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فسيولوجيا بيئة حيوان
فسيولوجيا بيئة حيوان
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Adaptation
-:
1 Genetic Adaptation
.
2 Physiological Adaptation
.
-3 -Acclimatization
) (.
Acclimation
-4
( .Climatic chambers
.
-5 Habituation -
6 Learning
.
Adaptation
.
Ambient temperature
.
THI
.
. Homeostasis
: .
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2
:
-1 External environment :
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-2 Internal environment :
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:
-1 Bi-level :
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Economic level :
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Genera
Species
Breed
) ( .
:
Climate Factors :
-1
:
) (
.
3
.
) ( . )
(
20 .
40
35
.
)(
.
) (
) (
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.
{
}... :
. .
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.
Feeding Factors
-2
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Biotic Factors
-3
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)( )(
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:
1
)(
)(
).. (
.. ) (
.
.
5
1906 1930
4000 100000
1924
1924 60000 .
2
:
-1
) (
:
) (
.
-2
.
6
3
:
pH
.
:
Terrestitial Aquatic .
:
Thermoregulation
Thermal balance .
Heat balance
Homeothermy
= +
Heat Production = Heat loss + Heat storage
) (
) (
heat gain
heat lost
.
.
basal metabolic rate
Exercise
4 shivering .
Heat gain:
:
-1 Metabolism
-2
.
-3
-4
%80
.
.
.
.
.
.
Basal
heat
7363 5881 .
.
endocrine
neuroendocrine
)(
.
6-4
. Diurnal variation
Heat
increment
.
Gluconeogenesis
.
:
10
+ + + +=
:
=
=
=
=
=
=
Factors affecting heat loss
.
. :
( Sensible heat loss
.
(
-1 Physical H.L :
-1 ) : Conduction (
.
) .(Trapped air
-2 : Convection
.
-3 : Radiation
11
) (.
-4 : Evaporation
Laten heat
evaporization 1 K0.58
1
-5 : Respiration
Radiation
.
2 .Evaporative H.L
.
. :
: Temperature
-1
gradient
) (.
) (.
-2
.
Vasodilatation
12
.
Vasoconstriction
.
%100
) (
) ).
)
( ( CO2 ( Washant of CO2
H2CO3
blood alkalosis
-3
BW)) 0.75
:
core
) (
.
13
:
-1 Cold blooded animal
) ( .
)Warm(hot
-2 blooded
animal
.
.
.
:
-1 Poikilothermic animal
-2 Homothermic animal .
-1 piokilotherms
.
-2 homeotherms
.
) (
.
. Heterotherms
14
.
.
.
:
. :
-1 Exothermic animal :
.
.
-2 : Endothermic animal
.
.
.
:
:
-1
-2
-3
15
Geographical Zone
.
.:
Normal Temperature Zone
,
Critical Temperature
Leathal
. Temperature zone
Thermonuteral Zone Upper
& Lower critical temperatures
Thermoregulation
Comfort zone Thermonuteral zone
Upper and lower critical temperatures
) .( Metabolic rate
Upper critical temperature
16
.
) (
.
Lower critical temperature
) (
.
) T3 & T4
(
Thermonuteral zone
. Comfort zone
Death from heat
summit metabolism
.
. Death from cold
Comfort zone
Basal metabolic rate
Normal range 27 - 20
.
Thermonuteral zone
)
17
(
) T3
( & T4 & Cortisol .
heat loss
- 18
30 .
Heat stress
Cold stress
) ( Heat storage
Stress
.
F50- 80 C102 -27
F30- 60
-C -116
:
) (
-1
.
-2
. %53
.100F
-3
) (.
18
-4
.
.
-5
-6
.
:
.
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.:
.
:
Indices for livestock Reponses to climates
Climate
.
) (
) (.
) 508-254(
19
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.
.
.
.
-1 16
27 10
.
dairy cows
Calves
Pigs
Laying hens
Growing chicks
Sheep
Beef cow
) (TBW-H
TBW-HTI = 100 (TWBc TBWs) x100
TWBc
20
:
TWB = total body water
HTI = Heat tolerance indices
30 )
%90 %15
.
.
:
A
B
.
.
Adaptation measurements
:
-1
) ( Core temperature
) - - - - (
)
( ) Vaso constriction
21
( ) (
) ( Minute ventilation gas volume
Tidal volume
Shallow rapid panting
Washout of
CO2 Blood alkalosis
Slower
deeper panting
:
:
) 40 -20 260 -120
2-1 80 -60 4 - 3 (
) ( .
) : (
.
Temperature Regulation
38-36
42-40
:
38.6)38/39.3
)36.7/39.1
(
(38.3
)37.3/38.2
)37.2/38.1
(38.6
(37.6
)38.3/39.3
)36.3/38.3
(39.1
(37.5
41.7)40.6/43
)38.3/40.7
(
(39.8
22
.
.
.
) (
.
.
.
:
-1 .
-2
.
-3 .
-4 )(.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
:
:
)(
- )(
23
) (
.
) (
.
2-1
.
.
300 -200/ /2 %75
%25 . Transudation
:
.
24
.
. )(
.
Control of temperature regulation
Hypothalamus
.
.
.
-1
.
heat receptors internal receptors
TSH ACTH T3 & T4
and Cortisol
.
