Bridges and constructions on roads

2009

Dr. Sadek Sinan



. ,
,
.

, ,
) ( , .
.
: , ,
, ,

.
) (.

,
.

.
,
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan


,
)
( ,
:
highway design

- Road building materials

Bridges and constructions on
roads

: , , ,,
.

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 Bridges and constructions on roads

) (1a ,
. .

) ( ) elevated road (1b
) ( viaduct
100
) (1c

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .1

) ( bridge trestle
.
) (1d
) tunnels (2

.2
gallery ) .(3a
balcony ) .(3b
retaining wall ) .(3c

.3

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 Pipes
) (4

.4
Bridges

.
: )(
. )
( .
Classification of bridges

:
-1
- , - , - , - ,

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .5
-2 ) (5
)( ) - ,(5a ) (5b
-3 )( 5
)( - , )( 5c -4
- , - , - , )(
-5
- , , )( , ) (6

.6
Dr. Sadek Sinan

) (7 profile
. plan

-I - II , -III , - 1 , -2 ,
-3 , - 4 ,

.7

. )
( ) (
.8

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -I -II , )( -III , -IV ,

-1 , -2 , -3 ,
-4 , -5 , -6 ,
-7 , -8 ,

.8 ) (cross section
,
, ,
) .(9

.9
:
L
.9
-L0

-H .
H0
.
h0 .
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 h
.
l .
B .
B0 .
b ) .(8

.

.
) , (
.

- ,

- - ,

Dr. Sadek Sinan

.
loads
permanent
.imposed load ,
.
: ,
,
, .
: , , ,,
.

. , ,
, .

, .
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 ,
.

HS Loading

Military Vehicles

.10

. :
(1
,
(2 ,
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 (3
weight-arrying ability .

) (.
:
, ,
,
.
)
, , ( , ,.
:
N max Fmin

-Nmax : -Fmin ,

Nmax ,
Fmin ,
,
.1 = f
Pn f
P = Pn f

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 ) (
,
) , , ( ,
)
( .
:

, , ,

, .
-B .
) 15( 2 20
28 . :
C55, C50, C45, C40, C35, C30, C25, C20

.
. :
) 1,8...1,3(,

) 1 3 250 450 ,
deformation shrinkage
,
/,Dr. Sadek Sinan

 ) ( ,
,
. .
.
3
2200/ 3 2500/
.
.
,
.

. 3 50
,% % 50...40 ,
.
steam-cure concrete
. .
.
/ , .
/ .0,6
/ .0,3
.
.
, )( .
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 reinforcing steel

:
)( 420 G60.
, .
constructively )( ,
auxiliary reinforcement
.11

.11

. ) :( 12
,beam bridge ,frame bridge ,arch bridge
.combined

) cantilever .(Gerber beam
42-6 ) .(12a
40-30 130-100 ) (12b
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 )( ,
,
.
) (12c l1 l2 .
, ,
.

.12
) (12d 40-30 .

moment of deflection ,
.
) .(12e
T -
) (12a - ) .(12b

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 - l 40 150 . T
, .
.

.13 -
T .
200-60 .
.
) .(14a
50 390 .
, . ,
.
) (14b
stay cable , .
, .
400.

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .14

.
,
) ( ,
.
) (15
,levelling course ,dampproof course protective
layer )(.

-1 - 2 , -3 , - 4 ,
.15
, )
( , 30 .
.
,
40 ,
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 2,5 , 45 , 1500 .
300-200.
, 70
80 . 4 6
250 100 . 1500 , 300-200.

.
: .16
,
1,1 .
) ,( peak transfer
capability 1 2000.

.16

,17 ,17a
17B

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .17
. 0,75
.
.
) .(18 ) (18a
.
.
) .(18 b
) (18c .
,
) ( 60 .

.18

.
.
, ) (% 0,5
) ( % 2 . % 1
, .% 2
Dr. Sadek Sinan


19
.

-1 2 ,

.19
) movement joint ( expansion joint

) ( joint
.
,
.

.

-1 - 2 , - 3, -4 , -5 , -6 ,
-7 , -8 , -9 , -10 ,
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .20

. ) (20 1
.
2
.5
10 , 15.
.
.
)
, (
21 ) .(22
.
.
21c
12
18 22 .

