Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu

CHNG 3

KHO ST - PHN TCH V C T YU CU

Vi sn phm phn mm c xy dng, vic hiu y cc c im ca n l iu khng d. Qu trnh xc nh cc chc nng v cc rng buc ca h thng gi l tm hiu v xc nh yu cu. c c iu ny th cn phi tr li cu hi "ci g-what" ch khng phi l "nh th no-how". Tm hiu, xc nh v phn tch yu cu l bc hnh thnh bi ton, do vy cc yu cu ca bi ton cn phi c tm hiu v phn tch theo chiu rng (ngang) v theo chiu su (dc). 3.1. TM HIU, XC NH YU CU 3.1.1. Kho st, tm hiu yu cu Khi mt cng ty mun k mt hp ng cho mt d n pht trin mt phn mm, cng ty s pht biu cc yu cu mc tru tng khng bt buc nh ngha trc cc gii php. Cc yu cu phi c vit sao cho cc nh pht trin phn mm c th a ra cc gii php khc nhau. Sau khi trng thu v k hp ng, yu cu phi c lm r hn khch hng c th hiu v nh gi c phn mm. C hai ti liu ni trn u gi l ti liu yu cu ngi dng. Theo mc chi tit c th chia ra cc loi ti liu yu cu: + Xc nh yu cu: y l mt khng nh, bng ngn ng t nhin hn l cc s , v cc dch v h thng cn cung cp v cc rng buc m h thng phi tun theo. Ti liu ny cung cp cho cc thnh phn: ngi qun l ca bn khch hng, ngi dng cui ca h thng, k s ca khch hng, ngi qun l k kt hp ng, cc kin trc s h thng. + c t yu cu: l ti liu c cu trc m t h thng cc dch v chi tit hn. i khi ti liu ny c gi l c t chc nng. y c th coi l hp ng k kt gia ngi mua v k bn phn mm. Ti liu ny cung cp cho cc thnh phn: ngi dng cui ca h thng, k s ca khch hng, cc kin trc s h thng, ngi pht trin phn mm. + c t phn mm: l m t tru tng hn ca phn mm lm c s cho thit k v trin khai. Ti liu ny cung cp cho cc thnh phn: k s ca khch hng, cc kin trc s h thng, ngi pht trin phn mm. Xc nh yu cu: l m t tru tng cc dch v m h thng c mong i phi cung cp v cc rng buc m h thng phi tun th khi vn hnh. N ch c cc c t phm hnh bn ngoi ca h thng m khng lin quan n cc c tnh thit k. N phi c vit sao cho ngi ta c th hiu c m khng cn mt kin thc chuyn mn c bit no. 40

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Cc yu cu ca phn mm c chia thnh hai loi: 1) Cc yu cu h thng chc nng: cc dch v m h thng phi cung cp. 2) Cc yu cu khng chc nng: cc rng buc m h thng phi tun theo. V nguyn tc cc yu cu ca mt h thng phi l va y , va trng kin. y c ngha l mi yu cu u phi c c t. Trng kin c ngha l cc yu cu khng gy ra mu thun. Thc t i vi cc h ln v phc tp th thc l khng th t c tnh y v tnh trng kin cho phin bn u ca t liu yu cu phn mm. Vn l khi duyt li hoc trong cc pha sau ny ca vng i phn mm, ngi ta pht hin ra cc s khng tha mn th t liu yu cu phi c chnh l li. V bn cht, chng ta phi hiu v xc nh r nhng yu cu ca khch hng. Tuy nhin, thng bi ton c khch hng pht biu bng ngn ng t nhin cng thm vi vic dng cc bng cc biu cho cc ngi dng d hiu (xem l ngi dng khng bit cc khi nim chuyn mn cng ngh thng tin). Khng may l ngn ng c dng ny li thng l khng chnh xc v m h, i khi c s lm ln gia cc biu th khi nim v cc biu th chi tit lm cho vic m t cha cc thng tin h ln c biu din nhiu mc chi tit khc nhau. y, chng ta cn ch rng ngi t hng c th v khng hiu bit g v tin hc nn h khng th pht biu chnh xc v y cc yu cu ca h, i lc th nhng ci m ngi s dng yu cu v nhng ci m h cn l khng ging nhau. Thm vo , chng ta li khng hiu bit y v i tng, a bn cho nn khng th thu thp y v chnh xc cc thng tin ca i tng v y chnh l mt trong nhng mu thun gia khch hng v chng ta. V vy, trong thc t, i vi cc h thng ln v phc tp, rt kh c th t c tnh y v thng nht ca ti liu yu cu. Cc yu cu c tm hiu cn cha cc mu thun: Thiu r rng: Rt kh s dng ngn ng t nhin m t chnh xc khng nhm ln m khng lm kh khn cho ngi c. Nhm ln yu cu: Cc yu cu chc nng, cc rng buc, mc ch ca h thng v cc thng tin thit k khng c phn bit r rng. Trn ln yu cu: Mt s cc yu cu khc nhau c th c th hin nh l mt yu cu n. Gii quyt mu thun ny, chng ta phi: trn c s nghin cu k lnh vc ng dng v tho lun vi ngi s dng nh ngha chnh xc cc yu cu ca bi ton. Xc nh r v y bi ton l yu t quan trng gp phn m bo thnh cng ca d n. Nhim v ca giai on ny l xy dng c cc h s m t chi tit v cc yu cu, nhim v, chc nng ca h thng d kin. 3.1.2. nh gi cc yu cu nh gi cc yu cu phn mm lin quan vi vic cho bit cc yu cu thc s nh ngha h thng p ng i hi ca khch hng. Nu vic nh gi ny khng chnh xc, cc li trong phn yu cu s truyn ti thit k h thng v trin khai h thng. Chi ph sa cha li s rt ln. S thay i v yu cu ng rng vic thit k 41

