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Wind Energy: Submitted To: Dr. Ahmed Farouk
Wind Energy: Submitted To: Dr. Ahmed Farouk
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V
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P
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Betz limit, 0.59
Velocity ratio, 0.33
Calculation of wind power
The kinetic energy of wind is = 0.5 * Mass * Velocity
2
At sea level, air density is ~1.23 kg/m
3
. Therefore, the mass of air
striking a turbine per second is:
Mass/sec (kg/s) = Velocity (m/s) x Area (m
2
) x Density (kg/m
3
)
The power (energy/second) in the wind striking the turbine with a
certain swept area is:
Power = Mass flow rate of air x Kinetic energy
= 0.5 x swept area x Air density x Velocity
3
Where,
Swept area = r
2
r being the outer radius of the turbine rotor
Therefore, the theoretical wind power is,
P = 0.5 r
2
v
3
Watts
= Density of air in kg/m
3
r = Radius of wind turbine in m
v = Velocity of air in m/s
Calculation of wind power
The power output of a wind generator is proportional to the area
swept by the rotor - i.e. if the swept area is doubled, the power output
will also double.
The power output of a wind generator is proportional to the cube of
the wind speed - i.e. if the wind speed is doubled, the power output
will increase by a factor of eight (2
3
).
Wind speed Effect of height
Wind speed varies with height. At
ground level the speed is low and
turbulent and at higher altitudes, it
is faster and smoother. This is due
to friction as wind passes across
the earth's surface.
As the power generated is
proportional to the velocity cubed,
there is an advantage in locating the
turbine on some form of tower,
typically in the range 30 to 80 metres
high.
Power in wind
The output from the wind machine
depends upon following factors:
Wind velocity
The cross-sectional area swept by the rotor
Overall efficiency of the wind power unit.
Size
Larger turbines enjoy higher wind
speeds.
Tip-Speed Ratio
Tip-speed ratio is the ratio of the
speed of the rotating blade tip
to the speed of the free stream
wind.
There is an optimum angle of
attack which creates the
highest lift to drag ratio.
Because angle of attack is
dependant on wind speed,
there is an optimum tip-speed
ratio
R
V
TSR =
R
R
Where,
= rotational speed in radians /sec
R = Rotor Radius
V = Wind Free Stream Velocity
C
p
for Various Configurations
Types of wind turbines
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Basically there are two types of wind turbines:
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Depending upon the wind conditions available and ingenuity of
design, there are innumerable variants as shown on following slides.
Types of Wind Turbine
Turbines can be categorized into two classes
based on the orientation of the rotor.
1.Vertical Axis 2.Horizontal Axis
Types of turbine
Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT)
Horizontal-axis wind turbines (HAWT) have the
main rotor shaft and electrical generator at the top
of a tower, and must be pointed into the wind.
Vertical axis wind turbine (VAWT)
VAWT have the main rotor shaft arranged
vertically and turbine does not need to be pointed
into the wind to be effective.
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Three Blade Two Blade
Single Blade
Classic modern horizontal axis wind turbines
Rotor Solidity
Solidity is the ratio of total rotor
planform area to total swept area
Low solidity (0.10) = high speed, low torque
High solidity (>0.80) = low speed, high torque
R
A
a
Solidity = 3a/A
Number of Blades One
Rotor must move more
rapidly to capture same
amount of wind
Added weight of
counterbalance negates
some benefits of lighter
design
Higher speed means more
noise, visual, and wildlife
impacts
Captures 10% less energy
than two blade design
Number of Blades - Two
Advantages &
disadvantages similar
to one blade
Need teetering hub
and or shock
absorbers because of
gyroscopic
imbalances
Capture 5% less
energy than three
blade designs
Number of Blades - Three
Balance of
gyroscopic forces
Slower rotation
increases gearbox
& transmission
costs
More aesthetic,
less noise .
