90-91 - - -

(Digital Signal Processing)

:
1) Oppenheim A.V., Schafer R.W. and J.R. Buck, "DISCRETE-TIME SIGNAL PROCESSING",
Second Edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 1999, ISBN 0-13-083443-2. (Text Book)
2) Oppenheim A.V. DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING Prentice- Hall 1999

3) Sanjit K. Mitra, "DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING: A Computer Based Approach", 3rdEdition,

2005/Hardcover/972 pages, McGraw-Hill.
4) Kermit Sigmon, "Matlab Primer", Third Edition, Department of Mathematics, University of Florida

-
-

 :
-
- z
-
-
-
- (Discrete Fourier Transform )DFT
- (Fast Fourier Transform )FFT
:
- ) (% :

- :

- :

- :

%
-
-

) (

DFT/FFT
Z

-
-

 :

Z


) IIR ( FIR


) DFT ( FFT
Matlab

-
-

 :
:
) :(Signal .
: .
: .....
: )
( . .

) i(x , y

) r (x , y; t

- )
(

- )
(
Gray Scale Image

-
-

) s(t

-
) (

 ): ( Continuous-Time
.
: t .
:

) x (t

) ( Analog.

t
) : ( Discrete-Time
.
: n .
:
) ( Digital.
)x (3
)x (4

) x (n ) = x a (nT

) x (n

)x (0
)x (2
)x (1
)x (1
)x (2

-
-

2 1

-
-

 : ) ( .
.
.

) x a (t

x (n ) = x a (nT ),
T = 125m sec

-
-

 ) :(Process ....
.

) ( Power , Energy

+N
1
| x (n ) |2
P = lim

N 2N + 1
n =-N

| ) | x (n

=E

n =-

:
.
: .

-
-

 :
(

x (n ) = c n

- :

c ,

- : c ) (

= e j

) c = 1 x ( n ) = n = e j 0 n = Cos (0 n ) + jSin (0 n

- :
) x ( n ) =| c | | |n Cos (0 n + ) + j | c | | |n Sin (0 n +
c ,

-
-

c =| c | e j , =| | e j 0 n

 - :

) x (n ) = A Cos (0 n +

- 0 .
- . k
0

= N

-
-

 - 0 .
0
0 .

- .

-
-

1 , n0

u(n ) =

0 , n<0

( )(unit Step Sequence

0 n 0
d(n ) =

1 n=0

) u (n

( )(unit Sample Sequence

) (n
1

2 1

2 1

: .

-
-

) x (k )d(n - k

= x (n ) = + x (-1)d(n + 1) + x (0)d(n ) + x (1)d(n - 1) +

) x (n

k =-

1 2

3 2 1

)x (n ) = 2d(n + 3) + 3d(n - 1) - d(n - 2) - d(n - 4

4

) x (k )d(n - k

k =-3

-
-

) y1 (n

)(Linear Shift Invariant

) y (n

}) y(n ) = T {x (n

) (T

) x (n

:
.
.

) a x 1 (n ) + b x 1 (n ) a y1 (n ) + b y2 (n
:

) x 2 (n ) y2 (n
) x 1 (n ) y1 (n

) x (n ) y(n ), x 1 (n ) = x (n - n 0 ) y1 (n ) = y(n - n 0

-
-

 ) : (Memoryless
.

y(n ) = T {x (n )} = x (n )2

)(Convolution Sum
:

) T {d(n - k )} = h(n - k

) h (n

) T {d(n )} = h(n
+

) x (k )d(n - k

) (T

) (n

= ) x (n

k =-

}) x (k )T {d(n - k

k =-
+

= }) y(n ) = T {x (n )} = T { x (k )d(n - k

) x (k )h(n - k ) = x (n ) * h(n

k =-

k =-

-
-

 :
+

- :

) h(k )x (n - k

= ) y(n ) = x (n ) * h(n ) = h(n ) * x (n

k =-

) y (n

:
- :

) x (n

) h (n

) y (n

) h (n

) x (n

) x (n ) * {h1 (n ) + h2 (n )} = x (n ) * h1 (n ) + x (n ) * h2 (n

): (

) y (n

h
h ((n
)) n

) x (n

) y (n

) h1 (n

) h2 (n

) h (n ) h1 (n ) + h2 (n

- :

) x (n

) {x (n ) * h1 (n )} * h2 (n ) = x (n ) * {h1 (n ) * h2 (n )} = {x (n ) * h2 (n )} * h1 (n
): (
) y (n

) h1 (n

) h2 (n

) x (n

) y (n

h
h ((n
)) n

) x (n

) y (n

) h2 (n

) h1 (n

) h (n ) h1 (n ) h2 (n

) x (n ) = 0, for n (n , n ) h (n ) = 0, for n (n 3 , n 4 :
1
2
) y (n ) = x (n ) * h (n ) = 0, for n (n1 + n 3 , n 2 + n 4
-
-

) x (n

 : LSI .