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu v trin khai cng phi thay i theo. Mt s kha cnh ca yu cu cn phi kim chng: Gi tr: ngi dng c th ngh rng h thng cn mt s chc nng, tuy nhin sau mt s phn tch, c th xc nh cc chc nng khc cn c a vo. Do h thng c nhiu loi ngi s dng nn c cc yu cu khc nhau v khng th trnh khi s tha hip cc nhu cu . Chc chn: mi yu cu khng c mu thun vi cc yu cu khc Hon chnh: nh ngha cn phi bao gm mi chc nng v cc rng buc Hin thc: khng c cc yu cu c bit n mc phi hin thc. C th d on trc cc pht trin phn cng, tuy nhin pht trin phn mm th kh d on hn. Mu: l mt m hnh chy c ca h thng c trnh by vi ngi s dng. y l mt k thut nh gi yu cu hiu qu. N cho php ngi dng th nghim vi h thng. Vic nh gi li yu cu khng nn c coi l cng vic tip theo ca t liu ha yu cu sau khi hon thnh. Cc xem xt v yu cu nh k lin quan vi ngi dng v k s phn mm lun cn thit. Cc xem xt yu cu c th l hnh thc hoc phi hnh thc. Xem xt phi hnh thc lin quan vic cc ngi k hp ng tho lun cc yu cu vi khch hng. Nhiu vn c th c gii quyt d dng bt ng khi tham kho trc tip vi khch hng. i vi yu cu xem xt chnh thc, i pht trin phi dn dt khch hng thng qua cc yu cu h thng, gii thch cc trin khai ca mi yu cu. Nhm r sot phi kim tra mi yu cu v thng nht, hon chnh cho ton b ti liu. H c th phi kim tra: C kh nng kim tra: ti liu c th kim tra thc t c khng? Kh nng hiu bit: ti liu c c khch hng hiu bit thu o hay khng? Lu vt: ngun gc ca ti liu c c xc nh r rng hay khng? Rt c th phi quay li ngun gc ban u nh gi nh hng ca s thay i. Tnh thch hp: cc yu cu ph hp hay cha? C th thay i cc yu cu m khng lm nh hng ln n ton b h thng khng. 3.2. PHN TCH YU CU Nghin cu k cc yu cu ca ngi s dng v ca h thng phn mm xy dng cc c t v h thng l cn thit, n s xc nh hnh vi ca h thng. Nhim v ca giai an ny l phi tr li c cc cu hi sau: u vo ca h thng l g Nhng qu trnh cn x l trong h thng, hay h thng phn mm s phi x l nhng ci g. u ra: kt qu x l ca h thng l g Nhng rng buc trong h thng, ch yu l mi quan h gia u vo v u ra nh th no. Tr li c cu hi trn, ngha l phi xc nh c chi tit cc yu cu lm c s c t h thng. l kt qu ca s trao i, thng nht gia ngi u t, ngi s dng vi ngi xy dng h thng. Mc tiu l xy dng cc h s m t chi 42

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu tit cc yu cu ca bi ton nhm nu bt c hnh vi, chc nng cn thc hin ca h thng d kin. Nh vy, phn tch yu cu l qu trnh suy lun cc yu cu h thng thng qua quan st h thng hin ti, tho lun vi cc ngi s dng, phn tch cng vic. Vic ny c th lin quan vi vic to mt hay nhiu m hnh khc nhau. N gip cc phn tch vin hiu bit h thng. Cc mu h thng cng c th c pht trin m t cc yu cu. Ta c quy trnh c cc chc nng ca h thng: Nghin cu kh thi Phn tch yu cu Xc nh cc yu cu c t yu cu

Bo co kh thi

Cc m hnh h thng

nh ngha cc yu cu

Ti liu yu cu

c t cc yu cu

Trong qu trnh phn tch cn lu n tnh kh thi ca d n. + Kh thi v kinh t: chi ph pht trin phi cn xng vi li ch m h thng em li, gm c: Chi ph: Mua sm: thit b, vt t (phn cng), t vn, ci t thit b, qun l v phc v,... Chi ph cho khi cng: phn mm phc v cho h thng, h thng lin lc (truyn d liu), nhn s ban u: o to - hun luyn, ci t t chc cho ph hp,... Chi ph lin quan: chi ph nhn cng phc v thu nhp d liu, sa i, cp nht h thng, chun b ti liu,... Chi ph lin tc l tn km nht, gm: bo tr, thu bao, khu hao phn cng, chi ph phc v cho vn hnh,... Li nhun do s dng h thng Nhim v x l thng tin: gim chi ph do x l t ng, tng chnh xc v kt qu tt hn, thi gian tr li rt ngn,... C c t h thng: thu thp v lu tr d liu t ng, y , d liu c chun ha, bo m an ton v an ninh d liu, tng thch v chuyn i gia cc b phn, truy cp v tm kim nhanh, kt ni v trao i din rng,... 43

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu + Kh thi v k thut: y l vn cn lu v cc mc tiu, chc nng v hiu sut ca h thng theo mt cch no l cn "m h" do vy xt: Ri ro xy dng: cc phn t h thng (chc nng, hiu sut) khi thit k v phn tch c tng ng hay khng? C sn ti nguyn: c sn con ngi v ti nguyn cn thit pht trin h thng? Cng ngh: cc cng ngh lin quan cho vic pht trin h thng c sn hay cha? + Kh thi v hp php: c s xm phm, vi phm hay kh khn no gy ra khi xy dng h thng hay khng. + Cc phng n: nh gi v phng n tip cn n vic xy dng h thng. 3.3. C T YU CU 3.3.1. c t yu cu Khi xc nh r bi ton th bc tip theo l tm hiu xem h thng d kin s yu cu lm ci g. iu quan trng y l phi xy dng c danh sch cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Da trn nhng yu cu ca ngi s dng, ngi pht trin a ra cc c t cho h thng. Ngi xy dng h thng phi tr li c cc yu cu sau y: u ra ca h thng l ci g H thng s phi lm ci g c kt qu mong mun, ngha l phi x l nhng ci g Nhng ti nguyn m h thng yu cu l g Hiu r ngun gc, cc dng thng tin cn cung cp cho h thng hot ng. H thng s phi gii quyt nhng vn g, nhng kt qu cn phi c l g. Xc nh c mi quan h gia ci vo v ci ra cho qu trnh hot ng ca h thng. Cc c t chi tit phc v cho vic xy dng v trc nghim v h thng kim tra xem nhng nhim v t ra c hon tt c hay khng. y, chng ta cn ch l trong mt s trng hp, s ny sinh nhng yu cu mi m c th l ta phi xy dng li h thng, tt nhin iu ny s lm chm tin trnh xy dng v lm tng gi thnh do mt vi l do khng th hon chnh cc c t i vi cc h thng nh: Cc h thng phn mm ln lun i hi ci tin t hin trng. Mc d cc kh khn ca h thng hin ti c th xc nh c nhng cc nh hng v hiu ng ca h thng mi kh c th d on trc c. H thng ln thng c nhiu cng ng s dng khc nhau. H c cc yu cu v u tin khc nhau. Cc yu cu h thng cui cng khng trnh khi cc tha hip. Ngi tr tin cho h thng v ngi s dng thng khc nhau. Cc yu cu a ra do rng buc ca cc t chc v ti chnh c th tranh chp vi yu cu ca ngi s dng. 44

