t lieu

Cung nh Lng Ninh, khi nghien cu Champa tac gia
Mng Giang ch s dung va tin tng duy nhat mot nguo n
th tch Viet Nam. Va cho rang ngi Chiem khong co
tac pham Lch s (tr.2,107). Nen nh rang, hien nay ngi
Chiem (Champa) van con lu gi nhng tac pham lch s.
Nhng tac pham lch s Champa khac han t lieu co Viet
Nam ma chung toi a trnh bay cu the bai phe bnh Lng
Ninh. ay cung can noi the m vi tac gia Mng Giang
rang nhng va n ban ch Cha m ma hien nay ho con lu gi
mot so la nhng bai ky luc co noi dung lien quan en nhng
bien co lch s, chnh tr cua Champa ma ngi viet a biet
c hoac thay c vi chnh con mat cua mnh (Po
Dharma, 1987, tr. 183-184). Do o nhng van ban nay chnh
la nhng cuon sach s Champa mang tnh khach quan, cha
nhieu thong tin co the cho phep cho cac nha s hoc Viet
Nam kiem chng lai va bo tuc nhng tai lieu lch s cua
mnh. o la nguon t lieu lch s quy gia con sot lai ma
hien nay ngi Cham van con lu gi sau nhng tran tan
pha, huy diet lang mac Cham, vi phng cham ot sach,
pha sach, giet sach cua quan xam lang ai Viet, ch
khong phai nh tac gia Mng Giang viet ngi Cham
khong lu lai cac tac pham lch s. en ay, oc gia rat
ngac nhien cho Mng Giang, viet lch s Champa ma tac
gia ch oc mot vai t lieu t pha ngi Viet. Tham ch tac
gia cha oc het sach s Viet, ch ng co noi en oc lch
160
s Champa. Cho nen tac gia rat de b sai lam, phien dien,
mot chieu khi nhan nh van e.

S nguy bien mau thuan va khap khieng trong van
chng e quoc

Nguy bien cho hanh ong xam lc

Tac gia viet rang nguyen nhan Nam Tien cua ngi
Viet va nguyen nhan ngi Cham mat nc la nh sau.
-Ngi Viet Nam Tien la do Ngi Cham suy yeu,
khong kiem soat het vung bien va hai ao xa xoi ( tr. 10)
-Ngoai ra cai thi ma ngi Cham c bo at hoang, e
dan Viet ti khai pha gay dng, roi ho tr lai tan cong oat
lai hay e kiem lng thc va chien li pham, cung a cao
chung (tr. 114).
-Nhn chung at ai lanh tho Chiem Thanh t Quang
Bnh chay vao ti Bnh Tuy (...) nhng rat tiec phan ln
vung at nay b bo hoang. oan van nh the nay c lap
lai nhieu lan co chu y cac tr. 123, 124 e tac gia muon noi
mot y la: at ai Champa con bo hoang th ngi Viet c
viec vao chiem e . (Lu y t rat tiec cua tac gia Mng
Giang trong cau van tren giong nh ke cp tiec cua ngi
giau).
-ai Viet la nan nhan nhieu lan v ban chat hieu chien
cua ngi Cham (tr. 113).
- Chiem thanh mat nc la do noi bo mau thuan, nhan
dan b su cao, thue nang, phuc dch, xay dng en ai (tr.
112, 113 va114).
-Tom lai Chiem thanh mat nc la do ho t ao dien.
Cuoc Nam tien cua ai Viet chang qua cung ch la mot
ngau cam trung hp (tr. 115-116)

Trong tat ca nhng nguyen do ma tac gia neu tren e l
giai ve cuoc Nam Tien cua ngi Viet va nguyen nhan mat
nc cua ngi Cham th oc gia thay khong co mot nguyen
161
nhan nao do pha ngi Viet gay nen. Tat ca o loi cho
Champa. ay khong can phan tch, chng minh oc gia
cung de dang nhan thay rang ay la kieu l luan mot chieu
mang tnh thu ch nham ngu bien mot cach tho thien cho
hanh ong xam lc cua ngi Viet.

Nguy bien cho hanh vi da man cua trieu nh Viet
Nam

e nguy bien cho hanh ong da man tan sat ngi
Cham cua trieu nh Viet Nam, trang 114 tac gia Mng
Giang noi rang Qua dong lch s nc nha [Viet Nam],
hoac chnh do ngi Viet ghi chep lai, hay t cac s gia
ngoai quoc, hoan toan khong thay noi e n s tan ac da man
cua quan Viet oi vi tu binh hay dan chie n nan nh ngi
Cham. ay la van chng la bp oc gia bnh dan cho
hanh vi da man cua ngi Viet. V rang, chnh s Viet Nam
con ghi lai ranh ranh toi ac nay.
-Mua ha, thang 4, nguyen soai (Nguyen) L Thng
Kiet bat c e Cu bien gii Chan Lap. Mua Ha, thang
5, vua ai yen quan than tai ien vua Chiem Thanh (). Vua
sai kiem ke tat ca cac nha trong va ngoai thanh, ca thay hn
2.560 khu, eu sai giet va ot het.
2

-ai Hanh Hoang e. Ky Su Nam Hng Thong th 1
(989) Vua em quan en anh Chau Hoan, Chau Ai, uoi
bat c Tien Loc, giet ngi [Chiem] hai chau khong biet
bao nhieu ma ke
3

-Nam 1040-1044, cuoc chien Champa-ai Viet dien ra
am ma u, 30 ngan ngi Champa b chat au, v vua

2
Viet S Lc. Quyen II,19-20b,tr.122-123 (t lieu nay dan theo Nguyen
Le Thi, Th tch co Viet Nam,UBKH Xa hoi Viet Nam- Ban ong
Nam A xuat ban , Ha Noi -1977,tr.2) .
3
Ngo S Lien , ai Viet s k toan th , Quyen 1, tr. 173.
162
Champa nhay xuong bien t van bi s hoang dam cua vua
Viet, mot so binh lnh Champa em ra bac lam tu binh
4
.
-Nam Tan Mao, nam th 2 (1471). ai Viet tien anh
Champa, thanh Vijaya (Bnh nh) b that thu, vua Champa
Tra Toan b bat. ai Viet ra lenh chem au vua va 60 ngan
ngi Champa vo toi. ay la hanh ong giet ngi da man
nhat cha tng xay ra trong lch s ong Nam A a c
chnh s gia Viet Nam ghi chep va a c trch lai trong
nhieu cuon sach nc ngoai viet ve Champa
5
.
Toi ac man r cua trieu nh Viet Nam oi vi ngi
Champa khong ch dien ra thi trung co ma con keo dai
en thi hien ai. ai Nam Thc Luc Cha nh Bien viet vao
nam 1834, vua Minh Menh ra lenh t hnh tat ca nhng
chien s ngi Champa noi loan chong trieu nh Hue, chat
tay ho ra thanh tng khuc va lay ruot gan cua ho treo tren
canh cay e cho dan toc Champa phai khiep s
6
. o la
nhng bang chng, la nhng trang t lieu ay ray toi ac man
r cua vua chua Viet Nam va tham am ay mau va nc
mat oi vi dan toc Champa ma tac gia Mng Giang nen
tm oc.

Lap luan mau thuan khi nhan dien ve van hoa

V co t tng dan toc ln, luon xem mnh la van minh,
tinh khiet, chnh thong, khong chap nhan b lai cang van
hoa, mang dong mau Cha m, tac gia Mng Giang a phe
phan nhieu hoc gia a viet ve s anh hng van hoa Cham -
Viet. Tac gia cho rang nhieu ngi viet voi vang ket luan,
dan Viet b ngi Chiem ong hoa ngc tren lanh vc van

4
Xem AYMONIER, Ngi Cham va Cac ton giao cua ho, Ernest Leroux,
Editeur, 28, Rue Bonaparte, 28, Pari , 1891, tr. 12.
5
G. Maspero,1928, tr.238; D.G.E. Hall, 1981, tr.210; J.C. SHARMA.
Temple of Cham in Vietnam , Nha xuat ban Khoa, hoc xa hoi ,Hanoi
,1992,tr.35.
6
ai Nam Thc Luc Tien Bien, Vien S hoc , Nha xuat ban Khoa hoc Xa
hoi , Ha Noi, 1962-1966, Quyen 16, tr.102.
163
hoa va ton giao, qua hnh thc hat xng, bua ngai va tap
tuc th Ca Ong (tr. 2) .
Neu van e e phu nhan quan iem cua ngi khac nh
tren, nhng tac gia khong tm c nh ng c lieu e bao ve
quan iem cua mnh. Qua mot hoi noi vong vo nguy bien v
tinh than t ai dan toc ln, tac gia khong cach nao choi cai
c s that nh la mot tat yeu lch s, e roi en trang 12-
13, tac gia ot ngot viet Nhng lch s van con nhieu bat
ng khong giai thch c, giong nh Trung Hoa, chnh
nhng ke chien thang Khiet an, Hung No, Mong Co () lai
b ngi Han ong hoa ngc lai tren at mnh. Lch s a
tng xay ra Viet Nam, trong viec vua chua thi L ,Tran
th cung v n than Chiem Thanh la Thien Y ().Ngay nay
van con nhieu di tch Cham () nh ben Lam Ap Ho Tay,
ong Lam Ap Xuan nh, Ha Noi () hay chua Ba anh
tai Thang Long (). T n than Thien Ya Na () ti cac than
linh () Nam Hai ai Tng Quan ( Ca Ong) () cua ngi
Cham c ngi Viet th phung (tr. 12, 13).
Va cuoi cung tac gia t chap nhan s ong hoa cua
ngi Cham.Lu dan ang Ngoai vao khai hoang va lap
nghiep tai Bnh Thuan, tren b hay ni hai ao, tan trong
huyet quan cua ho a co anh hng t nhng than linh co
ni ban a, cho nen s tiep thu nhanh chong cac than linh
mi nhng ma cu , ni at Cham la mot s t nhien kho
tranh khoi (tr.13) .
ay cung can nhan manh rang ngi Viet b anh
hng ngi Cha m kho ng ch tren lnh vc tn ngng nh
tac gia neu ma con dien ra trong nhieu lnh vc khac trong
cuoc song nh: k thuat ong ghe thuyen (ghe bau), lam
nc mam; k thuat lam ruong nc, e ieu, giong lua
Chiem mua; am nhac cung nh thi L-Tran, thi Nguyen
co ho Hue, nhac ngu cung v.v. Ngc lai ngi Cham ch
tiep thu van hoa Viet trong thi gian sau nay do ap lc ong
hoa t thi Minh Menh th 17 (1837). Vua Minh Mang
xuong chieu bat ngi Cham phai thay oi ho ten theo kieu
164
Viet (ho Chau, Quang, ac, S, Lu)
7
; mac ao dai khan
ong ngi Viet ; lam le tang, le hoi Cha m phai mang c
am dng, ngu hanh, bat quai cua ngi Viet vay mn t
Trung Hoa
8
; va mot so kien truc nh lang Cham sau nay
cung anh hng kien truc nh lang Viet
9
v.v.

L luan oc quyen

Theo tac gia Chiem Thanh mat nc la do luat nhan
qua cua nha Phat. Tac gia viet Noi theo kinh Phat, th tat
ca eu la nhan qua, thien ac nhan tien, ngi Cham luc nao
cung nuoi han thu trong tam () tan cong het nc nay en
nc khac va ngc lai ho cung phai b nan nhan tra thu
() (tr. 113). Nhng khi en Le Khac Quyen, S Thch
Nhat Hanh s dung luat nhan qua cua nha Phat e nhan
nh ve chien tranh 30 nam Nam-Bac Viet Nam la do dan
toc Viet giet hai qua nhieu ngi Cham, v Nam Tien ma
VN [Viet Nam] phai chu nghiep chng luan hoi trong suot
the k XX th tac gia Mng Giang lai chi Le Khac
Quyen la ten phan tac va S Nhat Hanh la ga ac tang ban
Kinh nha Phat (tr. 188, 189).
Van e nay cho thay rang, tac gia Mng Giang khong
co t duy l luan logic, nhat quan. Tac gia muon oc quyen
ve tr thc, e t mnh muon noi g th noi, con ngi khac
th khong quyen c noi. Ch co tac gia mi c s dung
luat nhan qua e phan xet, con ngi khac th khong nen.
ay khong phai la mot kieu l luan khoa hoc cua mot nha
nghien cu ma la van chng cua ngi viet lach muon chi
ai th c chi.

7
Nguyen Khac Ng, Mau He Cham, Nha xuat ban Trnh bay, Sai Gon,
1967, tr.125.
8
Van hoa Viet Nam la s bat chc van hoa Trung Quoc nhng cha
xong (xem Nguyen Gia Kieng, 2004, tr.15) nhng Minh Menh lai
em van hoa Viet truyen ba cho ngi Cham . That la khoi hai !
9
Xem Harak Champaka 3, ra ngay 30/6/2005, tr. 13-14.
165
Mot van e l luan oc quyen vo l na trong cuon sach
cua Mng Giang ma oc gia de nhan thay tac gia t cho
mnh la mot ngi rat yeu nc Viet Nam Cong Hoa va
cam thu giac Cong San nhng tac gia lai cam ngi Cham
khong c quyen yeu nc Champa va cam thu quan xam
lc ngi Viet.
ay can nhan manh rang, tac gia M ng Giang rat
yeu nc, ac biet la yeu nc Viet Nam Cong Hoa. Tac
gia noi tiec cam han trc noi tan nha nhuc nc va ach no
le cua Cong San (tr. 189). That ra nc Viet Nam co mat
au, van con o mot giang sn do ngi Viet lam chu mac
du ho la Cong San, c chi ma tac gia lai khoc, nuoi tiec cho
at nc Viet Nam. Tac gia viet : chang con giot nc
mat muon mang, e khoc (tr. 346, 378). Van chi nc
Viet Nam b ngi Tau, ngi My, hoac ngi Cham xam
chiem th tac gia lieu lam sao?
Nhng oi vi ngi Cha m, mot giang sn rong ln b
bien mat, mot dan toc a b nan diet chung kinh hoang cha
tng thay trong Lch s ong Nam A va hien nay ang chu
sc ep ong hoa manh liet cua ngi Viet t nhieu pha.
Vay th lam sao ma ngi Cham co the quen c at nc,
to quoc cua ho. Nhan danh la con ngi, ho cung co quye n
song, quyen au n, tui hn, va cam thu giac nh tac gia
Mng Giang va nhng dan toc vong than khac tren the
gii. C sao tac gia lai phe phan Che Linh hat bai Han o
Ban ; phe phan mot so thieu so Cham con mang han thu
ngi Viet (tr. 115) va phe phan ac Van Kiet len an
ngi Viet la da man, cp nc (tr. 189). L luan kieu tac
gia Mng Giang a cho oc gia hieu rang, ch co ngi
Kinh mi biet yeu nc, cam thu giac, con cac dan toc khac
th khong biet yeu nc, ch biet lam no le.

Hien tng Che Linh va ac Van Kiet

Co dp nghe ca s Che Linh goc Cham hat bai Han o
Ban tac gia Mng Giang a ra ket luan rang t o mi
166
thay en bay gi, ma s han thu gia hai dan toc Chiem -
Viet, van con am c ni hon cua mot thieu so, v chnh
nhng ngi nay khong biet tai sao mnh phai suy tan. Tom
lai Chiem Thanh mat nc la ho ho t ao dien (tr. 115).
Li ket luan cua tac gia Mng Giang ve ca s Che Linh
se cho oc gia thay rang, tac gia Mng Giang co t tng
han thu dan toc khong hn khong kem. Cho rang, ca s Che
Linh hat bai Han o Ban ch khieu gi s han thu dan toc la
mot l luan khoi hai. ung ra Mng Giang phai noi rang
ngi ng ra keu goi s han thu Chiem-Viet phai la nhac
s Xuan Tien goc Viet. V nhac s Xuan Tien la ngi sang
tac ra bai Han o Ban con Che Linh ch hat lai bai Han o
Ban cua nhac s Xuan Tien ma khong the m bt mot li nao.
ung ra tac gia Mng Giang phai ket toi nhac s Xuan
Tien, v nhac s Xuan Tien la thu pham chnh (ngi sang
tac) keu goi han thu dan toc nhng tac gia lai n phng
ket toi Che Linh. en ay oc gia a thay ro cung mot viec
lam, cung mot hanh ong dien ra co hai ngi tham gia,
nhng mot ngi Cham nh Che Linh la co toi, con nhac s
Xuan Tien, ngi Viet nen luon luon vo toi. The th s t
do, bnh ang, bac ai cua ngi Viet au? Hien tng nay
khong ch gap t duy k th dan toc cua Mng Giang ma
con xay ra hang ngay tren at nc Viet Nam ngay nay ve
toi phan biet, oi x khong bnh ang cua ngi Viet (Kinh)
oi vi cac dan toc thieu so.