, 0n 6

x (k )h(n - k ) = 0

n
h [n ] =
0

1 , 0 n 4
x [n ] =

= ) x (k )h(n - k ) = 0 y(n

k =-

1 - an +1
=
1-a

n -k

k =0

k =-

x (k )h(n - k ) = a

= ) y(n

-
-

n -k

x (k )h(n - k ) = a

 n 4 n +1
=
1
n 4 7
=
1

) (

1 k

n k

k =0

) (

1 k

y (n ) =
k =0

n k

k =n 6

= ) y (n

k =n 6

y (n ) = 0, n > 10

, N1 N 2

N 2 +1

N1

N2

= n

n =N 1

-
-

 : LSI .

}x (n ) = {4, 4,3, 2}, h ( n ) = {4,5, 6

4 4 3 2

} y (n ) = {16, 36 , 56, 47, 28, 12

4 5 6

24 24 18 12
20 20 15 10
16 16 12 8
---------------------------
16 36 56 47 28 12

: LSI .

}x (n ) = {1, 2,3}, h (n ) = {4, 4, 2

} y (n ) = {4 ,12 , 22 , 16 , 6

-
-

1 2 3

4 4 2

2 4 6
4 8 12
4 8 12
----------------------
4 12 22 16 6

(Stability ) :
(BIBO).
LSI :
+

<| ) | h (n

= S

n =

<| ) | x (n ) |< M , S < | y (n

- :

) h(k )x (n - k

= ) y(n ) = h(n ) * x (n

k =-

k =-

k =-

k =-

h(k )x (n - k ) | | h(k )x (n - k ) | M | h(k ) | M S <

- :

=| ) | y (n

=| ) | h (n

|=| ) | y(n

= | x (n ) |< , S

n =

*
) h * (n
+
+
+
h
) (k
,
h
(
n
)
0

| ) x (n ) = | h (n
) y (0) = h (k )x (0 k ) = h (k
=| ) = | h (k
|
h
(
k
)
|
k =
k =
k =
0,
h (n ) = 0

-
-

(Causality ) :

.
LSI :

h (n ) = 0, n < 0

:
+

k =0

k =

k =

) h (k ) x (n k ) = h (k ) x (n k ) + h (k ) x (n k

= ) y (n

.
:

,x (n ) h (k ) = 0, k < 0

h (k ) x (n k ) = 0

k =

-
-

) y (n k ) = b r x (n r
r =0

k =0

.

.

)( Infinite Impulse Response

N
br
a
) y (n ) = x (n k ) k y (n k
r = 0 a0
k =1 a0
M

)( Finite Impulse Response

M
br
) ak = 0 y (n ) = x (n r ) = h (r )x (n r
r = 0 a0
r =0
b n
h (n ) = a , 0 n M
OW
0,0
M

-
-

 ) ( LSI
)(Frequency- Domain Representation of DT Systems and Signals

: LSI x (n ) = e j 0 n

) = e j w0n H (e j w0

) y (n
- j w0 k

h(k )e

j w0 n

=e

) j w0 (n -k

k =-

) x (n

) h (n

k =-

k =-

h(k )x (n - k ) = h(k )e

h(k )e - j w0k is called frequency response at w = w0

j w0

= ) y(n

H (e

where

k =-

: .

1
1-ae - j w

= a ne-j wn
n =0

- j wn

h(n )e

jw

= ) h(n ) = a u(n ), | a |< 1 H (e

n =-

-
-

 : .

A jj j w0n A - jj - j w0n
+ e e
e e
2
2

= ) x (n ) = ACos(w0n + j) x (n

A j w0n jj
A
) e e H (e j w0 ) + e - j w0ne - jj H (e - j w0
2
2
A
A
j w0
)) j ( w0n +H (e j w0
- j w0
)) - j ( w0n -H (e- j w0
= | H (e ) | e
+ | H (e ) | e
2
2
j w0
j w0
A
A
)) = | H (e j w0 ) | e j (w0n +H (e )) + | H (e j w0 ) | e - j (w0n +H (e
2
2
)) = A | H (e j w0 ) | Cos(w0n + j + H (e j w0
= ) y(n

aSin w0
))
( Cos(w0n + j - tan-1
2
1 - aCos w0
1 - 2a cos w0 + a
A

: 2 :
: :

) ) H (e j w ) = H (e j (w +2 p
)

-jw

jw

H (e ) = H (e

| H (e - j w ) |=| H (e j w ) | is even function , H (e j w ) = -H (e - j w ) is odd function

-
-

 ) ( DTFT ) (Discrete Time Fourier Transform

jw
) H (e 2 :

h(n )e - j wn

jw

= ) H (e

n =-

) h(n

) H (e j w ), h(n

a <1
+

= = (ae - j w )n

- j wn

h(n )e

n =0

jw

= ) H (e

n =-

1 2a cos + a 2

-
-

) h (n ) = a n u (n
+

) h(n ) H (e j w

: .
.

