:

:

.

: ( )d ( )f
.

 :
-1 ()Simple Salt

)NiCl2( :
.

 -1 ()Double Salt

 -
( )iron alums


( )Na+ ( )K+ ( . )NH4+
Fe2(SO4)3.M12SO4.24H2O


[M(H2O)6] [Fe(H2O)6] [SO4]2
:
Al2(SO4)3. K2 SO4. 24H2O.
Cr2(SO4)3.K2 SO4. 24H2O

 Fe2(SO4)3.K2 SO4. 24H2O

- (KCl . MgCl2 . 6H2O : )Carnlite

KCl + MgCl2 + 6H2O
KCl . MgCl2 .6H2O


.

()K+
( )Al3+ ()SO42-

 ( )Mg2+

.

-3 (-:) Metal Complexes


CuSO4.4NH3.2H2
Fe(CN)2.4KCN

CuSO4 + 4NH3 + 2H2O

Fe(CN)2 + 4KCN

 Cu2+ Fe2+

,
.


Cu(NH3)42+ ,
:
.Fe(CN)64 CuSO4.4NH3 .

-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
[Cu+2(NH3)40]+2 SO42-

 -:
:


.

 ) Cu+3(NH3)0(NO2)3-3]0
()III
:
-1 ( )Cationic comples
. [Co(NH3)6]+3Cl3 , [Ba(H2O)4]+2 SO4

 -2 ( )Anionic comples
K2[Pt(Cl6)]-2
-:

 ( )donor atoms .

.

 -1 ()Coordination number 2) )2

2

[Ag(NH3)2]+
2 ()linear
. NH3-Ag-NH3


)Hg(II) , Au(I) , Ag(I) , Cu(I
] . [Hg(CN)2] , [CuCl2 Hg2+ , Au+ , Ag+ , Cu+

 d . d10
0 180 ()overlap
sp

 ((Coordination number (3) )3

[HgI3]-
) (Trigonal
.


]. [Fe(N(SiMe3)2)3
-3 (: )Coordination number 4) )4

 ( )Tetrahedral
] [BF3.NMe3 [BF4]-

. [BeF4]2-
[Cd(CN)4]2-, [ZnCl4]2-

 .
[CrO4]2- ,
] [TiCl4
.

 ,
, [CuCl4]2- [FeCl4]-
. [CoCl4]2-
4

 ( )Square planar complexes

XeF4 .
d8
, Rh+ , , Ir+ Pd2+

 Pt2+ Au3+
. [PdCl4]2- , [PtCl4]2- [AuF4]- Ni2+
d8

-4 ()Coordination number 5( )5


.

 ( Trigonal
)bipyramid ( ) Square pyramidal
,

.


[Cu(dipy)2I]+ , [Co(NC.CH3)5]+
[Pt(SnCl3)5]3- [SnCl5]- , [CuCl5]3-
Pt-Sn



] [VO(acac)2

[Cu2Cl6]2- .

 .
[SbCl5]2-
-
(-: )Coordination number 6( )6
6


( )

[PCl6]-
], [InCl6]3-, [Al(acac)3


()

( )Trigonal

 .
-6 (-: )Coordination number 7) )7
7
6



.
.
[Mo(CN)7]5-

 ][UO2F5]3- , [V(CN)7]4- , [ReF7

, [W(CO)4Br3]-
[Mo(CO)5(PEt3)2]Cl2
. [Mo(CNR)7]2+, [NbF7]2-

 -7 ()Coordination number 8) )8

8

45

 .
, [W(CN)8]3- [Mo(CN)8]3-
.
[Mo(CN)8]3-

[N(n-C4H9)4]3 Mo(CN)8
.
( , ) -:

 , , , ,
uni , bi , ter , quadris , qunque , .
sexdentate 1 2 3 4 5 . 6
-:

 ( )H2O : (): NH3

V , VI IV

 CN-

) (Chelating


( NH2-CH2-CH2-NH2 )en
, NH2-CH2-COO-
C2O42-

 (C6H5)2PCH2CH2P(C6H5)2
))diphos
-:


((NH2-CH2- )diethylene triamime( )dien
CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH2) N,N,N-ligand
( )Terpyridene( )terpy




()triethylenetetramine
NH2-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH-CH2-CH2-NH2
.



.
-:


)EDTAH4( Ethylenediamineteraacetic acid

.
EDTA4-

 -:


NO2- , SCN-
N , S N , O , SCN-
NO2- .



O,O-ligand

 . S,S-ligand

 -:


( )IUPAC .