T noi dung cua bai hat Han o Ban tac gia Mng
Giang t gan cho dan toc Champa la khong biet tai sao ma
mnh phai suy tan (tr. 115). V luon mang t tng t cao,
t ai la ai Viet van minh cho nen Mng Giang c ngh
la dan toc Cham la man di moi r khong biet tai sao mnh
phai suy tan ma Mng Giang a quen i mot ieu quan
trong o la moi ngi Cham, ho co y thc rat cao ve van
hoa va lch s cua ho. T khi sinh ra khoi long me en
trng thanh, ho a tng nghe nhng cau hat ru, nhng bai
cung te, nhng bai thanh ca hat ve lch s, ve nhng v anh
167
hung cua ho trong moi dp le hoi hang nam, cho nen t nhieu
ho a biet nguyen nhan tai sao mnh phai suy tan. Va
nhng ngi nay luon y thc rat ro rang vng quoc
Champa suy tan la do s xam lang cua ai Viet. oi vi
ngi Cham, dai at mien trung t eo Ngang cho en Bnh
Thuan ngay nay la lanh tho vnh hang trong the gii tam
linh cua ho va ch la lanh tho tam thi cua Viet Nam.
Khong biet tai sao tac gia Mng Giang a viet ve le hoi
Champa trong sach roi (tr. 175-190) ma lai khong biet van
e nay (?). ung la tac gia Mng Giang ch ci nga
xem hoa nhng lai voi vang ket luan la ngi Cham
khong biet nguyen nhan tai sao ma ho suy tan. Co chang
Mng Giang mi la ngi duy nhat khong biet tai sao
ngi Cham suy tan.
Nhan vat th hai ma Mng Giang a ra lam nhan
chng e phan tch nham ket an cho ngi Cham la co ban
chat han thu, o la Java Pak Krong, tc la ac Van Kiet,
mot chien hu a tng mot thi cung Mng Giang ng
chung mot chien hao e chong Cong san, nay la sang lap
vien tap san Vijaya-Champa tai Hoa Ky. Theo tac gia
Mng Giang, neu ngi Cha m con ngo nhan ve nguye n
nhan tai sao Champa b tieu diet, chang qua cung v cam
xuc nhat thi qua s mat mat, e roi bien thanh thu han
nh Java Pak Krong (ac Hu Kiet) a viet trong cuon ac
san Xuan Bnh Thuan, Canh Thn 2000 vi chu e Vai net
s lc ve vng quoc Chiem Thanh .
oc lai bai Vai net s lc ve vng quoc Chiem
Thanh (tr. 118-138) cua Java Pak Krong (ac Hu Kiet)
nh a neu tren khong thay co oan nao, hang nao, noi
dung nao nh tac gia Mng Giang ch ra la Java Pak Krong
(ac Hu Kiet) mot ngi Cham Bnh Thuan, ph bang va
cha ap ca dan toc VN [Viet Nam] la cp nc (tr. 189).
Co chang Java Pak Krong (ac Hu Kiet) ch tom tat s
lc lch s Champa mot cach trung thc trong suot 8 the k
chien tranh tng tan gia Chiem Thanh va ai Viet. Cuoi
bai, tac gia Java Pak Krong (ac Hu Kiet) viet nh mot li
168
van xin dan toc Viet la lam sao e niem tin ton giao, phong
tuc tap quan, ngon ng, ch viet Champa () van c tran
quy, gn gi va ton tai trong () tnh van hoa va a dang cua
Viet Nam (tr.136). Va cuoi cung tac gia Java Pak Krong
(ac Hu Kiet) keu goi anh em Chiem-Viet ng bien xuc
cam thanh sau han va sau han ch la buon tham khong can
thiet cho cuoc song mot kiep ngi (tr.136). Li ket luan
cua bai viet Java Pak Krong (ac Hu Kiet) mang a m tnh
nhan van, tham tnh oan ket, hu ngh Chiem-Viet ang
tran trong. The th, au la minh chng cu the ma Mng
Giang a ra e noi rang Java Pak Krong (ac Hu Kiet)
mot ngi Cham Bnh Thuan, ph bang va cha ap ca dan
toc VN [Viet Nam] la cp nc (tr.189). ay la s ba
at, chup mu trang trn, mang hiem thu ca nhan, dan toc
mot cach vo c cua tac gia Mng Giang.

Qua hien tng Che Linh va ac Van Kiet, oc gia the
gii hieu rang mot dan toc vong quoc nh ngi Cham mac
du cha lam g ton hai en dan toc Viet nhng a b quy
chup, ket an mot cach vo c. Che Linh ch biet vo t ca hat
va Java Pak Krong (ac Van Kiet), mot nha viet lach ch
viet lai trung thc lch s cua dan toc mnh nhng cung b
ket toi la ke phan boi, ph bang va cha ap dan toc Viet
10
.
ieu nay a a oc gia en ket luan rang, tac gia Mng
Giang la con e cua e quoc ai Viet, luon muon ap at
quyen lc cua mnh len dan toc thieu so khac, khong chap
nhan bat c ai nhac en lch s va so phan cua Champa (ke
ca chnh ban than ngi Cham) ma ch co tac gia Mng
Giang va dan toc Viet mi co quyen a ra quan iem lch
s va quyet nh nh menh cua dan toc Champa.

10
Nam 2000, a CD - Traditional Music and Songs of Champa ( Dan ca
va dan nhac truyen thong Champa) cua Che Linh cung b chnh
quyen Viet Nam cam oan.
169
*
Cuon sach Nhng Neo ng Bnh Thuan cua tac gia
Mng Giang cha ng mot so t lieu ho n on t lch s,
van hoa, phong tuc, ton giao, tn ngng, en thap, chua,
chien va le hoi cua ngi Cham Bnh Thuan. v.v. Rat tiec
nhng t lieu neu tren ma tac gia a ra la khong co gia tr
khoa hoc. V t lieu trong sach cua tac gia khong ro nguon
goc, khong trch dan nguon t lieu khi dan chng. Viet mot
cuon sach dai 864 trang vi nhieu d kien lch s (1693-
1975), nhng tac gia ch s dung 18 cuon sach tham khao
chnh, ch khong phai la sach trch dan (xem tr. 864).V vay
khi oc, oc gia thay ro la tac gia khong u kha nang e
giai quyet nhng van e rong ln ma tac gia t at ra trong
cuon sach. Tac gia ba at t lieu, suy ngh theo cam tnh
chu quan nhieu hn la khach quan khoa hoc. L luan khap
khieng, mau thuan, phan xet ba bai va noi doi la khuyet
iem noi troi trong cuon sach cua tac gia Mng Giang,
cung nh trong mot so cuon sach cua ngi Viet viet ve
Champa. ay cung la chng benh nan y trong rng sach cua
mot so nha nghien cu Viet Nam. V vay, quan niem cua
tac gia l giai ve Champa (Chiem Thanh) trong sach la
quan iem chu quan cua nha viet lach mang t tng dan
toc e quoc hn la quan iem cua nha khoa hoc chan chnh.

Mac du cuon sach cua tac gia la k s lch s, hay la
mot tieu thuyet thng mai (co quyen sang tac) i chang
na, th tac gia cung phai ton trong s kien lch s (lch s
phai la s that), ch khong nen li du ng vng quoc
Champa suy tan, li dung ngoi but k s, van chng tieu
thuyet re tien ma t bo tien tui ra in sach (sach tac gia t
xuat ban) e xuyen tac lch s, van hoa va con ngi
Champa.

170

Dorohiem va Dohamide
Bangsa Champa
Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach
!

Ts. Nicolas Weber
ai Hoc INALCO, Paris

Bangsa Champa.Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach
(Seacaef-Viet Foundation, California, Hoa Ky, 2004) la mot
tap hoi ky ma hai tac gia Dohamide va Dorohiem, goc
Cham Hoi giao Chau oc, muon ke lai ve cuoc i rieng t
cua mnh : hanh trnh t ngay cap sach e n trng en khi
bc chan vao nghe cong chc cua Viet Nam Cong Hoa ;
hanh trnh t ngay sup o che o Sai Gon en thi buoi ra
i t nan Hoa Ky, mot quoc gia t do va dan chu. ay ch
la mot hoi ky ca nhan, v hai tac gia nay khong noi en
cong trnh au tranh nao e bao ve mot so yeu to c ban
lien quan en chnh tr, van hoa va xa hoi Champa hom nay.
Chnh v the, chung toi khong co mot y kien g ve noi dung
cua nhat ky nay.
Ben le cot truyen rieng t trnh bay trong Tm ve vi
mot coi nguon xa cach, Dohamide va Dorohiem co tap
trung mot so t lieu e ban mot so van e lien quan en van
e van hoa va lch s Champa. o la hai chu e ma chung
toi a ra e bnh luan ay.

Thieu trung thc ve phan gi i thieu van hoa

Trong cuon hoi ky nay, Dohamide va Dorohiem a ra
mot cong trnh rat la hu ch o la tap trung mot so t lieu

!
Champaka

Dorohiem va Dohamide: Bangsa Champa
172
va tin tc e gii thieu hau het cac nhan vat goc ngi
Cham trong nc cung nh ngoai nc ang lam van hoa
hay nghien cu ve van hoa, vi giong van hi tang boc ca
nhan bang cach in ca hnh anh cua cac nhan vat nghien cu
nay trong tac pham cua mnh. Tiec rang trong phan gii
thieu cac nha nghien cu ngi Cham, Dohamide va
Dorohiem khong bao gi nhac en 4 nha nghien cu ngi
Cham cung co mot so cong lao trong cong trnh bao ton van
hoa Champa, o la P. Gs. Po Dharma, Abd. Karim tc la Lo
Trung Can (Cham Van Lam), Dominique Nguyen (Cham
Phan R), Hassan Poklaun (Cham Van Lam).
S vang mat cua Po Dharma, Abd. Karim, Dominique
Nguyen, Hassan Poklaun trong tac pham Tm ve vi mot
coi nguon xa cach a a oc gia at lai nghi van ay :
co chang Dohamide va Dorohiem co tnh gach ten ho ra
khoi danh sach v ho la thanh vien cua Tap San Champaka,
ng ra phan oi quan iem cua Dohamide va Dorohiem
yeu cau chao c Viet Nam Cong Hoa trong ngay ra mat
Champaka tai Hoa Ky vao nam 1999 ? ieu ma chung toi
muon nhan manh ay, o la 4 nhan va t nay co quyen
phan oi nhng ai yeu cau ngi Cham chao c Viet Nam
Cong Hoa tai nc My t do. Va s phan no nay khong
mang mot y ngha ch trch ca nhan cua Dohamide va
Dorohiem ma la ch trch quan iem chnh tr ma thoi.
Neu khong phai v ly do t tng chnh tr oi ngc
nhau th ch con mot ly do khac o la Dohamide va
Dorohiem khong bao gi oc cac cong trnh nghien cu cua
ho, nhat la cong trnh cua P. Gs. Po Dharma. Gii thieu bo
phan nghien cu van hoa Champa nhng lai quen mot so
ngi nghien cu Cham a tr thanh mot minh chng cu the
hau ket luan rang Dohamide va Dorohiem van con mang t
tng phien dien hay hiem thu ca nhan trong phan gii
thieu ve van hoa Cham.
T tng phien dien hay hiem thu ca nhan nay a a
oc gia co cam giac rang Dohamide va Dorohiem vo tnh
li dung nhat ky rieng t cua mnh e tao mot lc lng
173
nghien cu ngi Cha m than vi mnh nham chong lai
nhom ngi Cham khong cung quan ie m chnh tr cua
mnh. ay la s kien a lam giam i gia tr cua mot tac
pham Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach, v Dohamide va
Dorohiem khong bay to ro ret duy t trung thc cua mot nha
tr thc Cham viet sach e quang cao ve cuoc i rieng t
cua mnh.

nh ngha m ho ve the che lien bang Champa

Gan mot the ky qua, tat ca cac nha nghieu cu phng
Tay va khu vc ong Nam A eu cong nhan rang Champa
la mot quoc gia lien bang. Rieng bon nhan vat duy nhat tren
the gii phu nhan the che nay o la Lng Ninh (Giao s s
hoc, ai hoc Ha Noi), Dohamide, Dorohiem va Karma Riya
(khong biet thuoc vien nghien cu nao).
Trong tac pham Lch s vng quoc Champa (Nha Xuat
Ban ai Hoc Quoc Gia Ha Noi, 2004) xuat ban vao nam
2004 tai Ha Noi, Gs. Lng Ninh ng ra phe bnh cac hoc
gia nc ngoai ve the che lien bang Champa. Theo Gs.
Lng Ninh (tr. 152), mot chuyen gia lch s Viet Nam, ly
thuyet Mandala tc la the che lien bang, neu em ap dung
Champa, th tac gia ch ong y mot na ma thoi. ay la
loi ly luan phi khoa hoc, v mot nha khoa hoc khong the
dung cum t ch ong y mot na e phan tch mot yeu to
lch s (xem bai phe bnh cua M. S. Bertrand, Harak
Champaka, so 3, ngay 30-6-05, trang 6-16).
oc qua bai khao luan Vng quoc Champa xa kia co
phai la lien bang khong cua Karma Riya ang trong Vijaya
so 5, 2005, tr. 146-172, chung toi co cam giac rang bai viet
cua Karma Riya co noi dung khong khac biet vi phan the
che lien bang Champa ang trong tac pham Bangsa
Champa. Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach cua Dohamide
va Dorohiem. Co chang Karma Riya ay ch la but hieu
cua Dohamide va Dorohiem ? Chnh v khong biet Karma
174
Riya la ai, cho nen chung toi phai bnh luan rieng biet hai
bai nay.
Trong tac pham Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach,
Dohamide va Dorohiem khan nh rang Champa khong phai
la quoc gia lien bang, v hai tac gia nay da vao cau noi cua
nha nghien cu Phap la L. Finot
1

nh sau : vng quoc
Champa hp thanh mot c cau quoc gia thong nhat ch
khong phai la mot chuoi cac tieu vng quoc oc lap nho
be. ay la phan trch dan hoan toan sai lech. Ong L. Finot,
cha e cua ly thuyet lien bang Champa, ch noi rang trieu
ai Bhadravarman I (380-413) la vng trieu duy nhat a
a vng quoc Champa hp thanh mot c cau quoc gia
thong nhat ch khong phai la mot chuoi cac tieu vng quoc
oc lap nho be. Tiec rang, L. Finot cho rang the che nay
ch xay ra trong vong 33 nam di trieu ai Bhadravarman,
khong u e ket luan mot the che chnh tr cua vng quoc
Champa c. Chnh v the, ong ta phai viet them mot bai
khac ve qua trnh lch s Panduranga
2
e chng minh rang
Panduranga la mot tieu vng quoc nam trong lien bang
Champa, ch khong phai la mot Tnh cua Champa. Ch
can da vao ton hieu cua vua Champa mang ten la
Rajadiraja Vua cua Vua th u e ket luan rang Champa
khong co mot ong vua, ma la nhieu ong vua cai tr tieu
vng quoc rieng biet. Co chang Dohamide va Dorohiem
khong oc het bai viet cua L. Finot.
Khong can da vao mot chng c nao trong lch s,
Dohamide va Dorohiem con a ra nhieu ly luan khac, rat
la mach lac trong loi hanh van nhng trong rong ve mat t
lieu, e nh ngha mo hnh the che chnh tr vng quoc
Champa. Trang 262, hai tac gia t cho rang vng quoc
Champa a trai qua mot qua trnh hnh thanh theo mo hnh

1
L. Finot, "Notes epigraphiques", in Etudes epigraphiques sur le pays
Cham, Publi. EFEO , Paris, 19...., tr. 7 va 16.
2
L. Finot, "Notes d'epigraphie. V. Panduranga", in BEFEO , III, 1903, tr.
630-654
175
phng ong t c s ban au la cac lanh chua vng len t
cac a phng, moi ngi hung trong mot vung nhat nh,
theo thi gian, a c quy ve di tng cua mot lanh tu
co quyen the ap ao, sau o c than phuc ton len ngoi
vua, nam gi uy quyen cai tr ca nc. Co chang ay la
van chng tieu thuyet, ch da vao nguon goc hnh thanh
at nc Viet Nam e em gan cho vng quoc Champa. Ai
cung biet, Champa la mot quoc gia lang gieng cua Viet
Nam, khong phai v the ma vng quoc nay phai rap theo
moi khuon mau cua Viet Nam, t cong thc hnh thanh quoc
gia en the che chnh tr.
Cung trong trang 262 nay, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho
rang dau tch uy quyen cua vua Champa bao trum tren ca
nc (....) cac nha lanh ao a phng du la vi tc v
lanh chua hay Tieu vng th eu at va khep mnh di uy
quyen lanh ao hp nhat cua v vua ng quyen, ng tr tai
kinh o Champa. Khong biet Dohamide va Dorohiem da
vao t lieu nao e a ra li ket luan phi khoa hoc nay. Co
chang v qua am anh phong cach oi x cu a cac ong Tnh
Trng oi vi hoang e Viet Nam trong thi phong kien
e roi Dohamide va Dorohiem em gan cho vua chua
Champa. Trong trieu ai vua chua Panduranga ma chung toi
va neu ra phan tren, a may lan keo quan ra bac e lat
o ca chnh quyen trung ng ch ng noi la ho co thai o
khep mnh oi vi chnh quyen trung ng Champa nh
Dohamide va Dorohiem t phong oan.
Sau cung hai tac gia nay a ra mot e ngh khac trong
trang 263 : khi xac nh the che, can at vng quoc
Champa trong boi canh lch s (.....) ch khong the theo mo
hnh ly thuyet can ai Tay phng ma ap at c. Thc
chat, cau truc to chc cua mot vng quoc Champa phong
kien can c xac nh la mot thc the hp nhat vi mot
vng trieu trung ng nam lay chu quyen cai tr ca nc.
ay la loi ly luan khong co c s, v khong co mot s gia
nao tren the gii nh ngha mo hnh chnh tr Champa theo
ly thuyet can ai Tay phng. Neu co th t ra hai tac gia
176
nay phai neu ra t lieu : ho la ai va bai viet cua ho xuat ban
nam nao ? Mot nha viet s nh Dohamide va Dorohiem
khong quyen ba at tin tc e bien minh cho quan iem ca
nhan rieng t cua mnh.

