cz nkyhik

FHij eyD
fUa
bjhf
nkiy - ulh ML

jehL muR
ytr ghl tHF
l btlglJ
(gidF mW)

lhik xU ghtbra
lhik xU bgUFw
lhik kjjikaw bra

f rhiy, brid - 600 006.

 jehL muR
Kj g - 2011

FGjiyt
Kidt c. F. yR
yR,
nguhia,
cz kW rJz Jiw,
mdhf fiy gfiy fHf,
nfha - 641 043.

Maf
Kidt nt. rhujh uhkjh
uhkjh,
nguhia,
cz g nkyhik kW cz la,
mdhf fiy gfiy fHf,
nfha - 641 043.

Uk . jh,
bjhf Mia,
nfhit J tf rf muR kf nkiyg,
uh#, nfha - 641 001.

Uk f. ukh ngf
ngf,
KJfiy Mia (kida),
b#thgh khefuh bgf nkiy g,
U - 641 601.

ghlf jah jehL muRfhf

g f aff, jehL
60 .v.v jh mlgLsJ
bt Mbr Kiw mnlh :

cz nkyhik, FHij eyD

bjhf
nkiy - ulh ML
ghll (fUa)
#] :

1. cz ju

1.1

cz njbjLj, thFj kW ghJfhj

1.2

cz fygl - uridf

1.3

cz rlf kW ju - czfygl jL rl, gHis

bghUf Miz, a jufLghL Wtd, mkh, Efnth
ghJfh rl.

1.4

y _y cz juij mj

2.. jh nr czl
2.1

fgfhy - ts KndwK - f cz kW
ClrJ njitf, fgfhy VgL uridf. jh, nr
w j.

2.2

ghL jhfhd cz kW rJ njitf.

2.3

s FH gUt - ts KndwK, ClrJ njitf,

jhgh KaJt, ogh, mj uridf, Jiz kW
iz czf.

2.4

nehjLghw - bjhWnehf, jLF tf, neh jL

mltiz, nehw FHijf guhk.

#]iy :
3.1

3. FHijfSfhd czl
Kg gUt, kW g brY FHijf cz rJ
njitf, ey cz gHfij VgLJtjfhd tKiwf.

3.2

xUizj FHij ts l, a cz l,

3.3

Cl rJ Fiw nehf - uj fnyh Fiwnehf (P.E.M).

c rJ A Fiwnehf, uj nrhif kW gbrhij.

iii

4. ir czf
4.1

l cz nkyhik - fhr, cz FHh kly VgL

nehf - tWnghF, kyf, Fl fu nehf - kr
fhkhiy iAgilo

4.2

clgUk, , mf ujfhd cz l

4.3

cz l tYe (Dietitan) gf kW Mnyhrid Kiwf.

Mf :

5. cz tHF Wtdf

5.1

cz tHF Wtdf nehfK, tiffS

5.2

nkyhik g bra cj rhjdf - thf mik tiugl,

gtu, g sf tu kW g mltiz.

5.3

cz tHF WtdF njitahd cgfuzf.

5.4

cz jahj - cz jahfis jugLJj, (Standarisation of

recipies) gkhW msfis zj.

brlg :

6.. czdh VgL bjhWfS eRjik

6.1

cz bjhWf - EQf, fhuzf, isf.

6.2

cz eRjik - cz aifahf cs eRf,

EQfsh VgL eRjik, cz gjgLj nghJ
VgL bfLjf

7.. cz ghJfhj
7.1

ed Kiw czit ghJfhj - faf Kiw, E miy

btgKiw.

7.2

rfiu mlf - #h, b#, kknyLf jahj

7.3

gHrhWf - tiff, jahF Kiwf kW nt ghJfh

bghUf.

7.4

cz kid TLj kW tsgLJj - njit,

kTlgl, kW tsgLjgl, czf.

iv

mnlhg :

8.. mLkid jahf

8.1

nf - _ybghUf, jahF Kiwf

8.2

nf tiff.

8.3

jukhd nf gf, FiwfS mjid jF Kiwf

8.4

nfif myfhu - # tiff.

8.5

ng - tiff.

etg :

9.. Kg f

9.1

Kg f - mta, Fnfhf, tiff.

9.2

Kg flik trf

9.3

Kg fl - khjhu, thuhu, dr ghll

mltiz.

9.4

ff cj rhjdf - jff, Phd mDgtf,

isahL fUf, fUgyif, shdnghL. khf (Models),
cikahd bghUf, mLF filf, ghL, fijf, ehlf,
ehoa.

9.5

FHij fhgf mikj

10. Kgf gf
10.1

gntLf - tiff, guhkj.

10.2

Kg Ma waf, gJiuf, kLj

10.3

bra Kiwl, jgl FHij g mj, dh bjhF,

TJ nehFj,

10.4

org :

(Socio metry)

jsgaz lLjY ftf ntoa KiwfS.

11. nkyhik

11.1

neu, g, r thf

11.2

Wbjhf - Fnfhf, kW gid brj

bghUslf
1. cz ju

gf

1.1

cz njbjLj, thFj kW ghJfhj

1.2

cz fygl - uridf

1.3

cz rlf kW ju - czfygl jL rl, gHis

15

bghUf Miz, a jufLghL Wtd, mkh, Efnth

ghJfh rl.
1.4

y _y cz juij mj

20

2.. jh nr czl
2.1

fgfhy - ts KndwK - f cz kW

31

ClrJ njitf, fgfhy VgL uridf. jh, nr

w j.
2.2

ghL jhfhd cz kW rJ njitf.

47

2.3

s FH gUt - ts KndwK, ClrJ njitf,

53

jhgh KaJt, ogh, mj uridf, Jiz kW

iz czf.
2.4

nehjLghw - bjhWnehf, jLF tf, neh jL

68

mltiz, nehw FHijf guhk.

3. FHijfSfhd czl
3.1

Kg gUt, kW g brY FHijf cz rJ

85

njitf, ey cz gHfij VgLJtjfhd tKiwf.

3.2

xUizj FHij ts l

95

3.3

Cl rJ Fiw nehf - uj fnyh Fiwnehf (P.E.M).

99

c rJ A Fiwnehf, uj nrhif kW gbrhij.

4. ir czf
4.1

l cz nkyhik - fhr, cz FHh kly VgL

nehf - tWnghF, kyf, Fl fu nehf - kr
fhkhiy, bAgilo

vi

107

gf
4.2

clgUk, , mf ujfhd cz l

124

4.3

cz l tYe (Dietitian) gf kW Mnyhrid Kiwf

143

5. cz tHF Wtdf
5.1

cz tHF Wtdf nehfK, tiffS

150

5.2

nkyhik g bra cj rhjdf - thf mik tiugl,

157

gtu, g sf tu kW g mltiz.
5.3

cz tHF WtdF njitahd cgfuzf.

166

5.4

cz jahj - cz jahfis jugLJj, (Standardisation of 177

recipes) gkhW msfis zj.

6.. czdh VgL bjhWfS eRjik

6.1

cz bjhWf - EQf, fhuzf, isf.

187

6.2

cz eRjik - cz aifahf cs eRf,

197

EQfsh VgL eRjik, cz gjgLj nghJ

VgL bfLjf

7.. cz ghJfhj
7.1

ed Kiw czit ghJfhj - f af Kiw, E miy

205

btgKiw.
7.2

rfiu mlf - #h, b#, kknyLf jahj

213

7.3

gHrhWf - tiff, jahF Kiwf kW nt ghJfh

221

bghUf.
7.4

cz kid TLj kW tsgLJj - njit,

229

kTlgl, kW tsgLjgl, czf.

8.. mLkid jahf

8.1

nf - _ybghUf, jahF Kiwf

235

8.2

nf tiff.

244

8.3

jukhd nf gf, FiwfS mjid jF Kiwf

247

8.4

nfif myfhu - # tiff.

253

8.5

ng - tiff.

255

vii

gf

9.. Kg f
9.1

Kg f - mta, Fnfhf, tiff.

261

9.2

Kg flik trf

265

9.3

Kg fl - khjhu, thuhu, dr ghll

271

mltiz.
9.4

ff cj rhjdf - jff, Phd mDgtf,

281

isahL fUf, fUgyif, shdnghL, khf (Models),

cikahd bghUf, mLF filf, ghL, fijf, ehlf,
ehoa.
9.5

FHij fhgf mikj

295

10. Kgf gf
10.1

gntLf - tiff, guhkj.

302

10.2

Kg Ma waf, gJiuf, kLj

305

10.3

bra Kiwl, jgl FHij g mj, dh bjhF,

308

TJ nehFj (Socio metry)

10.4

jsgaz lLjY ftf ntoa KiwfS.

315

11. nkyhik
11.1

neu, g, r thf

321

11.2

Wbjhf - Fnfhf, kW gid brj

328

totik

345

Kjiy got

348

kh dhjh

350

thijf sff (Glossary)

353

jf tu bjhFf (References)

356

viii

1. cz ju ((Food Quality )
1:1 cz njbjLj, thFj kW ghJfhj
Mnuha vgJ xU jkj j cl, kd iyia guhkJ mj
_y cdj iyia mil wid FF. xnu xU j czdh kL
xU eg KGikahd ClrJ njitid bra ayhJ. gytifahd
czf gntW cz rJfis bfhLsJ. xbthUt taJ, ghd
kW ntiy wDnfg ClrJ njit khWgL. rj cz myJ
Uz vgJ clYF njitahd aikahj midJ Cl rJfis
mfToa czthF. Efnth UgF Vw ey cz tHFtjF
jukhd Kiw czit njbjLJ thf ntLtJ f mtakhF.
czit njnjLf cj cw kW btw fhuf
fhuf:: czid
mj rJfSfhf kLnk cgtf f mjhfnt Ughf vgJ
midtuhY VW bfhsgl xU cikahF. cz w, kz, jik,
Rit, btgiy, gkhW Kiw Maitna czid cQkhW LwJ.
jid ju y cw kW btw fhuf czit njbjLjiy
ghwJ. mit tUkhW.
i.. g kW cQ Mt : e cl cz ntL vw liy VgLJ
xU brany g vdgL. cz cl iw VgLj gy btw fhuf
fhuzkhwd. cz njhw, mj Ritf eWkz nghwit czit
cQ Mtij o cQjiy kahd xU czthf khWwJ.
ii.. Iyf: e czit njbjLj Iyf xU Ka gF twJ.
njhw, Rit, kz, jik, btgiy nghwit f rhjhuzkhf yfis
L fhufshF. cz kzkhdJ cQ Ugij mfkhfnth
myJ Fiwfnth xU fhuzkhf UwJ. buho jahF nghJ tU kz
kW khrij tWF nghJ VgL kz nghwit Mtiy LwJ. khwhf
czF xthj thilahdJ cz Koahk btWgila brwJ.
iii.. cl jir, br, cW kW kly: cl KagF czid va
_yTWfshf ijJ o mYs rJfis btgLj brtj
_y nehia FzgL ethid jUtnjahF. j brafshdJ
xnwhL xW bjhlilajhf fhzgLwJ. xU kj cz
khFnghJ, cjL, g, ehF kW c Ruf czit Gf
brtjfhd jah iyia VgLJwJ. _is gFYs
iAnghjyhk ujiy fLgL cz cz ntL vw czid
VgL gia o cz brt btg iyrk (Thermostat) ngh
bragL czid cQ Mtiy VgLJwJ.
iv.. r_f lf: xU kj taJ, ghd, FLg, r_f bghUshjhu iy,
cz ilF j, kj kW Mnuha eiff nghwit czit
njbjLgij ghwJ.
m) FLg gHf tHff: xU kj FLg NiyahdJ czit
njbjLg Ka gnfwJ. FLg egf midtU xwhf mkJ
1

rnjhkhd Niy czit cQ nghJ czit ga ey vzf

cUthwJ.
M)
r_f
eilKiwf:
cz
rhjhuzkhf
FHijnfwit,
WtfSnfwit, taJ tnjhUfhdJ vd gytifahf fgLsJ.
vLJfhlhf gh FHijfSnfwJ, f, [h nghwit
WFHijfSF VwJ. gf, [h nghwit gUt tadUfhdJ, O myJ
fh nghwit tajhndhfSF VwJ. nkY cz ghdij Fgitah
csJ. iw, cUisHF, glh nghwit Mik jiks
czthf, gHf, rhy, rg nghwit bg jik iwj czthf
fUjgLwJ. xU y cz tiff kwtiw fhoY kf
czfshf, ewit VgLj Toaitahf UwJ. Vbd
egfSfhf UjFnghJ Ka ahghu rgjkhf rF nghJ
tif cztfgLwJ.
) bghUshjhu fhuf: tWik, f mfkhf cz gHfij ghF
xU fhuahf UwJ. nghJkhd tUkhd yhj nghJ jukhd czit gy
jkhd cz tiffis thFtjfhd fLghil VgLJtjh ey tif
czfis njbjLf Kotiy.
v. csa fhuf: cz vbghGJ k, m, ghJfh nghw
czid btgLJtjfhf, jik, Jf nghwtiw jf
gagLwJ, FHijia ewhf mutizJ czit mFnghJ FHijF
m kW ghJfh ilwJ. Mdh xU FHijF cztFnghJ mtid
mfkhf odh rhL neunk FHijF kaw Niyia VgLJ.
taJ tj FHijf jf Fiwthd kL mltizia <LfL j
mfkhf cwhf. jahf tF taJ Knjh jik czdhY
rnjh FiwdhY f Fiwthfnt cwhf.
vi. kj fhuf: xbthU kjY czbfd j mjf csJ. y
czf Hh myJ goif neu gagLwJ. y rkaf y czf
jfgLwJ. vLJfhlhf Jtf khr czfis uj ehf
cgiy. yhaf ukyh khjnehUFnghJ Na cjaF
cz cgiy. Jf ujUFnghJ, i# neufY mirt
czit rhLtiy.
vii.. a fhuf: eKila cz gHff Fl fhy ekF
ilF czid bghWJ khWgLwJ. mjhf ilF fhyfis
lgUtfhyf ilF gHtiff kW fhff wY, kzY,
RitY, msY, f wjitahf csJ. gUtf ilf Toa
fhf gHtiffis njbjLgjh mj KGikahd gaid miltnjhL
mUJ jahF cz gjhjf ey iyUwJ.
mltiz 1.1- cz njbjLg mj KGik jikia FF
cz gfis g bfhLfgLsJ.