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Do cc c t yu cu thm cc thng tin vo nh ngha yu cu nn cc c t thng c biu din cng vi cc m hnh h thng c pht trin trong qu trnh phn tch yu cu. N cn bao gm mi thng tin cn thit v yu cu chc nng v rng buc ca h thng. Phn tch yu cu c tip tc xc nh v c t khi cc yu cu mi ny sinh. y l ti liu thng xuyn thay i v nn c kim sot cht ch. Ngn ng t nhin khng hon ton thun tin cho cc thit k vin hoc cc hp ng gia cc khch hng v cn b pht trin h thng v c mt s l do nh sau: Nhm ln do cch hiu cc khi nim khc nhau gia hai bn. c t yu cu ngn ng t nhin qu mm do. Mt vn c th c m t bng qu nhiu cch khc nhau. Cc yu cu khng c phn hoch tt, kh tm cc mi quan h,... Do vy ngi ta thng dng cc thay th khc c t cc yu cu nh: Ngn ng t nhin c cu trc, Ngn ng m t thit k, ging ngn ng lp trnh nhng c mc tru tng cao hn, Ngn ng c t yu cu, Ghi chp graphic, c t ton hc,... C th chia c t yu cu ra lm hai loi: c t phi hnh thc (ngn ng t nhin) v c t hnh thc (da trn kin trc ton hc). 1. c t phi hnh thc c t phi hnh thc l c t s dng ngn ng t nhin. Tuy n khng c cht ch bng c t hnh thc nhng c nhiu ngi bit v c th dng trao i vi nhau lm chnh xc ha cc im cha r, cha thng nht gia cc bn pht trin h thng. 2. c t hnh thc c t hnh thc l c t m cc t ng, c php, ng ngha c nh ngha hnh thc da vo ton hc. c t hnh thc c th coi l mt phn ca hot ng c t phn mm. Cc c t yu cu c phn tch chi tit. Cc m t tru tng ca cc chc nng chng trnh c th c to ra lm r yu cu. c t phn mm hnh thc l mt c t c trnh by trn mt ngn ng bao gm: t vng, c php v ng ngha c nh ngha. nh ngha ng ngha m bo ngn ng c t khng phi l ngn ng t nhin m da trn ton hc. Cc chc nng nhn cc u vo tr li cc kt qu. Cc chc nng c th nh ra cc iu kin tin t v hu t. iu kin tin t l iu kin cn tha mn c d liu vo, iu kin hu t l iu kin cn tha mn sau khi c kt qu. C hai hng tip cn c t hnh thc pht trin cc h thng tng i phc tp. 45

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu + Tip cn i s, h thng c m t di dng cc ton t v cc quan h. + Tip cn m hnh, m hnh h thng c c trc s dng cc thc th ton hc nh l cc tp hp v cc th t. S dng c t hnh thc, ta c cc thun li: Cho php chng ta thy v hiu c bn cht bn trong ca cc yu cu, y l cch tt nht lm gim cc li, cc thiu st c th xy ra v gip cho cng vic thit k c thun li. Do chng ta s dng ton hc cho vic c t nn c th da vo cc cng c ton hc khi phn tch v iu ny lm tng thm tnh chc chn v tnh y ca h thng. c t hnh thc, bn thn n cho chng ta mt cch thc cho vic kim tra h thng sau ny. Tuy vy, c t hnh thc cng bc l mt vi kh khn: Qun l phn mm c tnh bo th c hu ca n, khng sn sng chp nhn cc k thut mi. Chi ph cho vic c t hnh thc thng cao hn so vi cc c t khc (tuy phn ci t s thp hn), nn kh chng minh rng chi ph tng i cao cho c t s lm gim tng chi ph d n. Phn ln, nhng ngi c t h thng khng c o to mt cch chnh quy v vic s dng c t hnh thc cho vic c t h thng m da trn thi quen ca h. Thng thng, nhiu thnh phn ca h thng l kh cho vic c t bng ngn ng hnh thc. Thm vo l khch hng khng th hiu c n. Khch hng khng thch cc c t ton hc.
3.3.2. Nguyn l c t

Nguyn l 1: Phn tch chc nng vi ci t: c t l m t iu mong mun ch khng phi cch thc thc hin (ci t). Kt qu thu c theo dng ci g ch khng phi l th no. Nguyn l 2: Cn ti ngn ng c t h thng hng tin trnh: cn thit c bit trong trng hp mi trng l ng v s thay i ca n nh hng ti hnh vi ca thc th no tng tc vi mi trng no . Nguyn l 3: c t phi bao gm h thng c phn mm l mt thnh phn: v h thng bao gm cc thnh phn tng tc vi nhau, ch bn trong hon cnh ca ton b h thng v tng tc gia cc thnh phn ca n th hnh vi ca mt thnh phn mi c th xc nh. Nguyn l 4: c t phi bao gm c mi trng m h thng vn hnh. Nguyn l 5: c t h thng phi l mt m hnh nhn thc: khng phi l m hnh thit k hay ci t. N phi m t mt h thng nh cng ng ngi s dng 46

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu cm nhn thy. (Cc s vt m n thao tc phi tng ng vi cc s vt ca lnh vc ; cc tc nhn phi m hnh cho cc c nhn, t chc, trang thit b; cc hnh ng h thc hin th m hnh cho nhng hot ng thc t xut hin trong lnh vc;...) Nguyn l 6: c t phi vn hnh: phi y v hnh thc c th c dng trong vic xc nh liu mt ci t c ngh c tha mn c t trong nhng trng hp kim th ty hay khng. Nguyn l 7: c t h thng phi dung sai v tnh khng y v tnh nng cao. c t khng th hon ton y do mi trng phc tp + c t l m hnh - s tru tng ha - ca tnh hung thc nn khng y . + c t s tn ti nhiu mc chi tit + Cc cng c phn tch c s dng gip cho c t v kim th c t phi c kh nng x l vi tnh khng y . Nguyn l 8: c t phi c cc b ha v c ghp lng lo: c t lm c s cho thit k v ci t, khng phi tnh m l mt s vt ng, ang tri qua thay i ng k nn ni dung v cu trc phi ph hp. S thay i khi cn sa i l ti thiu, ch mt phn nh cc thnh phn c th thm vo hay loi bt mt cch d dng. 3.4. T LIU HA YU CU PHN MM Cc yu cu h thng c trnh by trong ti liu cc yu cu phn mm cho bit nhng th cn b pht trin h thng cn bit. Ti liu ny bao gm cc nh ngha v yu cu v cc c t v cc yu cu. Trong mt s trng hp, chng khng c trnh by ring bit m c tch hp lm mt. i khi, nh ngha yu cu c trnh by nh l mt gii thiu ti c t yu cu. Cch tip cn hiu qu nht l trnh by cc c t chi tit nh l ph lc ca yu cu. Ti liu yu cu phn mm khng phi ti liu c t. N cn phi m t ci h thng cn phi lm ch khng phi lm th no. Ti liu ny cn d dng c c t v nh x sang cc phn tng ng ca thit k h thng. Nu cc dch v, rng buc v cc c t thuc tnh trong ti liu yu cu phn mm c tha mn bi thit k th thit k ny c coi l gii php thch hp vi vn . V nguyn tc, cc yu cu cn c hon chnh v chc chn. Mi chc nng h thng cn c c t v cc yu cu khng c mu thun. Tuy nhin cc thiu st l khng th trnh khi, do vy ti liu nn c cu trc d cho vic thay i. Ni dung nn c chia thnh cc chng. Su yu cu cn c tha mn l: N cn m t cc hnh vi h thng bn ngoi N cn m t cc rng buc v thc hin N cn phi d thay i N phi l cng c tham chiu cho ngi bo tr h thng N cn ghi c vng i ca h thng N cn biu th c cc p ng chp nhn c vi cc s kin khng d kin 47