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Classic Dutch style wind mill
Highway mounted wind turbines, use the turbulence
created by passing vehicles
(Concept by University of Arizona)
Examples of Classic and Innovative Designs
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines
Proposed giant turbine on top of
600m sky scraper in Dubai
Wind turbines at the Bahrain World Trade Centre
Examples of Innovative Designs
Turbine blades are made stiff to prevent
the blades from being pushed into the
tower by high winds. Additionally, the
blades are placed a considerable distance
in front of the tower.
Active vs. Passive Yaw
Active Yaw (all medium &
large turbines produced
today, & some small
turbines from Europe)
Anemometer on nacelle tells
controller which way to point
rotor into the wind
Yaw drive turns gears to
point rotor into wind
Passive Yaw (Most small
turbines)
Wind forces alone direct rotor
Tail vanes
HAWT advantages
Variable blade pitch, which gives the
turbine blades the optimum angle of attack.
Allowing the angle of attack to be remotely
adjusted gives greater control, so the turbine
collects the maximum amount of wind energy
for the time of day and season.
The tall tower base allows access to
stronger wind in sites with wind shear. In
some wind shear sites, every ten meters up,
the wind speed can increase by 20% and the
power output by 34%.
HAWT disadvantages
The tall towers and blades up to 90 meters
long are difficult to transport.
Tall HAWTs are difficult to install.
HAWTs require an additional yaw control
mechanism to turn the blades toward the
wind
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Savonius
Darrieus
In this type of wind turbine the axis of rotation is
perpendicular the ground .
Vertical-axis wind turbines fall into two
major categories:
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
The Savonious wind turbine:
Invented by the Finnish engineer Sigurd J Savonius in 1922.
Aerodynamically, they are drag-type devices, consisting of two
or three scoops.
Because they are drag-type devices, Savonius turbines extract
much less wind power than other similarly-sized lift-type turbines.
12 m Windmill with rotational sails in Osijek, Croatia
Savonius wind turbine
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
The Darrieus Wind Turbine:
A Darrieus wind turbine can spin at many times the speed of the wind hitting it.
Hence it generates less torque than a Savonius but it rotates much faster.
This makes Darrieus wind turbines much better suited to electricity generation rather
than water pumping and similar activities.
Darrieus wind turbines are not self starting. Therefore a small Savonious rotor is fitted
to start the turbine, and then when it has enough speed the wind passing across the
aerofoil's starts to generate torque and the rotor is driven around by the wind.
Darrieus turbine
Savonious rotors
to start Darrieus
turbine
30 m Darrieus wind turbine in the Magdalen Islands
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Helical wind turbine Jelly Fish micro wind turbine
Examples of Innovative Designs
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Examples of Innovative Designs
Variants of Darrieus wind turbine
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Examples of Innovative Designs
Wind side wind turbine Aerofoil wind turbine
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines
Examples of Innovative Designs
Maglev- magnetically levitated wind turbines several in operation in China
Lift vs Drag
VAWTs
Lift Device
Darrieus
Low solidity,
aerofoil blades
More efficient
than drag device
Drag Device
Savonius
High solidity, cup
shapes are
pushed by the
wind
At best can
capture only 15%
of wind energy
VAWT advantages:
Designs without yaw mechanisms are possible with fixed
pitch rotor designs.
A VAWT can be located nearer the ground, making it
easier to maintain the moving parts.
VAWTs have lower wind startup speeds than HAWTs.
Typically, they start creating electricity at (10 km/h).
VAWTs may be built at locations where taller structures
are prohibited.
VAWTs may have a lower noise signature.
VAWT disadvantages
Rotors generally near ground where wind poorer.
Centrifugal force stresses blades.
Poor self-starting capabilities.
Requires support at top of turbine rotor.
Overall poor performance and reliability.
Have never been commercially successful.
Turbine placement:
Good selection of a wind turbine site is critical to
economic development of wind power.