1
1
=
1-ae - j w (1 - a cos w ) + ja sin w

H (e j ) e j n d

1
2

= ) h (n

= ) H (e j

X (e j w )e j wnd w

2p

1
2p

) x (n

= }) x (n )e - j wn , x (n ) = F -1 {X (e j w

jw

= }) X (e ) = F {x (n

n =-

: . :

1 +W j wn
sinWn
e
d
= }) x (n ) = F {X (e
w
=
2p -W
pn
jw

-
-

-1

1 ,
h(n ) =
0,

jw

H (e ) =

: . :

0 n N -1
OW

h(n )e

- j wn

N -1

n =-

= e - j w(N -1) / 2

e
n =0

- j wn

1 - e - j wN e - j wN / 2 (e + j wN / 2 - e - j wN / 2 )
=
= -jw / 2 +jw / 2
1 - e - jw
e
(e
- e - jw / 2 )

Sin(wN / 2)
Sin(w / 2)

Sin(wN / 2)

|
|, w 0

(
w
/
2)
Sin
| H ( j w) |=

, w=0
N

N -1

2
H ( j w) =

p - (N - 1)w

-
-

) ax 1 (n ) + bx 2 (n ) aX 1 (e j ) + bX 2 (e j

) x ( n n 0 ) e j n 0 X (e j
F

d
) X (e j
d

) x ( n ) X e j ( 0

j 0 n

nx (n ) j

-
) Upsampling : y (n ) = x (n / L ) Y (e j ) = X (e jL

j ( 2 k ) / M

M 1

X (e

k =0

) = M1

Downsampling : y (n ) = X (Mn ) Y (e

-
-

 - :
( ) (Conjugate Symmetric Sequence
) xe (n :

) xe (-n ) = xe* (n

( ) (Conjugate antisymmetric Sequence

) x o (n

) x (n

)(1
:

)(2

) x o (-n ) = -xo* (n
) x (n ) = xe (n ) + x o (n

) x * (-n ) = xe* (-n ) + xo* (-n ) = xe (n ) - xo (n

1
}) {x (n ) + x * (-n
2
1
}) {x (n ) - x * (-n
= ) xo (n
2

= ) (1) & (2) xe (n

-
-

 :
::

) even : xe (-n ) = xe (n

) xo (-n ) = -xo (n

odd :

1
}) {x (n ) + x (-n
2
1
}) xo (n ) = {x (n ) - x (-n
2

= ) x (n ) = xe (n ) + xo (n ) xe (n

) X e (e j ) = X e* (e j ) , X o (e j ) = X o* (e j

}) (e
j

}) (e
j

1
X (e j ) + X
2
1
X e (e j ) = X (e j ) + X
2

{
{

= ) X e (e j

) X (e j ) = X e ( e j ) + X o ( e j

) (e ) = X (e ) X ( e
j

-
-

(-

) x (n ) X (e j w ) x * (n ) X * (e - j w ) , x * (-n ) X * (e j w
F

(-

) , j Im{x (n )} Xo (e j w

(-

}) xe (n ) Re{X (e j w )} , x o (n ) j Im{X (e j w

) Re{x (n )} Xe (e j w

(- ) x (n

) Im{x (n )} = 0 Xo (e j w ) = 0 X (e j w ) = X * (e - j w
:
:

}) Re{X (e j w )} = Re{X (e - j w )} , Im{X (e j w )} = - Im{X (e - j w

: :

) | X (e j w ) |=| X (e - j w )| , X (e j w ) = -X (e - j w

-
-

 (-

) x (n

(-

) x (n

- :

) x (k )h(n - k ) Y (e j w ) = X (e j w ) H (e j w
F

= ) y(n ) = x (n ) * h(n

k =-

- :

1
jq
) j ( w -q
X
e
H
e
dq
(
)
(
)

2p 2 p

= ) y(n ) = x (n ) h(n ) Y (e j w
F

- :

1
2
jw
|
|
X
e
dw
(
)

2p 2 p

= ) x (n

-
-

-
-

-
-

-
-

 (Discrete-Time Random Signals):

) x ( n :

}) mx (n ) = E {x (n
) (Mean :