Gan mot the ky qua, cac nha lch s hoc a a ra mot
nh ngha rang lien bang khu vc ong Nam A thi co la
mot the che chnh tr cua mot quoc gia tap trung nhieu tieu
vng quoc. Moi tieu vng quoc co vua chua rieng, chnh
quyen rieng, quan oi rieng va thue ma rieng va bien nien
s rieng. ng au cua the che lien bang la ong vua mang
ton hieu Rajadiraja (Vua cua Vua) hay Yang Dipertuan
Agong cua Ma Lai (ngi ai dien cao nhat), tc la vua cua
mot tieu vng quoc nao o co mot quan oi va c s kinh
te hung manh hn, u quyen lc e gay anh hng tren cac
tieu vng quoc khac khong can phai co mot hiep c, an
nh s phan phoi cac tham quyen trong to chc lien bang
nh ong Karma Riya nh ngha trong bai viet cua ong ta
trang 159.
Da vao nh ngha nay, cac nha s hoc ket luan rang
Champa la mot quoc gia lien bang ch khong phai la mot
quoc gia tap quyen. Ch can nhn vao s lien he chnh tr
gia tieu vng quoc Panduranga va vua Champa tieu
vng quoc Vijaya la u yeu to e chng minh rang
Champa la mot quoc gia lien bang.
ieu can nhan manh ay, the che lien bang cung c
ap dung khu vc ong Nam A. Nha s hoc J. Dupuis va
Muhammad Yusoff Hashim
3
cung chng minh rang trc
thi Anh thuoc, Ma Lai la mot quoc gia lien bang tap trung
t 6 en 10 tieu vng quoc tuy theo thi gian, va Ts.

3
Dupuis, J.(Singapour et la Malaisie, Presses universitaires de France,
Paris, 1972); Muhammad Yusoff Hashim (The Malay Sultanate of
Malacca, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, Kuala Lumpur, 1992).
177
Saveng Phinit
4
cung ket luan rang nc Lao trc thi Phap
thuoc cung la mot quoc gia lien bang tap trung 4 tieu vng
quoc o la Luang Prabang, Vientian, Xieng Khoang va
Champasak. Chung toi cha ke en the che lien bang cua
vng quoc Sri Vijaya va Majapahit Nam Dng a ao
gia the ky th 7 va the ky th 15 ma cac nha s hoc tren
the gii thng nhac en nh G. Coedes, E. M. Loeb, D.
Lombard, W. Marsden, Muhammad Yusoff Hashim, O. W.
Wolters, v.v
5
. Co chang Dohamide va Dorohiem khong bao
gi oc cac tac pham o e roi e ngh can c xac nh
lai the che lien bang cua vng quoc Champa ? Va co
chang v qua ton sung the che thong nhat va tap quyen cua
vua chua Viet Nam hay v qua hap thu nen van minh cao
o cua dan toc Viet e roi hai tac gia nay khong bao gi tin
rang dan toc Champa co u sc thong minh va sang tao e
phat minh mot the che chnh tr rieng biet cho chnh mnh,
o la the che lien bang.
Champa la mot vng quoc co mot lch s rieng va ne n
van minh rieng, khong lien he g vi nguon goc van hoa dan

4
Saveng Phinith, Contribution a l'histoire du royaume de Luang Prabang,
Publi. EFEO, Paris, 1987.
5
Codes, G., ("Le Royaume de rivijaya", in BEFEO XVIII, 1918, tr. 1-
36; Les Etats hindouises d'Indochine et d'Indonesie, E. De Boccard,
Paris, 1964); Loeb, E. M. (Sumatra. Its history and people, Oxford
University Press, Singapore, 1972); Lombard, D. (Le Sultan d'Oh au
temps d'Iskansa Muda, Public. de l'EFEO , Paris, 1967; -Le Carrefour
javanais. Essai d'histoire globale: I. Les limites de l'occidentalisation,
II. Les reseaux asiatiques, III. L'he ritage des royaumes
concentriques, Editions de l'EHESS, Paris, 1990); Marsden, W. (The
History of the Sumatra, Containing an Ount of the Government,
Laws and Manners of the Native Inhabitants with a Description of
the Natural Production, London, 1874); Muhammad Yusoff Hashim
(The Malay Sultanate of Malacca, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka,
Kuala Lumpur, 1992); Wolters, O. W. (Early Indonesian Commerce,
Oudies of the Origins of Srivijaya, Cornell University Press, Itahca,
1967; Ithaca, 1974; -The fall of Srivijaya in Malay History, New
York and London, Ithaca, 1970).
178
toc Viet. Nghien cu Champa tc la i tm cai sang tao
rieng biet trong nen van minh Champa ch khong phai e
ngh thay oi cai sang tao rieng biet nay e thanh mot the
che ong nhat nh the che Viet Nam c. Viet lch s
Champa, Dohamide va Dorohiem khong the nhn boi canh
chnh tr cua vng quoc nay di nhan quan cua mot dan
toc Viet c.

Phu nhan khong co the che lien bang Champa nh quan
iem cua Dohamide va Dorohiem a a ra tc la cong
nhan Panduranga ch la mot Tnh cua vng quoc nay.
ay la mot ly thuyet phi khoa hoc, v Dohamide va
Dorohiem phu nhan hoan toan noi dung bia ky, cac th tch
co cua Trung Hoa thng noi en vai tro cua tieu vng
Panduranga trong lien bang Champa. Mot nha viet s khong
the ba at ra mot ly thuyet, nhng phai chng minh ly
thuyet cua mnh qua t lieu. Neu khong, bai viet cua
Dohamide va Dorohiem lien quan en the che chnh tr
Champa ch la mot tieu thuyet huyen thoai co the lam xao
tron en nen tang c ban lch s cua vng quoc Champa
ma hai tac gia nay, v vo tnh hay co y, a quen lang i.

Sai lam ve nguoc goc dan toc

Trang 244, hai tac gia cong nhan rang cum t Cha m
khong bao gi xuat hien tren bia a Champa. Ngc lai
hai tac gia t ket luan rang t Cham co xuat x t cum t
Champa ma ra. Theo hai tac gia, neu t Cham khong lien
quan en t Champa th cung giong nh khi ngi ta noi, t
Viet khong lien quan en ten nc ai Co Viet, ai Viet
hoac Viet Nam. ay la loi ly luan khoi hai chng to rang
hai tac gia nay khong biet g ve nguon goc lch s ong
Nam A. Vng quoc Cao Mien ten la Kambuja hay
Kampuchia, nhng than dan cua vng quoc nay mang ten
la ngi Khmer, khong co lien he g vi ten at nc cua
ho. Vng quoc a ao Ma Lai ten la Sri Vijaya hay
179
Majapahit, nhng than dan cua vng quoc nay mang ten la
ngi Malayu hay Jawa. Vng quoc Champa cung nam
trong he thong nay. Dan toc Cham la mot trong nhng sac
dan thuoc ve than dan cua Champa, nhng cum t Cha m,
ng tren phng dien ngon ng hoc, khong phat xuat t
cum t Champa ma ra. V rang Champa la ten cua mot loai
hoa, con Cham la ten goi cua mot sac toc, khong co ngha g
het.

Da vao tac pham F. M. Lebar, G. C. Hickey, J. K.
Musgrave, Dohamide va Dorohiem phan chia dan toc
Champa thanh hai nhom chu yeu (tr. 246) :
- Nhom Cham ong bang (low land Cham)
- Nhom Cham cao nguyen (high land Cham)
ay la li ket luan phi khoa hoc, v khong co dan toc
Cham cao nguyen. Loi lap luan nay co chang phat xuat t
mot nguyen nhan chnh, o la Dohamide va Dorohiem
khong oc hay khong hieu tac pham F. M. Lebar, G. C.
Hickey, J. K. Musgrave muon noi g. Trong tac pham nay,
nha nghien cu My ch noi rang mot so dan toc mien
trung Viet Nam hom nay noi mot th tieng ma ho goi la
Chamic. Nhng ngon ng Chamic nay chia thanh hai nhom
o la Chamic khu vc ong bang va Chamic khu vc
Cao Nguyen, trong o co ngon ng cua dan toc Jarai,
Radhe, Cru, Raglai. La mot nha s hoc, Dohamide va
Dorohiem khong nhan dien c au la he thong ngon ng
Cham va au la nguon goc dan toc Cha m. o la ieu ma
oc gia khong chap nhan c.

Trang 248, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho rang theo
truyen khau, ngi Churu la toc ngi lai Cham va Raglai,
Koho goi la Cham Ro, tc la Cham ty nan tron chay trc
lan song Nam Tien. Trang 249, hai tac gia cho rang ten gia
nh R'com cua Jarai la mot bien the cua t R'Cham va
Chamale cua Raglai cung xuat x t Cham. ay ch la mot
ly thuyet hoan toan do Dohamide va Dorohiem t che bien,
180
v khong co mot s lieu nao noi ve van e nay. Ngi
Churu, Raglai, Jarai la nhng bo toc rieng biet khong lien
he g vi bo toc Cham tren phng dien nhan chung. Nhng
bo toc nay co mot ac iem chung o la cung nam trong gia
nh ngon ng Malay-Polinesien va ho la than dan cua
vng quoc Champa thi trc.
Da vao bai viet cua Eric Crystal (Champa and the
Study of Southeast Asia, in Le Champa et le Monde malais,
CHCPI, Paris, 1991, tr. 65-68) Dohamide va Dorohiem (tr.
251) cho rang ch co ngi Churu mi co ieu kien c ke
la thanh phan dan toc Champa. Khi chung toi oc lai bai
nay, ong Eric Crystal ch noi ngon ng Chru rat gan gui vi
ngon ng Cham ch co the thoi. Co chang hai tac gia
Dohamide va Dorohiem quen rang trch dan sai lam mot
oan van cua mot tac gia nao o la ieu cam ky trong gii
khoa hoc.

Loi lam linh tinh

Ngoai s sai lam ve the che chnh tr va nguon goc
chung toc, tac pham cua Dohamide va Dorohiem con vap
bao loi lam linh tinh khac.
Trang 114, tac gia cho rang Bani goi Cham la Akafir. Co
chang tac gia t phong oan v ngi Bani khong bao gi
goi Cham la Akafir ngi ngoai ao, nhng la Ahier
ngi chap nhan ang Allah sau trieu ai Po Rome.
Trang 219, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho rang Phan Rang
phien am t Panrang, Panduranga. ay la loi ly luan khoi
hai. V t Panrang la t vng Cham ch khu vc hanh chanh
ma ngi Viet goi la Phan Rang. Ngc lai, Panduranga la
goc t Phan Ng ma tieng Cham hom nay goi la
Pangdarang, mot tieu vng quoc bao trum ca khu vc
Panrang, Kraong, Parik, Pajai.
Trang 244, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho rang cac nha
nghien cu buoi ban au cua Trng Vien ong Bac Co
Phap khi tm hieu ve Champa thng lien tng en ngay
181
thanh phan ngi dan nc nay ch co ngi Cham. ung ra
Dohamide va Dorohiem mi la tac gia cho rang vng quoc
Champa ch co ngi Cha m (xem Dan Toc Cham Lc S ,
Sai Gon, 1965). V cac nha nghien cu cua Trng Vien
ong Bac Co Phap dung ch Cha m trong bai viet cua ho
mang y ngha apocope, tc la t viet tat cua Champa ma
thoi.
Trang 230, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho rang he nhac
en dan toc Champa, ngi ta lien at ngay cau hoi phai
chang dan toc Champa nguon goc la t An o sang ? Va
trang 233, hai tac gia t at cau hoi : ngi Cham co chang
t Aceh sang ? ay la quan iem rieng t cua Dohamide va
Dorohiem ma thoi, v khong co nha nghien cu nao ngh
nh the.
Trang 259, Dohamide va Dorohiem t ba at mot cot
truyen cho rang vua Po Top len ngoi nam 1655 la con cua
mot ngi con gai cua hoang hau ngi E-e v vua Po
Rome (tc la chau ngoai cua Po Rome). Tiec rang trong
bien nien s Panduranga khong co ong vua nao ten la Po
Top len ngoi nam 1655, nhng ch co Po Nraop (1652-1653)
tc la em ruot cua Po Rome (1627-1651).
Trang 247, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho rang mot so
thanh phan tr thc Thng th thanh ma thi the a nang
len en mot a v nhat nh trong bo may chanh quyen Viet
Nam Cong Hoa trc nam 1975, mac da u van xac nhan
thuoc thanh phan dan toc Champa trong lch s, a to ra
khong may man ma neu khong noi la phu nhan loi goi
chung ngi Thng la "Cham vung cao". ung ra, ay ch
la van e thuat ng khong hn khong kem. oc en oan
van nay, oc gia khong biet Dohamide va Dorohiem muon
am ch g. Tai sao ngi Thng phai goi ho la "Cham vung
cao" ? ng tren phng dien lch s, tat ca anh em Tay
Nguyen la than dan cua Champa. Nhng ngi Tay Nguyen
la mot dan toc rieng biet khong lien he g vi dan toc Cham
tren phng dien chung toc. The th tai sao buoc ngi
Thng phai goi ho la "Cham vung cao". ay la loi suy
182
dien phi khoa hoc ch khong phai quan iem cua nha
nghien cu na.
Trang 263, Dohamide va Dorohiem ngh rang ng au
vng quoc Champa la mot v vua trong dan gian goi la
Patao nam toan quyen cai tr ca nc. ay la mot ket luan
sai lam. V rang ng au vng quoc Champa la mot v
vua goi la Rajadiraja Vua cua Vua ch khong phai la
Patao nh hai tac gia nay phong oan.
Trang 264, hai tac gia cho rang ch Phan la th ch a
am c s dung trong sach cung nh Champa ngay xa.
Khong biet hai tac gia nay oc t lieu nay au. Phan ng
la th tieng dung viet tren bia ky Champa th co, trong khi
o khong ai biet c sach cung nh Champa ngay xa nh
the nao va viet bang ngon ng g.
Trang 265, Dohamide va Dorohiem cho rang nhng
vng hieu vua chua Champa hoan toan khac biet vi vng
hieu c pho bien quen thuoc, va con c lu truyen mai
en ngay nay trong hang dan da thng bat au bang ch
"Po" co ngha la chua, chu, chang han nh Po Binsuor, Po
Rome (...). ay ch la loi suy dien rieng t cua tac gia ma
thoi. V tac gia quen rang vua chua lien bang Champa ong
o mien bac eu mang ten Phan ng nh Indravarman,
Simhavarman. v.v. Ngc lai vua chua Champa tieu
vng quoc Panduranga mien nam thng mang vng hieu
bat au bang ch Po nh Po Rome chang han.
Trang 268, hai tac gia viet rang bo may chanh quyen
trung ng c at di quyen cua 2 v ai than, c sach
s nha Tong ghi lai. Trang 269 : Theo ghi nhan cua s lieu
Tau... vua Khu Lien cho pha thanh cu cua nha Han va to
chc ap mot thanh luy mi ten ngi Tau goi la Khu Tuc
(...). Thanh luy nay con di tch lang Nguyet Bieu, huyen
Hng Thuy, tnh Tha Thien, goi la Thanh Loi... oc en
oan nay, oc gia co cam tng rang ay la van chng tieu
thuyet th ung hn. V Dohamide va Dorohiem dung t lieu
tieng Han nhng tac gia khong cho biet nguon t lieu nay
xuat ban au va ai la ngi dch tac pham nay.
183
Trang 270, Dohamide va Dorohiem t ba ra them mot
ly thuyet mi cho rang khi vng quoc thu hep lai
Panduranga, th kinh o Champa la Virapura nam trong khu
vc quanh Phan Rang ngay nay. ay la loi suy dien phi
khoa hoc. Ong cung biet Virapura la thu o cua tieu vng
quoc Panduranga mien nam Champa. Vao the ky th 8 va
9, Virapura c vua lien bang chon lam thu o Champa t
nam 758 en 859. Sau the ky th 15, van chng lch s cua
tieu vng quoc nay thay ten goi Virapura bang Bal Sri
Banay, Bal Anguai, Bal Batsinang, v.v.
Trang 270, hai tac gia viet rang di trieu ai
Harivarman IV (1074-1081) kinh o Champa c at
kinh thanh Champapura. oc gia khong biet Dohamide va
Dorohiem da tren t lieu nao e a ra d kien nay. Co
mot lan s lieu Champa nhac en Champapura o la vao
nam 1086, va mi len ngoi, vua Jaya Indravarman II ra
lenh sa sang lai thanh pho Champapura b tan pha bi
chien tranh. The th Champapura la ten cua mot thanh pho
Champa ch khong phai la kinh o Champa.
Trang 291, Dohamide va Dorohiem con ghi them la
vung Amaravati, Vijaya ngay xa co thanh ng Hoi giao.
ay ch la loi suy dien ca nhan khong da vao mot d kien
lch s nao. V rang Hoi giao ch du nhap vao Champa ke t
the ky th 16 ma thoi, trong thi iem nay Amaravati,
Vijaya a lot vao tay ai Viet.
Trang 120, hai tac gia cho rang agama goc t Arap. Tiec
rang Agama khong phai la t Arap ma la goc Phan Ng.
Trang 216, Dohamide va Dorohiem viet rang Champa la
t xuat hien trong bia a cua vua Ang Chumnik. Co chang
Dohamide va Dorohiem khong oc lch s Cao Mien. V
Ang Chumnik khong phai la ten cua vua Kampuchia ma la
ten a danh ni ma ngi ta tm thay bia ky co noi en
Champa.

*

184
Trc khi ket thuc phan nay, chung toi muon nhan
manh rang Vng quoc Champa la mot quoc gia lien bang
ma tat ca nha khoa hoc a cong nhan t nam 1905 ngoai tr
mot nha nghien cu o la giao s Lng Ninh. Nhng du
sao, Lng Ninh, chuyen ve lch s Viet Nam hoc, van
con de dat, v ong ta ch ong y mot na ma thoi. Ngc
lai, Dohamide va Dorohiem mot nha viet lach ve lch s
Champa th khang nh rang khong co the che lien bang
vng quoc nay qua cach ly luan quanh co, vi noi dung
trong rong, khong can a ra mot t lieu nao e chng minh
cho quan iem cua mnh.
Lch s Champa la nhng g a xay ra lien quan en s
bien ong xa hoi va chnh tr cua mot tap the dan toc ma ai
cung cong nhan no nh mot di san tinh than thieng lieng cua
ho. Chnh v the cac nha nghien cu hay ngi viet lach
khong co quyen e ngh sa oi mot yeu to lch s neu ho
khong a ra mot minh chng ang thuyet phuc. Ho cung
khong co quyen dung cay but vi khau hieu "t do ngon
luan" e phong hoa lch s theo cam h ng rieng t cua
mnh. Lch s la con dao hai li. Vo tnh viet sai lech ve
lch s tc la vo tnh giet chet i di san tinh than thieng
lieng cua mot tap the dan toc. Chnh v the , trong cac nc
van minh, khong ai dam thay oi lch s. Ngay tai cac quoc
gia phng ong, van e meo mo lch s cung tr thanh
mot khung hoang chnh tr to ln. Trong sach giao khoa
giang day cac trng hoc tai Nhat Ban cho rang neu Nhat
Ban xua quan xam chiem Trung Quoc va ai Han vao e
nh the chien la v hai nc nay "khieu khch" trc. Cach
dung cum t "khieu khch" khong the hien mot cach trung
thc cua mot bien co lch s, Trung Quoc va ai Han phai
ng len phan oi trc Lien Hiep Quoc e yeu cau Nhat
Ban phai thay oi cum t "khieu khch" nay trong sach giao
khoa cua ho.
Neu muon tr thanh mot nha viet s, Dohamide va
Dorohiem khong the quen quy luat nay.