-1

 [ ]
:


][CoSO4(NH3)4]NO3 [CoClCNNO2(NH3)3

 .
Cation
anion
Na
Cl
Soduim Chloride
[Co(NH3)6]
(NO3)3
Hexaammine cobalt (III)nitrate
K
[PtCl6]Potassium hexachloroplatinate

 -3
-

(Ph)3P , NH2-CH2-CH2-NH2
() () )o(

sulphato

hydrido

Fluoro

Chloro

Hydroxo

SO42
H
F
Cl
OH

Oxalate

Acetate

Peroxo

oxo

nitro

Thiocyano

cyano

nitrito

C2O42
CH3COO
O22
O2NO2
SCN
CN
ONO2

 ) ()
( )ium
.hydrazinium [ NH2-NH3]+
() :

Ammine

NH3

Aqua

H 2O

Nitrosyl

NO

Carbonyl

CO

( )

Dioxygen

O2

Dinitrogen

N2

( )4
:
)1 ( )2
( )3
:

()

]K4[Ni(CN)6

( )

[Co(NH3)4SO4]NO3

()

][Co(NH3)3(NO2)3

 )5

Di

Tri

Tetra

Penta

Hexa

 ()bis
( )tris ( )tetrakis
( )pentakis ( )hexakis
: ( )
( )3 . [Co(en)2Cl]SO4

( )6 :
()
( )ate
:


()

]Ca2[Fe(CN)6

()

NH4[Cr(NH3)2(N
]CS)4

()IV

[Pt(NH3)4(NO2)Cl
]SO4

( ) ()

][Ni(DMG)2

( )7 :


.
()
]K3[Al(C2O4)3

( )8 :



:

 - - ( )

 ( )9
( )SCN

:
] [NCS
] [SCN
] [-ONOnitrito
] [NO2 nitro

()

][Pt(NH3)2Cl2

( )

[Ti(H2O)6]Cl3

()
( )IV
()0
()1-
()
( ) ( )
( )
( )

]K3[CoF6
[Pt(NH3)4(NO2)Cl]SO4
][Ni(CO)4
]Na[Co(CO)4
][(dipy)Pd(NCS)2
[Co(en)3]3+
[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]Cl
[ZnCl5]3

()

]Na3[Co(NO2)6

()

]Hg[Co(SCN)4

 ( )

[CuCl4]2

()IV

H2[PtCl6]2-

( )

[Co(NH3)4SO4]NO3
]K[AgF4

()II

]K4[Fe(CN)6

()II

]Ba[Pt(CN)4

()II

]Ca2[Fe(CN)6

()III

]K3[Fe(CN)6

()II

]Na2[Co(CN)4

()0

]K4[Ni(CN)4

()II

]Na2[CoCl4

()III
()0

]NH4[Cr(NH3)2(SCN)4
]K4[CoCl4

()

] [NH2-NH3+ ] [NH4+
:

( )II

( )III

( )III

( )III
( )III
( )III

( )II

[Fe(H2O)6]SO4
[Co(NH3)6]Cl3

[Co(NH3)6](NO3)3
[Co(NH3)4SO4]NO3
[Co(NH3)4NO3]SO4
[Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl
[Fe(H2O)6]SO4

( )III
()IV
()0
)CO(4:
()IV
()III
()III

]K3[Co(NO2)6
][PtCl6
]NH4[Cr(SCN)4(NH3)2

( )III ()III

][Co(NH3)6][Cr(C2O4)3

( )III
( )III
( )III
( )II ()II
()II
( )III

[Cr(H2O)4Cl2]ClO4
][Pt(NH3)4(ONO2)2
][Ni(CO)4

[Co(NH3)5Br]SO4
[Co(NH3)5Br]SO4
[Cr(en)2Cl2]Cl
][Pt(py)4][PtCl4
]K4[NiF6
[Co(NH ) SO ]NO

 d
-:
= u

= l

=S

=m

 -1 (-: )n

7
1

n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
K L M N O P Q

 -2 (-: )l

0
{ ))n-1

.

1 0

n
2

l
0
1

n
3

l 0

n l

l 1

p
l2 d

l 3 f

l
0
1
2

 (-: )n
-l
+ l

n l
m
3 0
0
1 -1 0 +1
2 - -1 0 + +
2
1 2

+1

-1

 -4 (-: )s

.

-:
()magnetochemistry
:

 .

.

 .


= .


.


( ).

 .

( ) (. )Gouy

( )

 = n

:

 2 1

.
( ) = 1.73

 ( ) = 2.83
( ) = 3.83

( )
(

 )



.


(
) -:


( )
=

( ) .


:
-:
( )B
( )H ()B

 ( )
:
( )I
( )B/H

( )K Megnetic
))Susceptibility
( K = )I/H

( = )K/P

= Mol.wt X = M
X = M
( )H < B
( )
( )H > B

 :

:

.


.


.

-:
( )Pierre Curie
:

 ( : )C
( : )T

( )1/ ( )T
= ( )C


( )b & a
.


( ) ( )M
.

:
:N
:K

B

 ( )1 ( )2

= 2.84


()Curiee-Weiss Law

( : )
()3
(-) .
:

( :)Q

:
:a
:b
:c


( )Tc ( )
( )
( )Tc( . )b = 5768C0


( )TN

( ) -:
( ) :

 ( effective
)magnetic moment

 ( )


( )M
()eff

 ( ) ( ) ( correlation for
)diamagnetism (.)= M

)eff( :