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1.4 Post-Tensioning Systems and Device Por Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon
1.4 Post-Tensioning Systems and Device Por Dr. Amlan K Sengupta and Prof. Devdas Menon
1.4.1 Introduction
Prestressing systems have developed over the years and various companies have patented their products. Detailed information of the systems is given in the product catalogues and brochures published by companies. There are general guidelines of prestressing in Section 12 of IS 1343: 1980. The information given in this section is introductory in nature, with emphasis on the basic concepts of the systems.
The prestressing systems and devices are described for the two types of prestressing, pre-tensioning and post-tensioning, separately. This section covers post-tensioning. Section 1.3, Pre-tensioning Systems and Devices, covers pre-tensioning. In posttensioning, the tension is applied to the tendons after hardening of the concrete. The stages of post-tensioning are described next.
Unlike pre-tensioning, the tendons are pulled with the reaction acting against the hardened concrete.
If the ducts are filled with grout, then it is known as bonded post-tensioning. The grout is a neat cement paste or a sand-cement mortar containing suitable admixture. The grouting operation is discussed later in the section. discussed in Section 1.6, Concrete (Part-II). The properties of grout are
In unbonded post-tensioning, as the name suggests, the ducts are never grouted and the tendon is held in tension solely by the end anchorages. The following sketch shows a schematic representation of a grouted post-tensioned member. The profile of the duct depends on the support conditions. For a simply supported member, the duct has a sagging profile between the ends. For a continuous member, the duct sags in the span and hogs over the support.
Figure 1-4.1
Among the following figures, the first photograph shows the placement of ducts in a box girder of a simply supported bridge. The second photograph shows the end of the box girder after the post-tensioning of some tendons.
Figure 1-4.2
Figure 1-4.3
The various stages of the post-tensioning operation are summarised as follows. 1) Casting of concrete. 2) Placement of the tendons. 3) Placement of the anchorage block and jack. 4) Applying tension to the tendons. 5) Seating of the wedges. 6) Cutting of the tendons.
The stages are shown schematically in the following figures. After anchoring a tendon at one end, the tension is applied at the other end by a jack. The tensioning of tendons and pre-compression of concrete occur simultaneously. A system of self-equilibrating forces develops after the stretching of the tendons.
Duct
Casting bed
(a) Casting of concrete
Side view
Jack
(b) Tensioning of tendons
Anchor
(c) Anchoring the tendon at the stretching end Figure 1-4.4 Stages of post-tensioning (shown in elevation)
1.4.5 Devices
The essential devices for post-tensioning are as follows. 1) Casting bed 2) Mould/Shuttering 3) Ducts
Casting Bed, Mould and Ducts The following figure shows the devices.
Anchoring Devices In post-tensioned members the anchoring devices transfer the prestress to the concrete. The devices are based on the following principles of anchoring the tendons. 1) Wedge action 2) Direct bearing 3) Looping the wires
Wedge action The anchoring device based on wedge action consists of an anchorage block and wedges. The strands are held by frictional grip of the wedges in the anchorage block. Some examples of systems based on the wedge-action are Freyssinet, Gifford-Udall, Anderson and Magnel-Blaton anchorages. The following figures show some patented anchoring devices.
Figure 1-4.6
Figure 1-4.7
Anchoring devices
Figure 1-4.8
Direct bearing The rivet or bolt heads or button heads formed at the end of the wires directly bear against a block. The B.B.R.V post-tensioning system and the Prescon system are
based on this principle. The following figure shows the anchoring by direct bearing.
Figure 1-4.9
Looping the wires The Baur-Leonhardt system, Leoba system and also the Dwidag single-bar anchorage system, work on this principle where the wires are looped around the concrete. The
wires are looped to make a bulb. The following photo shows the anchorage by looping of the wires in a post-tensioned slab.
Figure 1-4.10
The anchoring devices are tested to calculate their strength. The following photo shows the testing of an anchorage block.
Figure 1-4.11
Sequence of Anchoring The following figures show the sequence of stressing and anchoring the strands. The photo of an anchoring device is also provided.
Figure 1-4.12
Sequence of anchoring
Figure 1-4.13
(Reference: VSL International Ltd) Jacks The working of a jack and measuring the load were discussed in Section 1.3, Pretensioning Systems and Devices. The following figure shows an extruded sketch of the anchoring devices.
Figure 1-4.14
Couplers The couplers are used to connect strands or bars. They are located at the junction of the members, for example at or near columns in post-tensioned slabs, on piers in posttensioned bridge decks.
The couplers are tested to transmit the full capacity of the strands or bars. A few types of couplers are shown.
Figure 1-4.15
Figure 1-4.16
Figure 1-4.17
Grouting Grouting can be defined as the filling of duct, with a material that provides an anticorrosive alkaline environment to the prestressing steel and also a strong bond between the tendon and the surrounding grout.
The major part of grout comprises of water and cement, with a water-to-cement ratio of about 0.5, together with some water-reducing admixtures, expansion agent and pozzolans. The properties of grout are discussed in Section 1.6, Concrete (Part-II). The following figure shows a grouting equipment, where the ingredients are mixed and the grout is pumped.
Figure 1-4.18
Grouting equipment
(c) Stretching and anchoring of tendons Figure 1-4.19 Manufacturing of a post-tensioned bridge I-girder
The following photos show the construction of post-tensioned box girders for a bridge (Courtesy: Cochin Port Trust). The first photo shows the fabricated steel reinforcement with the ducts for the tendons placed inside. The top flange will be constructed later. The second photo shows the formwork in the pre-casting yard. The formwork for the inner sides of the webs and the flanges is yet to be placed. In the third photo a girder is being post-tensioned after adequate curing. The next photo shows a crane on a barge that transports a girder to the bridge site. The completed bridge can be seen in the last photo.
(e) Completed bridge Figure 1-4.20 Manufacturing of post-tensioned bridge box girders