Karma Riya
Vng quoc Champa xa kia co phai
la lien bang khong

BBT Harak Champaka

Nam 2005, tac gia Karma Riya, khong biet ong ta la ai
va chuyen ve bo mon nao cua Champa hoc, cung a ra e
tai the che lien bang Champa e ban ba c trong tap san
Vijaya so 5 Vng quoc Champa xa kia co phai la lien
bang khong (Vijaya so 5, 2005, tr. 146-172).
oc qua bai khao luan nay, chung toi co cam giac rang
bai viet cua Karma Riya co noi dung khong khac biet vi
phan the che lien bang Champa ang trong tac pham
Bangsa Champa. Tm ve vi mot coi nguon xa cach cua
Dohamide va Dorohiem. Co chang Karma Riya ay ch la
but hieu cua Dohamide va Dorohiem ?

Tam goi la da vao hien Phap cua mot so quoc gia co
the che lien bang tren the gii, ong Karma Riya cho rang
Champa khong phai la mot quoc gia lien bang vi bao ly
luan m ho va phi khoa hoc. oc qua phan nay, oc gia
nhan nh rang ong Karma Riya ch la mot nha viet lach ve
the che chnh tr th ung hn. V noi dung cua bai nay ch
da vao nhng ly luan rat la phien dien va oi luc ngc
han vi cac tac pham khoa hoc viet ve the che chnh tr xuat
ban Au chau va the che chnh tr cua cac quoc gia ong
Nam A co trung ai, trong o co Champa
Ve phan cau truc cua the che , Karma Riya dung bao
thuat ng m ho, nao la Lien Hiep Quoc Gia Bang Lien va
Hiep Chung Quoc Lien Bang (tr. 158), nao la khai niem
ve Lien Hiep Quoc Gia hay Bang Lien : Confederation
d'Etat (tr. 159), nao la khai niem ve Lien Bang hay la
Hiep Chung Quoc : Etat Federal (tr. 162). oc en phan
Karma Riya: Vng quoc Champa xa kia
186
nay, chung toi co cam giac rang Karma Riya ang viet tieu
thuyet ve bo mon luat hoc, t sang che ra quy luat cau truc
the che lien bang khong lien he g vi yeu to lch s
Champa noi rieng va cac quoc gia lien bang khu vc ong
Nam A thi co noi chung.
Chung toi t at lai cau hoi ay co chang Karma Riya
ch la ngi viet lach ve lch s Champa ch khong phai la
chuyen gia ve lch s Champa. Ch can oc lai vai hang ma
Karma Riya viet ve lch s Champa th u e chng minh
li ket luan cua chung toi. Trang 157, Karma Riya viet rang
Nam 1834 Vua ke cua trieu Nguyen la Nguyen Minh
Mang a xoa han quoc gia Champa tren ban ao ong
Dng. Mot nha nghien cu ve Champa viet cau nay la
mot bang chng cu the e ket luan rang Karma Riya ch la
ngi thch to mo ve mon s hoc ma thoi. V rang Champa
sup o vao nam 1832 ch khong phai vao nam 1834 va
nc Viet Nam khong co ong vua na o mang ten la Nguyen
Minh Mang.
Trang 171, Karma Riya viet rang : Ma Lai mai ti nam
1957 mi co lien bang Ma Lai. Noi dung cau nay chng to
rang Karma Riya khong biet g ve lch s Ma Lai. Nam
1957 la nam anh dau ngay oc lap cua nc Ma Lai ch
khong phai la ngay thanh lap lien bang Ma Lai. Trong khi
o vng quoc Ma Lai theo the che lien bang t ngay lap
quoc vao the ky th 15.
Ch can oc phan tieng Cham co va phien am ra tieng
Viet trong bai khao luan nay cung cho oc gia thay rang
Karma Riya khong biet oc va hieu tieng Cham. Trang 157,
Karma Riya viet rang Sri hay Yang Po Ku co ngha la
ang thieng lieng, Bac than thanh Pupo Tanaraya (Cham co
[sic]): ang toi cao.... Tiec rang Yang Po Ku (tieng Cham
hien ai la Yang Po Kau " ) khong co ngha la ang
thieng lieng ma la Ngai cua toi (tieng Phap la Votre
Excellence). Ngc lai, Pupo Tanaraya phai viet tach ri ra
la Pu Po Tana Raya (tieng Cham hien ai la Pu Po Tanah
Riya " " V ) khong co ngha la ang toi cao nh
187
Karma Riya t phong oan ma la Ngai lam chu tren toan
lanh tho (riya la t goc tieng Phan raya co ngha la rong,
ln ; quan trong, linh nh...). Mot nha nghien cu a hieu
sai lech ve ton hieu vua chua Champa viet bang tieng Cham
nh Yang Po Ku hay Pu Po Tana Raya, the th lam sao ma
Karma Riya lai ban en the che chnh tr vng quoc nay,
mot e tai oi hoi s hieu biet rat la sau rong ve nen van
minh Champa.
Ba th du ien hnh tren a chng minh rang ong Karma
Riya ch la tac gia viet lach theo loi hanh van cua cac bao
Van nghe tien phong hay Van nghe dien an xuat ban
hai ngoai, ch khong phai mot chuyen gia ve lch s
Champa. Chnh v the, chung toi khong muon ban bac en
gia thuyet ve the che lien bang Champa ma ong ta a trnh
bay.

188

Thanh Phan
Danh muc th tch Cham Viet Nam

Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma
(EFEO-Vien Vien ong Phap)

Danh muc th tch Cham Viet Nam la mot chu e
nghien cu cua Ts. Thanh Phan (Giang Vien ai Hoc Khoa
Hoc Xa Hoi va Nhan Van tai thanh pho HCM) do quy
Toyota-Nhat Ban tai tr va do Nha Xuat Ban Tre an hanh
vao nam 2007, tong cong 517 trang, co hnh anh phu hoa, in
ep va trnh bay rat la khang trang.

Sach chia thanh nhieu chng muc trong o co li gii
thieu cua Pgs. Ts. Mac ng, tiep theo la Li noi au, Dan
nhap, Danh muc th tch (phan chuyen t Rumi va dch
thoat ngha), Danh muc th tch (phan ch Cham-Akhar
Thrah), Tai lieu tham khao va Phu luc. ay la mot cong
trnh nghien cu qu gia mang nhieu y ngha khoa hoc va
thc tien cao, vi s cong tac cua 5 tr thc ngi Cham am
hieu ngon ng ch viet Cham.

Champa la mot vng quoc nam mien trung Viet Nam
b xoa bo tren ban o vao na m 1832 co mo t he thong ngon
ng va ch viet t lau i. Ke t the ky th 2, vng quoc
Champa a hnh thanh mot he thong ch viet rieng goi la
Akhar Hayap hay la ch viet Cham co, dung e khac tren
cac bia a. Akhar Hayap co nguon goc t Phan ng mien
nam An o, nhng mang mot net ac thu rieng biet. Chnh
v the, ngi An chuyen ve Phan ng kho ng the oc c
loai ch viet nay, neu ho khong thong qua mot khoa hoc s
khi.
Sau the ky th 15, cung la iem moc thi gian anh dau
s suy tan cua nen van minh An Giao, vng quoc Champa
t bo Akhar Hayap e thay vao o mot he thong ch viet
mi na goi la Akhar Thrah. Ke t trieu ai Po Rome (1627-
Thanh Phan: Danh muc th tch Cham Viet Nam
190
1651), Akhar Thrah tr thanh he thong ch viet pho thong
ma vng quoc Champa thng dung trong cac van ban
hanh chanh, van chng, ton giao, phong tuc tap quan v.v.
va c lu truyen cho en hom nay.
Sau nam 1975, mot so ngi Cha m thuoc ve c quan
Ban Bien Soan Sach Ch Cha m (BBSSCC), v khong am
hieu lch s ch viet Cham, t tien che bien ra mot he thong
ch Cham hoan toan mi la va lai cang bang cach them vao
Paoh Gak, lt bo Dar Tha ra khoi nh trung am Traoh Aw,
v.v. Mac du cac chc sac, bo lao, tr thc Cham cung nh
cac nha nghien cu trong va ngoai nc ng ra phan oi,
nhng BBSSCC khong chap nhan chnh on lai va tiep tuc
a ch viet lai cang nay vao giao trnh giang day trong cac
trng lp danh cho con em ngi Cham.

Dan toc Cham la mot trong nhng sac toc cau thanh ai
gia nh than dan cua vng quoc Champa xa kia. Noi en
ngi Cham, th ngi ta phai noi en kho tang van chng
cua dan toc nay, tap trung hang ngan tac pham viet bang
Akhar Thrah truyen thong ch khong phai Akhar Thrah lai
cang cua BBSSCC, hien ang lu tr tai 5 quoc gia tren the
gii, o la Phap, Hoa Ky, Ma Lai, Campuchia va Viet Nam.
Rieng ve Cong Hoa Phap, ngi ta phat hien hn hang tram
tac pham viet bang Akhar Thrah tong cong hn 30.000 trang
hien ang lu tr trong mot so th vien tai quoc gia nay. Tat
ca t lieu Cham tai Phap a c a vao danh muc th tch
Cham tap 1 (Catalogue des manuscrits cam des
bibliothques(???) franaise) do P-B. Lafont, Po Dharma,
Nara Vija thc hien va do Vien EFEO xuat ban vao nam
1977 va tap 2 (Complement au catalogue des manuscrits cam
des bibliotheques franaises) do Po Dharma thc hien va do
Vien EFEO xuat ban vao nam 1981.
Ben canh cac t lieu Cham viet bang Akhar Thrah hai
ngoai, ngi Cham mien trung Viet Nam con lu tr mot
kho tang van chng o so nam rai rac trong thon xom va
gia nh cua ho, cha ke en kho tang sach Cham tong cong
191
hn 500 tap lu tr tai Trung Tam Van hoa Cham Phan
Rang. Tiec rang, kho tang van chng nay a tr thanh mot
di san van hoa b bo quen v khong co danh muc th tch va
cung khong ai quan tam nghien cu va bao quan.

Cung v y thc en tam quan trong lien quan en noi
dung van ban Cham nham giup cho viec tham khao va
nghien cu mot cach thuan li hn, Ts. Tha nh Phan a e ra
d an thc hien chng trnh ieu tra nghien cu ve th tch
kho tang sach Cham viet bang Akhar Thrah tai Viet Nam.
Khi au cho cong tac khoa hoc nay, Ts. Thanh Phan a
thc hien danh muc th tch Cham Viet Nam, tap trung
100 van ban do chnh ong ta su tam, mang ma so t TP 01
en TP 100, vi phng phap trnh bay rat la khoa hoc, chi
tiet va ro rang. Hau het cac van ban Cham trong danh muc
th tch nay thng tap trung nhieu chu e. Neu Van Ban
Cham so 13 ch cha ng mot bai duy nhat o la gia huan
ca Muk Thruh Palei, th Van Ban Cham so 97 gom 83 trang,
tap trung en 39 e muc khac nhau. Trong cong trnh nghien
cu nay, Ts. Thanh Phan phan chia moi chu e trong van
ban nay mot cach ro ret, ghi ro so trang kem theo cau au
va cau cuoi cua tng bai, sau o la phan tom tat noi dung
cua bai nay bang tieng Cham va tieng Viet.

Danh muc th tch Cham Viet Nam do Ts. Thanh Phan
thc hien la mot cong trnh khoa hoc co gia tr hau giup cho
dan toc Cham va gii nghien cu khoa hoc biet c the
nao la noi dung cua moi tac pham trong kho tang van
chng Cham. Tiec rang, cong trnh nay cha ng mot so
van e s sot ma oc gia can lu y en.
S sot th nhat la ta e cua tac pham mang ten la
Danh Muc Th Tch Cham Viet Nam. Nhn qua ta e
nay, oc gia tng rang Ts. Thanh Phan se lam danh muc
th tch toan dien nhng tac pham van hoc Cham hien lu
tr Viet Nam, t van ban Cham thuoc ve Trung Tam Van
Hoa Cham Phan Rang en t lieu nam rai rac trong cac
192
thon xom ngi Cham khu vc Phan Rang va Phan Ri.
Tren thc te th hoan toan khac han, v Thanh Phan ch lam
danh muc 100 van ban trong so 500 tap ma tac gia a su
tam (trang 14) nhng khong cho biet tai sao ch chon 100
van ban nay va cung khong co mot li nao e cap en 400
van ban con lai ma tac gia a su tam hay nhng van ban
hien ang lu tr tai Trung Tam Van Hoa Cham Phan
Rang. Thiet lap mot d an danh muc th tch kho tang van
hoc Cham rat la o so nhng ch cha ng 100 van ban la
ieu thieu xot ang ke trong mot cong trnh nghien cu
khoa hoc.
S sot tiep theo la nh ngha sai lam mot so thuat ng
trong tac pham. Theo Thanh Phan, cong ong Cham tai Viet
Nam chia thanh 3 nhom: Cham Hroi, Cham Klak, Cham
Biruw (trang 12). ay la 3 cum t chuyen mon can phai
xem xet lai.
Cham Hroi la cum t do o ng Bo Thuan t at ra vao
nam 1933 e am ch cho ngi Hroi khu vc Phu Yen va
Bnh nh ma hai tac gia L. Sogny va Dominique Nguyen
a nghien cu
1
. Theo L. Sogny va Dominique Nguyen,
ngi Hroi la mot sac dan co tieng noi rat gan gui vi ngi
Cham, nhng ho khong phai la ngi Cham. Ho la than dan
cua vng quoc Champa xa kia, cung nh sac toc Raglai,
Churu, Rae, Jarai, v.v. co mot nen van ho a, phong tuc tap
quan rieng. Ho t goi ho la ngi Hroi ch khong phai la
Cham Hroi, nh mot so nha nghien cu Viet Nam thng
dung en gan na the ky qua. Chnh v the, chung ta khong
the gan cho dan toc Hroi mot ten goi la Cham Hroi ma
chnh ngi Hroi khong bao gi nghe noi en ten goi nay la
g.

1
Xem L. Sogny, Quelques renseignements sur un ilot de population
supposee Cham habitant les Huyen de Dong Xuan et de Son Hoa,
province de Phu Yen, trong BAVH, 1937 (1), tr. 72-77; Dominique
Nguyen, T Vng Hroi-Viet, Champaka 3, Paris 2003, tr. 28-31.
193
Theo Thanh Phan, Cham Klak (Cham cu) la cum t am
ch ngi Cham hien ang sinh song khu vc Phan Rang
va Phan R. ay la thuat ng hoan toan mi la oi vi ngi
Cham cung nh nhng nha nghien cu tren the gii. Trong
van ban lch s, ngi ta thng dung thuat ng Cham
Klak, khong phai e goi ngi Cha m Awal va Ahier Phan
Rang va Phan R, ma la am ch ngi Cham theo Cu Trao,
tc la theo trieu nh cu cua nha Nguyen, ng ve pha Gia
Long chong lai Tay Sn.
Cham Biruw (Cham mi) la cum t ma ngi Cham
Phan Rang va Phan R thng dung e am ch ngi Cham
va mi theo Hoi Giao chnh thong hien ang sinh song
khu vc Chau oc va Tay Ninh. ay la thuat ng mang tnh
cach che bai, v ngi Cham Chau oc va Tay Ninh
khong bao gi chap nhan ngi ta goi ho la Cham Biruw,
tc la Cham Mi.

Trong tac pham nay (trang 12), Thanh Phan cho rang
Akhar Patau Hayap (viet ung chnh ta phai la Akhar Batuw
Hayap) tng ng vi thi ky co ai; Akhar Rik, Akhar Yok
va Akhar Tuel tng ng vi thi ky trung ai; Akhar Thrah
tng ng vi thi ky hien ai. Cach phan loai ch viet
Cham nay can phai xet lai. ng tren phng dien khoa
hoc ma phan tch, Akhar Hayap la ch viet Cham co dung
e khac tren bia a. Akhar Thrah, xuat hien lan au tien
tren bia ky Po Rome, la mot loai ch viet Cham pho thong
lu hanh cho en ho m nay. Akhar Rik va Akhar Yok khong
lien he g vi ch viet thi ky trung ai, ma la hai ch viet
bien dang phat xuat t Akhar Thrah thng dung trong cac
van chng bua chu. Hom nay cac chc sac Cham van con
s dung Akhar Rik va Akhar Yok trong van ban cua ho.
Ngc lai, Akhar Tuel la kieu ch Akhar Thrah thong
thng, nhng Ina Akhar Matai, tc la phu am cuoi nh na,
ta, v.v. thng co net quet xuong ngan gon lai.
194
Cach phan loai ch viet Cham a c nghien cu va
phan tch trong hai bai nghien cu xuat ban vao nam 1977
2
.
Tiec rang Ts. Thanh Phan khong tham khao t lieu nay
trc khi a ra mot quan iem mi ve cach phan loai nay.