- (a -(b , -(c ,

.21
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -(a -(b ,

.22

fluency
.
) ( .
deformation
) .(23 ,
)( ,
1:10 .

.23

Dr. Sadek Sinan


:
, , , - ) slab bridge ,(24a ribbed) ,(24b, 24c, 24d ) ribbed slab ,(24e box-like
) ,(24f, 24g ) frame (24k, 24h
, ,
) (.

-a - d, c, b, -e , - g,f , -h ,
-k ,

.24
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 , , ,
, .
42 -6 :.
12
. 15 18
. 42-24
. 63 , .
,
.


. . 9-6.
G60 .
, ,
.
.
.
3-2 ,
) .(24e, 24c, 24b
6-4 .
6-4 ,
) ,(24b .
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 , ) .(25
.
,
) .(25
2 . 10 ,
200-50.

.25
, 6
1 .
, 1/6 - 1/4 .
1.
) (25 12 ,
3 5 ,
50 . 8
10 . 2.
5
.
100 150
200 .
Dr. Sadek Sinan



.
) (26
. 1- 0,5 . ,6
13 ,12 ,9 18 . 0,75; 0,60; 0,45; 0,3 .
1 . 6 9 ) ,(26a
18 -12 ) .(26b

.26

27 , .
.T

. 2,1 , 15 .
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -(a -(b ,

.27
Basic part

.

, .
) (28

-(a -(b , -1 , -2 , -3 , -4,-5 ,

.28
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 12
Lining .
29
.
The probe .
18 - 9
) ,(29 , ,
.

-1 -2 , -3 , -4 , ,
-5

.29

.
20
.

Dr. Sadek Sinan




) (.
: ,
.
)(gabaritg = B + 2 P + 2C + 2T

B : p ,
) 0, 5-2,0( - C , T ,
2000 1 =T
.
0,75
.

. .
) ( : T H L
H=(1/10 ... 1/16)L
B=(1/2 ... 1/6)H :
bf=12hf +B :
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 hf=(0,4 ... 1)B :

.30


,
.
: , , ,
, .

.
, .
, . ) (Mc moment
of deflection )) transverse force (Qc (
, . 15
.
.
permanent load )(
.imposed load
. 1 Qc , Mc 30
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .30

.1 )1( 2

0,05-0,07

3
,V
b l h1 = h1

0,04-
0,06

h2

0,01

h3

,/
2,3
2,5
1,5

,g n

h1 1

h4 4

h3 3

f
1,5
1,3
1,3

, g
h1 1 1

h2 2 2

h3 3 3

0,02-0,04

h4

2,1

h4 4

1,3

h4 4 4

)(

h5

2,5

h4 4

1,1

h5 5 5

hi i i

) ( g g .10

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 10
P
) a2 b2 ,(31 45

.

a = a + 2H
b = b + 2H
H : .
1

a1 . :
l
2
a = a + l
3
3
b

lb : .

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .33

.32

) ,(32 :
lb
3

2a = a1 + d +

d : , 1,5.

