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GasMixture Update PDF
GasMixture Update PDF
Content: Composition of gas mixture P-v-T behavior of gas mixture Properties of gas mixture: Ideal and real gases
Conservati of mass : mm = mi on
i =1
N
i =1
mfi =
mf
mi mm
=1
Ni Nm
=1
Mm =
mm mi = = Nm Nm
N M
i
Nm
= yi M i
i =1
Rm =
Ru Mm
Example1 Consider a gas mixture which consists of 3 kg of O2, 5 kg of N2 , and 12 kg of CH4 . Determine (a) the mass fraction of each component, (b) the mole fraction of each component, and (c) the average molar mass and gas constant of the mixture. Solution
a)The total mass of the mixture is mm=mO2+mN2+mCH4= 3+5+12 kg
3 kg O2 5 kg N2 12 kg CH4
mf O 2 =
and
mf CH 4 = 0.60
NO2 =
N m = N O 2 + N N 2 + N CH 4 = 1.023kmol
yO 2 = N O 2 0.094kmol = = 0.092, y N 2 = 0.175 and N m 1.023kmol
yCH 4 = 0.733
(c) the average molar mass and gas constant of the mixture
Mm =
then
Pm = Pi (Tm , Vm )
i =1
Vm = Vi (Tm , Pm )
i =1
Then partial pressure of gas i (Pi, Component pressure) = yiPm partial volume of gas i (Vi, Component volume) = yiVm
Z=
where
Pv or Pv = ZRT RT
Z=
The Z factor for all gases is approximate the same at the same reduced pressure, PR and reduced temperature, TR
vactual videal
and videal = RT / P
PR =
Z, PR and TR can be found in Table A-15 and Tcr and Pcr from ATable A-1 A-
Z m = yi Z i
i =1
Vm = Vi
i =1
Then Zm are different from different Laws. Amagats law is more accurate because intermolecular forces already consider.
yP
i =1 i
cr,i
(12.11a) (12.11b)
yT
i =1 i
cr,i
W here: Pcr,i and Tcr,i can be determ ined in T able A-1 Pcr,m = Pseudocritical Pressrue Tcr,m = Pseudocritical T em perature T hen, T R = Tm Tcr , m and PR = Pm Pcr , m
Then, Zm is easily to determined by using these psueocritical properties TR,m and PR,m (Table A-15).
Example 2 A rigid tank contains 2 kmol of N2 and 6 kmol of CO2 gases at 300 K and 15 MPa. Estimate the volume MPa. of the tank on the basis of (a) the ideal gas equation of state, (b) Keys Rule, (c) Compressibility factor and Key Amagats law, and (d) compressibility factor and Amagat Daltons law. Dalton Solution (a) the ideal gas , (b) Keys Rule, 1.330 m3 0.652 m3
(c) Z and Amagats law 0.638 m3 (d) Z and Daltons law. 0.648 m3
U m = U i = mi u i = N i u i H m = H i = mi h i = N i h i S m = Si = mi s i = N i s i
Heat capacities of gas mixtures
_ _
c p ,m = c p ,i = mi c p ,i = N i c p ,i
cv ,m = cv ,i = mi cv ,i = N i cv ,i
H m = H i = mi h i = N i h i or ( H 2 H1 ) m = mi (h2 h1 ) i = C p ,m dT
i T1 T2
or ( S 2 S1 ) m = mi ( s2 s1 ) i
i T2
S m = Si = mi s i = N i s i
= mi C p ,i d (ln T ) mi Ri ln
i T1 i
pi ,1 pi , 2
Example 3 An insulated rigid tank is devided into two compartments by a partition. One compartment contains 7 kg of oxygen gas at 40oC and 100 kPa, and the other component contains 4 kg of nitrogen gas at 20oC and 150 kPa. Now the partition is removed, and the two gases are allowed to mix. Determine, (a) the mixture temperature, and (b) the mixture pressure after equilibrium has been established. Solution
a) The energy balance for the system (no heat transferred to/from the tank):
0 = U = U N 2 + U O 2
PmVm = N m RuTm
NO2 = NN2 = mO 2 7 kg = = 0.219kmol M O 2 32kg / kmol mN 2 4kg = = 0.143kmol M N 2 28kg / kmol
Then,
N m = N O 2 + N N 2 = 0.362kmol
VO 2 NR T (0.219)(8.314)(313) = u 1 = = 5.70m 3 P 100 1 O 2
Pm =
N m RuTm = 114.4kPa Vm
Example 4 An ideal-gas mixture has the following volumetric analysis Component % by Volume N2 60 CO2 40 (a) Find the analysis on a mass basis. For ideal-gas mixtures, the percent by volume is the volume fraction. Recall yi = vi / vm Component N2 CO2 Mi yiMi kg/kmol kg/kmol 0.60 28 16.8 0.40 44 17.6 Mm = yi Mi = 34.4 yi mfi = yiMi /Mm kgi/kgm 0.488 0.512
(b) What is the mass of 1 m3 of this gas when P = 1.5 MPa and T = 30oC?