mltiz 1.1 :czit

czit njbjLf cj ifnaL

viii. fhynfw eilKiwf

eilKiwf:: kf czit njbjLF j, cz
ilF Kiw, cQ Kiw nghwit cyf ehLfY, cqY VgL
ffis bghWJ mik. fLikahd tw, bts, gr, ngh kW mua
FHgf nghwit czit njbjLjiy mj mtaij ghf
Toadthf UwJ.
theh KGtJ KGikahd rJf ilgJ KGikahd rJs
gjgLjgl jukhd Rjkhd czid bghWJ xbthU cz ntis
nghJ ilF msit bghWJ mikwJ. cz jU vzw
Kiwf RffgL Fnfhis mila cjwJ. gyj cz
jahf jikia ewhf mJ vthW mjid kf khWgl njitF
Vg gagLjyh vgij mJ gagLdh kf Mnuha th
brf cjt Ko.
3

cz bghUfis thFj: ey jukhd KGikahd cz bghUfis

njJ thFj _y Efnth UgF VwthW czid tHf Ko.
cz bghUfis thF egf ey jukhd bghUfis njbjLf
flitfis kd bfhs ntL.

gyjkhd bghUf rij vthW fgLwJ myJ

ifahsgLwJ

Fl gUtf ilfToa czbghUf ga guf

bghUf iygoa kW iyth VgL khwf

czit bkhjkhf thFnghJ fLfL j kW ms

Fl neu thF xbthU bghU ms

gt ju kW fLghLf

czit jahFnghJ gagLjgL cz ms kW ju

bghUf thFnghJ FiwfgL iy gu

thF bghUfis nrf cj nr miwf ga gu

bghUf l ehf gaghL jik

cz njitfis rahd Kiw cz gidahsUF bjjh

jukhd bghUf rahd neu, rahd Kiw ilgjF VJthF.

cz thFgt: xbthU cz thFgtUF Uf ntoa gf

xGf be Kiwfis gWgtuhf gidahs UgF

fLglhkY Uj

gyj rijfis g mUj

ju za bragl cz bghUfis VW bfhSj (I.v.I,

mkh nghwit)

RWRWghdtuhf Tikilatuhf ntiyia nef

Toatuhf Uj

czit thFj: cz thF j xbthUt njitnfwthW khWgL.

gy tifahd cz thF Kiwf
flitahF.
i.. wj bt rij: wj
bt
rij
vgJ
midtuhY
VW
bfhsgl, tHfkhd Kiwfyhj
rijahF. mGfToa cz tiffshd
gHf, fhff, iw nghwit
Kiw thfgLwJ. a cz
gidahsf bt rijfUJ,
bkhj ahghu rij kW TLw
filfY czit th cz
TlfSF njitahdms mDwhf.
4

ii.. Kiwahf thFj : Kiwia xbthU cztifF iy k goa

tuf tf tshff nffgL bghUf tHF nj kW gz
brYJ Kiw nghwit g mJ thFj.
iii.. ngu ngRj : thFgtUF gtUF ilna ju kW iy g
thijf el bghUfis thF KiwahF. j Kiw xU Fl
ntis ilF bghUfSF, Fiwj msnt ilF bghUfSF,
gtU thFgtU cldoahf ahghu Koa ntL vw iyY
cgnahfgLwJ.
iv.. bkhj ahghu rij : vfhy UbfW xU Fl iy
bghUfis th nrf Kiw gagLjgLwJ. bga Wtdf kW
mYtyffSF thFnghJ Kiw gadf Toajhf csJ. vj
Kiw cz bghUfis thdhY mit vjhf, ntiyia
vjhfToajhf Uj mta.
cz bghUf thFtij vjhF fhuf:
i.. iy : xnu khahd bghUf iyfis xL neh bragLj.
ii. L xLj : IvI, mkh KiulgL cg nj kW
fhyhtahF nj, yiw fgL iy kW ClrJ tuf Fj
Lf xlgoUj thFjiy vjhF.
ghJfhj : ghJfhj Kj bfhifahdJ vJ, vF, vnghJ njitgL
vgij Efnth mUf ntL. cz bghUfis l fhyF,
ntWgl btgiyY ghJfhJ itjhjh mjDila KGik jik khwhk
njitgLnghJ ey jukhd cz bghUfis gagLjyh. cz
bghUfis cyj iyY, y rkaf rikj czfis
gagLJtjF K nrJ ghJfhJ itgJ mtakhwJ. ghJfhJ
itfgl cz bghUfSfhf brylgl bjhifia <Lbra
ntLbk mtiw Kiwahf ghJfhJ njitgL nghJ tir ukkhf
rahd rka cgnahj mta.
cz myJ czyhj bghUf rahd nr yhjjhY, UL
nghtjhY, fsh jhfgLtjhY, H myJ zhf th csJ. rahd
Kiw cz bghUf mLfglhj iy H myJ ghJfh rgjkhd
MgJ Vglyh. nr miwfSF brY egf vifia
fLgLJj f mta. Fiwthd egf nr miwF cS
btna brtdh xU cz Wtd ghJfh, mfgnjhL
wikahf bragl Ko. ghJfh miwf cz bgW lUJ cz
jahF lUJ v tuToajhf Uf ntL. nr miwf
Rjkhdjhf, xGfhf mikfgL Uf ntL. vyh tif cz
bghUfis nrf Toajhf Uf ntL. gytifahd Kiwfis,
Rfhjhu njitfis gw ntL. nr miwf btgiy, <ugjK
xGfhf fLgLjgl ntL. nkY jkhd iy itfgLtjh cz
Hf jfgLwJ.
5

nr Kiwf:
vj xU cz jah WtdY _W tifahd nr Kiwf
njitgLwJ.
i. cyj nr
ii. F%oa nr
iii.. ciwiy nr
i. cyj nr: J njitahd ms fhnwhlJlD, Rjkhf, kW
njtiahd <ugjJlD Uf ntL. cyj nr bghJthf itfToa
cz bghUfshtd - lgh milfgl czf, kh, rfiu, bfhG,
krhyh bghUf, jhaf, thiHgH nghw y gHtiff, btfha,
cUisHF nghw y fhff. njitahd ms fhnwhl csjhf,
btgkhd lF mUfhikY, f FHhfSF mUY, j
FHhF mUY Ugjh VgL isfsh cz bghUf ghfglhk
UgjF ftd brYj ntL. nrfgl bghUf ik isF
#JfshY, v, nghwtwhY mj cZz iy thJ ik
isfhk Uf mofo nkghitl f mta. cyj nrF
Vw btgiy 400 - 750F (50 - 240C). y bflToa fhffshd cUisHF,
btfha nghwit Xus Fiwj btg iy nrf ntL (v.fh 400 550F (50 - 240C). Kiwahd Rj br mltizia g xGfhf nr
miwfis Rj bra ntL.
ii.. F%oa nr: j Kiw nr
rahd btgiy ff njitahdjh,
xGfhf btgiyia nkghitl
ntL. F%L Kiw Mw gy
fhufis bghWJ mikwJ. F%L
rhjd tif, fbu[ tif, btg
flj Kiw, nr l bfhss,
m nrF cz ms, czit
itfgLs j
nghwtwh
F%L jik ghfgLwJ.
rikj myJ Xus rikj czit, ciwiy cs czit
rahd miw btg iyF bfhL tUtjfhf F%L nr
cgnahfgLwJ. nrfgLs ghufUnjh myJ mt nknyh
vj xU tifahd xGfY yhk UFkhW ftf ntL. btgkhd
bghUfis F%L miw nrj cjkhdjy. Vbd mitf
ghJfhghd btgiyia miltjF gyk neuf MF.
iii.. ciwiy nr: ciw iy nrfgL cz tiff ehSF eh
mfJ bfhL tUwJ. cz rij gntW tif ciwiy czf
gid bragLtjh, mtiw itgjfhf xbthU cz WtdK
njitahd ciwiy rhjdfis itUf ntosJ. ciwiy czfis
msthd lghf myJ ciwf thf ntL. Vbd bga ms
thdh ciw iyUJ miw btgiyF bfhLtUtJ fodkhF.
cz rikj clndna ciwiy itgjF Vwjhf csJ. Kakhf
6

rikJ ciwa itF Kiw czf bjhlahf jahfgL,

mslgL njit tUtiu ciwiy itfgl ntL. gfo mf
ms nruhk clDFl mfwgl ntL. thW brtjh njitahd
btgiyia fLgho itf Ko. ciwiy nr mfkhd ms
thfgl czfis nrfyh. xU y egfns j nr lFfSF
bry, mUJ cz tHFtjF njitahd bghWfis VW bfhs
ntL.
1.2 cz fygl - uridf, fygl bghUf mtiw flj
cz fygl
fygl: ah bghJthf ahghu nghJ cz bghUf
fygl br gHf ywJ. Efnthf mf mss bghUfis, Fiwj
iy thfnt Uwhf. cz cgF MF bry Efnth thf
U iyial mfFnghJ ahghf ju Fiwj bghUfisna
bfhLf ntosJ. j fhuzkhfnt cz fygl bragLwJ.
tiuaiw
tiuaiw: cz fygl vgJ bfhLfgl bghU gig, mj
aif jikia tU brafsh ju Fiwj MF.
i. bghUjhj myJ ju Fiwj bghUf nrfgLj
ii. Kakhd gF bghU xiw Fj
gh j fygJ Kj tifahd fyglJF xU ey vLJ fhlhF.
ghUJ bfhGig gJ ulhtJ tifahd fyglkhF.
cz fygl cl MnuhaF CW isf ToaJ. Vbd
Mnuhayhj bghUfis nrgJ myJ gFbghUis FtJ
Efnth cla ntiyfSF Mgij clhF.
fygldh clhF uidf
cz fygl Efnthiu VkhWtnjhlyhk cl nfhshWfis,
nehfis VgLJ. ah bghJthf fygl bragL czfS,
mjdh VgL uridfS tU gFf bfhLfgLsJ.
gaW tiffshd ikNgU, cSJ kW bfhil fliy nghwt
nfrgU fygl bragLwJ. l ehf nfr gU cgjh yhjr
(Lathyrism) vD neh clhwJ. j isthf if fhf wf
thj VgLwJ.
tWj kW ngr gH bfhilf miufgL fh bgho
fyfgLwJ. kthd vbz kW cz jFaw vbz, rika
vbzfY bfhG bghUfY fygl bragLwJ. Mnkh
ijf fLF nghW Ugjh mjDl fyfgLwJ. Mnkh vbz
mj ijfUJ vLfgL njfh, v kW fliy vbzf fygl
bragLwJ. Mnkh vbz jik cilajh, mij czthf
rikJ cgjh nfhJ f VgL. vbz kW bfhG bghUf
bgnuha bghUfsh fygl bragLnghJ tW, Fl rgjkhd nehf
VgL.
7

ah mfkhf cz fygl braToa bghU cz

cgnahfToa wfshF. gh bghUf, lh, F ghdf, kJtiff,
nj kW krhyh bghUf wf cgnahfgLjgLwd. J
kLyhk Kil jahf, mLkid jahf, gHjahf nghwt
wf nrfgLwd. vGgJ rjj wf gid khf
mffglhj wfshd by Fnuhnk (Lead chromate) kW yfjh
(nfhlh rhaf Coaltardyes) Ugjhf fLofgLsJ. mffglhj
wf cs cz bghUfis cgjh gyj clnfhshWf VgLwd.
fyglgl tiff : fygl vgJ ntLbknwh myJ jbrayhfnth
fHToajhF. KjyhtJ tif fygl brgt cnehfnjhL yhgij
bgWtjfhf ntLbknw braToajhF. jbrayhf VgL fygl vgJ
mahik, mya kW Kiwahd trf yhjjh VgLtJ MF.
ntLbknw nrfToa fyglbghUf
ntLbknw nrfToa fyglbghUfshtd: kz, kh Jff,
f, k, rhFfo (Chalk powder) , jhJ vbzf kW nfhlh
(Coal tar) rhaf. itf clYF nfL isf ToaitahF.
mltiz 1.2- cz bghUf ntLbknw nrfToa fygl
bghUfS, mjid fl nrhjidfS jugLsd.
mltiz 1.2
1.2: ntLbknw nrfToa fyglbghUf kW
va nrhjidf