Ve phan noi dung, Thanh Phan chia danh muc th tch
thanh hai loai:
Danh muc th tch phan chuyen t Rumi va tom tat
tng bai viet
Danh muc th tch phan ch Cham Akhar Thrah.

ang ra, tac pham nay ch co mot Danh muc th tch
Cham, khao ta qua tieng Viet la u roi. Tac gia co the dung
ch Cham Akhar Thrah e ghi cau au va cau cuoi sau o
la phan phien am Rumi e oc gia theo doi th thuan li hn
la lam them danh muc th tch khao ta bang tieng Cham
rieng re, cang lam tang lng so trang nhng noi dung hoan
toan giong nhau vi danh muc th tch khao ta bang tieng
Viet.

Danh muc th tch Cham la cuon t ien dung e tra cu
mot cach nhanh chong noi dung cua tac pham nam trong
kho tang van chng Cham. Chnh v the, cong trnh nay
phai co phan phan Index nham liet ke danh sach cac the
loai cua van ban nh ma thuat, ngh le, th van, chuyen co
tch, lch s, v.v. hay ten a danh va ten rieng nam trong tac
pham nay. Phu luc Index la phan quan trong va c ban hau
giup oc gia tra cu thuan tien va nhanh chong, nhng Ts.
Thanh Phan lai bo qua phan nay. Chnh v the, muon biet
trong danh muc th tch nay co tac pham Ariya Um Marup
hay khong, oc gia phai oc toan dien tac pham e tm ra

2
Xem P-B. Lafont, Po Dharma, Nara, Catalogue des manuscrits cam des
bibliotheques franaise, EFEO, 1977; C.H.C.P.I. Etudes cam. I . Essai de
translitteration raisonnee du cam, trong BEFEO LXIV, 1977, tr.
243-255).
195
chu e nay. ay la phan thieu sot vo cung tai hai trong mot
tac pham khoa hoc.

Cung trong tac pham nay, Tha nh Phan ne u ra gan hai
trang danh sach tai lieu tham khao, nhng a so tai lieu nay
khong thay s dung trong phan trch dan cua cong trnh
nghien cu. Trong mot tac pham khoa hoc, ngi ta khong
a ra danh sach tai lieu tham khao ma la tai lieu ma tac
gia s dung trong cong trnh nghien cu cua mnh ma thoi.

oc gia cung khong biet tai sao trong tac pham nay lai
co phan phu luc ly lch van ban Cham. V ay ch la phan
lap lai nhng g ma tac gia a trnh bay trong phan khao ta
nam ngay trong phan au cua moi van ban.

Ve he thong chuyen t Rumi, tac gia a a ra bang
chuyen t Rumi va Akhar Cham, nhng tac gia khong cho
biet xuat x cua he thong nay. Co chang ay la he thong do
tac gia e xuat ra hay la he thong cua Vien Vien ong
Phap?

Cach oc ch Cham cung can xet lai, v tac gia a vap
phai nhieu cho sai lam. ay la vai th du ien hnh:

Van ban Cham so 4, phan 4 (trang 6-7). Cau au = mboh
gupei jhak. Cau nay phai oc la = mboh lapei jhak.
Van Ban Cham so 12, phan 1 (trang 1-2). Cau au = pan
na greh mak yang balan. Cau nay phai oc la = panagreh
mak yang balan. Panagreh la t Phan ng, viet dnh lien vi
nhau.
Van Ban Cham so 14, pha n 1 (trang 1). Cau cuoi =
blaoh lang kar. Cau nay phai oc la = blaoh langkar.
Langkar la t Phan ng, viet dnh lien vi nhau.
Van Ban Cham so 24, phan 22 (trang 84-88). Cau au =
Da likan jatabaong alah. Cau nay phai oc la = Dalikan Ja
Tabaong Alah.
196

S sai sot nam trong tac pham ma chung toi va mi
a ra ch la mot so loi lam mang tnh chat hnh thc ma oc
gia can nen lu y. Du sao i na, Danh muc th tch Cham
van la mot cong trnh khoa hoc co gia tr cao a giup oc
gia co mot khai niem s qua the nao la noi dung van ban
Cham viet bang Akhar Thrah, a cau thanh di san van hoc
Viet Nam can c nghien cu va bao quan.

Inrasara va Phan Xuan Thanh
T ien Viet-Cham

Abd. Karim
(Vien Bao Tang The Gii Malay)

T ien Viet-Cham la ten sach cua tac gia Inrasara
va Phan Xuan Thanh, c an hanh bi Nha xuat ban Giao
Duc, in tai Cong ty Co phan In Sach Giao Khoa Tp. HCM
vao 2004. Sach day 512 trang, gom khoang 6.000 muc t.

Muc tieu cua sach la Dung trong nha trng ()
gop phan thiet thc vao viec hoc tap tieng Viet cua hoc sinh
vung dan toc Cham. () giup giao vien, can bo cac dan toc
anh em cac a phng co ong bao Cham sinh song hoc
tieng Cham c thuan tien hn. T ien Viet-Cham con la
mot tap ng lieu quy oi vi cac nha nghien cu ngon ng
() (trang 5). Tiec rang, ve phan tieng Cham trong sach
nay co nhieu sai pham ve cach phien a m, chnh ta, ng
ngha va van pham.

1. Sai pham ve cach phien am, chuyen t

Toan bo tieng Cham trong quyen sach c goi la
Cham Latinh eu co van e. V no khong c phien am
theo he thong phien am tieng Cham a lu hanh gan mot
the ky qua ma la phien am theo bang ch cai tieng Viet va
theo am v tieng Viet. Viec nay a dan en s phat am
tieng Cham trong quyen sach nay la khong chuan, ngong
nghu va gay tai hai cho oc gia hay hoc vien nao muon hoc
tieng Cham theo t ien nay.
Cac phu am g, j, jh, d, dh, b, bh, y, s, s (sh) c oc
la [gak], [jak], [jhak], [dak], [dhak], [bak], [bhak], [yak],
[sak], [sak (shak)] khong c tac gia gi nguyen ma bien
no thanh kak, chak, shak, tak, thak, pak, phak, dak, xak,
Inrasara va Phan Xuan Thanh: T ien Viet-Cham
198
thak, hay cac phu am cuoi c, p, s, bien thanh [k], [k], [h],
va nguyen am [ei] bien thanh [ej] hay [ey], v.v.. Khong biet
tai sao tac gia phai lam nh vay v khong da vao mot yeu
to khoa hoc nao ca. Chac chan khong co mot ngi am hieu
tieng Cham nghiem chnh nao lai i che bien mot he thong
phien am ch Cham nh vay. Th so sanh hai cach phien
am sau:

(ba con) phien am truyen thong la gep. Inrasara lai che
bien thanh kauk
(ay) phien am truyen thong la jhul. Inrasara lai che
bien thanh sul
" (thuoc) phien am truyen thong la jru. Inrasara lai che
bien thanh chru
(oc, noi) phien am truyen thong la puec. Inrasara lai
che bien thanh poik

Cac mau t g, j, jh, d, dh, b, bh, y, v.v.. khong the
phat am thanh [k], [ch], [sh], [t], [th], [p], [ph], [d], cung
nh mau t [g] trong tieng Viet khong the thay the bi [k]
e ch go ghe lai oc thanh ko khe ; hay mau t [d] lai thay
bang ch [gi] hay [z] e t d dan thanh gi zan,
Nguyen am kep [ei] cung khong the bien thanh [ej]
hay [ey], v [ei] phat am kha ngan, trong khi [ej] th dai va
co hi [j] theo sau, con [ey] th dai lai me m va ng vi a m
[i] trong tieng Viet nhng co am dai hn v.v. Do vay cach
viet tieng Cham cua ngi Cha m xa a phan biet ro rang
gia hai cach viet cua [ei = ] nh trong adei ()") palei
(), halei ( ) va [ey] nh trong wey (), lac ley (
) tangey (;)
1
, ... Trong tieng Viet cung vay, cuoc

1
Trong G. Moussay, Dictionnaire Cam-Vietnamien-Franais, 1971, cung
a nham lan khi o ong cach phat am cua hai cach viet nay, nh
trong cac t palei, harei, thei halei Nhng oi khi lai viet
thanh paley, harey, they, haley

199
i khong the viet va oc la kuok y; ti ni khong the viet
va oc la tj ny va v.v..

Phu am cuoi [c] trong tieng Cham khong the bien
thanh [k] v [k] va cng lai va tat trong khi [c] th lai kha
mem va khong tat nh [k]. Nh vay, trong tieng Cham cac
t nh huec, nduec, puec khong the co cach oc tng
ng vi hoik, oik, poik, Cung nh cac phu am cuoi
trong tieng Viet trong cau Chuc sc khoe cac anh khong
the viet va oc thanh Chuk xk khoe cak enh, va v.v
Trong tieng Cham co hai ma u t [s], nhng cach oc
lai hoan toan giong nhau. Trong hai mau t [s] nay khong co
mau t nao tng ng vi [x] nh tac gia Inrasara a cho.
Hai mau t [s] nay eu c phat am me m nh ch [s] trong
t sinh song tieng Viet va trong tieng Viet khong ai viet
t sinh song thanh xinh xong bao gi. e phan biet mau t
[s] trong tieng Cham co ngi a dung [s] va [sh] nh trong
trng hp cac t saong, siam, Po Sah (Po Shah), Shah Alam
( Malaysia) v.v va ieu nay co the chap nhan, v t ra hai
mau t nay co s mem hoa tng ng. Do vay, trong
nguyen tac phien am cung vi mau t [s] ngi ta khong the
viet xaong, xiam, Po Xah, Xah Alam hay xalam nh Inrasara,
v no thieu s chuan xac.
Trong tieng Cham cung khong co mau t [v], ma ch
co mau t [ = w] va s phat am cua no tng ng vi
[w] trong t world, war hay well cua tieng Anh, nh )
awal, J war kubaw, v.v. Do vay, cac t ) awal,
J war kubaw ma Inrasara viet thanh ) aval,
J var kapao la khong chuan.
Tran trong ma noi, ngi Cham xa a chuan c
cach oc cung vi cach viet ngon ng cua mnh. Ngi
Cham hom nay, co the noi sai hay phat a m sai oi vi cach
oc va cach viet a c qui nh, th ay la loi cua moi ca
nhan cua ho ch khong phai loi do ch viet. oi vi cac dan
toc a co ch viet, viec hoc tap ngon ng cua dan toc nay la
buoc moi ngi phai tuan thu theo cach phat am va cach
200
viet a c qui nh theo van ban ch Cham, ch khong ai
i lam ngc lai, la chay theo am khau cua mot vai ca
nhan, a phng roi qui nh lai cach phat am va buoc moi
ngi phai theo.
Ve nguyen tac hoc tieng, nh tieng Anh chang han,
cach hoc ung nhat la phai tuan theo cach phat am va cach
viet cua tieng Anh a c quy nh, nh : How do you do? I
dont know. Yes, I do, Ch khong ai i phien am lai nhng
t tren theo cach phien am cua ngi Viet e roi viet thanh
Hao u du u? Ai on (t) no. Des, ai u , roi bao ay la
tieng Anh c.
cho nay, tac gia cung co the lap luan rang, ch
viet Cham thong dung ho m nay la akhar thrah (mot loai
ch viet Cham) ch khong phai Cham latinh. Cham latinh
trong quyen sach nay ch la cach phien am ra e oc, no
khong an nhap g vi ch viet ca, ngha la, phien am ay
ch co gia tr e oc ch khong co gia tr e viet. Neu nh
vay, th tac gia phai e no trong dau [ ] vi ky hieu phien
am quoc te (International phonetic symbols) e khoi nham
lan.
Cung trong phan nay, tac gia cung co the vien dan
rang la tac gia phien am tieng Cham theo tieng Viet la e
con em Cham hoc tieng Viet de dang hn cung nh e cho
moi ngi biet tieng Viet tiep xuc vi tieng Cham de dang
hn. Neu vay, th that toi nghiep cho nhng ngi nay, v ho
a mua lam th hang gia hieu. Hn na, con em ngi
Cham hom nay biet tieng Viet nhieu hn biet tieng Cham,
nen ho khong hoc tieng Viet qua tieng Cha m ma ngc lai.
Thanh that ma noi, tieng Cham trong quyen T ien Viet-
Cham nay, chac chan khong co con em ngi Cham nao co
the hieu noi, v ay la he thong phien am mi do tac gia t
che tao ma ngay chnh tac gia cua no cung khong tai nao
hieu ro hay nh c.

Phien am va chuyen t la g? Moi lien quan gia chung ra
sao?
201

Phien am (transcription phonetique) la he thong
dung e chuyen dch am t hay am ng t mot he thong ch
viet nh ch Cham, Sanscrit, Arap, v.v. hay tieng noi khong
co ch viet sang he thong ch cai Latinh e giup cho moi
ngi oc c de dang hn. Ngc lai phien ch
(translitteration) la he thong dung nhng ky hieu, nhat la ky
hieu ch cai Latinh e ghi lai tng ky hieu nam trong ch
viet cua mot dan toc lam the nao t ky hieu Latinh nay
ngi ta viet lai ch viet nguyen thuy nhng khong sai mot
loi chnh ta nao. ay la he thong ma cac nc tay phng
thng dung e an loat nhng sach bao khoa hoc v nha in
khong co mau t cua nhng ch viet nay. Chnh v the trong
he thong phien ch tieng Cham cua Vien Vien ong Bac
Co Phap, ch mak () phien ch la = m, con tut katai mak
phien ch la = m.
Cai khac biet cua hai he thong nay la, trong khi
(transcription phonetique) quan trong hoa ve am, th
(translitteration) lai quan trong hoa ve t. Noi khac i, phien
am th dung e oc, nen cach viet cua no co the lc bo i
cac net rm ra e cho c gon nhe. Phng phap nay
khong the phuc hoi lai c tron ven nguyen ban co t khi
can thiet. Trong khi chuyen t (phien ch) th c viet ay
u va co phan biet cac mau t (cho du no co rm ra va kho
oc) e co the phuc hoi lai c tron ven nguyen ban co t
khi can thiet. Th du, trong tieng Cham co 2 mau t c
phat am tng ng vi am [h], go m mau t: [] va [], th
trong phien am ch can viet mot [h] cho tat ca, trong khi
phien ch th phai c viet phan biet [] = h va [] h.

Th nhn mot th du ve phien am va phien ch theo
he thong EEEO:

) , phien ch: asu grao, phien am: asau graoh cho
sua
202
J {, phien ch: balan mk, phien am: balan mak
thang 12
phien ch: mala, phien am: malam ban em

Tren ly thuyet, Inrasara a tha nhan rang phien am
va phien ch trong tieng Cham la hai he thong hoan toan
oc lap. Nhng tren thc te ong ta cung chang ro g the nao
la phien am va phien ch trong khi o ong ta lai ch trch
Ngo van Doanh la lan lon gia phien am va chuyen t
2
.
Ai cung biet, ngon ng Cham nam trong he thong
ngon ng cua the gii Nam-ao, ngha la co cung chung
cach phat am, cach viet, nhieu t co cung ng ngha. Thanh
vay cac nha khoa hoc a da vao he thong ngon ng cua
the gii Nam-ao e phien am cua tieng Cham va he thong
nay a thong dung hn mot the ky qua va hang tram trieu
ngi Chau A oc de dang cach phien a m nay. Tiec rang,
Inrasara khong ton trong truyen thong phien am nay e roi
t che bien them mot he thong phien am k khoi e a vao
T ien Viet-Cham cua mnh. ay la hai th du e trnh bay
the nao la he thong lai cang cua Inrasara:

Nagar quoc gia, x s, tieng Ma hay Phan phien am la:
nagara. Ngc lai Inrasa viet la: nkar
Jalan con ng, tieng Ma phien am la: jalan. Ngc lai
Inrasa viet la: chalan
Dalam trong, trong, tieng Ma phien am la: dalam.
Ngc lai Inrasa viet la: talam

Nh vay, chung ta a thay g qua bang so sanh tren?
Mot so t chung, cac dan toc cung he ng Malayo-
Polynesien cung co cach oc va viet giong nhau. Neu the,
th tai sao Inrasara phai lap d, i tm mot he thong rieng t

2
Inrasara, Van Hoa-Xa Hoi Cham (nghien cu va oi thoai), Nha xuat
ban Van hoc, 2003, trang 66-73.
203
cua mnh khong c s khoa hoc e ap at vao ngon ng ch
viet Cham.