Rm = Ru Mm 8.314 ( kJ / kg K )
mm = =
PmVm RmTm
(c) Find the specific heats at 300 K. Using Table A-2, Cp N2 = 1.039 kJ/kgK and Cp CO2 = 0.846 kJ/kgK
C p , m = mf i C p ,i = (0.488)(1039) + (0.512)(0.846) .
1 2
= 0.940
kJ kgm K
kJ kgm K
(d) This gas is heated in a steady-flow process such that the temperature is increased by 120oC. Find the required heat transfer. The conservation of mass and energy for steady-flow are
& & & m1 = m2 = m & & & m1h1 + Qin = m2 h2 & & Q = m(h h )
in 2 1
& = mC p , m (T2 T1 )
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(e) This mixture undergoes an isentropic process from 0.1 MPa, 30oC, to 0.2 MPa. Find T2.
. The ratio of specific heats for the mixture is k = Cp,m = 0.698 = 1347 v ,m Assuming constant properties for the isentropic process C 0.940
(f) Find Sm per kg of mixture when the mixture is compressed isothermally from 0.1 MPa to 0.2 MPa.
But, the compression process is isothermal, T2 = T1. The partial pressures are given by
Pi = yi Pm
The entropy change becomes For this problem the components are already mixed before the compression process. So, yi , 2 = yi ,1
Then,
11
sm = mfi si
i =1
. = (0488 . = 0167
kgN2 kgm
)(0206 .
kJ kgm K
Why is sm negative for this problem? Find the entropy change using the average specific heats of the mixture. Is your result the same as that above? Should it be?
(g) Both the N2 and CO2 are supplied in separate lines at 0.2 MPa and 300 K to a mixing chamber and are mixed adiabatically. The resulting mixture has the composition as given in part (a). Determine the entropy change due to the mixing process per unit mass of mixture.
12
Take the time to apply the steady-flow conservation of energy and mass to show that the temperature of the mixture at state 3 is 300 K.
But the mixing process is isothermal, T3 = T2 = T1. The partial pressures are given by The entropy change becomes
Pi = yi Pm
yCO2 , 2 = 1
y N 2 , 3 = 0.6 yCO2 , 3 = 0.4
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Then,
sm = mf i si
i =1 2
= (0.488 = 0163 .
kg N 2 kgm
)(0152 .
kJ kg N 2 K
) + (0.512
kgCO2 kgm
)(0173 .
kJ kgCO2 K
kJ kgm K
Extra Assignment Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are to be mixed and allowed to flow through a convergent nozzle. The exit velocity to the nozzle is to be the speed of sound for the mixture and have a value of 500 m/s when the nozzle exit temperature of the mixture is 500C. Determine the required mole fractions of the nitrogen and carbon dioxide to produce this mixture. From Chapter 17, the speed of sound is given by C = kRT
Mixture N2 and CO2
NOZZLE
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