10

cz

fyglbghUf

sF

tdg

be

uit

U Jf

krhyh bghUf

ku

cz

fyglbghUf

ggh ijf

sfh

brf

rfiu

rh

fh

abfhil

ntLbknw nrfToa fyglbghUf

11

a fygl bghUf
a fygl bghUf gaW tiffshd wFk bragl jik
thj byof (Lentils), cq byofshf ilwJ. ij ju, gh
fheil kU vaitf fhzgLwJ, rh jhfgl nfhJikUJ
jahfgl kh, mLkid jahf cgnahfgL yF bfhG
kW bjhrhiy fyglkhF tdg nghwit a fygl bghUfshF.
ah br rika tiff ajhfnth, cyj iynyh
mfkhf cgnahfgLwJ. f jhFjUJ ghJfhf cyj
y wKs rhakhd muhkiu q (ultramarine blue) dh rgLwJ. J
JbtSF ryit bghUshd fk wahF.
jbrayhf VgL fygl :
i.. nfL isf Toa EQfsh cz VgL bjhWf :
rikf glhj czfshd khr, , gh kW, ff isaToa
fhff Mait nfLisf Toa EQfsh ghgilwJ.
EQf bghJthf rika brwnghJ, czit gjgLJnghJ
mfgLwd. cz jhaf, gW tiff kW vbz Jf
nghwit <ukhd Niy nrJ itfgL nghJ neh VgLJ
irfsh gh VgL mghafukhd nehfis VgLJ vd rga Mf
bjwd.
ii.. cnyhffsh VgL bjhW : Mbr, <a myJ ghjur Mait cl
nrUnghJ mJ F isf Toajhf UwJ. fha (Lead) vgJ xU eR
jiks bghU, Mjyh J cz bjhid VgLJnghJ
jik isfis VgLJwJ. kr by Fnuhnk Kyh rgLwJ.
it Wuf, fu kW jkf ghig VgLJ. fha _y tU
eRjikdh VglToa mFfshtd: jiyRw, tWt, uj nrhif,
fik, jirf thj kW _is ij. ghjur c cs thG
f ofgL nghJ, m mfs ghjur fhzgL. kw cnyhf
bghUfshd nfa, Mbr, Mok kW nfhgh nghwit a
msnyna jik VgLJ.

mltiz 1.3- y cnyhf kW nt bghUf eRjik

isfS bfhLfgLsd.
12

mltiz - 1.3 y cnyhf kW nt bghUf eR jik

mj isfS

13

iii.. kw jbrayhf VgL fyglbghUf : bfh vaitf,

lghf cs bta, cz f Kil kW f bghUf.
cnyhf bghUfshd: Mbr, fha kW ghjur nghwitahY jbrayhf
cz fygl Vglyh.
vf (Rodents), bgUrhf kW f _y cz mf ms
mRjfis mjDila f, cl RuF ut, bfLj br EQfis
VgLJwJ. DDT nghw ntbghUf cl cns brYnghJ WFl
crgLwJ. Ka cWfshd ijuhL, Uja, Wuf, fu, gh
Ruf cs bfhG Rf eRjik f bghUf nrJ
Wfis nrjgLJwJ. j eR jik jh bjh bfhoUJ
tsU fUF uj tahf, jhgh _y FHijF brWLwJ.
jdh FHijf KlkhtJl mtfSila ts jilgLwJ. cz
gogoahf jbrayhf fG fygl nH fhlgLsJ.
eRr gogoahf cz fHToa fygl
trhf gfSF bfh cgnahF nghJ bjhWf
MugkhwJ. Rfhjhu Jiw knyah clhF bfhRfis mgjF
bfhia bjwJ.
bfhf bjjwF gy ehfSF vUgitf jLwd.
fheil td kW nfh td jdh ghfgLwJ. yjo
erhwJ. khr, , gh kW Kil nghwit eR jik milwJ.
nrfgL jhafis ghF f, vf nghwtiw
fLgLj L bfhf cgnahfgLwd. jdh cz
cs vUgitf ms mfwJ.
fhff adthf UgjF, ghJfhgjF ahghf fhffis
bfh eidJ vLwhf. vbz kW f
jLfgl bghUfdh fygl bragLwJ.
fhff kW cz bghUfis fG nghJ js vs bghUf
Fiwa cjwJ. vD rikF nghJ eRjiks vaitfis
mgJ fodnk. j cz cns brY nghJ bfhf nghwit
WFldh crgLwd.
cl gus bfhG Rf bfhfis nrwJ. J cl
Ka cWfshd Uja, _is, Wuf kW fu nghwtiw
nrjgLJwJ.

14

jbrayhf fHToa eRjikia flit _y jLfyh

Kiwahf rijia Muhj _ykhf kfSF cz gjfis

VgLJ eR bghUfis g vrfyh.

trhfSF ntfkhd Kiw bfhfis cgnahF

Kiw g xUizj bfh fLgLJ l g
fW bfhLj. g mWtil br xU thuF K kUJ
bjgij jf ntL.

ghJfhghd bfhfis cgnahj

rikgjF K fhffis eF fGj.

iv.. fLfLnghJ VgL MgJf (Packing hazards) :

ghv, ghid FnshiuhL (PVC)
kW mj Jiz TL bghUf vjhd
tisa Toa fLfL _ybghUfis
jahf cjwJ. bghUf fLfLtjF
vjhf UjhY, clYF Mgij isf
Toa FjU btgkhd bghUfis
bfhoUf TlhJ. btg KiuLj (Heat sealing) myJ Ufis F nghJ (Sterilization) mf
btgiyia cgnahF nghJ a
jiks vaitf (residues) cUthfhk Uf ntL. CWfh,
my kW vbz nghw cz bghUf fLfLtjF
cgnahfgLjgL sho _ybghU mzid ghJ, clYF CW
isgjhf flagLsJ. j ffis jf, jukhd czF
jf fLfL sho bghUfis czit fLfl cgnahf ntL.
1.3.

cz rlf kW juf - cz fygl jL rl,

gHisbghUf Miz, a jufLghL Wtd, mkh,
Efnth ghJfh rl

cz rlf kW juf
rlt eltoif, rhj tHFj kW bghJ kf ff gF
vLJ bfhSj nghw eltoiff _ykhf cz juij cajyh.
15

cz fygl bragLtij g a muR KGikahf mJsJ. xU

eho Rjkhd Mnuhakhd cz njitfis iw bra, ey Kiw
gid bra ttFgjF cz jik cq rlfSF,
fLghLfSF cgL Uf ntL. j rlf, EfnthUF
njitahd kW ghJfhghd czit mf KotnjhL cz ju, fyit
Kiwf rahf Uf cjwJ.
cz ghJfh kW jurlf : rg, a ghuhSkw, cz
ghJfh kW ju rlf 2006-F mfhu mJ, kw cz rlfis
uJ brJsJ. Fghf vL rlfis mfJsJ.

cz fygl jL rl 1954 (PFA)

gH isbghUf Miz, 1955 (FPO)

khr cz bghUf Miz, 1973

jhtu vbz isbghUf (fLgLjgl Miz), 1947

cz jFj vbzia fLfLj bjhlghd (xGF) Miz, 1998

fiugh bfhL bjLfgl vbz, vbz fgl

zhF kW cz jFj kh (fLgLjgl) Miz, 1967

gh kW gh bghUf Miz, 1992

aikahj tf ruFf rl, 1955 (cz rgjkhd)

rl, xU a nja xGF Miza, a cz ghJfh kW

jufLghL tha Matiw WsJ. maiy mogilahf bfhl
cz juij mff, cz cg, gjgL ghJfhj, nrj,
nahj, gid kW wFk Matiw xGFgL ffhJ
kj njitnfw ghJfhghd, KGikahd czid ilf ttif
brwJ.
1. cz fygl jL rl (1954)
cz fygl jL rl 1954, vgJ Kjnyna btlgl xU
rlkhF. #] 1, 1955 M tUlUJ mKYF tJsJ. j rl
Ka Fnfh vdbt, EfnthUF fToa cz bghUf
ikahf, KGikahf Uf cW mwJ. j rl fygl
bragl czit f jil brtJ kLyhk EQf jhFj
kW eRjik thj cz bghUf cg, gid kW nahf
brtij jf cjwJ. cz fygl jL rl (PFA) Nlh
Ffgl (Pasteurised) gh, gh gl, bfhG fgl ghgl, FHijf
gh czf, jfh rh, #h, kh gh cz Mat cs EQf
ghJfh ju kW yfliy cs m~nshlh (aflatoxin) Mat
ms vthW Uf ntL vgij FLsJ.
L cgnahf kW wFk bragl bghUf, cz gjgL
ghJfhj btntW iyf, nahf Matid rl (PFA)
16

xGFgLJwJ. cz cgnahfgL wf, ghJfh bghUf,

bfh kUJf vaitf, fLfLj, Kiujh xLj kW
gidia xGFgLJj Matiw rl _y fLgho itf
cjwJ. cz jufhd kaFG xW j rl go mikJ, ka
muRF cz ju ga gytufSF Mnyhrid tHFwJ. khy muR
cz gnrhjid Tl mikJ cz fygl gnrhjidahsfis
(Food analysts) aJ rnjfF lkhd czf iyia ma cjwJ.
2. gHis bghUf Miz (1955)
gH kW fhf gjLj it gHis
bghUf Miz (FPO), 1955 _y fLgLjgL
cz gjL bjhrhiy Jiw aFwJ.
gHis bghUf Miz y Ffis
bfhLsJ. mjhtJ gjgLjgl gH kW
fhff cg, ghd fhnwwgl ,
f kW bjo rfiu bghUf
Matiw jahF nghJ, gid br nghJ
ftf ntoa ju fLghL njitfis
zwJ. fL flgl gH kW fhff
zfgl ju ms yhk gJ
rlgo jofgl Toa FwkhF. midJ
gjgLJ bjhrhiyfS gHis bghUf Mizgo mDk bgUf
ntL. Fl fhy ilbtf nkghitf elj ntL. wFk
bragL gjgLjgl gH kW fhf cz bghUfS FPO ju go
Uf ntL.
3. khr cz bghUf Miz (Meat Products Order 1973)
khr cz bghUf Miz (1973) go khr cz bghUfis
jahJ juij xGFgLj ntL. j Miz

khr filfY, khr cz jahF lfY Rj kW

Rfhjhu mtaij FLwJ.

khr bghUf cs fyfis fLfLj, FLj kW Kiu

jh xLj nghwtiw g FLwJ,

khr jahf gagLJ mls cnyhff, gjgLjgL

bghUf mDk mfgl ms kW bfhf
vaitf g tiuaWJsJ.