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu

Cu trc chung ca ti liu yu cu phn mm gm cc phn nh sau: + Gii thiu: m t s cn thit ca h thng. N cn s m t s lc cc chc nng ca mnh v gii thch cch lm vic vi cc h thng khc. N cng cn m t lm th no h thng p ng c ton b cc mc tiu chin lc v nghip v. + Thut ng: n cn nh ngha cc khi nim k thut c s dng trong ti liu ny. Khng c gi nh ngi c c kinh nghim. + M hnh h thng: phn ny lp mt hoc nhiu m hnh h thng cho bit cc quan h gia cc cu thnh h thng vi h thng v mi trng ca n. N cn bao gm cc m hnh i tng, m hnh lung d liu v ng ngha d liu. + nh ngha yu cu chc nng: cc dch v cung cp cho ngi dng cn c m t trong mc ny. M t c th dng ngn ng t nhin, s hoc cc dng ghi chp khc cho php khch hng c th hiu c. Cc dch v cung cp cho ngi dng cn c m t trong mc ny. M t c th dng ngn ng t nhin, s hoc cc dng ghi chp khc cho php khch hng c th hiu c. + nh ngha yu cu phi chc nng: cc rng buc v phn mm v cc hn ch i vi thit k cn phi c m t trong phn ny. N c th bao gm cc chi tit ca biu din d liu, thi gian p ng v yu cu b nh,...Cc tiu chun v sn phm v quy trnh cn tun th cng c m t. + Tin trin h thng: phn ny m t cc gi thit cn bn lm c s cho h thng v d on cc thay i v pht trin phn cng, yu cu ngi dng + c t yu cu: m t cc yu cu c bn chi tit hn. Nu cn cc chi tit hn c th c thm vo cc yu cu phi chc nng, v d giao din vi cc h thng c th c nh ngha. + Ngoi ra, ti liu yu cu phn mm c th bao gm thm cc phn sau: - Phn cng: nu h thng c pht trin trn mt phn cng c bit, phn cng ny v giao din cn c m t. Nu phn cng bn sn c s dng, cc cu hnh cc tiu v cc i phi c m t. - Yu cu d liu: t chc logic ca d liu c s dng bi h thng v cc quan h gia chng c m t, c th dng s thc th lin kt. - Ch mc c th c cung cp. V d ch mc theo ch ci, ch mc theo chng, theo chc nng.... Do h thng c vn hnh trong thi gian di, nn mi trng h thng v mc ch nghip v c th thay i. Khi ti liu yu cu cng cn phi thay i. Vi mc ch tin trin, ti liu yu cu thng c chia theo hai phn loi: Cc yu cu n nh: c suy dn t cc hot ng ct li ca t chc tng i lin quan trc tip ti min h thng. 48

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu

Cc yu cu bt thng: cc yu cu c th thay i khi pht trin h thng sau ny nh: cc yu cu xut hin nh l s hiu bit ca khch hng v s pht trin ca h thng trong qu trnh xy dng h thng, cc yu cu c sinh ra do s xut hin ca vic tin hc ha lm thay i cc quy trnh nghip v,...

3.5. C TNH D LIU V CC K THUT THU THP D LIU 3.5.1. c tnh d liu Mt ng dng thnh cng l mt ng dng p ng c y cc yu cu ca ngi s dng. Trong qu trnh xc nh yu cu, cc d liu thu c ca bi ton cha mt s tnh cht m ta gi l c tnh d liu nh: Tnh nh hng thi gian, Tnh cu trc, Tnh y , Nhp nhng, Ng ngha, ln ca d liu,... Mi yu t trn u quan trng trong vic xc nh cc c t ca ng dng bi v chng mang n cc ch dn cho k s phn mm bit s lng v kiu thng tin nn c chn. Cng vy, cc kiu d liu khc nhau c lin quan ti cc loi ng dng khc nhau v i hi cc k thut khai thc thng tin khc nhau. Khng ch ti cc c tnh d liu s gy li phn tch v thit k. Mi lin h gia cc kiu ng dng v cc c tnh d liu ca n c th hin bng sau:
c tnh Tnh d liu Loi thi gian ng dng

Cu trc

Mc y
y y Thay i Khng y Khng y Khng y

Nhp nhng
Thp Thp Thp, trungbnh Trungbnh cao Trungbnh cao Trungbnh cao

Ng ngha
C nh C nh Thay i

ln
Cc loi Cc loi Trungbnh cao Thp Thp trung bnh Thp

TPS CSDL DSS GDSS EIS ES

Hin ti Qu kh hin ti Cc loi Hin ti tng lai Tnglai Hin ti

(daqu kh)

Cu trc Cu trc Cu trc Phi cu trc Phi cu trc Bncu trc

Thay i Thay i

Thay i

49

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu

H x l giao dch bao gm kin thc nh trc, thng tin y , c cu trc, hin thi. Do h x l giao dch l cc ng dng thao tc ca cng ty nn iu khin v bo tr cc bn ghi ca thao tc hin thi, bn phi c thng tin y , hin thi. Cc ng dng hi p c c tnh tng t h x l giao dch vi c im khc m chng c th tp trung vo cc thng tin lch s thm vo thng tin hin ti. Truy vn l cc cu hi c t ra bi d liu tm thy cc vn v gii php, phn tch, tng kt v bo co trn d liu. to tng kt v bo co vi s tin tng, d liu phi c cu trc, y v c din gii khng nhm ln v c ng ngha nht nh. H h tr quyt nh l cc cng c phn tch thng k cho php pht trin cc thng tin gip vic ra quyt nh. Kiu d liu xc nh h h tr quyt nh lun c th c biu din li, c th cha hon chnh, nhp nhng, c ng ngha thay i t trung bnh ti nhiu v ln. H h tr quyt nh theo nhm l cng c h tr hp nhm cho nhm ngi. Cc cng c h h tr quyt nh theo nhm thao tc c cu trc trn y v cn cc nhp nhng v ng ngha. Bn thn cc cng c th y , khng nhp nhng v mnh nhng cc thng tin hp nhm m n thc hin th li khng nh vy. H thng tin iu hnh l cc ng dng hng tng lai cho php duyt qua mi trng v xc nh khuynh hng, c hi kinh doanh, hoc cc hot ng cng nghip khc nh hng ti hot ng ca cng ty. H thng tin iu hnh gii quyt phn ln vi cc d liu hn n khng c cu trc, khng y , nhp nhng, v cha ng ngha thay i. H chuyn gia qun l v suy lun thng qua cc d liu bn cu trc, khng y , nhp nhng v ng ngha thay i. Cc chuyn gia ly cc thng tin ngu nhin v khng cu trc sau to cu trc cho n. H suy lun bng cch lm th no din t d liu loi tr mc nhp nhng v c nh ng ngha. Do , mc d cc d liu u vo ng dng c cc c tnh m, qu trnh x l d liu phi thc s c cu trc cao. 3.5.1.1. Tnh nh hng thi gian Tnh hng thi gian ca d liu cp ti qu kh, hin ti hoc cc i hi tng lai ca ng dng ra. Cc d liu qu kh: c th m t cng vic c bin i th no qua thi gian, cc quy nh nh hng th no ti nhim v, v tr ca n trong t chc v nhim v. Cc thng tin qu kh l chnh xc, y v xc ng. Cc thng tin hin ti: l cc thng tin v ci g ang xy ra. V d, thng tin ng dng hin ti lin quan ti qu trnh hot ng ca cng ty, s lng ca cc lnh c thc hin trong ngy hoc s lng cc hng ho c sn xut, cc chnh sch, sn phm, i hi nghip v, yu cu php quy hin ti hoc cc rng buc khc cng rt cn thit cho pht trin ng dng. Cc thng tin hin ti nn c t liu ho theo 50