.
25
.
80 /
.
.
-1 :
Thermoreceptor
. Heat
receptors
.
Set Point
Hypothalamic temperature
:
-1 :
.
-2
T.S.H
.
.
26
.
.
.
.
-
ADH
:
Temperature regulation in endothermic animal
36 38
42-40
.
.
.
:
-1 Adaptations for hot environment :
:
27
:
-1
.
41
.
-2
-3
.
-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8
.
** :
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 ) (
)(
.
: Adaptation for cold environment
-1
-2
28
.
) (
. %50
.
Counter
current
.
.
30
.
.
5-
50-.
.
-3 :
Shivering
18 .
.Non-shivering thermogenesis
:
.
*
29
.
*
Daily torpor
.
*
Hibernation
.
.
200
4 5 150 5
. -:
-1 .
-2 . .
:
:
-1 Behavioral adjustments :
.
.
39 -36 44 -29
30
-2 Metabolic adjustments :
Temperature
compensation
.
.
.
. Coat
.
31
.
.
:
-
.
.
.
Forced convection Radiation
Heat load
) Wool surface temperature (
)
3.5 ( 15
.
.
Heat loss
44
. :
.
32
.
/ 2
-
-
-
- 40
) (
.
.
.
.
-
.
Long wave emission
.
: .
- . .
.
Evaporative cooling (sweating / respiratory ) ratio -
sweating respiratory respiratory sweating
.
.
33
+ +
:
-1
.
.
-2
.
Adaptation of sheep and goat to seasonal variation
Heat tolerance
Heat tolerance index
.
39
Evaporation
.
Respiratory evaporation Respiration rate
Gas volume
.
.
External receptors
.
Internal receptors
34
) % 40
(.
Effect of heat stress on sheep and goat
-1 ) ( .
.
.
-2 . Basal metabolic rate .
.
-3 Heat
stress
.
.
Heat load
.
.
2 1.5 .
.
.
:
35
.
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.
.
Thermonuteral zone
.
.
.
12 39
25 13
30 18
.
.
.
.
.
. .
36
.
.
.
6
.
Reflectance Insulation
. .
Evaporative cooling
. Respiratory
) ( Sweating
Respiratory Sweating .
% 50
Sweating . Respiratory
) (
_
.
. Maximum air T.C 35 Heat stress
.
Water turnover .
.
40 .
37
/ .
% 12 % 20
.
.
.
40 .
.
% / .
.
% .
.
.
.
.
.
. .
.
.
.
. .
:
.
38
.
Medulla
.
ADH .
Adaptation in the camel
.
40 -35
.
:
.
39
50
) ( Browsing :
.1
.2
.3
.
.
.
.
.
:
-:
) (1
34
41
.
.
.
) (2 :
40
/
.
/
)11-6( )30-1.5(
.
.
..
)(3 -:
-:
-1 .
-2 .
.
.
.
.
) (4 :
%16
) (%1.6 ) (%23
41
.
) ( %30-25
) (%2
) (%2 ) (%5-3 )( %7
. ) (%40
,
.
.
)
(12.5 3
.
/3 .
)(
.
.
.
.
) (%36 ) (%54 )(%65 .
Morphological and Anatomical characteristics
.
42
:
/
:
:
:
) (
:
)(
43
:
.
.
45-15 %40 -20
35 -27
. -32
38
.
21 -7 .
:
ACTH
.
44
27
.
:
48 / 400 -30
1:1
.
.
:
.
.
.
21 70
21-15
7
3
25-5
.
24
5 )(
.
.
:
45
.
33.5
18.2
21.4
19.5
/
12.5
17
/
39.6
38.3
/
6.2
9.4
/
34.6
29
//
) 40(
32.2 ) 40( 72 .
21.01 38.5
72 .%48
-
%61 %45 1
12 .
12 %33.4
5 32
21.3.
29
.
11.2 / 4.7 / .
:
46
.
40 4
%38
. 32 3
%12.7 %84
%120 4
.
.
.
.
.
) (L.H
.
:
-12
-4
18.2
2.23
23.30
47
33.5
1.52
26.73
0
+4
+12
61.29
25.38
2.03
44.26
19.81
1.52
.
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
-4
.
-5 .
-6 .
-7 .
-8 .
.
:
.
.
.
.
.
48
.
:
...
:
-1
.
-2
.....
:
-1
.
-2
.
49
Skin
%15 .
.
27
29 9
.
:
.1 Epidermis
.2 Dermis
:
)(
.
) ( .
:
.
:
50
. .
.
.
Sweet gland:
. :
Ecrine gland -1
%0.4-0.1
.
.
Epocrine gland -2
. .
Apocrine
.
/600 2
/1600 2
.
:
.
. Sebum
.
.
51
.
:
.1:
.
:
.
-2 : .
: .
-3 : .
: .
-4:
.
: 6-2
.
-5 :
pH
) ( .
:
.
-6 : )
( %95 .
: .
-7 : .
:
:
:
-1 : Protection
) (
-2 :Sensation
)
............(.
52
.
-3 : Storage
. Oedema
-4 : Absorption
.
-5 : Body thermal regulation
) (
) (
.
.
:
) (
.
.
.
53
.
.
54