khr jahf fF bghUfis cgnahfhk jLj

Mait mlF

ntshik mikrf aF gid kW ffh Miza

j Mizia xGFgLJ mfhu bfhlJ kW L cgnahfF
jahgtfSF, wFk brgtfSF j Miz bghUJ.
17

4. yd bghUfis wFk brtjfhd rl ((Livestock Importation

Act 1898)
rl go khr bghUf, Kil, Kil gl, gh gl nghw
bghUf RfhjhuF ntshik Jiw mikrf Uf Toa fheil
guhk, gh bghUf kW tsJiw Rfhjhu wFk mDk bgUf
ntL.
5. gh kW gh bghUf Miz ((Milk and Milk Products Order 1992)
gh bghUf cg kW nahf Kjatiw gh kW gh
bghUf Miz 1992 xGF brwJ. gh giz, auf mj
RWwf Rfhjhu njitf, gh kW gh bghUf jufLghL,
rhj mj, fLfLj, FLj kW KiuLj Matiw j
Miz fLgLJwJ. j Miz cs zfgl f wFk
bragL bghUfSF bghUJ.
6. aikahj tf ruFf rl ((Essential Commodities Act 1955)
cz cgl aikahj bghUf cg, tf nghwtiw
xGFgLJj, kfSF ahakhd iy cz bghUf nahj
nghwit j rl Ka nehffshF.
7. Fgjd lF Miz ((Cold Storage Order 1980)
Fgjd lF Miz 1980, aikahj tf ruF rl, 1955-
btlglJ. jDila Kakhd nehffshtd: FgjdlFf
Rfhjhu kW Kiwahd FgjL Kiwfis eilKiw gLJj, Fgjd
lFf tsia xGFgLJj, Fgjd lFf cs cz
bghUfis ghJfhF Phd bjh EgKiwfis sFj kW
Fgjd lFf cikahsf trhfis RuLtUJ ghJfhj
MaitahF. a mu ntsh gid Mnyhrf j Miz
mDkgu (Licence) mF mfh Mth.
8. vil kW msf ju ga rl (1976)
Efnth eltoif, cz kW bghJ nahf mikruitahdJ
vil kW ms rl 1976- vil kW ms juid. J bjhlghd
f, Ffis zwJ. midJ vilf kW msfS bk
msitf g bragl ntL. y tf ruFf Fl msf
jh fL flgl ntL vil, ms myJ j mogil y FHij kW
Jiz czf, bf, buho, btbz, fh, nj, jhtu vbz, gh gl,
nfhJik kW m kh Mat ju zfgLwJ.
a jufLghL Wtd ((BIS) (Bur eau of Indian S tandards)
BIS rl 1986- rhj kbg mF lij a jufLghL
Wtd eilKiwgLJwJ. 450-F nkYs gy tifahd cz
bghUfSF jufLghL mfgLsJ. fhf kW gH bghUf, krhyh
kW thrid bghUf, khr czf kW gjlgl czf Mat
ju tiuKiw zfgLsJ. cgahsf bghUf
18

jufLgho tiuKiwF cgoUgJ

cWahdh mtf jahF vyh cz
bghUfSF BIS Kiuia cgnahfyh.
bghUf ju bl, Kig, ffjh,
brid, rofh, ghdh cs gnrhjid
Tlf gnrhfgLwJ.
cz
cgnahfgL
wf,
aifahd wf, cz nriff, Bureau of Indian Standards
FHijgh cz, gh jhaij mogilahf
bfhl Jiz czf ghgl kW bfoahfgl gh nghwt ju
ewhf Uf ntLbk cz fygl jL rl (PFA) BIS rhj
flhakhf njitgLwJ.
mkh ju ((Agmark Standard)
`mkh` vD brh trha kW tjf
vD My thijUJ (Agricultural Marketing)
cUthfglJ. mkh ju a murhf
gid kW M br Miza _y mKf
bragl trha is bghUf rl 1937 _y
mKfgLjglJ. ``mkh`` vD brh Kiu
bghU juF, ikF cuthj mwJ.
kh Kiu nH jugLsJ.
jhaf, thrid bghUf, vbz
Jf, vbz, btbz, be, gaW tiff kW Kilf juid
tiuaWwJ. xbthU bghU ik junfg fgL
jutirgLjgLwJ. jutir goa cs 1, 2, 3 kW 4 vgJ f eW ,
eW, guthiy kW rhjhuz vW jufis tifgLjgLsJ.
Jiw Muhfis, Kndwfis eh cs ka
mkh gnrhjid Tl bjhlJ elJwJ. rij bjhlJ f Toa,
njitahd mDgt cs tfUF `rlt mfhu gu` mfgLwJ.
bghUfis jugLj, lij braKiwgLj J bry Mtjh,
jugLjgl bghUf iy kwitfis l J mfkhf UF,
bghUf juij ftF nghJ j iy ca xW bgjy.
nfhbl mbknla ((Codex Alimentarius))
cz trha fHf kW cyf Rfhjhu Wtd (FAO/WHO ) cz
julf nfhbl mbknla vd miHfgLwJ. y bkh
nfhbl mbknla vgJ cz rl myJ czFpil FF.
mjhtJ gy ehLfSF bghJthd rtnjr cz tffhd kh f,
FpLf, tHff kW ju midJ nrj TL fyitahF.

19

Efnth ghJfh rl ((Consumer Pr otection Act 1986)

j rl Ka Fnfhf ahbj FiwghLs bghUf, cz
tHFj FiwghL, mfkhd iy kW Kiwaw tf gHff
MatUJ Efnth cikfis ghJfhgnjahF.
khtl Efnth Fiw kwF fhf bjfglyh.
kw ghfgl judUF cj tif eZlij jgJ,
bghUfis kh bfhLgJ, iy myJ gzij Ug bfhLgJ,
FiwghLs nritdh Vgl eZlij jgJ, myJ eZl <L bfhLgJ
nghw brafis brkhW vjudUF Mizlyh. Kj khy
msY kW nja ghafF nkKiwpL brayh.
Kj Kj rl 1986 org 24 a ghuhSkw
iwntwglJ. wF y khwf bragL 2003 kh 15 - khaikfgl
rl eilKiwF tjJ. rl Efnth kW tff neuoahd kW
kiwKf nritfis bgWtjF ttFwJ.
Efnth ghJfh kwf (Consumer P rotection Councils)
Efnth nritia mff ka, khy, khtl ms Efnth ghJfh
kwf mikf ka khy muRfSF rl lkwJ.
Efnth FiwfSF fhQ Wtd
rl Efnth kwfis cUthf ttif brwJ. ka muR
bl nja Efnth Fiw FGit mikJ guhkwJ. khy ms
Efnth Fiw FG khy murh Wtgl mfhu tHfgLsJ.
njnghW khtl ms khtl Fiw FG mikfgLsJ. xbthU
tUlK kh 15 cyf Efnth dkhf mDrfgLwJ.
1.4 y _y cz juij mj: njit, ju Mths Fzf, ju
Mtf, nrhjidf brj
y _y cz ju mj mta:
vj xU cz KGikahd jikia ma KaJt thjitahf
fUjgLtJ mj junkahF. cz juij kl IyfS, ntWy
fUfS cjwd. y _y kLj vgJ cz juij eLt
FGd _y kl vdyh. kLj vgJ xU cz juid, mj
njhw, w, kz, Rit, jik nghw gf MuhJ nkY mj xF
jik, fhjik, bj kW brid Muhj MF. xU cz bghU
wkhdJ mj khid (w) sF xU gghf UwJ. vLJfhlhf
xU gH gGj jikid mj wij bfhL mayh. fh myJ nj
brid (ml) mj wid bfhL mayh.
cz KGikahd FzkhdJ mj rJ, kiwUF w Fzf
kW y _y m Fzij bghWjJ. gy ehLf murhf Efnth,
cz bghUf rJz iy kW kiwUF Fz ga Mtij
fU bfhL cz juid mfgLJtjfhf gy cz rlfis
wJsJ. mj _y cz bghUfis MuhJ, jugL, fLfo,
20

Kiu jh xL tiu ftdkhf gfgLwJ.

tiuaiwf: cz juid Iyf _y kL brtJ y_y
kLj vdgL. xbthU Kiw cz czgLnghJ, kL
bragLwJ. cz Rit, kz, jik Matiw bfhL cz juij
yf _y gnrhjid Kiw Jakhf kL br xU ma
Jiwna y kl vdyh.
gjgLJtjF tU cz bghUfis nkghit LtUJ
filahf cz gjgL Ko tiu xbthU iyY cz gnrhjid
bragL ju zfgLtjF cj xU Kakhd, vjhd xU
gnrhjidna y _y cz juij mj MF.
y kl KaJt :
y klyhdJ vij gnrhgJ vW ma tkhf vij kl
brtJ vgJ g RUfkhf tiuaWwJ. J tU tif cjwJ.
i.. a bghUfis cUthFj: xU bghU y kL Fzij
nkikahf, a bghUf cUthFtjF, xbthU jahY ju xnu
kh Uf, a Kiw kh mikJ cg bra cjwJ.
ii. czrij nghoahd bghUfis ffhj

nghoahsfSilna Jikahd xUbghUis cUthFtJ g

Jbfhs.

Efnth ftdij <F tif rijnfw xU bghUis

cUthFj

xU bghUis itJ gy tiff jahF Kiwid g MuhJ

cUthFj.

iii.. Efnth Vilik: Efnth gyjkhd Ritf g mtf

Vilik g mJ bfhSj.
iv. jufLghL: xU bghU gaghLw l ehfSF UF
tif cjj.
v.. kwit: ghJfh iy, _ybghUfis ga Ff, sgu
brhyglit kW iy Fiw g mj.
cz juid nrhgjfhd fhuzf:
i.

Efnth njitfis JbfhL a cz tiffis jahf

KaJt mf.

ii. cz bghU eWkz khw VnjD VgLsjh vW Ko

bra kW
iii. cz bghUf jukw iyid czu bra cjwJ.
vLJfhlhf bfhG bghUf kW btbz Fojiy
mj.

21

xU bghU y kL
ignuhuh (spiderogram) xU bghU kwijl v FiwgLwJ
vgij bjthf sf cj xU fUahF. jdh xU bghU Fiwia
v khWj njit vgij bjthf mJ bfhs KowJ.
a jik

bjhL jik

l jik
y kL
(ignuhuh)
brhj brhj jik

kz

Rit
cz yrh Fzf:
1. njhw
njhw:: cz nkw afns mj njhwJF fhuzkhUwJ.
vLJ fhlhf ~g{ (Fudge) nkw fzho nghw njhw mj kig
ca fhL. cw njhwid kL bra aY. cns fof
onyh (pudding) myJ FHnyh Ujh mj Fiwia ghitnyna
flayh. buho kW bkJjikia ghj khu mayh.
rhJFo gHrhW cs jikia njhwij fL mayh. mj njh
bkajhf U mf rhW cilajhf UF. fjfh
mUgij mj nk njhYs fU w f _y mayh.
2. w : bghUf wf kl Toaitahf UD kw y
gfis ma w cjwJ. vLJfhlhf thiHgH, jfh t
fj jikia w _y mayh. gy cz tiff jikia ma w
xU mFahf UwJ. fh myJ nj ljikia mt wid
bghWJ klyh. buho, nlh, njhir, rgh nghwit mfkhf gG
wUjh j fr Ritl UFnkh vw rnjf xJfgL L.
3. kz : xU cz kz _W gFfis bfhljhf UwJ. mitahtd
thrid, Rit, kW thah czj.
i.. thrid : thrid ClToa vj cz v Mahf Toajhf mj
_yTWf thridWfis brW Ltjhf UF. e fQF
voa bjhiy iy vD bfhF rhgh thrid e czid Ro
GwJ. mf btgiy thrid bghUfis v MahFwJ khwhf
Fj btgiy v Mahjiy jilbrwJ.

22

ii.. Rit : czit mj Ritfhfnt eh knwh. Rit cz e Rit

mUfsh , c, myJ fr vd gythwhf fgLwJ. eh
E mfkhf c, czugLwJ. eh Xu mo fr
czugLwJ. fk TL bghUfshd MfAh, mndh myf kW
MoiALf nghwit Ritia czJwJ. rfiu cz
Ritia VgLJ Ka bghUshf UwJ. Mdh vyh rfiu xnuas
Ritia jUtiy. unlh Rit KjlY,
Fqnfh, khnlh nghwit mlF. czit cQ nghJ VgL a
cz Ritia l thridah mf VgLwJ.
iii.. fy Rit
Rit:: cz cs fyit bghUf ehF tif Ritfis
tutiHf ToaitahF. vYr gHur, rg, y, bfhahgH myJ M
gH nghwtF c nrjh Rit mfF. xU oif rfiu fyj
fhf N mj Ritia TL. nkY rfiu fhYs fr jikia,
myYs jikia Fiwf cj.
iv.. th czj
czj:: cz jikia gjij s fhuij, th
_y mayh. ij ju cz btg myJ F, fodjik myJ
bkik jik, sa jik, ujik I fod jik myJ
(FiH) bkik jik Matiw thll mayh.
v.. csa fhuzf
fhuzf:: cz w, kz, Rit, czU jik tiw
ju xU y csa fhuzfS cz VilikF fhuzkhUwd.
ikahd d cz vjhf VfgLwJ.
nrhjid Tl : cz gnrhjid TlkhdJ IJ gFfis cslajhf
csJ. mitahtd
i.. tuntgiw
tuntgiw:: F nrhjid Tl gahsfSld czit nrhF FG
cWdf fyJiuaho nrhfToa cz tiff g nflwhf.
ii.. khf jahF miw
miw:: J eF Rj bragL njitahd
cgfuzfnshL khfis jahJ itf cj miwahF.
iii. nrhjid miw myJ Mtf
Mtf:: tiwjh FG cWdfsh y
_y cz bghUf klgLwd. Mtf KGtJ Frhjd tr
bragL, rjyhkY, rgjyhj myJ wghd thrid yhkUjY
mta.
iv. sF btr
btr:: gyj wf cs khfis nrhFbghGJ gy
tzKila sFfis gagLJj ntL.
v. cgfuzf
cgfuzf:: vt t, fh myJ fzho ghuf, nfhigf,
gkhW zf nghwit gagLJtjF Vwitahf UF.
kL FGd Fzeyf
Fzeyf::
kjfsh kL brtJ egUF eg khtU. mjdh iyahdjhf
UgJ mjhF. csa fhuf, Niy fhuf kW kL brgt
cliy Matiw bghWJ kL brj khWgL. kL brgtUF
njitahd Fzeyf tUtd MF.
23

gyj khfis ntWgL iu maToatuhf RitF

kzF cs ntWghil g efjtuhf Uj ntL.
ey Mnuha iyUgtuhf Uj mta. Vbd cl
eyyhjtuh czfis rahf kL bra ayhJ.
Fl Jiw mDgt ftuhfUj mta.
ey fLghL cilatuhf, jtwhd muhaf yhjtuhf
Uj ntL.
y _y kL brt Mtftuhf, mJ bfhs ntL vw
MtKilatuhf Uj ntL.
eF ftd brYjToatuhf rahd Kofis vLf Toatuhf
Uj ntL.