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu cch thch hp vi i ng pht trin tng tr thc ca h v ng dng v phm vi bi ton. Cc i hi trong tng lai: lin quan ti cc s thay i s xy ra, chng khng chnh xc v rt kh kim tra. V d: cc d on kinh t, khuynh hng tip th, bn hng,... 3.5.1.2. Tnh cu trc Cu trc ca thng tin nh hng v phn m rng theo thng tin c th c phn loi theo cch no . Cu trc c th tham chiu ti cc hm, mi trng hoc dng d liu hay dng x l. Cc thng tin thay i t phi cu trc cho ti cu trc m phn cu trc c xc nh bi k s phn mm. Cu trc l c bit quan trng bi v thiu n ta c th to ng dng sai. 3.5.1.3. Tnh y Tnh y th hin ch cc thng tin cn thit phi c biu din. Mt kiu ng dng i hi mt mc y khc nhau. Cc h thng x l giao dch lun tip cn cc thng tin y v chnh xc, trong khi cc h h tr quyt nh i hi thng tin t y hn. Cc h thng tin iu hnh, h chuyn gia, hoc l cc ng dng tr tu nhn to c mc cao nht v tnh khng y trong phm vi ca ng dng. i vi cc ng dng phi gii quyt cc thng tin khng y , mt thch i vi nhm pht trin l phi quyt nh thng tin s dng hay cha. i khi quyt nh ny c tin hnh t pha ngi dng, i khi n c tin hnh bn trong ng dng v cn phi c lut xc nh mc y . 3.5.1.4. Nhp nhng Tnh nhp nhng l mt thuc tnh ca d liu, th hin ch khng trong sng v ngha hoc c nhiu ngha mt cch hu . Tnh ny lin quan nhiu n mc ng ngha. Vn ny ny sinh khi gp mt vn c th c hiu theo nhiu cch v d cu pht biu: "ng c gi i mau qu!". gii quyt tnh nhp nhng cn cn c vo ng cnh. 3.5.1.5. Ng ngha Ng ngha l mt tp hp cc nh ngha c chia s cho bit cc thut ng, chnh sch hoc cc hnh ng c hiu nh th no cho mi ngi trong mt t chc no . Ng ngha rt quan trng trong pht trin ng dng v i vi bn thn ng dng. Nu mi ngi dng chung mt thut ng nhng c quan nim khc nhau s xut hin s khng hiu v khng trao i thng tin c. i vi bn thn ng dng nu d liu b nhp nhng v ngha c th s khng bao gi c x l cho n khi ngi s dng hiu c ngha ca d liu. Cc ng dng s c ng ngha c nh vi cc mc d liu c nh tnh thng qua vic o to v qu trnh s dng lu 51

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu di. Khi nh mt ng ngha ca thng tin c th gy tn tht rt ln i vi cc bn lin quan. 3.5.1.6. ln ca d liu ln ca d liu l s lng cc s kin nghip v h thng phi tin hnh trong vi chu k no . ln ca to mi hoc thay i khch hng c tin hnh theo thng hoc nm, trong khi ln ca giao dch nghip v c tin hnh theo ngy hoc gi v ln ti a. ln ti a l s lng cc giao dch hoc cc s kin nghip v c x l trong thi k bn nht. Thi k cao im c th theo nm hoc cui vi thng, v d chun b cho bo co np thu. ln ca d liu l mt ngun thng tin phc tp bi v s lng thi gian cn thit x l mt giao dch n c th tr thnh rt quan trng i vi lng ln d liu cn x l. 3.5.2. Cc k thut thu thp d liu cho ng dng Do mi giai on pht trin h thng u i hi c s trao i gia nh pht trin v ngi dng nhn c thng tin c ch. Mi giai on cn tm kim mt di rng cc cu hi v ng dng. Khi phn tch tnh kh thi, cc cu hi tng i rng v tng qut nh: u l phm vi ca vn , cch tt nht t ng ho l g, cng ty c c gng pht trin ng dng ny khng, cng ty c th h tr vic pht trin ng dng khng?...th khi phn tch yu cu chng ta tm hiu cc thng tin lin quan ng dng l g, nh: cc d liu cn thit l g, cc x l no c tin hnh v cc thng tin chi tit lin quan?... Nh vy, lm th no chng ta thu thp y cc thng tin phc v cho pht trin ng dng? 3.5.2.1. Mt s k thut thu thp d liu 1. Phng vn Phng vn l vic tp hp mt s lng t ngi - thng vi mt hoc hai ngi - cho mt thi gian c nh vi mt mc ch c th. Trong qu trnh phng vn, cc cu hi c th c thay i. Bn c th nh gi c cm nhn ca h, ng c v thi quen i vi cc phng ban, qu trnh qun l, ng dng hoc cc thc th khc ng ch . Kiu phng vn c xc nh bi kiu thng tin yu cu. Phng vn nn c dn dt sao cho c hai bn tham gia u cm thy tho mn vi kt qu. c chun b k ng ngha l hiu r ngi ang c phng vn, do bn khng lm h bi ri v bn c th c vi cu hi ban u c chun b cho d khng phi l tt c. Mt phng vn tt c bt u, on gia v kt thc: Lc bt u, bn t gii thiu v t cc cu hi n gin. Nn bt u vi cc cu hi tng qut v khng i hi cc tr li v ng c c nhn. Hy ch ti cc cu tr li tm ra u mi cc cu hi khc v tnh trung thc, thi ca ngi c phng vn.