b = b1 + c

c : , 1,1.
)(
) (33 :
l
a = a + 2 x
a +
3
1

M0
:
M0 = Mc + Mt

- Mc : - Mt ,
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

2
P fP v fv b1
glb
(+
+
) ) ( 2lb b1 )(1 +
8
2ab1
2b1 8

= M0

- g : )
-lb ,(1 - a, b1, - P ,
-v , - (1+),
-f ,
fixed ,
:
M = 0,25M
M = 0,5M


M = 0,8M
M = 0,25M
,
, .
34
+

.34
) (
) .(33
Q = Qc + Qt

- Qc : - Qt ,
.
glb
y
P
v
) + ( fP i + fv i )(1 +
ax i 2
2
2

=Q

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -yi : influence line ax,P

xi )( ) -i ,(33 .v
35
P/2 a2 b2 )
(c
a = a2 + 2 H + c

b1 = b2 + H

35 AK
P fP v fv c 2
gc 2
(+
+
) ) (1 +
2
2ab1
2b1 2

= M

) )c(1 +

v fv
2b1

P fP
2ab1

( Q = gc +

)( ,
.
:
.1 ,hf d
,
.2
Dr. Sadek Sinan

d
2

h0 = h f

.3
z = 0,925h0

.4 ) (
:
M
zR S

= AS

.5 A
.
,
.6
)M = Rb bx(h0 0,5 x

36
)RS AS (h0 0,5 x) = Rb bx(h0 0,5 x
R A
x = S S y h0
Rb b

-Rb : ) - RS ,( E
) ( D

.36
.7 :
Q 0,3Rb bh0
Dr. Sadek Sinan

Q 0,75Rbt bh0

-Rbt : ) ( E
.8 ) (
0,02 ) (.

M Q )
( ) .(load capacity
.
) (.
influence line
.10

) (.
)( )( M
) Q ,(37 .

.37 M Q
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 37 I :
II , , III .
I , II , III
.
38
:
M = g + Pi yi (1 + ) fP P + v (1 + ) fvv + qT fT T

Q = g1 + Pi yi (1 + ) fP P + v1 fv (1 + )v + qT fTT 1

M = g + Pi yi (1 + ) fcc
Q0 = g1 + Pi yi (1 + ) fcc

- 1 , : -g ,38
1 -f , -(1+) , - ,
-v , -P ,
-yi , 38

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .38 M Q

qT :
qT = 4 0,02 2 kPa

) (
39 AK

) (39a ) NK-80 (39b

:
a12
nl 2 Gb I K
2 ai2 +

3 Eb I b

=Y

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .39

-n : - a,
-l ,39 -Eb , -Gb ,C
Ib , 0,42Eb - Ik
, Ib Ik
40 :
A = A1 + A2 + A3 = h f b + 2( 12 h1b1 ) + h2 B

-B, hf, h1, b1, h2,b .40

:
h1
h
) + A3 2
3
2

) + A2 (h2

hf
2

S = A1 ( H

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .40
:
S
A

=y

) 11 :(40
b1 h13
bh 3
+ A2 e 22 ) + 2 + A3 e32
24
12

40

(+ A1 e 2 + 2

Bh 3f
12

= b

) kr = k ( 1 Bh 3f + 2 h2 b 3 ) + 2( 121 b1 h13 0.105h14

-k : -2, 1 ,1,15
.
39 , :

) p = 0,5( y1 + y2 + y3 + y 4 + y5 + y6 + y7
]) v = 0,5[ y1 + y2 + 0,6( y3 + y 4 + y5 + y6 + y7
T = 0,5( ya + yb )c
) c = 0,5( yc1 + yc 2

Dr. Sadek Sinan


,
. )
, ( . bf
b = 12h + b b
, :
41
0

bf
hf

bc

.41

.
AS :
) M = RS AS z = RS AS (h0 0,5h f

- RS : h0 , hf ,
.
x hf:
M
) RS (h0 0,5h0

= AS
Dr. Sadek Sinan



. )
:(42
.1 ) h x (42a
f

) M Rb b f x(h0 0,5 x) + Rsc As (h0 as ) + pc Ap (h0 ap

-Rb : - pc,
- ,
R p Ap Rsc As pc As + Rs As
Rb b f

.2

=x

) (42b

hf x

M Rb bx (h0 0,5 x) + Rb (b f b)h f (h0 0,5h f ) +

) + Rsc As (h01 as ) + pc Ap (h0 ap

R p Ap Rsc As pc As Rb (b f b) + Rs As
Rb b

=x

-RS, Rp: AS , -A/s

.