}) mx = E {x (n
) (WSS
)(WSS :
+

) h(k )x (n - k

= ) y(n

) y (n

) h (n

) x (n

k =-

) h (k

k =

mx = E {x (n )} my = E {y (n )} = E { h (k )x (n - k )} = mx
k =

-
-

jw

H (e ) =

h(n )e

- j wn

n =-

my = mx

h (k ) = m H (e
x

j0

k =

: (Auto Correlation Function)

xx (m ) = E {x (n )x (n + m )}
+

yy (m ) = E {y (n )y (n + m )} = E { h (k )x (n - k )

h (r )x (n + m - r )}
= h (r ) h (k )E {x (n - k ) x (n + m - r )} = h (r ) h (k ) (m + k - r )
+

r =

k =

k =

r =
+

xx

r =

k =

l = r -k
yy (m ) =

xx

l =

where C hh (l ) =

(m - l ) h (l + k )h (k ) =
k =

xx

(m - l ) C hh (l ) =

l =

h (l + k )h (k ) is autocorralation function of

h(n)

k =

-
-

(Power density function)

:
jw

jxx (m ) Fxx (e ) =

xx

(m )e

- j wm

jw

, jyy (m ) Fyy (e ) =

n =-

c hh (l ) =

h (l + k )h (k )

yy

(m )e - j wm

n =-

C hh (e jw ) = H (e jw )H * (e jw ) =| H (e jw ) |2

k =

yy (m ) =

xx

(m - l ) c hh (l ) = xx (m ) * c hh (m ) yy (e j ) =| H (e j ) |2 xx (e j )

l =

1 +
1
j
(
)
yy (0) = E {y (n ) } =

e
d

=
yy
2
2
= Total average power in output
2

-
-

| H (e j ) |2 xx (e j )d

 : ) (WSS x 2
.
. ) h (n ) = a n u (n
.

) mx = E {x (n )} = 0, xx (m ) = E {x (n )x (n + m )} = x 2 (m
(m )e - j wm = sx 2

xx

jw

= ) jxx (m ) Fxx (e

n =-

x 2

1
1 ae j

= ) | x
2

1 + a 2 2aCos

= ) h (n ) = a n u (n ) H (e j
2

) =| H (e

) | xx (e

) =| H (e

yy (e

1 +
j
2
(
)

e
d

xx
x
2
= Total average power in input

= } xx (0) = E {x (n ) 2

d
=
2
1 + a 2aCos

x 2
1 +
j
= } ) yy (0) = E {y (n
= yy (e )d

2
2
= Total average power in output
2

-
-

1 , m, n 0
u(m, n ) =
0 , OW

) u (n

( )(unit Step Sequence

( )(unit Sample Sequence

2 1

1 , m = n = 0
d(m, n ) =
0 , OW

)(Separable Sequence

:

) x (m,n

) x (m,n ) = x1 (m ) x 2 (n

: . ) d(m, n ) = d(m ) d(n

-
-

) u(m, n ) = u(m ) u(n

) x (m, n ) = cos(w0mn

)(Convolution Sum

+

) x (k, r )d(m - k, n - r

= ) x (m, n

k =- r =-

) h (m , n

) T {d(m - k, n - r )} = h(m - k, n - r

}) x (k, r )T {d(m - k, n - r

= }) x (k, r )d(m - k, n - r

k =- r =-

) x (k, r )h(m - k, n - r ) = x (m, n ) * h(m, n

) (T

) (m , n

y(m, n ) = T {x (m, n )} = T {

k =- r =-
+

k =- r =-

(Stability ) :

LSI :

<| ) | h (m , n

-
-

n =

= S

m =

(Causality ) :

h (m,n ) = 0, m < 0,n < 0

LSI :

N2

) bk ,r x (m - k,n - r
r =0

M2

ak , r y (m - k,n - r ) =

k =0

M1 N1

k =0 r =0

:
: LSI

)x (m,n ) = e j( 1m+2n

) y(m, n ) = H (e j w1 , e j w2 ) e j (w1m +w2n

) h(k, r )e - j (w1k +w2r

=)

j w2

j w1

where H (e , e

k =- r =-

) H (e j w1 , e j w2 . :

) H (e j w1 , e j w2 ) = H 1 (e j w1 ) H 2 (e j w2

-
-

 ) ( 2DTFT ) (Discrete Time Fourier Transform

) H (e j w1 , e j w2 2
+
+
:

) h(m, n )e - j (w1m +w2n

= ) H (e j w1 , e j w2

m =- n =-

) h (m,n

H (e j 1 , e j 2 ) e j (1m +2 n )d 1d 2

) h (m,n

) H (e j w1 , e j w2 .

1
4 2

= ) h (m,n
2DTFT

) h(m,n ) H (e j w1 , e j w2

:
.
:
2DTFT

) y(m,n ) = x (m,n )* h(m,n ) Y (e j w1 , e j w2 ) = X (e j w1 , e j w2 )H (e j w1 , e j w2

) x (m, n )e - j (w1m +w2n

=)

j w2

j w1

2DTFT

x (m,n ) X (e , e

where

m =- n =-

-
-