Aside from the availability of wind itself, other factors
include:
the availability of transmission lines,
value of energy to be produced,
cost of land acquisition,
land use considerations,
and environmental impact of construction and operations.
Environmental effects
Wind power consumes no fuel for continuing operation,
and has no emissions directly related to electricity
production.
Operation does not produce :
carbon dioxide,
sulfur dioxide,
mercury particulates,
or any other type of air pollution, as fossil fuel power sources do.
Wind power plants consume resources in manufacturing
and construction. During manufacture of the wind
turbine, steel, concrete, aluminum and other materials
will have to be made and transported using energy-
intensive processes, generally using fossil energy
sources.
Dangerous for birds:
Danger to birds is often the main complaint against the
installation of a wind turbine. However, studies show that
the number of birds killed by wind turbines is negligible
compared to the number that die as a result of other
human activities such as :
traffic,
hunting,
power lines
and high-rise buildings
and especially the environmental impacts of using non-clean
power sources.
For example, in the UK, where there are several
hundred turbines, about one bird is killed per turbine per
year; 10 million per year are killed by cars alone.
Noise:
The noise created by wind turbines is often cited as an issue,
although the noise of large turbines is far less than of smaller
turbines.
Aesthetics:
Aesthetics have also been a concern. The Massachusetts Cape
Wind project was delayed for years mainly because of aesthetic
concerns.
Advantages of wind energy
Wind energy is a renewable resource meaning that the Earth will continue to
provide this and it's up to people to use it and harness it to best advantage.
Wind energy is cheap and is largely dependent upon the manufacturing,
distribution and building of turbines for the initial costs.
Wind energy replaces electricity from coal-fired power plants and thus reduces
greenhouse gases that produce global warming.
Wind energy is available worldwide and though some countries may be "windier"
than others, the product is not like oil that has to be transported on tankers to the
far regions of the earth.
Wind farms on average have a smaller footprint than coal-fired power plants.
Wind turbines can also share space with other interests such as the farming of
crops or cattle.
Wind energy is available in many remote locations where the electrical grid
doesn't reach. Farms, mountain areas and third world nations can take advantage
of wind energy.
Wind energy is creating jobs that are far outpacing other sectors of the economy.
Wind energy doesn't have to be used solely on a commercial scale as residential
wind turbines are now gaining ground in many communities.
Wind Energy
Benefits
No air emissions
No fuel to mine, transport,
or store
No cooling water
No water pollution
No wastes
Disadvantages of wind energy
Wind is an intermittent source of energy and when connected to the electrical
grid provides an uneven power supply. Some places may have too strong winds
during hurricane season that may damage wind turbines.
Some people object to the visual site of wind turbines disrupting the local
landscape.
The wind doesn't blow well at all locations on Earth. Wind maps are needed to
identify the optimal locations.
The initial cost of a wind turbine can be high, though government subsidies, tax
breaks and long-term costs may alleviate much of this.
Even though costs of wind energy have come down dramatically it still has to
compete with the ultra low price for fossil fuel power plants.
Transmission of electricity from remote wind farms can be a major hurdle for
utilities since many time turbines are not located around hurdle .
The storage of excess energy from wind turbines in the form of batteries, or
other forms still needs research and development to become commercially
viable.
Depending upon the type of wind turbine, noise pollution may be a factor for
those living or working nearby.
Utility scale wind turbines can interfere with television signals of those living
within a mile or two of the installation, which can be frustrating for homeowners.
Wind energy statistics
Growth of wind energy power capacity - Top 5
Growth of wind energy power capacity
0
5
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20
25
30
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
Year
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USA Germany Spain China India
Sources
BOOKS :
Wind-Energy-Basics
By : Paul-Gipe.
Non-conventional energy resources
By : D.S.Chauhan and S.K. Srivastava.
Wind electrical systems
S.N.Bhadra, D.Kastha, and S.Banerjee.
Sources
Websites :
www.thewindpower.net
www.awea.org
www.scribd.com