= x / h0

) (1
2
1,1

1+

= y

:
, = a 0,008R
= R = R + 500 , 2 ,
, 500 p ,
,.
b

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .42


.
:
R bh
0

b1

Q = 0,3 1

- b1 : Rb
b1 = 1 0,01Rb

- 1 :
1 = 1 + n1

- 5= : - 10 = ,
45 - n1 ,
ES
Eb
As
bS

- As - S, -b,
)(
) :(43
Q Qx + Qo + Qb
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 - Qx: - Qo,
-Qb , :
2 Rbt bh02
c

= Qb

- c: ) -Rbt ,(43
:

2 Rbt bh02
q

=c

-q
RS AS
u

= q

- u -Rs ,
) (D
:

Qb 0,5Q

.43

) :(44

M RS AS Z S + RS As Z s + Rsi zi

M RP AP Z P + RP Ap Z p + Rs z s + RP Api Z pi

- M : -Z , )
.(44

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .44

.
support

.foundation Piers
.Abutment
. ) ( 50-25
% , % 70-60
.
, .
) .(45
,
)(
) ,(45 ,
50-15a,
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 B 0,9-0,6 ,
) 10:1 .(45

-1 -2 , -3 , -4 , -5 , -6 ,
-7 ,

.45
) ,
, , ( , .
.46
8-7
46a ,
,
) . (23
46b
,
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 10 33
)( Piles
) .(46c
.

-1 -2 , -3 , -4 , -5 , -6 ,
-7 , -8 , )(

.46

- - -- .

.
.
47 .

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -(d, (b, (a -(e, (c ,

.47
G1 A
) .(28 , T
, W , H V
) R 600(
.
.
,G
Pvs
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 6
.
E1
) E2 ( .
load combination
. .
)
( :
N pi = N ni fii

Nni : -fi , -i ,
:
) N pi = N ni fi S1i (1 +

S1 : - (1+),
V :A11
7,8K Tn = 0,5V 24,5K

:
)

n
2

q1 = n Htg 2 (450

-n : ,/ -H , 3 )
,(48 -n , , 35= n

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .48
) ,(48a

E1 = 0,5q1 Hb

b )( ,
48b :
E1 = 0,5(q1h + q1 )h2b1

b1 2

E = q Hb
E2 :
2

n
2

q2 = n hE tg 2 (450
Gt 1

cB n

= hE

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 - Gt : , )( -C,
, -B,
,.
,2
:
N M

f Rb
A W

max
min
=

-A : N - , -W , :
W = Ib / y

-Ib -y ,
.2

,e

Gi
Ei

,M

ei1

Gi ei1

ei2

Ei ei2

G=N

. ,
.
:
mM z

Mu
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 Mu : ,
) :(49
M u = Th1 + Eh2

Mz ) (49a
M z = G1c1 + G2 c2 + Ac3

m , 0,9 0,8
n , , 1,1 1
.
:
mQz

Qr

Qr : ) (49a
Qr = T + E

m , 0,9

- Qz
) Qz = ( P + G1 + G2

P
:

:

0,25
0,30
0,40
0,50
Dr. Sadek Sinan

0,60

)
(
:
mM zc

M uc

M uc = qi ri + TS + Pa
n

]) M zc = R[ (Ti + ci
1

.49

.

.

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 : ,
,50 ) (50a
) .(50b

-1 -2 , -3 , -4 , -5 ,,
-6 -7 , -8 ,

.50

.51
, .

-1 -2 , -3 , -4 , -5 ,-6 ,
-7 ,

.51

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 P :
c
n

PR

-c : - n , R ,1,4
:
})R = 1,7{R0 [1 + k1 (b 2)] + k 2 1 (d 3

-R0 : , , - 3 k2, , 5
- k1 - b ,6 , , b

6 6=b - d , , - I,

:
I 1h1 + I 2 h2 + ... + In hn
h1 + h2 + ... + hn

h
h

Ii i

= I

- hi, Ii, i ,
I = 2 9,81 = 19,62kN / m 3

.3

IP5

0,1

0,5
0,7

343
294

294
245

R0 IL
0,4
0,3
0,2

0,5

0,6

147
98

98
-

245
196

196
147

147 196 245 294 343 392
0,5
98
147 196 245 294 343
0,7
10
98
147 196 245 294
1,0
IP15
196 245 294 343 441 588
0,5

147 196 245 294 343 490
0,6
98
147 196 245 294 392
0,8
IP20
98
147 196 245 294
1,1
.1 : IL R0 e interpolation

98
147
98
-

Dr. Sadek Sinan

.4

.2 IP 10-5 20-15 3

R0

R0

343

196

294

147

245

196
147
98

.5

R0

1470
980

R0

785
490

IP : WL
I = W W
)( : WP
W W
I
IL :
W W
P

W
e :

s d s (1 + W )
=
d

=e

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 - ,/ 3 , 9,81 ,/-s ,3
,/ -d ,3