52

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Vo gia bui nn tp trung vo ch . Hy ly mi thng tin bn cn lu , s dng cc k thut cc bn chn ban u. Nu xut hin mt vi thng tin quan trng, hy hi xem bn c th c tho lun n sau ny. Vo lc kt thc, hy tm tt tt c cc th bn nghe v ni cho cc phng vn ci g s xy ra tip. Bn c th ghi chp v ngh ngi c hi xem xt li. Tt nht l trong thi gian khong 48 gi v c s chp thun ca ngi dng theo ngy xc nh. Phng vn s dng hai kiu cu hi: Cu hi m l cu hi cho nhiu cu tr li khc nhau. Cu hi m thch hp cho cc m t cc chc nng ng dng hin ti cng nh ang ngh v cho vic xc nh cm nhn kin, v mong i v ng dng c ra. Mt v d l: ng c th ni cho ti v... ng ngh th no v... ng c th m t lm th no... Cu hi ng l cu hi m cu tr li l c hoc khng hoc mt cu tr li c th. Cc cu hi ng tt cho khai thc thng tin thc t hoc bt ngi dng tp trung vo phng vn. V d cho cu hi ng l: Bn c dng cc bo co hng thng khng. Cc cu tr li C c th c tip ni bi cc cu hi m ng c th gii thch... Cc bc thng c tin hnh cho cuc phng vn

Tin hnh t cuc hn ph hp vi thi gian ca phng vn Chun b tt, tm hiu k v ngi c phng vn ng gi C k hoch cho cuc phng vn Gii thiu bn thn v mc ch S dng cu hi m bt u Lun ch vo tr li C k hoch cho ni dung chnh Kt hp cu hi ng v m Lun bm st cc trnh by v pht trin chi tit Lun cung cp cc thng tin phn hi, v d: Cho php ti trnh by li iu ng va ni... Hn ch ghi chp nu thy khng tin C k hoch kt thc Tm tt ni dung, yu cu hiu chnh Yu cu lm chnh xc, nh gi li ghi chp Cho bit ngy thng h s nhn c bo co Thng nht li ngy ly li bn hiu chnh Xc nhn li lch lm vic
Cc cu hi c th c a ra theo kiu cu trc hoc phi cu trc.

53

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Phng vn c cu trc l phng vn trong ngi phng vn c danh mc cc mc cn duyt qua, cc cu hi xc nh v cc thng tin cn bit xc nh. Phng vn khng cu trc l phng vn c nh hng bi cu tr li. Cc cu hi phn ln l cu hi m. Khng c mt k hoch ban u, do vy ngi phng vn bit cc thng tin cn thit s dng cc cu tr li t cc cu hi m pht trin mi cu hi chi tit hn v ch . Phng vn c cu trc thch hp khi bn bit v cc thng tin cn thit trc khi phng vn. Ngc li phng vn khng cu trc thch hp khi bn khng on trc c ch . Cc trng hp in hnh ca phng vn l ngi khch hng bt u vi phng vn phi cu trc cho bn nhn thc v min bi ton. Sau bi ton dn dn tr thnh c cu trc v tp trung vo cc thng tin bn cn hon chnh phn tch. Cc thun li v kh khn ca phng vn c cu trc v phng vn khng c cu trc c th hin nh sau: Phng vn c cu trc - Dng dng chun cho nhiu cu hi u - D qun l v nh gi im - nh gi c nhiu mc ch - Khng cn o to nhiu - C kt qu trong cc phng vn .- Chi ph chun b ln - Tnh cu trc c th khng thch Nhc hp cho mi tnh hung im - Gim tnh ch ng ca cc ngi phng vn Phng vn khng c cu trc - C kh nng mm do nht - Cn chm ch nghe v c k nng m rng cu hi - C th bao ht cc thng tin cha bit - i hi c thc hnh - Lng ph thi gian phng vn - Ngi phng vn c th nh kin vi cc cu hi - Tn thi gian la chn v phn tch thng tin

Mt k nng tt l pht trin cc s nh l mt phn ca ti liu phng vn. Khi bt u ln phng vn mi, bn nn bn bc cc s v a cho h bn ghi chp h c th kim tra sau ny. Bn nhn ngay kin phn hi v tnh chnh xc ca s v hiu bit ca bn v ng dng. Li ch ca cch tip cn ny th hin c mt k nng v tm l. T kha cnh k thut, bn thng xuyn c kim tra li cc vn bn c nghe. Cho ti khi thi gian phn tch kt thc, c bn v khch hng u tin chc rng qu trnh x l ng dng l ng v y . T kha cnh tm l, bn lm tng nim tin ca khch hng vo kh nng phn tch bng cch trnh by cc hiu bit ca mnh. Mi khi bn ci thin s v i su vo phn tch, bn cng lm tng nim tin ca ngi s dng rng bn s xy dng c ng dng p ng c nhu cu ca h. Cc kt qu s dng ngi phng vn nn lun c trao i li ti ngi c phng vn trong mt thi gian ngn. Cc ngi c phng vn nn c bo cho mt thi hn i vi vic phng vn. Tuy nhin bn c th xin b tr b sung phng vn trong trng hp cn nhiu iu cn hi hoc cn nhiu ngi cn gp. 54

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu

u im ca phng php phng vn: Phng vn thch hp cho vic nhn cc thng tin m bo c s lng ln cht lng: Cc kiu thng tin nh tnh l cc kin, nim tin, thi quen, chnh sch, v m t. Cc kiu v thng tin nh lng bao gm tn sut, s lng, nh lng cc mc c dng trong ng dng. Nhc im ca phng php phng vn: Phng vn v cc dng khc ca thu thp d liu c th lm bn lc li, thiu chnh xc, hoc thng tin khng lin quan, khng thch hp. Bn cn hc cch c ngn ng c ch v thi quen quyt nh c cc iu cn thit cho cng mt thng tin. i hi k nng C th c kt qu thin v i hi ba ngi kim tra kt qu v thung khng thch hp vi s lng ln ngi Do vy, khi s dng phng php phng vn thu thp d liu, ngi phng vn phi hiu cc hnh ng ca ngi c phng vn c th c cc hnh ng tng ng cho ph hp. Sau y l bng tham kho cc hnh vi ca ngi c phng vn v hot ng tng ng ca ngi phng vn. Hnh vi ca ngi c phng vn on cc cu tr li ch khng tha nhn khng bit C ni nhng iu lt tai ngi phng vn, sai s tht Cho thng tin khng y Dng trnh by khi ngi phng vn ghi chp Vi v Khng mun thay i mi trng hin ti Th hin khng quan tm, tr li ngt qung Khng hp tc, t chi tr li p ng ca ngi phng vn Sau phng vn, kim tra cho cc cu tr li Trnh hi cc cu d on cu tr li, kim tra cho cc cu tr li Kin tr hi t mc ch Ghi nhanh nht c th, ch hi cc cu quan trng ngh b tr bui khc ng vin ci thin mi trng hin ti v so snh hai khuynh hng Ni chuyn vui sau hng v ch chnh Ly ngun tin khc, v hi ng c quan tm v nhng iu ngi khc ni v ng hay khng?. Nu cu tr li l khng th thi phng vn Tm ra mu cht vn . C dn dt v ch chnh. V d Dng nh c quan ng c rt nhiu vn , c th ng dng mi c xut s gii quyt mi vn trn 55

Phn nn v v tr cng tc, lng,...