nrhjid Tl
nrhjidf tiff
tiff::
y _y czid gnrhjid br nrhjidf bgUks uL
tiffshf fgLsd.
1.. nrhjidFfj myJ bghU rgjgl nrhjidf
nrhjidf:: j tif
nrhjidf cz bghUfSF ilnas ahrfis, y rgjgl
Fzfis ma cjwJ.
2. khwToa myJ Efnth rgjgl nrhjidf
nrhjidf:: tif nrhjidf
cz bghUf Ugf, VW bfhSj, myJ vj msF cz
bghUfis Uwhf vgij ma cgnahfgLwJ.
24

nrhF Kiwf
Kiwf:: czit kL brtjF nkY gy tifahd yDz
nrhjidf csd. mit tUkhW. ehF fshf tifgLjgLsJ.
m) ntWgL m nrhjid (Difference Test)
M) junrhjid (ms khWghLf) (Rating Scale)
) czU nrhjid (Sensitivity Test)
<) tF (tF) nrhjid (Descriptive Test)
nkTa tif nrhjidf vjid njbjLnwh vgJ
nrhjid nehfij bghWJ, kL bra tU egiu bghWJ, rahd
msLf njitia bghWJ khWgL.
m) ntWgL m nrhjid (Difference Test)
1. rkkhd bghUfis xL ghF nrhjid ((Paired Comparison Test)) :
nrhjid FG cWdf gytifahd rkkhd bghUfis n#hoahf
bgWwhf. t xnu khahd bghUfS Ufyh myJ xnu kh
UntWgl bghUfS Ufyh. khf vbghGJ milahs FpLl
UF. bfhLfgl khf xnu khahf UjhY mt br myJ
Fzhaf khWgl FzKilajhf UF. vLJfhlhf Rit,
fr jik, F jik nghwit. xbthU n#hoUJ mf myJ
Fiwj Ritila khf njbjLfgL J itfgLwJ.
kh kL mil
rkkhd bghUf xL nrhjid
bga :
bghU:
nj:
gyjkhd khf bfhLfgLsJ. VnjD uL khfis kL.
bfhLfgl khf uoY VnjD ntWikf csjh?
khf
FpL vf
-

iy

ifbahg
F
F:- y ko vj gf FJ kL bragLwJ vgij
bjthf TWj mta. vLJfhlhf Rit, jik, kz, myJ it
midJ xbthF jj kL mil gagLJj mta.

Mjhu: (For all specimen evaluation cards) Ranganna S. 1977, A Manual on Analysis of Fruits and
Vegetable Products, Tata Mc Graw Hill, Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi.
2. uL _W kh nrhjid ((Duo-trio Test)) : nrhjid _W khf
gagLjgL. mt uL xnukhahf. xW khUF. xnu
khahf cs khfis nrhjid FGl bfhLfgL mit kh cz
(R) kw khfis jbrayhf VnjD xiw njbjLJ KjYs khl
xikgL ghFkhW TwgLwhf. rahd xiw CJ brhy
25

ntL. khfis nrhf itF bghGJ mtiw VnjD xU tif

FGgLjgl ntL.
M) ju nrhjid ((Rating Test)::
it ntWgL m nrhjidia l mf vifyhd tufis
ma, uoF nkgl khfis xnu neu kL bra cjwJ.
1. jutir nrhjid ((Ranking Test) : gy khf xnu Fzgf vthW
ntWgLwJ vgij nrhjid _y khf Ko. ij fLof
jutirid VgLJj ntL. FG cWdfl vyh jkhd khfS
xnu neu bfhLfgL (caj juf bghUnshL nrJ) mjFa FpL
vfS mfgL mit wghd vj gfhf kL bragLwnjh
mjid FL brhygLwJ. Efnth njitnfg FG cWdf
bfhLfgl khfis tirgLj ntL.khWgl fS mDgtf
brhbwhlfis bfhl msnfhfis cgnahfgLjyh.
2. j kh cz nrhjid ((Single sample test ) : czit cl clhF
Rit myJ kzid mtjF j kh cz nrhjid cgnahfgLwJ.
cl wF cs Rit csjh myJ iyah vgij ma, mj u
Fzij ma, g bgw cz kL brgtfis bfhL cz
KGikahd Fzij mJ uL myJ mjF nk kh czfis xL
ghgjwF j nrhjid cjwJ.
) czU nrhjid ((Sensitivity Test) : j nrhjid cz bghUf
btntW tif Rit, kz, jik kW Fljf Fzfis Jt kW
fhu (sF) nghwtiw czJ bfhS w xUtl csjh vgij
ma Ko. j nrhjid _y klhsfis njbjLJ mtfSF
g mJ krhyh bghUf, c, rfiu nghw cz bghUfis jfh
bfr myJ (v.fh) rh kL bra gagLjyh.
1. j bghUis gnrhJ mj ((Dilution Test)) : nrhjid cz
bghU fyJs f Fiwj mss ma bghUis Tl fla Ko.
(v.fh.) btbz, khiu fyUgJ, KGikahd gh gh gl fyUgJ
Kjad. nrhjid kh bghU vts rjj ms ma bghU csJ
vgij kz kW RitYs ntWgho _y mayh. kh bghU mf
fiu jikilajhf Ujh mjju nkglJ vd mayh.
<) tfToa kz rgjkhd mltiz Kiw (Descriptive Flavour Profile
method): cz bghUf ju kW kz nghw ntWghLfis tiuaiw bra
Kiw gagLwJ. ntWgl Rit kW kz bfhl cz bghUf
jukL Kiw flagLwJ. (v.fh) jfh bfr kz jukL

26

mltiz 1.4 bfhLfgLsJ.

mltiz 1.4 : jfh bfr kz jukL

nkfl
gnrhjid
cgnahfgLjgL tUwJ.

Kiwf

cg

bjhrhiyf

y _y kLj Fiwf
Fiwf:

Kof khWghlhdit

cley nfhshWf mjhtJ #ynjhr, neh nghwtwh

juklhsf rahd tif kL bra ayhk nghLj.

kd mGjf j eg kL jikia FiwJL.

27

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. cz ntL vw liy VgLJ xU brany
m) g

M) kz

2. mGfToa czf
m) 400 Kj 550 F

vdgL.

) ghit
btgiy nrfgl ntL.

M) 600 Kj 700 F

) 3500 Kj 400 F

3.

ijf fLifngh Ugjh fLFl fygl bghUshf gagLwJ.

m) sF
M) Mnkh
) v

4.

bfh vaitf, lghf cs bta, cz

f Kil kW f bghUf tUJ clhwJ.
m) jbrayhf tU fygl bghUf
M) ntLbkw nrfgl fygl bghUf
) kw fygl bghUf

5.

kr fygl bghUshf gagLjgLwJ.

m) cz wf

6.
jkf

M) bklh kr

) cz kz

vw (eR) tjiks bghU Wuf, fu kW

a isfis VgLJwJ.

m) fha

M) Fnuhnk

) bkF

7. Jjehf rgl U fyf czit ghJfhF nghJ

VgLwJ.
m) nrh

M) th

8. mfh Yfhl
m) mfha

) nrh, th
VgLJ.

M) mah

) tWfL

9. ienu kW ienuLfsh
m) fu

Wneh, fofS VgLwJ.

M) vY

) uj

10. mkh vD brhthf

m) mfRu khbfo (Agricultural Marketing)
M) mfRu kh (Agricultural Marking)
) Vb# khbfo (Agent Marketing)
11. nfhbl mbknla vgJ
m) cz rl
12.

MF.

M) cz rij

) cz fLghL

Efnth cikfis ghJfhF xU rlkhF.

m) cz ghJfh kW jurlf
) Efnth ghJfh rl
28

M) gHis bghUf Miz

13. w vgJ gHf

m) fj jik
14.

ma cj xU Fplhf UwJ.
M) myjik

) kz

FG cWdfsh y _y cz bghUf klgLwd.

m) nrhjid miw

M) khf jahF miw

) tuntgiw

M) XU tf ila :
1. y cz fhuf ahit?
2. Kiwahf thFj vwh vd?
3. L xLj vwh vd?
4. nr tiff ahit?
5. cz fygl PFA thf vGJ.
6. FPO bjGJ.
7. y _y cz juij kLj (sensory evaluation) - tiuaiw.
8. kz 3 gFfis FLf.
9. cQ Mt vwh vd?
10. wj btrij vwh vd?
gF - M
II.. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. czit ghF csa fhuf ahit?
2. cz thFgtUF Uf ntoa gf ahit?
3. a fygl bghUfis g F tiuf.
4. jbrayhf fHToa eRjikia vthW jgh?
5. czghJfh kW jurlf mfhu brj vL rlfis
tirgLJ.
6. ignuhuh (spiderogram) vwh vd? gl tiu.
7. uL _W kh nrhjid (Duo-Trio Test) g vGJ.
8. cnyhffsh VgL bjhWfis g TWf.
9. fL fLnghJ VgL MgJf ahit?
10. y _y kLj mtaij g vGJ.
gF -
ila:
III.. xU gfF fhk ila
1. cz bghUfis njbjLFnghJ ftf ntoa mrf ahit?
2. eR rid t.
29

3. Rit kL FGd Fzeyfis sF.

4. rkkhd bghUfis xL ghF nrhjidia t (Paired Comparison Test).
5. ciw iy nrig g thf vGJ.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. czit njbjLf cj cw kW btw fhufis t.
2. ntLbknw nrfToa fygl bghUfis VnjD gid
mltizgLJf.
3. cz y rh Fzfis t.
4. uL _W kh nrhjid (Duo-Trio test) junrhjid (Ranking test), j kh
cz nrhjid (Single Sample Test) j bghUis gnrhJ mj
(Dilution Test) nghw nrhjid t.
5. cz tHF Kiwfis t.

30

2. jh nr czl
2.1 fU ts KndwK, f cz kW rJ
njitf, ngWfhy ff, jh w j, FH w j
l eh Mnuhakhf UgjF, kw rkaf czl
bfhLgijl, fgfhy nghJ, mjF K nghJkhd czl bfhLgJ
f cfjJ MF. gugiu, r_f bghUshjhu kW RWw fhuf fU
tsia jh Mnuhaij ghwJ. fUWjYF Knd nghJkhd
czl bgw bg fgkilnghJ mf rJfis nrJ itf Ko.
jdh mbg Mnuhaij ghfhk fU njitfis bra
Ko. fU UFnghJ ey Cl bgw FHf wjl ey cl kW
_is tslD MnuhaJlD thifia v bfhwJ. fUWjYF
K xU bg bgwToa ey Cldh czl bga khWjyhk KG
tss FHia Rkf aY. jhF njitahd czl iwj
czid bfhLF nghJ jh cl cz rJf nr FiwahkY
FH wj mjF njiahd ghiy bfhLf Ko.
fU ts KndwK
jh czl njitf, fU ts kW Kndwfhd
cla njitf tirahd ffis bghWjJ. vdnt, f bg
czl njitfis fzl, j ffis J bfhtJ
mtakhdjhF. fU kW fgYs FH mgjkhd ts _W Ka
iyfis bfhLsJ. J FH cUtY njhwY Vgl Toa
ts khwfis FwJ. xbthU iyY KGikahd ClrJ nr
kW bjhlJ mjfhd czit bfhLJ gfgykhf Uf ntL. FH
ts _W iyfshtd: fUig fUgj, Kakhd cWf kW
Rfis ntWgLJj kW ukhd W ts gUt MF.
1.. fUig fUgj (Kj 2 thuf) : fUig Rtf fUw Kil
xo bfhL cw kW btw brfSl nfhstot bgWwJ. fU
ts nghJ Mah, (Amnion) nfhah (Chorion) nghw fUrf Rit
ghJfhj, czl mj nghw gfis brwd. Mah rthdJ
fUit NJ ig nghW cUth Maho utJl UF. btw
brf jh nr izghd shbrlhthf (Placenta) cUth jhlUJ
fUF njitahd cz, RthrF njitahd uhzthit (M#id)
bgw kW ffis btnaw cjwJ. j brf Kil fUwl
9UJ 10 ehfSF cUthwd.
2. Kakhd cWf kW Rfis ntWgLJj (2 Kj 8 thuf) :
fUts ulhtJ iy mrajf khwf fwJ. KG eu
kly, tW kW Fl ghij, vY kW iz Rf KGtJ
cUthwd. VHhtJ thu cl tot bgW fU KGikahd kj cUt
bgWwJ. Mug thuf Vgl Toa brf tsF jh czl
mgjkhd ms njitgLwJ.
31

3. ukhd W ts gUt (8 thuf Kj FHij wF tiu) :

vL thufSF wF bga ms khwf yhoD tsU FHF
gUt KakhdjhF. jh cl fgfhyF njitahdij bgw,
urt kW ghLtjF njitahd TLj ClrJ nrig <Lfl
j rJz njitfis kh mikwJ.
fg fhy VgL cla khwf

uj fdms 50 rjj tiltjh nkhFnsh, uj

rfiu ms kW uj kW fiu crJf ms
FiwwJ.

iuig kW Fl gF aff Fiwtjh rJf cRj

jik mfwJ. j fhuzkhf kyf, cl cz nkny tUj
kW be vr Mait VgLwJ.