2. Sai ve chnh ta

Trong phan Nguyen tac bien soan va s dung cuon
T ien Viet-Cham muc II va III, tac gia cho rang tac gia
luon luon tuan thu quy tac chnh ta hien hanh cua tieng
Cham, () tieng Cham co va Cham latinh (c in thng)
(trang 6). Phai chang ay la cach noi v quang, v tren thc
te tac gia tuan thu quy tac chnh ta nao?
Co the noi trong cong ong ngi Cham Ninh
Thuan (Viet Nam) hien nay co t nhat 2 khuynh hng viet
tieng Cham khac nhau. Nhom th nhat la nhom a so bao
gom cac v chc sac trong tn ngng cua Cham Awal va
Cham Ahier, cac bo lao va tr thc Cham ca trong nc lan
ngoai nc quyet nh gi nguyen cach viet ch Cham
akhar thrah truyen thong. Nhom th hai la mot nho m nho
tap trung vai ngi thuoc Ban Bien Soan Sach Cham
(BBSSCC) Phan Rang, tnh Ninh Thuan (Viet Nam) va
mot vai giao vien thuoc c quan nay viet theo loi ch Cham
mi co ngha la ch Cham cai bien do BBSSCC che tao
hoan toan theo quan iem rieng t cua ho. Trong ch Cham
cai bien nay, BBSSCC t tien them phu a m g hau to, bo
dar tha trong nh trung am traoh aw va hua baluw mot cach
tuy tien. S cai bien nay khong da vao mo t c s khoa hoc
nao, a lam ao lon ca mot he thong ngon ng ch viet
Cham ke t ngay ra i cua BBSSCC vao nam 1978.
Viec cai bien cua BBSSCC bat nguon t mot nhan
nh hut hang thieu thong suot, khi ho gap mot so tr ngai
trong viec ap dung cach bien soan sach giao khoa tieng
Cham theo he thong sach giao khoa tieng Viet. Roi ho t
sa oi tieng Cham akhar thrah truyen thong thanh tieng
Cham cai bien cho phu hp vi quan iem cua ho. Nho m
th hai nay, tuy la nhom thieu so nhng ho lai co quyen lc,
204
v ho la nhom chnh thc ang c nha nc Viet Nam
giao viec bien soan sach cho con em ngi Cham hien nay.
Tieng Cham trong quyen T ien Viet-Cham cua
Inrasara khong phai la tieng Cham akhar thrah truyen thong
ma la tieng Cham cai bien cua BBSSCC. Tieng Cham nay
sai lech nhieu so vi tieng Cham truyen thong ve cach phat
am cung nh cach viet. Noi mot cach khac, T ien Viet-
Cham cua Inrasara khong tha nhan dan toc Cham a co
mot nen van minh van t lau i, v he thong cai bien ma
tac gia ap dung trong t ien nay khong d a tren ngon ng
ch viet cung nh cach phat am tieng Cham truyen thong,
ma lai chay theo tieng noi hay am khau cua mot so ngi
Cham ng thi (chu yeu la nhom bien soan va tac gia cua
cac quyen sach c soan). Roi t nhng phat am khong
chuan cua ban than, Inrasara t y:

Gat bo takai kuak. Th du puec (), Inrasara viet thanh
poik (); apuei () ) viet thanh apuy ())
Thay cac phu am cuoi [k] cua mot so t bang phu a m cuoi
[g], ma t hn ngan nam trc trong tieng Cham cha tng
co phu am cuoi nay. Th du nh trong cac t alak )
(ru), Inrasara viet thanh alac )
Xoa bo ky hieu dar tha trong nh trung am traoh aw. Th
du: manaok (nhom) Inrasara viet thanh mnok !
v.v.

Tom lai, Inrasara lam viec nay khong phai la v tac
gia co tai nang hn, nhng tai v tac gia khong nam vng
qui c ngon ng hoc va nhat la khong hieu ro the nao la
nguon goc lch s ngon ng ch viet Cham du ong ta noi
tieng Cham thong thao.
Tren thc te, tieng Cham c s dung trong quyen
T ien Viet-Cham cua Inrasara-Phan Xuan Thanh khong
ai dien cho mot cong ong ngi Cham nao ca, ngoai tr
nhng ngi cung nhom vi tac gia, v no hoan toan khac
biet vi tieng Cham akhar thrah truyen thong. S sai lam
205
nay la do Inrasara khong tuan thu nguyen tac ch viet va
phat am Cha m, ma chay theo am khau cua a phng
hay cach phat am cua mot t ngi nh a c e cap.
Phien am Latinh trong quyen T ien Viet-Cham cua
Inrasara khong the goi la Cham Latinh c, v no hoan
toan khac biet vi he thong phien am ch Cham ke t thi
Phap thuoc va a s dung hn mot the ky roi.

3. Sai ve ng ngha

Trong t ien nay, Inrasara t che tao hang loat t
vng mi theo cach suy ngh rieng t cua mnh ma ngi
Cham cha tng nghe va tng thay. Cac t ng mi nay
phan nhieu la m ho ve ng ngha hay thieu s chuan xac,
b go ep nen rat kho nuot (kho chap nhan) va t ngi hieu
c. Phien dch mot so t van chng trong t ien nay a
vap phai nhieu sai lam v Inrasara cha thong ngha cac t
nay khi em ra s dung. Do vay ma khi em cac t nay ket
hp vi nhau e tao ra mot cum t mi, ng ngha cua t
mi nay tr nen sai lech. Bi v no khong mo ta hay xac
nh c ieu ma Inrasara muon mo ta. Ng ngha cua no
nh the nay, th tac gia lai cho no nh the kia. Th du:

anh dung = chahda. Anh dung chien au : Mthuh
mtak chahda (tr. 10)
3
. Inrasara quen rang, t cahya
(ch khong phai la chahda nh Inrasara phien am) khong co
ngha la anh dung ma la huy hoang, long lay, rang r, ngi
sang. Thanh vay Mthuh mtak chahda co ngha la chien
au rang r ch khong phai la anh dung chien au.

3
Cac cau trch dan t (TVC) van c gi nguyen. Ch trong cau giai
thch la c viet lai bang ch Cham (akhar thrah) va phien am
Cham nh trong th du a c a ra tren, e ban oc co the so
sanh gia ch Cham truyen thong va Cham trong (TVC) nay, ong
thi co the phan biet gia hai cach phien am khac nhau.

206

anh hung J" -_ = pichac xaina (tr. 10) (phien am ung
phai la: bijak saina). Trong tieng Cham bijak saina J"
-_ [Ma Lai = bijaksana] khong co ngha la anh hung, ma
la s khon ngoan, s thong minh, lanh li.

nhan chng ^ = rapaphan (phien am ung phai la:
rapaphan). Li khai cua nhan chng = panoik khai rapaphan
(tr. 291). Tiec rang t rapaphan khong co ngha la nhan
chng, ma la ngi phan bao, truyen lenh. Ngi Cham
khu vc mien Trung (Phan Rang, Phan R) quen goi nhan
chng la urang ngap chang
4
. Ngi Cham Nam bo ,
Cambodia va Malaysia th goi la urang saksi.

nhan ngha { = karmat. An co nhan ngha = Tok
tang hu karmat (tr. 291). T karmat [mal. keramat] khong
phai la nhan ngha ma la thanh thien, thieng lieng, mau
nhiem, linh hien (ang) ton th, ni co the cau xin... Con
nhan ngha trong tieng Cham phai dch la dhar phuel.

Tren ay ch la mot vai n c. Trong quyen t ien
nay con co qua nhieu t can phai ban ma khong the mang
het ra ay c, v bat ky trang nao trong T ien Viet-
Cham nay, oc gia cung thay va gap phai cac t sai lam ve
ng ngha, khong on nh, hay la lam.

4. Sai ve van pham

Cau truc van pham tieng Cham co cho tng ong
nhng cung co cho bat tng ong vi tieng Viet. Cho nen
khi dch t tieng Viet sang tieng Cham, v tr cua t trong
cau co the co s ong thuan va co cho khong, (nhat la t
khong phai goc Viet ma la goc Han). Kho ng can than vi
van e nay nen tac gia a e lai sai sot ve van pham, nh:

4
chang c vay t chng tieng Viet.
207

T hoc, Inrasara dch la eng bac. ay la phien dch
sai lam v ngi Cham khong ai dung eng bac ma la bac
eng.

Trong t ien nay, Inrasara cho rang bac praong co
ngha = ai hoc; bac asit = tieu hoc. ay la hai th du khoi
hai v trong tieng Cham bac praong co ngha la oc ln
tieng ch khong phai la ai hoc va bac asit co ngha la oc
nho tieng ch khong phai la tieu hoc.

*

Ngon ng va ch viet la tai san thieng lieng vo gia,
la cai thc o mc tien hoa, tr tue va tam hon cua mot dan
toc. No chnh la ban the va ban sac cua mot dan toc.

Ngon ng va ch viet Cham thuoc ve nen van minh
Champa, cua cong ong dan toc ngi Cham. Ngon ng ch
viet nay a hnh thanh t ngan nam, phong phu, tng oi
on nh. Ngon ng Cham cung a e lai nhieu minh van lch
s, van hoc, truyen ngan va nhieu van ban viet tay co gia tr
cho cong ong ngi Cham va nhan loai. Ngay nay, ngon
ng nay khong co c hoi e phat trien, ngay cang b lan at
bi ngon ng khac va ang b ri rung dan theo tien trnh
thi gian. Cong ong ngi Cham hom nay khong quan tam
hoc tap tieng noi va ch viet Cham na. T o, sc hieu
biet cua ho ve ngon ng cua mnh ngay cang yeu kem, ho
cang noi sai tieng me e cua ho. Ben canh o, cac nha
nghien cu, cac ban bien soan sach tieng Cham do nhng
nhan nh chu quan, hut hang nen ngay cang e ra nhieu sai
lam nghiem trong trong cac tac pham cua ho. Viec nay cang
lam mu roi them cho ngon ng va ch viet Cham, tham ch
nhng sai lam nay co sc cong pha va lam sup o ca he
thong va nen tang ngon ng truyen thong va tieng noi Cham
hom nay. Chnh v the, ngi ta co the c oan rang, trong
208
tng lai khong xa, ngon ng Cham se b bien dang hoan
toan, se b te liet tng phan va se bien mat. S phan hoa
ngay cang manh liet tren lnh vc ngon ng va ch viet
Cham khong dng lai o, no se keo theo hang loat nhng
sup o khac nh van hoa truyen thong, tn ngng dan gian
v.v. va cuoi cung la ngi Cha m cung se bien mat v a mat
i ban sac dan toc cua mnh.
Qua s viec a c trnh bay cho thay, quyen T
ien Viet-Cham cua Inrasara va Phan Xuan Thanh khong
ap ng c chu ch tot ep cua no. Ngc lai, no se la
tac nhan huy hoai va lam mat i tnh trong sang trong ngon
ng va ch viet Cha m. No ch e lai cho oc gia ngi Viet,
cho con em va cong ong ngi Cham mot th ngon ng
hon on, chap va, sai lech va khong tron ven.
Mac du t ien nay ch la mot tac nhan huy hoai di
san ngon ng ch viet Cha m, nhng tac pham nay cung
c nha nc Viet Nam cho phep in bi mot nha xuat ban
co ten tuoi o la Nha Xuat Ban Giao Duc.
e tranh cai tac dung ngc chieu nay, chung toi
mong rang ban than tac gia hay c quan chc trach Viet
Nam nen kp thi thu hoi quyen T ien Viet-Cham nay ve
e chnh ly lai hau tranh nhng ieu tac hai co the xay ra.

Chung quanh van e ngay
quoc le Champa

Qasim Tu

Gan mot the ky qua, hau het cac gii khoa hoc trong
va ngoai nc, cac bac tu s, bo lao, tr thc Cham eu cong
nhan rang Kate la le tuc cua ngi Cham Ahier (anh hng
Ba La Mon Giao), c qui nh va to chc vao ngay 1 thang
7 Cham lch (thang 9 va 10 dng lch) tren cac en thap do
tu s, chc sac Cham Ahier chu tr. Ngay tiep theo la Kate
Palei (Kate lang) do dan lang Cham Ahier to chc va sau
cung la Kate dien ra trong gia nh ngi Cham Ahier.
Trong dp le nay, mot so ngi Cham Awal (Cham
Bani) cung nh Cham Islam thng len en thap tham d va
chuc mng ngay le, nhng ho khong to chc Kate trong gia
nh hay thon xom cua ho,
Vao nam 1965, ai uy Dng Tan S, quan trng
quan An Phc, e ra sang kien to chc mot so mang ca vu
Cham truyen thong e on chao quan khach quan trong trong
chnh quyen Viet Nam en tham d ngay le nay. Ke t o,
Kate tr thanh le tuc va le hoi, cau thanh mot di san van hoa
Champa, lu truyen en hom nay.
Ke t nam 1984, hai ngoai, Kate tr thanh mot chu
e cua phong trao au tranh van hoa Champa tai Phap. Nhan
dp Kate, cong ong Champa ng ra to chc Ngay Van
Hoa Champa e gi en ba con Champa li chuc mng
ngay le Kate va chuyen tai di san van hoa Champa en moi
ngi, thong qua cac mang ca vu truyen thong, chng trnh
hoi thao khoa hoc, tiep tan, v.v.
Sau nam 1989, phong trao Ngay Van Hoa Champa
nhan dp Kate lan tran sang Chau My. Hang nam, IOC-
Champa ma a so thanh vien la Cham Hoi Giao Viet Nam
va nhieu hoi oan Cham Hoi Giao Campuchia, thng ng
Chung quanh van e ngay quoc le Champa
210
ra to chc le hoi Kate nay tai Hoa Ky.

Nam 1995, mot so thanh vien trong IOC-Champa
gay ra phong trao chia re gia Cham Ahier va Cham Hoi
Giao, tach ri ra khoi to chc e thanh lap Hoi Bao Ton
Truyen Thong Van Hoa Champa co tru s Sacramento, tap
trung hau het nhng thanh nien va ba con Cham Ahier nh
c Hoa Ky. Hang nam hoi nay thng to chc Kate theo le
tuc truyen thong Cham Ahier nham cung quay to tien va co
phan le hoi giup vui.

Cung trong thi gian nay, mot so thanh vien Cham
Hoi Giao cung tach ri ra khoi IOC-Champa e thanh lap
mot hoi th ba na o la Hoi Bao Ton Van Hoa Champa, co
tru s at tai San Jose, ma a so thanh vien la ngi Cham
Ahier Phan R. Hang nam, Hoi Bao Ton Van Hoa Champa
cung to chc Kate, nhng bien le hoi Kate nay thanh ngay
Quoc Le hay ngay Ky nien anh hung liet s Champa, co
bai quoc ca, dan vong hoa chien thang trc ai ky niem liet
s Champa lam bang giay cac-tong va lam mot phut mat
niem.

S ra i cua Hoi Bao Ton Truyen Thong Van Hoa
Champa va Hoi Bao Ton Van Hoa Champa, hai c quan van
hoa ngi Cham, nhng lai to chc ngay le Kate tai hai a
iem khac nhau va mang 2 y ngha hoan toan khac nhau a
a cong ong Cham tai hai ngoai i vao khuc quanh mi,
tranh chap chung quanh van e: Kate la le tuc cua ngi
Cham Ahier hay la ngay Quoc Le Champa.
S ngo nhan cho rang Kate la Quoc Le Champa
phat xuat t mot so ngi Cham cha hieu ro the nao la y
ngha cua ngay Quoc Le trong mot quoc gia oc lap co
chu quyen hom nay.

211

1). Nhng ngay le quoc gia

Hom nay, moi quoc gia oc lap co chu quyen eu co
3 le ro ret:

a). Quoc Le hay Quoc Khanh

Quoc le la mot khai niem ra i vao nam 1880 tai
Phap nham anh dau cho ngay thanh cong cua nhan dan
Phap vung day pha nguc Bastille 14-7-1789, lat o che o
vng quyen e thanh lap the che cong hoa tai quoc gia nay.
Sau o, ngay quoc le nay lan tran sang cac nc khac va tr
thanh mot qui c c qui nh trong hien phap.
Quoc Le hay Quoc Khanh la ngay le quan trong cua
mot quoc gia thong qua bieu quyet cua quoc hoi, nham anh
dau mot s kien lch s hay chnh tr gan lien vi lch s nha
nc cua quoc gia o. Tai cac quoc gia oc lap co chu
quyen, Quoc Le hay Quoc Khanh la ngay anh dau s khai
sinh cua quoc gia nay: anh dau ngay gianh c oc lap
nh Hoa Ky, anh dau ngay lat o che o cu nh Phap, anh
dau ngay ra i hien phap nh Tho Nh Ky, v.v.
Moi quoc gia eu co chng trnh Quoc Le hay Quoc
Khanh khac nhau. Mot so quoc gia to chc dien hanh quan
oi, nc khac th dien hanh cac to chc dan s, dien van
cua thu lanh quoc gia, v.v.

b). Le quoc gia mang tnh chat lch s

Le nay cung do nha nc to chc nham ky niem mot
so bien co lch s quan trong a xay ra trong quoc gia o,
nh le chien thang e nh the chien tai mot so quoc gia Au
Chau.

c). Le quoc gia mang tnh chat ton giao, van hoa, xa
hoi
212

Le nay c nha nc cong nhan nhng phan nghi le
khong lien he g en chnh quyen cua quoc gia o, nh le
giang sinh, tet nguyen ang, le lao ong, v.v.

Da vao 3 nh ngha lien quan en cac le neu tren,
chung toi co viet mot bai khao luan ang trong Harak
Champaka so 7, ngay 2-10-2005, e trnh bay lai mot cach ro
rang the nao la y ngha cua ngay Kate. Theo ket luan cua
chung toi: Kate khong phai la ngay quoc le Champa ma la le
tuc cua ngi Cham Ahier, nhng tr thanh di san van hoa
Champa can c bao ton nh nhng le hoi khac: Suk Yeng,
Ramawan.

