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Induction Motors
Induction Motors
Group members: 1) Haji 2) Ali 3) Ahmad 4) Adeel 5) Jawad 6) Babar 7) Muneeb 8) GM 9) Umer
ELECTRIC MOTOR
An electric motor is an electromechanical device that converts electrical energy to mechanical energy. The mechanical energy can be used to perform work such as rotating a pump impeller, fan, blower, driving a compressor, lifting materials etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF MOTORS
TYPES OF AC MOTORS
Electrical current reverses direction Two parts: stator and rotor Stator: stationary electrical component Rotor: rotates the motor shaft Speed difficult to control Two types:
Simple design Inexpensive High power to weight ratio Easy to maintain Direct connection to AC power source
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts: A stator consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal circumference of the stator house the stator winding. A rotor also composed of punched laminations, with rotor slots for the rotor winding.
There are two-types of rotor windings: Squirrel-cage windings, which produce a squirrelcage induction motor (most common) Conventional 3-phase windings made of insulated wire, which produce a wound-rotor induction motor (special characteristics)
Squirrel cage rotor consists of copper bars, slightly longer than the rotor, which are pushed into the slots. The ends are welded to copper end rings, so that all the bars are short circuited. In small motors, the bars and end-rings are diecast in aluminium to form an integral block.
The rotor winding terminals are connected to three slip rings which turn with the rotor. The slip rings/brushes allow external resistors to be connected in series with the winding.
The external resistors are mainly used during start-up under normal running conditions the windings short circuited externally.
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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
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Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the application of Faradays Law and the Lorentz Force on a conductor. Consider a series of conductors (length L) whose extremities are shorted by bars A and B. A permanent magnet moves at a speed v, so that its magnetic field sweeps across the conductors.
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The following sequence of events takes place: 1. A voltage E = BLv is induced in each conductor while it is being cut by the flux (Faradays Law) 2. The induced voltage produces currents which circulate in a loop around the conductors (through the bars). 3. Since the current-carrying conductors lie in a magnetic field, they experience a mechanical force (Lorentz force). 4. The force always acts in a direction to drag the conductor along with the magnetic field. Now close the ladder upon itself to form a squirrel cage, and place it in a rotating magnetic field an induction motor is formed!
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Consider a simple stator with 6 salient poles - windings AN, BN, CN. The windings are mechanically spaced at 120 from each other.
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In practice, induction motors have internal diameters that are smooth, instead of having salient poles. In this case, each pole covers 180 of the inner circumference of the rotor (pole pitch = 180). Also, instead of a single coil per pole, many coils are lodged in adjacent slots. The staggered coils are connected in series to form a phase group. Spreading the coil in this manner creates a sinusoidal flux distribution per pole, which improves performance and makes the motor less noisy.
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The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed can be expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed, known as the slip. s = (Ns N)/Ns Where s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor speed (rpm) At no-load, the slip is nearly zero (<0.1%). At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds
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The frequency induced in the rotor depends on the slip: fR= s f fR = frequency of voltage and current in the rotor f = frequency of the supply and stator field s = slip
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Efficiency by definition, is the ratio of output / input power: =PL / Pe Rotor copper losses: PJr = s Pr Mechanical power: Pm = ( 1-s)Pr Motor torque: Tm = 30Pr Ns Where: Pe = active power to stator Pr = active power supplied to rotor PL = Shaft Power
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Reduce intrinsic motor losses Efficiency 3-7% higher Wide range of ratings More expensive but rapid payback Best to replace when existing motors fail
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Efficiency Improvement
Use of thinner gauge, lower loss core steel reduces eddy current losses. Longer core adds more steel to the design, which reduces losses due to lower operating flux densities.
2. Stator I2R
Use of more copper & larger conductors increases cross sectional area of stator windings. This lower resistance (R) of the windings & reduces losses due to current flow (I)
3 Rotor I2R
Use of larger rotor conductor bars increases size of cross section, lowering conductor resistance (R) & losses due to current flow (I)
Use of low loss fan design reduces losses due to air movement
Use of optimized design & strict quality control procedures minimizes stray load losses
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