W uf shk%yh (glomerular)tofL j mfJ iu

btnaW jik FiwwJ.

fU tsia, Rf Kndwij xGFgLJ ntiyia

shbrlh RufgL gntW ehsyh Ru f brwd. J
Kakhf rJf, M# kW f bghUfis bfhLJ thF
ntiy <LgLwJ.

fU tsU fhuzjh BMR ms 5 Kj 12 rjj tiu mfwJ.

jh nr czl cs bjhlid gl 2.1 bfhLfgLsJ.

Fiwj cz vLJ bfhSj kW Fiwj ms rJf
gaghL (jkakhj)
jh ClFiw
uj fdms mfkhj
ja af mfgJ jilgLj

fUF Fiwj ms uj kW rJf brYj

Fiwj mss shbrlh

Fiwj mss rJf brYj

fU ts FiwghL
32

fgfhynghJ czl
fgfhy vgJ xU Jj ts gUtkhF. fU ts mj
Kndw Matiw guhkf kW FHij w nghwtiw v bfhs
fgfhy KGtJ rJf njit mfwJ. rJf kW f
bghUf gkhw shbrlh eilbgWwJ. fUF njitahd
M# kW rJf jhlUJ brwJ. fhgil Mi[L, tsij
khwjh VgL ff nghwit vir brw. , bfhG fiu
crJf j guj (diffuse) Kiw fU uj Xl fywJ. kw
crJfshd mndh myf, Fqnfh, fiu crJf,
nrhoa, fha, U nghw jhJ cf Jjkhf fljgLwd.
f bgfhd rJf njitf fl fhuzfsh
mffgLwd.

fU Jj ts

shbrlh ts

jh cl cs Rf tilj, Fghf kh kW fUig Rf.

jh uj Rnwhl uj fdms mfkhj

Maho ut cUthj

rJf nr clhj

fU vY kW vY mik nkY gf mU cUthf jhJ

cf goj.
fUig fU

rJ njitf
fg fhy Vgl Toa tsij khwf kW jh cl cs
rJf nrig bghWJ njitf mffgLwJ. f
bgfSF gJiufgl msf mltiz 2.1- bfhLfgLsJ.
33

mltiz 2.1 : ICMR M f bgfSfhd gJiufgl

msf

Mjhu : Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians, ICMR, 2010.
r : fg fhy nghJ fl fhuzfdh mf ms r
njitgLwJ.

fU ts kW mj braghL

shbrlh ts

jh cl msf mfgJ

uhd mogil tsij khw VgL mf

fUit Rkgjh VgL gS kW jh btw Rf tilj.

34

xU 55 nyh uh vilUF. a bgF fgfhy

njitgL bkhj r ms 80,000 .fnyh. 36,000 .fnyhf
bfhGghf nrfgL, tUw ghL njitF cgnahfgLjgLwJ.
j fhuzkhf fgfhy xU ehisF 300 .fnyhf mfkhf
gJiufgLwJ.
uj : xU ehSF TLjyhf 23 uh j, mjhtJ 78 uh uj
gJiufgLwJ. j TLj uj fl fhuzfSfhf
njitgLwJ.

FH ts

shbrlh ts

fUig kW ghRuf tilj

jh uj fdms mfj

Maho ut clhj

bfhG : xU ehisF 30 uh ffSF ygL bfhG fg fhy

cbfhs ntL vW ICMR tYe FG gJiuJsJ. bkhj fnyh
ndh my _y ilf Toa fnyh ms 4-5 rjjkhf Uf
ntL vW Muh Kof bjgLsJ. aikahj bfhG
myf (EFA) njitfis bra 30 uh fQF ygL bfhG
gJiufgLwJ.
fha (Rzh rJ) : xU taJ tj bg (adult woman) xU ehisa
fha njit 600 . fgfhy j njit 600 . Mf mfwJ.
TLj fha FH vY kW gf fha gojYF, ghL
fhy jhF njitgL mfgoahd fhaij nrJ itf
gagLwJ. KGikahd tsailj FH 30 uh fha nrfJ itwJ.
vdnt jh njitfis, fg TLj njitfis bra xU
ehisF 1200. fha vd gJiuJsJ. Fiwthd ms fha
cbfhsgLnghJ jh vYfUJ jhJ cf fiuJ
Monahnghuh vw neh VgL.
UrJ ((Iron)) : fg fhy U rJ njit xU ehisF 21 . UJ
35 .uhkhf cawJ. TLj 14 fl fhuzfSfhf
njitgLwJ.

jh cl Rf bgUf, tgQf gUk mfj,

shbrlh Ur ms kW urt nghJ VgL uj
H.

FHij wJ 4-6 khjfSF njitahd UrJ FH fu

nrfgl ntL. Vbd FHij Kj cztha gh
Ur ms Fiwthf fhzgLwJ. bghJthf, FH wjl
mtf uj Ur ms 18-22 .uh/ 100 Mf
fhzgL.
35

Jjehf ((Zinc)) : Jjehf Fiw fbgfis f ghF.

RY vi[fY gF bghUshf csJ. Jjehf DNA kW RNA
TL bghUfis cUthFjY, dbgUfY Ka gF twJ.
vdnt Jjehf Fiw FH w, FH ts j ghfgLj
MatF fhuzkhwJ. fg fhy njitnfw ms Jjehf
cbfhshkUjh Fiwj vils FHijf cUthj uL klfhf,
ngWfhyF K urj _W klfhf cawJ.
nrhoa : taJ tj rhjhuz bgF njitahd nrhoa msnt
fgfhyY bfhLfgl ntL. j _y FiwghLf kW Fiwnehf
tuhk jLfyh.
crJf
rhjhuz bgF crJ A lhfnuho 4800 (ik) xU ehisF
gJiufgLsJ.
TLj
msf
fgfhyF
1600ik
gJiufgLsJ.
B crJf bkfnyh sho (Megaloblastic) ujnrhifia jf
~ngh my ms TLjyhf bfhLfgl ntL. crJ B tifahd
jah, nghns kW eah msfS mfms njitgLwJ.
Vbd, tsij khw ff Jiz behfshf, r cUthFjY, jir
kW eu R ntiyfY j crJf <LgLtjh j njitfS
mfwJ.
crJ C tHfkhf bra Toa ntiyfis ju, iz Rf,
uj FHhf tsY U rJ cRjY <LgLwJ. gHf
rhLtj _yK gHrhWfis Fogj _yK crJ C- njitfis
iw brayh.
fha kW ghgu njitf mfgjh crJ D njit
mfwJ. Vbd fha kW ghgu cRj crJ D gF
KakhdjhF. ekJ eho mf ms Na x ilgjh, njitahd
crJ D ms, njh VgL c TL bghUf (Biosynthesis)
cUthjyh iw bragLwJ.
yFthd ntiy br f bg xU ehisa cz njitf
mltiz 2.2- bfhLfgLsJ.

36

mltiz 2.2 yFthd ntiy br f bgfhd cz

njitf

mirt cz cgtfSF 30 gaWtiffSF gyhf 50 khr/nfh

iw/ /Kil bfhLfyh.
Source: Dietary guidelines for Indians-A Manual, National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR.
Hyderabad,2005.
fg fhy czl
mogil cz l bfhiff khwiy. fgfhy rJf
njit mfgjh rJf brj cz bghUfis cz l nrJ
bfhs ntL. mjhtJ xbthU fnyh cQnghJ mf ms cz
rJf ilgjhf Uf ntL. Mfnt fg fhy jh rJz
fia fLtJ f KakhF.
dr cz l 3f gh myJ mjF izahd cz, 2
gkhwf khr, , nfh iw, Kil myJ KGikahd uj cs cz,
mlj myJ kr fhff kW mf ms Rit cs gHf
bfhLgj _y nghJkhd rJzit bgwyh. fg Mug fhyf 75
rjj f bgf Fkl, thdh mtgLtjh mtfSila
gz ghfgL. a msf rahd ilntisf mofo cgj
_y j uridia rbrayh. j mfgoahd njitia iw bra
jhF mf cz njitgLwJ. xU ehisF 5-6 Kiw cz cgJ eyJ.
U r TLj njitia bra cz tiffshd KG
jhaf, mt, bgh, cyj gHf, gir fhff, Kil, brlgl
jhaf, yFf cWf Matiw bfhLfyh. ehrJ iwj
cz bghUfshd a gHf, KG jhafSl mf ms U fgfhy
bghJthf VgL kyfiy jgjfhf bfhLfgl ntL.
xU f bgfhd kh cz l mltiz 2.3 kW 2.4-
bfhLfgLsJ.
37

mltiz 2.3 f bgfhd kh cz l

mltiz 2.4 fg fhyF Vw y cz jahf

38

fg fhy VgL uridf

1. FklY th ((Nausea and vomitting ) : bghJthf fg Mug ehf,
fhiy ntisf mfkhf, y rkaf kw neufY VgL
FklYF, thF ``krif`` vW bga. a msf mofo cz
cQtj _y j uridUJ syh. Mdh y rkaf krif
mfkh iAg uhnlu (hyperemesis gravidarum) vw iy Vglyh.
iy mf ms bjhlJ th vLJ bfhnl Ug. mnghJ
ffSF ftdkhf cz mf ntL. y rka FHh tahf cz
mf ntoa iy VgL.
2. kyf (Constipation) : fgig tilj, Fl gFf
mGjgLtjhY, shbrlh RuF Ahnkhf, iuig, Fl ghij
jirf sFtjhY cla braghLf FiwtjhY ky btnaw
fodkhwJ. mf ms cbfhStjhY, aifahd kysfshd KG
jhaf, cyj gHf, fhff, gHf, gHrhWf dr mUJtjhY
kyfiy jfyh. kysf cgnahgij jf ntL. clg,
ey f nghw dr gHff xGfhd f btnawF
mtakhdjhF.
3. bebrr ((Heartburn) : y f bgf fg fil fhyf
tW uUgJ nghy, beR vtJ nghy Ugjhf TWt. fgig
tilJ tW gFia iwJ bfhtjhY, czFH Flth RU
tilJ iuig cs bghUfis L cz FHYF
brYJtjhY zf VgLwJ. iuig RuF iuig f
czl fyJ nk neh tUtjh bebrriy clhFwJ. iuig
mGjjhY tW gF likahY, tW u UgJ ngh njhW.
a ms czf mofo cgjhY cz ntisfSil ut
cbfhStjhY jid jfyh.
4. njf kW fhf jir o (Oedema and leg cramps ) : cla
khWghLfdh fg fil _W khjf js njf fhf
VgL. fhfUJ utij UjaF vLJ brY iufis tilj
fgig mGJtjh njf VgLwJ. njfF nrhoa
fLghnlh myJ l cz khwfnsh njitiy. mnjngh u neuf,
Obud jirf RU, jiro Vgl fhuz fha rkiy ghfgLjny
MF. uj fha Fiwtjhnyna iy VgLwJ.
5. fh ((Pica) : czitju y njitaw bghUfshd rhfo (chalk),
khbghU (starch) Matiw mofo rhl ntL vw czna fh
vdgL.