2). Quan iem cua ong Prang ve Kate

Trong mot bai viet ang trong Web Ilimochampa.org
vao ngay 27 thang 12 nam 2005 e tra li bai viet cua chung
toi ang trong Harak Champaka so 7 ve Kate, ong Prang ma
chung toi khong biet la ai, khang nh rang Kate la ngay
Quoc Le Champa da vao nhng d kien nh sau:

a). Tac gia cho rang ke t nam 2001,
nha nc Viet Nam tao ieu kien e
ba con Cham to chc ngay Kate rat
la long trong co nhieu hoi oan, sac
toc en tham d du ho khong phai la
Cham Ahier. Co chang ho la ngi
that hoc b loi cuon theo Cham
Ahier. Da vao yeu to nay, tac gia
Prang ket luan rang Kate la quoc le
Champa.

ay la ly luan phi khoa hoc, v khong ai nh ngha
Quoc Le cua mot dan toc ch da vao yeu to cua khan gia
213
en tham d. Kate la le tuc cua Cham Ahier nhng a tr
thanh mot le hoi quan trong cua dan toc Champa Viet Nam
hom nay. Thanh vay ai cung co quyen tham gia. Khi con
que nha, chung toi la Cham Hoi Giao, thng len en thap
tham d Kate, nh vay chung toi cung la ngi that hoc
hay sao?

b). Tac gia hoi chung toi rang: Theo
Qasim ... cung nh ban bien tap
Harak Champaka, nen chon ngay nao
la ngay quoc le Champa?

ay la cau hoi qua ngay ngo. V ch co nha nc
Champa mi co u phap ly e chon ngay quoc le cho dan toc
ho. Champaka la tap san khoa hoc chuyen ve lch s va nen
van minh Champa. Chnh v the Champaka khong co quyen
g e chon ngay quoc le cho dan toc Champa. Co chang ong
Prang khong biet the nao la quoc le va ai la ngi co quyen
ng ra to chc ngay quoc le!

c). Tac gia cho rang Qasim va ban
bien tap Champaka tm cach e pha
bo Kate, mot le hoi co s tien bo tot
ep nh hien nay
.
ay ch la van chng vu khong co the lam ton
thng en danh d va nhan pham ngi khac hay c quan
phap ly nh tap san Champaka, v tac gia khong a ra d
kien nao e chng minh trong li noi cua mnh.
Cung can nhan manh rang, trong bai viet ang trong
Harak Champaka so 7, chung toi khong tm cach pha bo
Kate ma ch pha bo quan iem sai lam cua ong Prang va Pts.
Quang ai Can t cho Kate la quoc le Champa, nhng tren
thc te, Kate ch la le tuc do ngi Cham Ahier to chc,
cung nh Ramawan do cong ong Cham Bani to chc, ch co
the thoi.
214
Trong tac pham Le hoi cua ngi Cham (Nha Xuat
Ban Van Hoa Dan Toc, Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 135-148), Sakaya
tc la Van Mon, mot nha nghien cu Cham cua Trung Tam
Van Hoa Cham Phan Rang cung cho rang Kate la le tuc
cua Cham Ahier. The th Sakaya cung la ngi tm cach e
pha bo Kate chang, trong khi o ong ta la ngi tng sinh
hoat hang nam vi le hoi Kate que nha?

d). Tac gia cho rang ong Nguyen Van
Ty, goc Cham Bani lang Phc Nhn
cung en tham d Kate tai en thap.
Neu Kate la le cua Cham Ahier, ong
Ty en o e lam g?

Cau hoi nay chng to rang ong Prang khong hieu
mot cach am tng ve y ngha ngay Kate. Ai cung biet, nhan
dp Kate, hang ngan ba con Cham Bani trong o co chung
toi, thng len thap e ngng mo Kate. Mot so ba con
Cham Bani con mang ca le vat len thap e cung te. Nhng
ho en vi t cach la ngi tham gia e cung bai hay chuc
mng ngay van hoa Champa trong ai nay, ch khong phai
la ngi nam trong ban to chc hoac trong nghi le chnh thc
Kate nh ong Prang hieu lam.

e). Tac gia Prang cho rang ong
Nguyen Tnh, Cham Bani, goc lang
Van Lam gi chc ong Tamnei (tieng
Cham phai viet la ong Camnei th
ung hn) cua thap Po Rome. Da
tren t lieu nay, tac gia ket luan rang
Kate la quoc le Champa.

Ong Nguyen Tnh la dan toc Cham lang Van Lam,
thanh vay ong co quyen gi chc Camnei. Nhng khong v
ong Nguyen Tnh lam Camnei ma tac gia muon bien le tuc
Kate cua Cham Ahier thanh quoc le Champa c.
215

g). Tac gia Prang con cho rang Qasim
la ngi mi chap chng i tm ve
nguon goc Kate, thanh ra bai viet con
thieu xot. Nhng tac gia Prang trach
nhat la Ban Bien Tap Champaka
khong biet g ve nguon goc Kate e
roi chap nhan ang bai cua Qasim.

ay cung la mot ly luan khap khieng. V rang, ong
Prang khong co quyen g yeu cau ca mot tap the Ban Bien
Tap Champaka phai nh ngha Kate theo quan iem rieng t
va phien dien va va khoi hai cua ong Prang c.

3). Quan iem cua Pts. Quang ai Can ve Kate

Trao oi ve bai Gop phan tm hieu ve le hoi Kate
la bai khao luan cua Pts. Quang ai Can, ang trong ac san
Vijaya, so 6, thang 10 nam 2006, trang 188-203.
Noi dung chnh cua bai nay la tac gia a ra mot vai
d kien e chng minh rang Kate la ngay quoc khanh hay
quoc le Champa.

D kien quan trong nhat ma Pts. Quang ai Can a
ra o la ly luan quanh co chung quanh Po Ina Nagar, mot n
than khong lien he g en nguon goc Kate ca.
oc qua phan nay, chung toi co cam tng rang Pts.
Quang ai Can khong nhan dien ro ret ve vai tro that s cua
Po Ina Nagar trong nen van minh Champa thi co. Tac gia
cung khong biet ten that cua Po Ina Nagar trong lch s
Champa la g ? Nam nao ba ta c phong chc Po Ina
Nagar (Ba me cua vong quoc) va vua Champa nao la ngi
a phong cho ba chc nay?
ng tren phng dien lch s, Po Ina Nagar ch la
ten cua tc phong. Ten that cua ba la n than Bhargavati,
mot trong nhng ngi v cua than Shiva c sung bai nhat
216
Champa. Ch co mot Po Ina Nagar (Ba me vng quoc)
duy nhat Champa, nhng ba ta c dan chung th phng
tai nhieu ni khac nhau, ch khong phai co nhieu n than Po
Ina Nagar nh Pts. Quang ai Can suy dien.
Chnh v khong biet Po Ina Nagar la ai, Pts. Quang
ai Can vap phai bao sai lam ma hau qua khong the o
lng c cho the he mai sau. ay la nhng sai lam cua tac
gia ma chung toi phai ieu chnh lai.

Pts. Quang ai Can cho rang Po Ina Nagar Aram la
Me X Rng ay la cot truyen do Pts. Quang ai Can t
suy oan ma thoi. Po Ina Nagar Aram khong phai la Me X
Rng ma la Me X S Champa co en th gan lang Palei
Aram (La Ch) Sau nay ngi ta di en lang Hu c. Tac
gia ng quen, Aram trong a danh Palei Aram ay khong
co ngha la rng ma la oi cao.
Pts. Quang ai Can cho rang Po Ina Nagar Hamu
Cavat la Me X Chim th cang khoi hai them na. Po Ina
Nagar Hamu Cavat co ngha la Me X S Champa co en
th canh ong Cavat hay Cawait, ten lang Lac Tr, Phan
R. Co chang tac gia nham lan Cawait vi t Dawait la chim
te te.
Pts. Quang ai Can cho rang Po Ina Nagar Hamu
Chanok la Me X Chai Ba Ra. ay la mot a danh
khong lien he g vi Champa. V Ba Ra la at ai cua Cao
Mien ngay xa. Pts. Quang ai Can ng quen rang dan toc
Kampuchia cung th Bhargavati, v cua Shiva ma ngi
Cham goi la Po Ina Nagar. Nhng Bhargavati Kampuchia
hay An o khong lien he g vi Bhargavati Champa.
Pts. Quang ai Can cho rang Po Ina Nagar Yathan
tc la Me X Lau Nha Trang. Co chang ay cung la cum
t do Pts. Quang ai Can ba at. V rang Po Ina Nagar
Yathan khong co trong truyen thong cua Cham ma ch co Po
Ina Nagar Aia Trang (Nha Trang).
Mot nha nghien cu chuyen ve Cham nh Pts. Quang
ai Can viet sai chnh ta Aia Trang (Nc trong sang) thanh
217
Yathan la ieu khong the chap nhan c.
Pts. Quang ai Can dch cum t Thien Yana Thanh
Mau ra tieng Viet la Me Tri. ay khong phai cot truyen
khoi hai na ma la phong cach lam viec thieu khoa hoc,
khong an o nghien cu trc khi viet bai. V rang Thien
Yana Thanh Mau la cum t tieng Viet phong dch lai Po Ina
Nagar gom co hai phan: Phan phien am tieng Cham va phan
dch ngha. Thien ay la dch ngha t tieng Po. Yana
ay la phan phien am t Ina Nagar. Thanh Mau la cum t
tieng Viet dch t Yana hay la Ina Nagar tc la me.
Pts. Quang ai Can cung cho rang co Ba Chua X
Champa Chau oc An Giang. ay cung la cau chuyen do
Pts. Quang ai Can ba at na. V khong co Ba Chua X
Chau oc An Giang ma la Tay Ninh ni co en th cua ba
nui Ba en ma xa kia la at ai cua Cao Mien. Ba en
(tieng Cham la Muk Juk) cung la mot trong nhng ba v cua
Shiva.
Du la Tay Ninh i na, tai sao Pts. Quang ai Can
lai xep Ba Chua X Tay Ninh vao danh sach n than cua
Champa? V x Cao Mien co hang tram en th Ba Chua
X (tc la v Shiva).

Chnh v khong biet ro lch s va xuat x Po Ina
Nagar, thanh ra Pts. Quang ai Can gan cho Po Ina Nagar,
mot n than quan trong nhat Champa vi bao cum t va
khoi hai va tho kech. T mot Thanh Mau c ton th trong
suot mi may the ky Champa, hom nay Pts. Quang ai
Can truat phe Po Ina Nagar xuong thanh Me X Rng,
Me X Chim, Me X Lau, Me Tri, v.v... th cung toi
nghiep cho ba.

Cung trong bai nay, Pts. Quang ai Can ke lung tung
chung quanh van e van hoa Cham cha ng nao la yeu to
ban a, nao la yeu to Hoi Giao, nao la yeu to An Giao; lap
luan m ho ve Cham Ahier va Cham Awal trong tien trnh
phat trien ton giao Champa, v.v. e viet phan nay, tac gia
218
trch dan bang qu mot so bai viet khong co gia tr khoa hoc
ang trong mang Web hay da vao quan iem ca nhan e
phan tch nen van minh Champa ma chung toi ch xem o la
phong cach cua nha viet lach trong cac bao thng mai xuat
ban bang tieng Viet. Thanh vay chung toi khong i vao chi
tiet.

Bai viet mang ta e Trao oi ve bai Gop phan tm
hieu ve le hoi Kate, Nhng Pts. Quang ai Can khong i
sau vao chu e ma ch ly luan quanh co chung quanh van e
Po Ina Nagar, yeu to ban a, yeu to Hoi Giao, v.v. e roi t
o tac gia a ra ket luan Kate khong phai la le tuc ngi
Cham Ahier ma la quoc le Champa
Ch can oc qua bai viet cua Sakaya, oc gia biet
rang Kate khong lien he g vi quoc le Champa nh Quang
ai Can a ra. Trong tac pham Le hoi cua ngi Cham,
(Nha Xuat Ban Van Hoa Dan Toc, Ha Noi, 2003, tr. 135-
148), Sakaya nh ngha rang Kate la le hoi cua ngi
Cham nham tng nh v nam than nh Po Klaong Garai, Po
Rome... va cung tng nh ong ba to tien, tri at a phu ho
o tr cho con ngi (...) Le hoi Kate en thap c ieu
hanh bi ban te le chc sac Cham Ahier (Cham anh hng
Balamon).

4). The nao la y ngha cua Kate.

Theo chung toi, Kate khong khong phai la ngay quoc
le Champa va cung khong phai ngay ky niem anh hung liet
s Champa nh ong Prang va Pts. Quang ai Can suy oan,
v nhng ly do sau ay:

a). ng tren phng dien lch s, Kate khong phai la
quoc le cua Champa

- V trong ngay le trong ai o khong co s hien dien
cua cac chc sac Cham Awal (Bani) tai cac en thap vi
219
chc sac Cham Ahier.
- V ba con Cham Bani khong ai an mng, cung te
Kate trong gia nh va thon xom cua ho nh Cham Ahier
thc hien.
- V cac dan toc khac nh Radhe, Jarai, Bahnar, Hroi,
Churu, v.v... la than dan Champa xa kia khong lam le Kate
trong khu vc cua ho.

b). ng tren phng dien ton giao, Kate ch la le tn
ngng cua ngi Cham Ahier

V Kate la mot le tuc hoan toan do cac chc sac
Cham Ahier (Po Adhia, Po Basaih, Camnei, Kadhar...) ng
ra to chc va thc hien cac nghi le tai cac en thap. Sau o,
le tuc Kate dien ra trong cac thon xom va gia nh ngi
Cham Ahier.

c). ng tren phng dien nghi thc, Kate khong phai
la le duy nhat e ghi n cac bac tien nhan Champa

V cac le khac nh Rija Nagar, Yang Puis, Yang
Payak, Kubaw Ma-ih, Thrua, v. v., cung la le tuc co phan ca
tung ghi n cac bac tien nhan Champa ma danh sach trong
bai hat do ong Kadhar ca tung khong khac biet trong le Kate.
Neu cho rang Kate la quoc le v co phan ghi n cac
bac tien nhan Champa, the th cac le nh Rija Nagar, Yang
Puis, Yang Payak, Kubaw Ma-ih, Thrua cung phai la quoc le
Champa hay sao ?

d). ng tren phng dien van hoa, Kate a tr thanh
mot di san tinh than cua dan toc Champa

Kate la mot trong nhng ngay le tuc quan trong va
linh nh nhat cua ngi Cham Ahier, cung nh ngay
Ramawan cua Cham Bani. Ke t nam 1965, Kate tr thanh
va le la tuc va va la le hoi thong qua cac phan van nghe
220
dan gian Cham va nhat la co s tham d ong ao cua ba
con Cham khong phan biet tn ngng, du ho la Cham Ahier
hay Bani, cung nh cac dan toc khac cho du ho la ngi Viet
i na, ke ca khach du lch cung co quyen en en thap e
cung te, cau nguyen hay ngng mo le nay.
Da vao yeu to nay, du Kate la le tn ngng cua
Cham Ahier, nhng Kate a tr thanh di san van hoa
Champa. Chnh v the, dan toc Cham du la Ahier, Awal hay
Hoi Giao phai co ngha vu bao ve le hoi Kate, cung nh cac
le hoi khac Champa, nh le Ramawan cua Cham Hoi Giao
va le hoi cua cac dan toc Champa khac, nh Radhe, Jarai,
Churu, v.v...

Ket luan

oc qua bai viet cua ong Prang va Pts. Quang ai
Can, oc gia co cam tng rang tac gia ang viet tieu thuyet
ve Kate, vi loi hanh van quanh co va ch da vao nhng th
du bang qu hay trch bao li tuyen bo ca nhan cua mot so
nhan vat Cham Hoa Ky e roi ket luan rang Kate la quoc
le Champa. Tiec rang, Pts. Quang ai Can cha hieu mot
cach chnh xac the nao goi la quoc le va the nao la le tuc
mang tnh chat tn ngng cua mot cong ong. Khong v qua
nong voi e roi Pts. Quang ai Can va ong Prang t phong
ai Kate thanh ngay quoc le Champa, trong khi o Kate
hang nam que nha hom nay ch la mot le hoi quan trong
cua Champa do ba con Cham Ahier to chc.

Ai cung biet, ke t nam 1984 en nam 1995, Kate tr
thanh mot le hoi Champa tai hai ngoai ( Phap, Danmark,
Hoa Ky). Nhan dp mua Kate, cac hoi oan nh CSC-
Champa va IOC-Champa ng ra to chc Ngay Van Hoa
Champa, nhng ho khong nh ngha Kate la ngay quoc le
Champa. a so thanh vien cua hoi oan nay la ba con Cham
Bani va Cham Islam. Va trong ngay ai hoi Kate nay luc nao
cung co s hien dien cua nhieu sac toc Champa khac nh
221
Jarai, Bahnar, Stieng hai ngoai va hai nghe s Che Linh
(Cham Ahier) va T Cong Phung (Cham Islam).
Nam 1995 co mot bien co quan trong ma toi khong
muon neu ra ay a a hai cong ong Cham Ahier va
Awal i vao con ng khung hoang. Ke t o, a so ba con
Cham Bani, Cham Islam Viet Nam va Cham Islam
Kampuchia, ba con Jarai, Bahnar, Stieng hai ngoai, khong
tham d le Kate na. S kien nay a xay ra la v ho khong
ong y vi phng cach to chc Kate cung nh y ngha cua
le Kate ma mot so hoi oan Cham Hoa Ky a ra, ch
khong phai ho phu nhan nguon goc van hoa Kate nay nh
ong Prang va Pts. Quang ai Can a hieu lam va bop meo
s that.
Van e quan trong hom nay, khong phai la but chien
ve le hoi Kate, ma la nh ngha lai mot cach chnh xac
nguon goc va y ngha Kate la g? mot le tuc cua Cham Ahier
c xem nh la di san van hoa Champa hay la quoc le
Champa?
Van e quan trong th hai o la lam the nao e le
hoi Kate hai ngoai tr thanh mot le hoi truyen thong nh
que nha hom nay, co ngha la Kate phai do cong ong Cham
Ahier to chc va cac cong ong tn ngng Cham khac nh
Cham Bani, Cham Islam, Cham Kampuchia cung en tham
gia va chuc mng. Cung nh ngay le Ramawan, phai do
Cham Bani, Cham Islam ng ra to chc, va cac cong ong
tn ngng Cham khac cung en tham gia va chuc mng, tao
thanh moi quan he mat thiet gia cong ong Cham Ahier va
Cham Bani trong cong cuoc bao ton nen di san van hoa cho
the he mai sau.

222

Hoi thao Champa
Kuala Lumpur 30-11-2005
!