1+W

= d

) (0>IL :
R0 = 1,5Rnc

Rnc , 981R0 :

1962R0 , 2943R0 ,

)( :
Rc

gI

=R

Rc : )( , gI ,
.1,4

0,6
Rc 0,43Rc
1,4

Rc

gI

R = 0,6

0,3
Rc 0,21Rc
1,4

Rc

gI

R = 0,3

.6

K1

K2

, ,

0,10

3,0

0,08

2,5

0,06

2,0

0,04

2,0
Dr. Sadek Sinan

0,02

1,5

:
R

c R
n

Pmax

- Pmax : ,-R ,
) (
, -n , -c , 1,4
1,0 1,2 .
:
) (52a
N
A

=P

) (52b
N Mx
+
y
A Ix

max
Pxxmin
=

N My
+
x
A Iy

max
Pyymin
=

:
6e0 y
N Mx N
+
= (1
)
A Wx
A
b

max
Pxxmin
=

6e
N My N
+
) = (1 0 x
A Wy
A
a

max
Pyymin
=

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -N : , - A, , Mx , 2 My
x-x ,y-y Iy, Ix , Wy, Wx
x , y ,

Mx
N

= e0 y

My
N

= e0 x

x-x y-y

) (
, ) .(52
e0 r
:
W
M

=r
= e
A
N
0

a
6

= rx

b
6

= ry

52c :
1
b
Pmax 3( e0 )a
2
2

4N
= Pmax
c R
3(b 2e0 ) n

=N

.52
Pipes
Dr. Sadek Sinan

.53

, .
, , ,.
, , .
, ) .(53
:

:
QW = 16,7 ah K tF

-ah : ,/ -F ,
) ,(54 -Kt ,2
:
60 23
)
L

( = Kt

- L ) ,(54
-v I
v = 3,5I M/second kM/Minute
1
4

v = 0,2 I 4
Dr. Sadek Sinan


v = 10I M/second v = 0,6 I kM/Minute
, = 1 0,1 F
1
4

10 F

1
4

=1

.54

Kt

W = 60000ah

. .
2 55
% 0,8 16,512,5 ,
63 76,863 .

.55

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 -b, a e, d, c ,
-1 2 , 3 , - 4 ,
)( -5 ,

.56

2500...2200/ 3 ,B20
,AIII, AII, AI 24...10 .
.56
) (
) ,(57 ,
) (57c

.57
Dr. Sadek Sinan


,B ,i
h 0,5
, 58
,ip .
:
h1
)i p
i
+ 2
i

(B +

h1
+
i

L = B+

.58
.
,
.58 L
L
= L
:
cos
f

.58
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .59 :
h1
)i p
i
+ 2
i

(B +

h
l = B+2 1 +
i

L
.

.59


.

.

.
.
) S2 60 ,(II
) S1 60 (I
.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 I-I II-II
.60

.60
:
PVp = f Cv n h

-f : - n, ,/ -h ,3
) ,(60 -Cv , :

D 2
)tg (450 n )tg n
h
2
3
Ka
=B

h
) tg 2 (450 n
2

Cv = 1 + B ( 2 B

-D )( , - n , 30...25 = ,
- a ) ,(60 - K ,
1,21 ) .(1,2
h
h
< B = B
D
d
n

:
)

n
2

Php = f n hx tg 2 (450

-hx :
Dr. Sadek Sinan


)PVk = 186 /(3 + h

.(61a

n
2

Phk = f n hx tg 2 (450

, )

.61
deformation
.
, .
) (61c
) .(61d
:
)]

n
2

M = rd2 P[1 tg 2 (450

- rd : , - P , :
P = 1,3PVp + 1,2 PVk

- ) .( = 0,25

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 62
)
.(62

.62

:
N = PD / 2

-D : - P , .
:
N
Ry
mA

- m : - ,0,7 -A ,
-Ry , .