39

6. uj nrhif ((Anaemia) : xU f bgF 28 thufSF wF

nkhFnsh ms 10/100 Ujh uj nrhifdh ghfgljhf
fUJt. nkhFnsh ms 8uh/100 Mf Fiw nghJ fgig cs
R ts ghfgLwJ. brf vif mfgjh ~nghny (folate)
njit mfwJ. jdh bkfnyhsho mah VgLwJ. ~nghny
Fiwth Fkl, th, gik mfF.
7. fgdh VgL camGj (Pregnancy Induced Hyertention - PIH) :
fg VgLw nuhO}ah (Proteinuria) (W uj btnaWj),
njf, t myJ idtw iy (coma) Matwh ca uj mGj
VgLwJ. iy fg fil _W khjf VgLwJ. jDl
czaW nghFiy (Eclampsia) kW mjF Kgl iy (Pre-eclampsia) Ma
mFfis bghWJ mj u khWgL. czaW nghF iy
(eclampsia) f nkhrkhd iyia FF. vbsah (Pre- eclampsia)
njfJl, kaf, jiyt, f ghit nfhshWf, Kf njf,
gik, Fkl, kW th VgL. vbsah mfkhd iy
urtnghJ t VgL. KGikahd rJz mgJ jh jfhd ir.
8. fgfhy neh (Gestational Diabetes Mellitus) :
uj fd ms mfgjhY, mjdh VglToa tsij khw
msfshY js FSnfh W btnaW. bgUghyhd bgf
urtF wF rhjhuz FSnfh V jikF khLthf.
VgL bgfSF czaW kuJnghF iy VgL.
9. kJghdf, f~ng (Caffeine),, nghijbghU kW ifiydh
VgL MgJf : fg fhy MfAh ghdf mUJtjh FH
cl kW _is ts mrhjhuzkhf fhzgL. jdh FHF
MfAhdh VgL nuh (Foetal Alcoholic Syndrome, FAS) VgL. FAS cila
sFHf, Fiw ts kW Fiwj vill fhzgLt. tfSF a
jiy, bka nkYjL kW
ka eu kly bra gh Mait VgL.
f~ng (Caffeine) eRbfhoia flJ, FH uj RnwhwJl
fyfToaJ. fh FoF f bgfSF Fiwurt, Fiw ts
FHijf myJ ngWfhyF K wF, vil Fiwj FHijf nghw
MgJf Vgl thL.
fgfhy kUfhfnth myJ bghGJ nghfhfnth
nghijbghUf cgnahfglh iwa uridfis VgLJ. bAuh,
LSD nghw nghij bghUf cgnahgjh fg vil Fiwj FH
clhj, FWa myJ f l urt ntjid kW fg cs FHF
uridf Vgl thsJ. fg Mugfhyf kUJt
Mnyhrid cbfhsgL kUJf, FHf rahf cUthfhk nghF
jikia VgLJ.

40

fgfhy ifogjh bjh bfho mrhjhuz khwf, ts

ghfgL Fiw tsl Fiwj vils FHijf wj nghw
MgJf VgL. uj Xl ms Fiwj bjh bfho tahf brY
M# kW rJf brY ms ghfgLwJ. Fiwj ta (teenage
Pregnancy) myJ jhkjkhf (35 taF nk) myJ ilbt Fiwthf (uL
tUlF Fiwthd ilbt) fg jgJ jh kW nr Ut
cleyF ghJfhghdJ my.
jh w ((Maternal Mortality Rate ) kW FH w j ((Infant Mortalilty
Rate))
jh w j vgJ jhkhfSF urtrka vgL ff
(pureperal causes) fhuzkhf VgL wghF. tif w fgfhyY, FHij
w nghJ VgL f fhuzkhf VgLwJ. fgfhy VgL
ffshd erhj kW K bgwhj iy eR bfho fgLj
nghwit jh wF fhuzkhf csJ. urtrkaY fZlkhd urt ntjid
fhuzkhf y jhkhf cHwhf. mfgoahd jh w
VgLtjFa fhuzfis flJ jFj ftd brYJnghJ wid
jfyh.
jh w j
j:
wf xU tUlF fgfhyY urt nghJ clhF
ff fhuzkhf wF jhkhf vif jh w j vW
UNICEF tiuaWJsJ.
jh w jij tU Kiw fzlyh.
xU tUl wF jhkhf vif
xU tUl wF FHijf vif

x 1,00,000
xU eho Mnuhaij zg jh w j xU Fplhf
csJ. J my cyfs mffgl xU FplhF.
gntW eho 2006
bfhLfgLsJ.
ehLf

tUl

ya

jh

nH

jh w j

vnahah

870

ah

540

njhndah

310

yif

43

uh

10

mbkfh

yhJ

Kndwkilj ehLf jh w j Fiwthfnt fhzgLwJ.

MfhYs vnahahF mLJ ah w j mfkhf
fhzgLwJ.
41

jh w j tiff
jh w j U tiffshf fgLwJ.
m) neuoahf urt rka VgL w
w: fgfhy kW FHij wF
rkaYs ff fhuzkhf tif w clhwJ.
M) kiwKfkhf w VgLj
VgLj: Kd Vfdnt Vgl neh, urtrka
ukiltjh tif wf clhwJ. it fgfhy VgL cla
khwfsh kL clhwJ.
jh wfhd fhuzf
fhuzf: jh wfhd fhuzfis kUJt kW r_f
fhuzf vd UbgU thf fyh.
I. kUJt fhuzf
fhuzf: urt rka VgL y ff kW it myhj
w fhuzfshY VgLwJ.
urt fhy VgL w
w: tif wfhd fhuz FHij wF
cgljhF. it fgfhy cl erhj, uj nghF, oj,
mdah, uj cbrYJnghJ VgL isfshY, kd m kW
gJf fhuzkhf VgLwJ.
w fhuzf
fhuzf: ujnrhif, ja rgjkhd nehf, Wuf, Rthr, tsij
khw nghJ VgL bjhW ahf kW gJf nghwit w
fhuzfshF. it fgnfh myJ FHij wnfh neilahf bjhl
ilahJ. Mdh tif fhuzf fgfhy VgLnghJ mit jhF
wig clhfyh.
II.. r_f fhuzf
fhuzf: kUJt fhuzf ju jh wfhd Vida Ka r_f
fhuzfshtd.
tWik
tWik: mfgoahd tWik fhuzkhf y jhkhf onyna urtij
itJ bfhwhf. ikaw, Rfhjhuyhj iy urt VgLtjh
jhF oj nghwit VgL wF fhuzkhwJ.
faik
faik: mahik fhuzkhf jf fgfhy jhkhf jfis
ftg nghJkhd ms ftd brYjhjjh urt rkaY kW
FHijwF nghJ wf neLwJ.
mahik kW _lgHftHff
_lgHftHff: goUF y jhkhf Tl
mahik kW _lgHfdh kUJt gnrhjidF kW kUJtkid
urt ghgjF Tl nahwd. f f Vglh xa kUJtkidF
brtiy.
rJFiwiy
rJFiwiy: tWik nfhoF Rkhuhf 50 rjj kf csd.
mjdh mf jhkhfsh rjhd czit cbfhs Kotiy. rJ
Fiwdh uj nrhif VgLwJ. jh w Vgl J xU fhuzkhf
csJ.
bga FLgf
FLgf: j fhuzkhf eKiw jhkhfis ftf
KoahjjhY Fiwj ilbt mLjLJ fgkhtdhY jhkhf cl
js VgL wf neLwJ.
42

taJ
taJ: jh taJ xU Ka fhuzkhf mikwJ. f a ta myJ Kj
ta (18 taF myJ 35 taF nk) fUjF nghJ mf w
VglfhuzkhwJ.
gafglhj jhkh _y urt ghj
ghj: Kfhy jhkh urt
ghghf. tfsh urt ghfgLnghJ Rfhjhukw Niy Ugjh
f oJ khj VgL wig VgLJwJ. nkY Kiwahd kUJt
gnrhjid yhk UFnghJ mJ wig VgLJ Ka fhuahf csJ.
Rfhjhukw Niy jhF blld nehia VgLJ. ja
uhkwf nghJkhd urt trfUgiy. Mug Rfhjhu iya kW
Jiz iyaf yhkUj, urt fhy fyhd neuf nghJkhd
cjiyba mJ jh wF fhuzkhwJ.
jh w jij jF tf
tf:
jh wfhd fhuzij mJ mjid Mugiynyna jgj
_y jh wig jfyh.

fUw rka nghJkhd ft njit. jhkhf Rfhjhu

iyafSfF Kiwahf kUJt gnrhjidF bry ntL.

lhlf nrhjid brJ FiwfSF Vw kUJt cj bfhLghf. cl

erhj W M bjgLj, uj mGj nghwtiw
fLoJ jFj neu ir vLJ bfhs ntL.

onyna g bgw jhkh urt ghf ntL. foghf

jhkhfSF nghJkhd g mj ntL.

jhkhfSF FHij wF nghJkhd ilbt KaJtij

g vLJiuj mta.

rJz KaJtijg r_f ms vLJ TWj ntL.

iy kthf ilF rjhd cz bghUfis g TWj ntL.
xUizj FHij ts l jid iwntWt bgUgF
twJ.

rJz kW Mnuha f kfSF kida f kW

kUJtkid _y mj ntL.

tWik xU Ka fhuahf csjh, ij rahd Kiw ifahS nghJ

frkhd ms jh w jij Fiwf cj.

FH w j ((Infant Mortality )
Mnuhakhd FHijfns Mnuhakhd rKjhaij mikwhf.
FHijfyhk vj xU rKjhaij cUthf ayhJ. Vbd FHijf
jh vfhy rKjha Mthf. Mdh tsU ehLf mf ms FHijf
nghJkhd ftdikah wwd. xU taF FHijf wgij
FHij w vnwh. wj 15 ehfSF VgL FHijf wig
nahnel w vW, wJ 15 ehfSF wF VgL FHij wig ngh
43

nahnel w vW TwgLwJ.
FH w j ((Infant Mortality Rate IMR )
FH w tugo FH w j vW TwgL. xU tUl
Mu cUl UF FHijf wF FH vifna FH w
j vdgL. xU taF cs FHijfisna FH vwiHnwh.
FH w jij fzl tU Kiw cjwJ.
xU tUlF wF FHijf vif
FH wj (IMR) =

x1000
bkhj cUl cs FHijf vif

y njbjLj ehLf (2006) Mo ya FH w j

ehLf

FH w j

yhJ

5.08

mbkfh

6.43

yhJ

5.76

uhR

4.21

yif

13.97

ah

54.63

vnahah

93.62

j xL Kiw ah FHijf w j Mf ehlhd

vnahahit l mfkhf Ugij fhwJ.
FH wfhd fhuzf
Utifahd fhuzf mjhtJ kUJt kW r_f fhuzf MF.
I. kUJt fhuzf
nghJkhd Kik
Kik: FHij nghJkhd Kwh iy ca fhyF
Kng wFnghJ xJnghtjfhd mj jik btF Fiwthfnt csJ.
w nghJ VgL fhaf myJ fodkhd urt t
t: j fhuzjh
f VgL, mna VgL cHf nelyh.
mrhjhuz w tsl (cl Cdf) fhzgLj
fhzgLj: tif
KughLf wFnghnj fhzgLwJ. vLJfhlhf ja clYF btna
fhzgLj, uL jiyl wj nghwit.
bjhbfho jik
jik: bjh bfho Kjnyna JLtjh FHijF
M# ilgiy. nkY xUy neuf bjh bfho FHij
fGijR WFtj fhuzkhf w Vglyh.
viuo kW tW nfhshWf
nfhshWf: wj nghJkhd Rfhjhuyhk
FHijF ghLnghJ bjhWf VgL mjdh tWnghF VgL.
jid rtu ftfho w Vglyh. tW nghF FHijia bfhY
xU nehahF.
44

 Rthr cWf u bjhWf clhj

clhj: Rthr cWf bjhWf
VgLnghJ FHijF _RLj uk VgLtjh, nghJkhd M#
ilfhjjh w Vglyh.
bjhW nehf
nehf: FHijfSF v bjhW nehf (fFth Uk,
bjhil milgh, blld, fhrneh nghwit) FHijfSF Kiwahf
jL nghliyba tif nehdh FHijf mf
ghFshwhf.
rJgwhFiw
rJgwhFiw: mfkhd rJFiwnehdh rtiy, nehrh nghw
nehf VgL. it RfSF ghig VgLJ. tiw rahd Kiw
ftfiyba w Vglyh.
gJ : Lf VgL gJfshd khiufis GFj, ffis
Gj, fdkhd bghUf jiy nk Gj nghwit fhuzkhf w
Vgl fhuzkhwJ.
II.. r_f fhuf
fhuf: neuoahf yhk tU y r_f fhuzfdh FH
w VgLwJ. mitahtd
jh taJ
taJ: FH wF jh taF beUa bjhlsJ. jh
taJ fFiwnjh myJ mf taJilajhfnth UFnghJ FH w
mfkhf fhzgLwJ.
FHij ngFs ilbt
ilbt: mofo FHij wdh nghJkhd
ilbt yhj fhuzjh FHijid rahf ftJ ngz Kotiy.
vdnt jdh iu neh Vgl thL.
FLg ms
ms: tWikUF FLgf FHijf nk ftd kW
mfiw brYj Koahk nghtjh w Vglyh.
Fiwj r_f bghUshjhu Niy
Niy: tWik nfhoF Gs FLgf
nghJkhd rJz, Mnuha kw ft Kiwf yhUgjh w
Vglyh.
FHij ey Phd ahf ftf mahik
mahik: FHijfSF rahd
neu jL nghlhk UFnghJ oah nghw bfhoa nehdh wf
nelyh.
giHafhy Kiw urt ghj
ghj: giHafhy Kiw jhkhfis bfhL
urt ghF nghJ, Rfhjhukw Kiw Ugjh bjhWf VgL FHij
w Vgl thL.
ikaw RWw Rfhjhu
Rfhjhu: ikaw RWw Rfhjhujh ntfkhf
bjhWf gut thf VgLwJ.
gafhj gahsf
gahsf: urt fhy VgL ffis rkhf
wikf g bgwtf njit. iyba FH w VgL.
FH wid jF tf
tf: mfkhf FH w VgLtij fl
tKiwf _y Fiwfyh.
45

jhkhfSF nghJkhd nel ft Ujh FH wig

Fiwfyh. FHij wj wF eKiw ftgJ f mta.
FHijfis FUJ, bjhWfUJ ghJfhJ itf ntL.