Ts. Nicolas Weber
ai hoc INALCO, Paris

Hoi thao khoa hoc quoc te ve Champa lan th II tai
Kuala Lumpur do Vien Nghien Cu Lch S, Chnh Tr va
Chien Lc thuoc Phan Khoa Xa hoi va Nhan Van cua ai
Hoc Quoc Gia Ma Lai to chc vao ngay 30 thang 11 nam
2005. ai hoi nay tap trung 15 nha nha nghien cu cua 5
quoc gia trong o co Ma Lai, Phap, Hoa Ky, Viet Nam va
Kampuchia.
Hai chu e chnh yeu cua hoi thao, o la :
- S lien he gia Champa va the gii Ma Lai
- Lch s van hoa xa hoi Champa

Champa va the gii Ma Lai

S lien he gia Champa va the gii Ma Lai c em ra
ban bac trong hoi thao la mot chu e khong co g mi la.
Nhng bai nghien cu nay ch la nhng thanh qua cua cac
cong trnh khoa hoc a c cong bo trong cac sach bao
khoa hoc Phap va Ma Lai t nam 1989.
Hai nha nghien cu tham gia trong chu e nay la Nik
Mohamed Nik Mohd Salleh noi ve S lien he gia nh gia
Champa va Ma Lai va Ts. Phu Van Han Ngon ng va n
hoa a ao tai Viet Nam.
Rieng ve Ts. Keng Phong Phang, ba ta nghien cu ve
Ngi Cham tai hon ao Hai Nan, Trung Quoc. Bai tieu

!
Champaka)

Hoi thao Champa Kuala Lumpur 30-11-2005
226
luan nay mang mot noi dung rat la mau thuan. Viet ta e
Ngi Cham tai hon ao Hai Nan, Trung Quoc, nhng
trong noi dung cua bai, ba ta cho rang khong co mot d kien
lch s nao e chng minh co dan toc Cham Hai Nan.
Ngc lai, ba ta cho rang co mot cong ong vao khoang
6000 ngi sinh song hon ao nay, theo Hoi giao, noi mot
th tieng rat gan gui vi ngon ng dan toc Raglai. The th
ho la ai ? o la van e ma cac nha khoa hoc cha co cau tra
li.

Van hoa va nghe thuat Champa

Van hoa va nghe thuat Champa la chu e th hai trong
hoi thao.
Ve phan van hoa, Mousa va Abd. Karim trnh bay ve
Truyen co tch Cham : So Da. Bai nghien cu nay ch
lap lai nhng g ma nha nghien cu Phap A. Landes a xuat
ban vao nam 1887. Rieng ve bai khao luan cua Gs. Abd.
Rasak Salleh Van e toan hoc trong van hoa Cham va Ts.
Mohammad Alinor A Kadir He thong ma so vng quoc
Champa la hai chu e mi la ma cac nha nghien cu
Champa cha tng biet en.
Cung trong phan nay, Vo Th Thu Nguyet la ngi duy
nhat noi ve Nghe thuat Champa mien nam cu thu o
Champa, t the ky th 11 en the ky th 15. Tiec rang Vo
Th Thu Nguyet khong noi g en nghe thuat Champa, ma
ch lam ban tom tat tac pham van hoa Champa cua Gs. Tran
Quoc Vng. Neu s kien a xay ra, v Vo Th Thu Nguyet
thu nhan rang ba ta khong chuyen ve Champa hoc. Chnh
vthe, mot so nha khoa hoc at van e co chang s hien
dien cua ba ta trong ngay hoi thao co mot ly do khac. Co
chang ba Vo Th Thu Nguyet tham gia hoi thao khong phai
e noi ve cong trnh khoa hoc, ma la e quan sat nhng
ngi khoa hoc noi g trong ngay hoi thao nay ?

227
Lch s Champa

Lch s Champa c xem nh la chu e quan trong
trong ngay hoi thao nay.

Lch s trung ai cua Champa tap trung ba nha nghien
cu. M au cho phan nay, Gs. Shaharir Md Zain trnh bay
ve Yeu to to chc chnh quyen Champa. Tiec rang, bai
nay ch la phan tom lc lai nhng g a trnh bay trong tac
pham cua hai nha nghien cu Phap G. Maspero va G.
Coedes. Ngc lai, cong trnh cua Ts. Nicolas Weber ve
Vai tro quan oi Champa trong lch s ong Nam A va
Mohamad Zain Mousa at lai Van e nh c ngi Cham
Kampuchia sau cuoc vung day cua ho vao nam 1853 la hai
bai nghien cu co phan mi la va cha ng nhieu d kien
lch s rat la thuyet phuc.

Tnh hnh ngi Cham Kampuchia

Lch s can ai Champa la phan soi ong nhat cua ngay
hoi thao.
Trong bai tieu luan vi chu e Van e giao duc ngi
Cham tai Kampuchia, Gs. Jamil Osman nhan nh rang dan
toc Cham tai vng quoc nay ang gap phai mot te nan xa
hoi rat la tram trong, o la nan mu ch . Van e nay khong
phai v thieu trng hoc, nhng phat sinh t ngi Cham
qua ngheo oi, khong tm ra cong an viec lam e nuoi con
i hoc.
Het nan ngheo oi va mu ch , ngi Cha m Kampuchia
ang lam vao khung hoang ve y thc he dan toc ma Ts.
Michel Tranet (cu Th Trng Kampuchia) a at lai
van e trong bai tieu luan Dan toc Cham tai Kampuchia :
nen xay dng lai mot d vang a suy tan. Theo Ts. Michel
Tranet, ngi Cha m Kampuchia ho m nay ch nhan dien
mnh la ngi Hoi giao. Moi yeu to tinh than va van hoa
cua ho hoan toan da vao chu thuyet Hoi giao. Chnh v the,
228
ho khong can biet en nguon goc lch s va van hoa
Champa cua ho na. Neu khong co mot giai phap e a ho
tiep thu lai y thc he dan toc, th ngi Cham Kampuchia se
thanh mot dan toc va vong quoc va vong than trong the ky
th 21 nay.
Tiep theo Ts. Michel Tranet, Gs. Ros Chantrabot at lai
van e Vai tro chnh tr va kinh te cua ngi Cham tai
Kampuchia. Theo Gs. Ros Chantrabot, ngi Cham
Kampuchia la mot cong ong ln lao va gi mot vai tro
quan trong tren ban c chnh tr vng quoc nay. Chnh v
the, moi ang phai chnh tr eu bam vao la phieu cua ho.
Da vao sc manh cua la phieu nay, ngi Cham tm cach
li dung cac ang phai chnh tr e chia phan quyen lc
trong hoi ong nha nc. Va ho m nay, co ra t nhieu nhan vat
ngi Cham nam nhieu vai tro quan trong trong c cau to
chc quoc gia Kampuchia, nh pho thu tng, bo trng, th
trng, cha ke en cac ghe ha ngh vien va thng ngh
vien.
Mac du co nhieu quyen lc trong tay, nhng cac nha
lanh ao Cham khong tm ra giai phap e tao thanh mot lc
lng chnh tr chung nham trien khai nhng d an kinh te,
xa hoi va giao duc hau a ngi Cham thoat ra khoi nan
ngheo oi va mu ch. Dng nh cac nha lanh ao ngi
Cham chia ra thanh nhom nho e phuc vu trong nhieu ang
phai chnh tr khac nhau. S phan tan nay la nguyen nhan
chnh yeu e giai thch tai sao cong ong Cham Kampuchia
van la mot cong ong khong co mot to chc chung, mot nha
lanh ao chung.

Trong ngay hoi thao nay, co s hien dien cu a ong Ismail
Yosoff goc ngi Cham gi chc Th Trng, co van cho
Thu Tng Kampuchia. Ismail Yosoff a ra nhieu d kie n
e chng minh tai sao co S hien dien cua ngi Cha m
tren ban c chnh tr tai Kampuchia. Theo ong Ismail
Yosoff, vng quoc Kampuchia co mot chnh sach rat la ac
biet oi vi ngi Cham. ng tren phng dien chnh tr
229
ma noi, chnh quyen Kampuchia khong xem ngi Cha m la
dan toc thu han, ma la dan toc anh em. Nha Nc
Kampuchia luon luon ton trong quyen s hu at ai cua ho,
quyen tn ngng cua ho, quyen to chc gia nh va xa hoi
theo truyen thong van hoa cua ho, quyen lap ang phai
chnh tr, lap ai phat thanh tieng Cham va nhat la quyen
nhan vien tr t nc ngoai e phat trien chng trnh kinh
te, xa hoi, giao duc va ton giao cua ho. o la d kien lch
s a chng minh tai sao co s hien dien cua nhieu nhan vat
ngi Cham trong hoi ong chnh phu Kampuchia.

S vung day cua Fulro

Cung chung mot bien gii vi Kampuchia, nhng s lien
he gia chnh quyen Viet Nam va dan toc Champa hoan
toan khac biet. o la e tai ma P. Gs. Po Dharma muon
trnh bay trong bai tieu luan S xung ot gia dan toc
Champa mien nam ong Dng va chnh quyen Viet Nam
t nam 1954 en nam 2004. Theo P. Gs. Po Dharma, bai
tieu luan nay ch la phan tom tat tac pham cua ong ta mang
ta e : Du FLM au FULRO. Une lutte des minorites du sud
indochinois (T mat tran FLM en mat tran FULRO. S au
tranh cua dan toc thieu so mien nam ong Dng) do nha
xuat ban Les Indes Savantes va CHCPI an hanh tai Paris (se
ra mat vao au nam 2006).
Trong bai tieu luan nay, Po Dharma giai thch nguyen
nhan cua s hnh thanh mien nam ong Dng mot mat
tran mang ten la FULRO (Front Uniie de Lutte des Races
Oprimees), tc la Mat Tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Cua
Cac Dan Toc B Ap B c. Theo Po Dharma, s vung day cua
Fulro vao nam 1964 phat sinh t yeu to lch s hn la t ban
chat hiem thu dan toc cua ngi Tay Nguyen hay ngi
Cham ma nhieu nha nghien cu Viet Nam thng a ra.

Hoan toan ngc han vi ngi Cha m Kampuchia,
dan toc Champa mien trung Viet Nam nhan dien rat ro ret
230
ve y thc he dan toc cua mnh. Anh em Tay Nguyen noi
chung va ngi Cham noi rieng t nhan ho la mot dan toc
co nguon goc lch s rieng, nen van minh rieng, la than dan
cua mot vng quoc Champa nam mien trung Viet Nam
a b ai Viet chiem ong trong qua trnh lch s Nam Tien
cua dan toc Viet.
Sau ngay sup o vng quoc Champa va o nam 1832,
trieu nh nha Nguyen tha nhan rang ho la dan toc vong
quoc ang sinh song tren mot lanh tho rieng biet thu hep lai
hai khu vc o la lanh tho Tay Nguyen va vung Phan
Rang-Phan R. e bao ton s song con cua ho, nha Nguye n
ban cho dan toc Champa con xot lai mot quy che ac biet
o la :
1. Quyen lam chu at ai rieng t cua ho.
2. Quyen quan ly lanh tho ni co a ban dan c cua ho,
co ngha la khong ai co quyen xam nhap vao khu vc cua
ho ma khong co s ong y cua ho.
3. Quyen c song theo phong tuc tap quan va tn
ngng co truyen cua ho.
Ba quyen c ban nay a cau thanh mot yeu to lch s ke
t nam 1832. Chung toi tin rang trieu nh Viet Nam thi o
a hieu ro trong tam cua 3 quyen c ban na y va a ra nhan
nh rang moi chnh sach i ngc lai vi 3 quyen c ban o
ch a ay dan toc nay vao con ng vung day. Nhng s
vung day cua ho khong phai e oi lai at nc Champa,
ma la e bao ton cho s song con cua ho. ay la quy che
chnh tr ma nhan dan Champa a ghi sau trong tiem thc
cua ho ngay t thu sinh ra khoi long me.

Di thi Phap thuoc, chnh quyen Phap ong Dng
tiep tuc ap dung quy che ac biet nay. Khu vc Tay Nguyen
cau thanh X Ngi Thng Mien Nam ong Dng (Pays
Montagnard du Sud Indochinois-PMSI) sau nay thanh
Hoang Trieu Cng Tho at di quyen cai tr cua chnh
quyen Phap Thuoc. ay la khu vc t tr. Khong co mot
231
ngi Viet nao len sinh song tren Tay Nguyen ma khong co
s ong y cua chnh quyen Phap.
Cung trong thi iem o, khu vc ngi Cham Phan
Rang va Phan R cung cau thanh mot khu vc hanh chanh
ac biet, at di quyen cai tr cua Phap thuoc. Khu vc nay
co bien gii rieng biet tap trung cac thon xom Cham vao hai
huyen Cham do ngi Cham lanh ao, o la huyen Phan Ly
Cham va Huyen An Phc. Hai huyen nay co at ai rieng
va kiem soat ca khu vc nui rng mien ta y Phan Rang va
Phan R.
Theo Po Dharma, quy che ac biet danh cho dan toc
Champa t nam 1832 cau thanh mot chnh sach c ban
nham nang cao s lien he mat thiet gia dan toc Champa va
trieu nh Hue. Chnh sach c ban nay ch da vao mot quy
luat rat n s nhng co hieu nghiem, o la ton trong lan
nhau. Nhan danh nha nc Viet Nam, trieu nh Hue luon
luon cong nhan 3 quyen c ban cua dan toc Champa ma Po
Dharma va neu ra phan tren. Nhan danh la than dan cua
trieu nh Hue va c hng quy che a c biet cua trieu
nh Hue, dan toc Champa luon luon tuan phuc nha nc
Viet Nam. Po Dharma goi o la mot the ky vang son cua
dan toc Champa sau ngay vong quoc. V trong suot 122
nam, tc la t nam 1832 en nam 1954, khong ai noi en
cuoc vung day cua dan toc Champa chong lai nha nc Viet
Nam.

Nam 1954, Ngo nh Diem len nam chnh quyen
mien nam. Mot nha lanh ao luon luon ho hao khau hieu
chong thc dan va e quoc, nhng chnh Ngo nh Diem la
ngi ap dung chnh sach thc dan va e quoc e thong tr
dan toc Champa au tien trong lch s can ai Viet Nam.
Ngay 23 thang 10 nam 1955, Ngo nh Diem quyet nh
xoa bo quy che t tr cua Hoang Trieu Cng Tho, xoa bo
quyen lam chu at ai cua dan toc Champa, xoa bo toa a n
phong tuc, a hang tram ngan ngi Viet di c t mien bac
sang lap nghiep tren Tay Nguyen, lam xa o tron hoan toan
232
a ban dan c va truyen thong van hoa cua dan toc thieu so
nay. The m vao o, chnh quyen Sai Gon co n ap dung chnh
sach Viet Nam hoa vo cung khac khe oi vi dan toc Cham
va Tay Nguyen.
Mot khi nhan dien rang, nha cam quyen Viet Nam Sai
Gon khong con ton trong 3 quyen thieng lieng cua ho na,
dan toc Cham va Tay Nguyen ch con giai phap cuoi cung
o la vung day au tranh. The la t na m 1954 en 1975, s
lien he gia dan toc Champa va chnh quyen Viet Nam a
bc vao mot khuc quanh mi. Va s khung hoang nay
hoan toan phat sinh t hai y thc he ve chu nhan at ai va
nguon goc dan toc oi ngc nhau.
ng tren phng dien chnh tr ma nh ngha, chnh
quyen Sai Gon la chu nhan cua lanh tho mien nam Viet
Nam, co quyen cai tr nhan dan Viet Nam, du ho la dan toc
Champa i na, theo the che va luat le cua quoc gia nay.
Ngc lai, dan toc Champa co quan iem hoan toan khac
biet trong tiem thc cua ho. oi vi dan toc Champa, mien
trung Viet Nam la at ai cua ho ma nha nc Viet Nam a
xam chiem. ay la mot d kien lch s khong the choi c.
Nhng khong phai v the ma dan toc Champa ang m c
c hoi e oi lai lanh tho nay. ieu ma ho ang au tranh,
khong phai oi lai lanh tho Champa b chiem ong, nhng
au tranh e van xin chnh quyen Sai Gon ban cho ho quyen
s hu at ai do ban tay va mo hoi nc mat cua ho a tao
lap ; quyen quan ly at ai khu vc ma ho ang sinh song
(Phan Rang Phan R va tren Tay Nguyen) ; quyen lam chu
c cau to chc van hoa, xa hoi, kinh te va tn ngng cua
ho. Ho au tranh e cau nguyen chnh phu Sai Gon phai
cham dt chnh sach thay oi a ban dan c cua ho bang
cach a hang trieu dan c ngi Viet sang nh c trong
khu vc cua ho. Hay noi mot cach khac, ho au tranh nham
mong c nha nc Viet Nam cong nhan 3 quyen c ban ma
Po Dharma a a ra phan tren.
Ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964 anh dau ngay ra i cua
Fulro nham oi quyen t tr Tay Nguye n. Po Dharma t
233
hoi rang co chang s vung day cua Fulro, lc lng vu trang
t nam 1964 en nam 1975 ch la bieu tng cho y thc he
au tranh nham oi lai 3 quyen thieng lieng nay.

Sau ngay sup o chnh quyen Sai Gon va o nam 1975,
chnh quyen Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu Ngha Viet Nam quoc
hu hoa toan dien at ai cua ngi Cha m va Tay Nguyen,
phu nhan moi c cau to chc lang xa theo truyen thong van
hoa va tn ngng cua ho, ap dung chnh sach di dan o at
vao khu vc ngi Cha m va khu vc Tay Nguyen a a
a ban dan c va van hoa truyen thong cua ho vao mot
khuc quanh mi.
Mot khi khong con lam chu at ai cua ho na, khong
con lam chu c cau to chc cong ong theo truyen thong tn
ngng cua ho na, va nhat la khong con quyen e noi len
bao s bat cong ma chnh quyen a phng danh cho ho,
dan toc Tay Nguyen ch con giai phap la vung day au
tranh.
Po Dharma t at lai cau hoi rang co chang bien co Tay
Nguyen vao nam 2001 va 2004 ch bat nguon t boi canh
chnh tr va chnh sach cua nha nc khong phu hp vi
nguyen vong cua dan toc Tay Nguyen hn la phat xuat t s
xui duc cua nhom Fulro hai ngoai ma mot so c quan
ngon luan a ang tai tin tc nay tren mat bao ch. V ngay
20 thang 4 nam 1975 a anh dau s sup o cua to chc
FULRO. The th au la to chc FULRO e nhung tay vao
cuoc vung day vao nam 2001 va 2004 Tay Nguyen ?

234

Untitled

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Untitled

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Untitled

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Champaka 9

Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653

Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653

You might also like