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 Retaining walls

) ( .
: ) fill side (63a cut side
) .(63b

1 2 , 3 , ) ( 4 ,

.63
) (64
.
, .
.
.
1:5 .
0,6 0,4
.
) ,H( 0,40,35 - H .
) ( 0,5-0,25.
Dr. Sadek Sinan

1 2 , 3 , ) ( 4 ,
Drainage

- 5

.64

,G qa
qP ) .(65
Active :

) qa = ytg 2 (450
2

- : - y , - ,
.
passive

) q p = ytg 2 (450
2

:
Dr. Sadek Sinan

M b

N 6
N
<R
F

=e

M b
>
N 6

N M
+
1,2 R
F W
=e

2N
1,2 R
3 c

-b : M , - N
F, W -R ,
- c, MN
b M

2 N

=c

.65
.
Mop A 65a
Mpr , :
m

M op
M pr

- m: )( , 0,7 0,8
.

Tcd
m1
T pr
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 - Tcd: -Tpr ,
- m1 , )( , 0,8
0,9 .

66
c30

) (66
,
, .
.67


.
.
, .
) (
10,5.

66 67 H
6 7 8 .

Dr. Sadek Sinan

) -a ) - b
.66

) -a ) - b
.67
,
.expansion joint 2
.

) - a ) - b
Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .68

,
% 18 ,
.
:L = L12 + h 2

B
A

h = hB hA

- hB , hA
: 69 :

L1

K1 K 2
=
R1 R2

K1 R2
R1

= K2

-R1 : center line

b
- R2 ,69 :
R =R + +
2 2
2

-b - ,
A BK = st.B st. A
:
1

L = K12 + h 2

Dr. Sadek Sinan

 .69

Dr. Sadek Sinan

,
,d

3
3,5
4
4,5
5
5,5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
25
28
32
36
40
45

) ,(A=R2 , 2
1

0,071
0,096
0,126
0,159
0,196
0,238
0,283
0,285
0,503
0,636
0,785
1,131
1,539
2,011
2,545
3,142
3,801
4,909
6,158
8,043
10,179
12,566
15,904

0,141
0,192
0,251
0,318
0,39
0,476
0,57
0,77
1,01
1,27
1,57
2,26
3,08
4,02
5,09
6,28
7,6
9,82
12,32
16,09
20,36
25,13
31,81

0,212
0,291
0,377
0,477
0,59
0,711
0,85
1,15
1,51
1,91
2,36
3,39
4,61
6,03
7,63
9,41
11,4
14,73
18,47
24,13
30,54
37,7
41,71

0,283
0,388
0,502
0,636
0,79
0,948
1,13
1,54
2,01
2,54
3,14
4,52
6,15
8,4
10,17
12,56
15,2
19,64
24,63
32,17
40,72
50,27
63,62

0,353
0,485
0,628
0,785
0,98
1,185
1,42
1,92
2,52
3,18
3,93
5,65
7,69
10,05
12,72
15,7
19,0
24,54
30,79
40,21
50,89
62,83
79,52

0,424
0,582
0,754
0,954
1,18
1,422
1,7
2,31
3,02
3,82
4,71
6,78
9,23
12,06
15,26
18,84
22,81
29,45
36,29
48,26
61,07
75,4
95,42

,m ,

m = A

0,495
0,679
0,879
1,113
1,38
1,659
1,98
2,69
3,52
4,45
5,5
7,91
10,77
14,07
17,8
22,0
26,61
34,36
43,1
56,3
71,25
87,96
111,33

0,565
0,776
1,003
1,282
1,57
1,896
2,26
3,08
4,02
5,09
6,28
9,04
12,3
16,08
20,36
25,13
30,41
39,27
49,26
64,34
81,43
100,53
127,83

0,636
0,873
1,13
1,431
1,77
2,139
2,55
3,46
4,53
5,72
7,07
10,17
13,87
18,09
22,9
28,27
34,21
44,18
55,42
72,38
91,61
113,1

0,055
0,076
0,099
0,125
0,154
0,187
0,222
0,302
0,395
0,499
0,617
0,888
1,208
1,578
1,998
2,466
2,984
3,85
4,83
6,31
7,99
9,865

143,13

12,49

Dr. Sadek Sinan