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Chn lc cc thng tin cn thit, khng li cun vo cc chin lc cng ngh

L ngi a chung cng ngh 2. Hp nhm

Hp nhm l vic tp hp ba hoc nhiu hn mt s ngi cho mt thi hn nht nh tho lun mt s ch . Hp nhm c th va b sung v thay th phng vn. N b sung phng vn bng cch cho php nhm kim tra li cc kt qu phng vn c nhn. N c th thay th cho phng vn bng cch cung cp mt din n cho cc ngi s dng cng tm ra cc i hi v cc gii php cho ng dng. Hp nhm cng c th lm lng ph thi gian. Ni chung, hp nhm cng ln th cng t kin nht tr v thi gian quyt nh cng ko di. Do vy, nn c mt k hoch ban u cho hp nhm. Lch trnh nn c cung cp trc cho cc thnh vin. S lng cc ch nn gi mc 1 n 5 v khng mi nhng ngi khng thch hp trnh lng ph thi gian. Hp nhm nn c mt thi gian c nh v c im thng nht c th vi cc quyt nh cn thit, khng nn ko di hn 2 gi c th m bo c s ch ca thnh vin. Hp nhm ph hp vi vic i hi cc tng qut, tm kim ng lng, v tip nhn c thng tin chi tit v thng tin tm tt. Vy, u im ca phng php hp nhm: C th to ra quyt nh, Nhn c c thng tin tng hp v chi tit, Phng php tt cho cc yu cu bn ngoi, Tp hp c nhiu ngi dng lin quan,... Nhc im ca phng php hp nhm: Nu s i biu nhiu s tn thi gian cho vic ra quyt nh, Tn thi gian, Cc ngt qung lm phn tn s ch , Mi khng ng thnh vin dn ti chm c kt qu, D chuyn sang cc ch khng lin quan nh l chnh tr, th thao,... 3. Quan st Quan st l hot ng c th tin hnh th cng hoc t ng nh sau: + Theo cch th cng, ngi quan st ngi ti mt ch v ghi chp cc hot ng, cc bc x l cng vic. Ghi chp hoc bng ghi hnh c dng phn tch cho cc s kin, cc m t ng t chnh, hoc cc hot ng ch r l do, cng vic hoc cc thng tin v cng vic. +Theo cch t ng, my tnh s lu gi cc chng trnh thng tr, lu li vt ca cc chng trnh c s dng, email v cc hot ng khc c x l bi my. Cc file nht k ca my s c phn tch m t cng vic. Quan st c cc nhc im: Thi gian ca quan st c th khng biu din cho cc cng vic din ra thng thng, 56

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu ngh l ang b quan st c th lm thay i thi quen thng ngy ca ngi b quan st, Tn thi gian. Tuy nhin, quan st c cc u im: K s phn mm c th nhn c s hiu bit tt v mi trng cng tc hin ti v qu trnh x l thng qua quan st. K s phn mm c th tp trung vo vn , m khng b nh hng bi ngi khc. Cc ngn cch gia k s phn mm v cc ngi c phng vn s c vt qua bi quan st. quan st c hiu qu, nn xc nh ci g s c quan st v xc nh thi gian cn thit cho vic quan st. ng thi, hy xin s chp thun ca c ngi qun l v c nhn trc khi tin hnh quan st. 4. n nh cng vic tm thi Vi mt cng vic tm thi, ta c c nhn thc y hn v cc nhim v, ng thi n cung cp cho ta kinh nghim thc t. u tin, ta hc cc thut ng v ng cnh s dng n. Thi gian tin hnh thng t 2 tun n 1 thng di bn c th quen thuc vi phn ln cc cng vic thng thng v cc tnh hung ngoi l nhng khng c qu di tr thnh chuyn gia thc s i vi cng vic. Cng vic tm thi cho ta c s hnh thc ho cc cu hi v cc chc nng no ca phng php hin thi ca cng vic s c lu gi li v ci no s b loi tr hoc thay i. N cng l cch thc tr li cc cu hi khng th thc hin c Bt li ca cng vic tm thi l tn thi gian v s la chn v thi gian c th lm ti thiu ho vn . Thm vo , ngi k s phn mm c th c thin kin v qu trnh x l cng vic, ni dung lm nh hng ti cng vic thit k sau ny. 5. iu tra qua cu hi iu tra qua cu hi l xy dng cc cu hi phng vn trn giy hoc my tnh. Cc cu hi c dng nhn cc thng tin t s lng ln ngi s dng v thng dng kh nng la chn, ngi tr li ch vic nh du. Cc mc cu hi, nh l phng vn, c th l cu hi m hoc cu hi ng nhng khng ch r tn, dn n cc cu tr li trung thc hn nhiu phng vn. u im ca phng php iu tra: Cc tr li khng cn bit tn nn quan im v cm nhn thu c l trung thc, C th tin hnh vi nhiu ngi, Thch hp vi cc cu hi ng v hu hn, Ph hp vi cng ty a vn ho v c th tu bin vi quy c a phng, Hn ch ca phng php iu tra: Kh thc hin li c, 57

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Cc cu hi khng c tr li c ngha l khng thu c thng tin, Cc cu hi c th kh hiu, Thc hin v nh gi c th chm, Khng th thm cc thng tin khi tin hnh cng vic, Thng tin thu c hn ch trong mt phm vi hp, Ch dng n nh mt phng php b sung,...

6. Xem xt ti liu Khi nim ti liu m ch ti cc cm nang, quy nh, cc thao tc chun m t chc cung cp nh l hng dn cho cc nh qun l v nhn vin. Cc ti liu thc s hu ch cho cc k s phn mm hc v cc lnh vc m h cha tng c kinh nghim. N c th hu ch cho vic xc nh cc cu hi v qu trnh thao tc v sn xut. Ti liu a ra cc thng tin khch quan. Tuy nhin, cc ti liu khng phi lun nm trong cng ty, n c th l cc n phm k thut, cc bo co nghin cu,... nn kh cho vic tm kim. N cn gy thnh kin v khng khng cung cp c th nhn bit c quan im, ng c,... 7. Xem xt phn mm Khi cc ng dng c phi c thay th cc phn mm mi, vic nghin cu cc phn mm tn ti cung cp cho chng ta cc thng tin v qu trnh x l cng vic hin thi v cc m rng c rng buc bi thit k phn mm. Khuyt im chnh ca vic nhn thng tin t quan st phn mm l ti liu c th khng chnh xc hoc kp thi. Thm vo , thi gian c th b lng ph nu ng dng ang b xo b. 3.5.2.2. nh gi tnh ph hp ca cc k thut thu thp d liu i vi c tnh ca d liu Phng vn v hp nhm l ph hp vi mi loi kiu d liu do chng thng xuyn c s dng. Quan st ch cung cp cc nh hng th v mt ln, nhng b hn ch bi thi gian. Bi v thng tin t quan st khng c cu trc, mt vi k nng c dng cho k s phn mm to nn cu trc ph hp vi cc tnh hung. Thng tin c th khng c y . K thut t cu hi c th hi cc cu hi c cu trc. Nu cu hi l m th y c th thp. Mc nhp nhng ca k thut t cu hi nn thp nhng ng ngha cu hi c th khng c bin dch bi ngi tr li. Cu hi v ln ti phng ban hoc t chc thng khng thch hp. Cc thng tin v ln ca giao dch hoc thi gian cho x l giao dch cho cc nhn vin nn nhn c cc thng tin c ngha. Lm vic tm thi tng t quan st ch c mc khng chc chn cao kt hp vi cc thng tin nhn c. Cc thng tin c khuynh hng hin ti, phi cu trc, 58

