Requirement of Good Lighting Minimum Glare Brightness-Contrast

Types of lighting schemes Direct Lighting Semi direct lighting Indirect lightning Semi indirect lighting General diffusing lighting

Design of lighting scheme Characteristics of a good lighting scheme Adequate illumination Uniform light distribution Avoid glare and shadows Should provide light of suitable colour

Factors to be considered for designing the lightning scheme Selection of luminaries Size of room Intensity of illumination Mounting height and spacing of fittings Condition of use

Methods of lighting calculations a. Watt per square meter method b. Lumen or light flux method c. Point-to-point or inverse square law method a. Watt per square method This consists of watts per square meter of area to be illuminated according to the illumination desired on the assumption of an average figure of overall efficiency of the system.

b. Lumen or light flux method Total lumen received on a working plane= No. of lamps X Wattage of each lamp X efficiency of each lamp (in lumen/ watt) X coefficient of utilization X maintenance factor

c. Point-to-point or inverse square law method It is employed only in some special problems, such as flood lighting, yard lighting etc. This is not much used because of its complicated and cumbersome applications.

Calculation of illumination Following formula is used to calculate the illumination:

N= No. of fittings needed. E= Required illumination (lux) A= Working area O= Luminous flux produced per lamp UF= Utilization factor MF = Maintenance factor

Street lighting In class A installations (important shopping centers and road junctions) the illumination level of 30 lm./ m2 is required. For poorly lighted suburban streets, illumination of 4 lm/ m2 is sufficient. For average well lighted streets, 8 to 15 lm/ m2 are required. Spacing for standard lamps is 50 m with the mounting height 8 meters. For street light mercury vapor and sodium vapor lamps are found more suitable. Lamp post should be fitted at the junction of the roads.

Factory lighting Following are the requirement of the factory lighting.

Adequate illumination on the working plane. Good distribution of light. Simple and easily cleaned fittings. Avoid glare.

General local and emergency lighting In large machine shops the height is governed by the necessity of keeping the lamps above travelling crane. The point where intense illumination is required, lamp should be mounted in deep reflectors to avoid the glare. Auxiliary lighting should be provided from the source other than main electric supply

Flood lighting It is employed for the following purposes: To illuminate the advertisement board and show-case. To illuminate railway yards, car parks, stadiums etc. To enhance the beauty of ancient monuments in night.

Following terms are used in flood lighting calculations. i. ii. Waste light factor: 1.2 for rectangular area and 1.5 for irregular objects. Depreciation factor: Defined as the ratio of illumination under ideal condition to the illumination under normal condition. Coefficient of utilization: Also called beam factor and is defined as the ratio of beam lumens to the lamp lumens. The value lies between 0.3 to 0.5.

iii.

For any desired intensity over a definite surface the no. of projectors required is obtained from the following. N= N= No. of projectors A= Surface area to be illuminated in m2 E= Illumination level required in lm/m2.