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu v khng y ph thuc vo cc thi k cng tc. Cc nhp nhng thay i t mc thp n mc trung bnh ph thuc mc cng vic c t chc v nh ngha tt n mc no. Ni dung ng ngha c th thay i ph thuc cc nh ngha dng chung trong nhm lm vic. Ti liu cung cp cc thng tin khng y , phi cu trc. Thi gian nghin cu thay i ph thuc vo ti liu nm bn trong hay bn ngoi cng ty. Cc ti liu bn trong thng lin quan ti cc thng tin c trong khi ti liu bn ngoi thng hng v thng tin hin ti v tng lai. Cc ti liu bn ngoi mang tnh ph qut v thng nht trong khi ti liu bn trong thng thay i theo phng ban. Phn mm cung cp cc thng tin c, i khi l hin ti c cu trc bi v c t ng ho. Mc nhp nhng c th t thp n trung bnh. Cc thng tin v ln c th c biu din nhng nn c kim tra cho khi s dng cc phng php khc. Tnh ph hp ca cc k thut thu thp d liu i vi c tnh ca d liu c tm tt bng sau
c tnh d liu K thut Phng vn Hp nhm Quan st Cu hi

Tnh thi gian

Cc loi Cc loi Hin ti Cc loi

Cu trc
Cc loi Cc loi Phicutrc Cu trc

Mc y
Cc loi Cc loi y

Nhp nhng
Cc loi Cc loi Thp

Ng ngha
Thay i Thay i Thay i C nh (ph thuc cch hiu)

ln
Cc loi Cc loi Th C nhn

Khngy Thay i

Cng vic Hin ti tm thi Ti liu Xem xt phn mm

Phicu rc

Khngy Thp, Thay i trung bnh Khngy y Thp, trung bnh Thay i, hoccn h

Phthuc cch hiu C th, hockhng C th

Qu kh Phicutr hin ti c Qu kh Hin ti Cu trc

Thp, C nh trung bnh

3.5.2.3. nh gi tnh ph hp ca cc k thut thu thp d liu i vi cc kiu ng dng + H x l giao dch v cc ng dng hi p c th dng mi k thut. Hp nhm v phng vn c u th vt tri bi v chng gi ra mt phm vi rng nht cc p ng trong thi gian ngn nht.

59

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu Quan st v n nh cng vic tm thi hu dng cho vic nhn cc thng tin nn tng v vn hin thi, nhng cn phi c s dng vi ch nh khng gy nh kin vi thit k ng dng. Cc cu hi thch hp vi s lng nhn vin tng i ln - ln hn 50 - v vic nhn ra cc tnh cht ca ngi dng xc nh, v d, yu cu o to ca ngi dng trong khi phn tch cc c tnh ca t chc. N yu cu v mn hnh, v d, cc kiu mu sc khc nhau, cc cu hi c th thch hp cho vic biu din mt tp nh cc la chn cho ngi dng. + H h tr quyt nh cng c coi l c th dng cho mi k thut, nhng khng phi mi k thut u thch hp cho mi tnh hung. H h tr quyt nh ni chung c pht trin dnh cho cc cng vic mang tnh cht ring r. Do , quan st hoc lm vic cng mt hoc hai ngi i din c th dn ti cch nhn thnh kin v yu cu ng dng. i vi ti liu l cc bo co thng k c th ph hp cung cp cho cc v d ca cc kiu phn tch cn thit ca h h tr quyt nh. Cc ti liu khc, nh l chnh sch, th tc ni chung l khng thch hp. i vi cc h h tr quyt nh mc ch chung cng vi s lng ln ngi dng, cc cu hi l cch thch hp xc nh phm vi ca vn v cc k thut phn tch cn thit cho h h tr quyt nh. Cc thng tin ny c th c b sung bi phng vn v hp nhm xc nh thm cc chi tit. + H h tr quyt nh theo nhm thng xuyn l mt h cho khch hng xy dng cc gi phn mm cung cp cc kiu h tr khc nhau cho cc hp nhm t ng. Cc k s phn mm lm vic trn mi trng h tr quyt nh theo nhm cn bit cc kiu d liu, s lng ngi tham gia, cng nh cc kiu suy lun v k thut thng nht kin ca nhm. Cc khi h tr quyt nh theo nhm khng phi l cc kin thc chung m cng khng c s dng thng xuyn. Bn c th xy dng mt h h tr quyt nh theo nhm cho mt ngi. Do , mt thi gian ng k phi dng tm ra th trng, ngi bn, v cc khi h h tr quyt nh theo nhm. Cc t liu bn ngoi v sn phm thch hp cho cc cu hi pht trin dn dt ti cc thng tin cn thit. Sau khi kin thc v th trng c thu thp th phng vn v hp nhm thch hp cho xc nh cc yu cu c trng v xem xt li vi ngi dng h h tr quyt nh theo nhm c th lm v khng lm ci g. Cc phng php khc c th c gi tr hu hn. V d, quan st c th gip k s phn mm bit cc cng c s lm vic th no. Cc ti liu bn trong cung cp cc thng tin v hp nhm m h h tr quyt nh theo nhm c ch i s cung cp cng c th c dng. + H thng tin iu hnh tng t h h tr quyt nh theo nhm v s khan him v thiu tng qut v cc thng tin - tri thc - lin quan. H thng tin iu hnh thng c xy dng cho mt nhm ngi dng tng i t nn khng ph hp vi vic t cu hi. H thng tin iu hnh l mi trng kh chuyn bit nn cc ti liu v phn mm c khng c gi tr nhiu. Quan st khng c tc dng nhiu bi v vic thc hin khng thch hp cho quan st. Cng vic tm thi khng dng c v bn khng th lm vic c ch trong mt hoc hai tun. Do vy, cc phng php phng vn, hp nhm, xem ti liu l cc k thut ph hp nht. 60

Chng 3: Kho st - phn tch v c t yu cu

Tnh ph hp ca cc k thut thu thp d liu i vi cc kiu ng dng c ch ra bng sau: Loi ng dng
TPS CSDL Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt DSS Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Hn ch Hn ch Hn ch GDSS Tt Tt EIS Tt Tt ES Tt Tt

K thut
Phng vn Hp nhm Quan st Cu hi Cng vic tm thi Xem ti liu Xem xt phn mm Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt Tt

Hn ch Hn ch

Cu hi 1. Hy ch r vai tr quan trng ca vic xc nh ng n yu cu ca bi ton. 2. Hy phn tch ch r cc sai lm thng gp trong vic xc nh yu cu. 3. Cc cng vic phi lm c c mt ti liu yu cu chnh xc. 4. Hy nu v phn tch cc c tnh d liu ca yu cu. 5. Cc k thut thu thp d liu cho bi ton. Khi xy dng mt ng dng, bn s dng nhng k thut no, v sao? 6. Hy xy dng ti liu yu cu cho cc h thng phn mm m cc anh ch tm hiu.

61