FHijF Kj tUl jLf Kiwahf nghlglh oah,

fhrneh nghw bfhoa nehf Vglhk jf Ko.

FHijF Kj xU tUlF jhgh fLtj _y, FH w

jij bgUks jf Ko.

FHijfSF jhghnyhL Jiz czfis bfhLFnghJ FH

w jLfgLwJ. onyna jahfToa va Jiz czf g
jhkhfSF fWjUj mta.

tW nghF mfkhf FHijfis bfhY xU nehahf csJ. vdnt

th t nuW fiur jahgJ FJ jhkhf mUjh tW
nghid bgUks jf Ko. jid jahf xU ls bfhf
itJ Ma xU oif c, 4 oif rfiu nrJ fyJ
jahfyh.

gha thf Kiwia jj ntL. Vbd nahnel w

mfkhf s ta Ukzkhd jhF VgLwJ.

UFHij wilna nghJkhd ilbt Ugj mtaij

mWj ntL. FiwjJ _W tUl ilbt mLj FHijngW
UgJ eyJ.

WFLgf mtaij vLJ Tw ntL. mfgoahd FHijf

cs bgaFLg FH wF fhuzkhf mikwJ.

jhkhfSF urtF kUJtkid bry ntoa KaJtij

Tw ntL.

Mnuha f kW rJz fia Rfhjhu gahsfSF, nrit

WtdfSF kW uhkw jhkhfSF bfhLf ntL.

nghnah brhL kUJ bfhLj

46

2.2 ghL fhy

ghL fhy jhF nghJkhd ClrJfis bfhLfgl
ntoaJ f Ka. Vbd FHij wj y khjf jDila
ClrJ njitfSF jh ghiyna rhJsJ. KG tsailj, ntfkhf
tsU FHij ClrJ njitfis jhjh bra ntL.
jDila njitfis, FHijF ntoa mfkhd njitfis bra,
jhF TLj ClrJ njitgLwJ. fgfhy bfhLfgL
Ufukhd l cz, ClrJf nrF, Ufukhf FHijF
ghLtjF ttFF. ghL fhy ClrJ Fiwf Vglh,
mJ RuF gh msit, juij ghF.
jhgh msit, m mls rJfis ghF fhuf
jh czl iy
iy:: gh r kW bfhG ms Kakhf Kdjhf
nrJ itfgLs bfhG rij bghWJ mik.
TLj czl : gh cg TLj czldh bga khwf
VgLtiy.
FH njit
njit:: FH ghiy cR nghJ Ahnkhf Ljdh gh
Ruf cjwJ.
ClFiws jhkhf
jhkhf:: tfsh RuF gh ms FiwjhY, gh
ju Fiwahk cg bra Ko.
ClrJ : nynlh, uj, fha, U rJ, jhu kW ~q ms
jh czlij bghWJ khWtiy.
jhJ cf kW B crJf
crJf:: bra, mnaho kW B c
rJf ms jh czlij bghWJ khWgL.
ku : ghL w gugiu kugQit bghWjJ.
msY juY ntWik : jh cl braghLf, cz btgiy. jh
kW FHij neh Mait gh ms kW gh cslatiw
ghF.
ut cz : jhkhf Fiwthd ut cbfhStjh gh cg ghfgL.
ghL jh rJz njitf fltiw iw bra ntL.
1. jh dr njitfis brtjhf
2. tsU FHF njitahd rJfis brtjhf
3. jh gh cg braghLfSF njitahd ria bfhLgjhf
Uf ntL.
jhgh mls rJf
urt Mdl fFiwj ms bfoahd, kr wkhd, RRghd
ut RuF. jF gh (bfhyou) vW bga. c v mQfS
(antibodies) itl A - mf ms csJ. ij zhfhk FHijF
bfhLf ntL. gh bfhLf Muj y ehf xU jh RR jik
Fiwj, btis wkhd KGikahd ghiy Ruwh. J ClrJfis
bghWj tiu xU KGikahd cz. Mnuhakhd jh xU ehisF 850 ghiy
47

Ruwh. ij cg bra ClrJ njitfS mfwJ.

mltiz 2.5- jhgh mls rJf bfhLfgLsJ.
ghL jh l cz, kW fg nghJ jh rJz iy gh
cg msit, juij Xus ghwJ.
mltiz 2.5 : jhgh mls rJf

ghL fhy njitgL rJf

rJf::
xU ghL jh xU ehSF 850 gh Rugh vw msgo,
mYs rJf msit bghWJ ICMR, ghL jhF ClrJfis
gJiu brJsJ. gh RuF ms Mug mfJ MWkhj tiu mj
ms oF. wF gogoahf FiwJ L. vdnt, ClrJ njitf,
ghL fhyF uL thf mjhtJ 0-6 khjf, 6-12 khjf vd
bfhLfgLsd. mltiz 2.6- ghL jhfhd ClrJ njitf
bfhLfgLsd.
r
r:: ghL jhF gh cgfhf TLj r njitgLwJ. TLj
r ms, RufgL gh ms, gh ilF r ms,
czUJ ilF ria gh ilF rahf khW Mw
Matiw bfhL fzlgLwJ. ghL Kj MW khjfSF eh
xWF600 .fnyh vd gJiufgLsJ. bghJthf a jhkhf MW
khjfSF wF bjhlJ ghLt. Mdh mnghJ gh RugJ FiwJ
L. vdnt 6-12 khjfSF TLj r njit xU ehisF 520.fnyh
vd ICMR gJiuJsJ.

48

mltiz
mltiz:: 2.6 ghL jhfhd ICMR -M gJiufgl
ClrJ njitf

Mjhu : Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians, ICMR, 2010

ghL jh

rj cz
49

uj : jhgh 1.15 uh uj /100 . csjh gh cgfhf, uj

njit mfwJ. ghL fhy Kj MW khjfSF eh xWF
23 , wF 6-12 khjfSF eh xWF 13 uh TLjyhf uj
gJiufgLwJ.
bfhG : ICMR M eh xWF 30 uh fQF ygL bfhG
gJiufgLwJ. ghYs bkhj bfhG ms, jh l czit
bghWJ miktJ iy. Mdh gh cs Tlik, jh czit bghWJ
khWgLwJ. nkY ghLtjF njitahd TLj r njitia rkhf
njitahd r mlid bfhG jUwJ.
fha : jhgh 100 30-40 . fha fhzgLwJ. xU ehSF 850
gh cgahtjh 300 . fha jhgh fhzgLwJ. vdnt 300 .
fhaij dK RuF jhgh jfitf, TLj fha cbfhs
ntoaJ mtakhwJ. mwhl cQ czUJ ilF fhaij
jf itJ bfhS w, ghL jhF 60 rjj kLnk csjh
ghL jh dr fha njit 1200. vd ICMR gJiuJsJ.
UrJ : ghL jhfhd U rJ njit rhjhuz bg xU
ehisa njitahd 21. MF. FHij wF nghnj U r nrnghL
wwJ. Vbd gh xU U rJ iwj cziy.
crJf : ICMR xU ghL jhF xU ehisF 7600 ik.. lh
fnuhO njit vW gJiuJsJ J xU f bgF
njitahdijl mfkhF. fgfhy csJ nghynt ghL fhyY
crJ C- njit mfwJ. crJ A kW B njitfS
mfwJ. Vbd it RuF jh gh csJ. Kakhf iungh~ns,
eah nghwit ghL jh uj ~nghny ms Fiwtjh, TLj
njitahf 100 ik. ~nghny ghL jhF bfhLfgl ntL. dr
cz ujK, fhaK mf Ujh iunghns njit iw
bragLwJ. gh fhaK mf UgnjhL m iunghnsD mf
ms csJ.
ut : njitahd gh RujYF utf mf ms vLJ bfhsgl
ntL. Vbd gh vgJ xU ut RthF. kW ghdfshd gHrhWf,
nj, fh kW gh nghwit gh cgF njitahd utij mwJ.
ghL fhy l cz : ghL jhF, mf ms gh
cgahf, gh Ruf cliy tsF czf, cliy ghJfhF
czf kL r jU czfS TLjyhf njitgLwJ.
xU bg thif rJz njitf, ghL fhy jh
f mf. mjfhf cz ntisf vif mfgLjgl
ntL.
wj FHijf ghiy cRjny gh cgia l ToaJ. cz
gh cgia l Toaitfshd gh, L kW ghjh (almond)
nghwtiw nrgj _y gh cgia mfgLjyh. khr

50

czfshd Moiw, nghwit gh cgia L vd y

jud ewd.
ghL fhy midJ tifahd cz bghUfis nrJ
bfhsyh. vj czit fLgLj ntoa mta iy. Mdh
thrid bghUfS, krhyh bghUfS jfgl ntL. Vbd
mit RuF jhghY mj thridia fl FHij ghiy
Fofhk xJF iy Vglyh. bghUf
jhF
tW
nfhshWfis VgLJ.
ghL nghJ vLJ bfhsgL midJ kUJ bghUfS, mgona
crgL, jh uj Xl fyJ gh RufToaJ. vdnt,
ghL jhkhf kUJf rhLtij jf ntL myJ
flhakhf kUJt Mnyhridgo kUJfis vLJ bfhs ntL.
mltiz 2.7. yFthd ntiy br ghL jhfhd cz
njitf bfhLfgLsd. mltiz 2.8 ghL jhfhd kh cz
lK mltiz 2.9 ghL jhF Vw y cz jahfS
bfhLfgLsd.
mltiz : 2.7
yFthd ntiy br xU ghL
jhfhd cz njitf

F : mirt cgtf 30 uh gU tiffSF gyhf 50uh khr/

/ nfhf / Kil nrJ bfhsyh.
fhbynlhfh
fhbynlhfh: jhgh cg Mf cjgitf fhbynlhfh
(Galactogogues) vdgL. L, gh, ghjh gU Mait gh cgia mfF.
cliy tsF czfshd kW khr gh cgia mfgjhf
ghL jhkhfilna ela Muhf btgLJwd. Xk, btja,
nrfgl nr jahf ghL jhkhfSF bfhLfgLwJ. it
U rJ, uj, fha kW B d c rJfis bfhLftyJ.

51

mltiz : 2.8 xU ghL jhfhd kh cz l

mltiz : 2.9 ghL jhF Vw y cz jahf

52

2.3 s FHgUt
FHgUt: ts KndwK - Cl rJ njitf
jhgh KaJt - ogh bfhLgjh tU uridf, Jiz
kW iz czf, mta kW tiff
kj ts KndwK jjahd brafshF. ts vgJ
cl ms mfj MF. Mdh tsahdJ mij Vgl cj gytiw
FF. Kndw vgJ Rf kW cWf tsia mj
mfkhd TL braghLfis FF. ts, Kndw uL
xUizj fUJfshF. J jhid rhUF a FHia KGikahd
ts bgw jkjdhf KGik bgW KaJtij jjikia
FwJ. FHij cla tsahdJ FHij cQ gyjkhd cz
cs Clrij bghWJ mikwJ. nkY ca mogil tsij
khwF c nta khwF njitahd rahd ClrJ f
bghUf rahd neu, rahd j ilF bghGJjh cl jir
Rf ewhf cUthfgL, ghJfhfgLwJ.
kj ts KndwK cl braghLf VgL khw
kLky. mJ kj rKjha, kdey cwid nkgL eik Rs
Niy kW fyhrhu tsF ttFwJ. KGikahd ts
braghLf KGikahd kjid cUthFwJ. czl FHij
KGikahd ts Ka gnfwJ.
s FH gUt
gUt: Kj tUl FH tsahdJ mfwJ. mj
bkJthf ts Fiwa MuwJ. FHij vilahdJ MWkhj
uoghf xU tUl W _W klfhf mfwJ. jiy
bgajhf Kf tltotkhf UwJ. kh jilahf yhk
cUilahf, tW ghf jahf c bfhL kw cWf ts
Fiwthf fhzgL. FHij wF gUtY, s FH gUtY _is
ts f mfkhf UF. xU tUl W _is tsahdJ
bgatfis ngh _ uL gF tsail. s FH gUt
IJ Kj xgJ khjF gh gf Kisf MuF.
xU tUl W FHijF ehF Kj vL gf KisUF.
cl ts (Physical Growth ): FHijf cl ts bgU khwf
fhzgLwd. cl msf FHijf ts iyia ffhf
cjwJ. FHijf cau kW vil bghJthf cl tsia FF xU
msthf UwJ. jiy Rws FH tsia FF Kakhd
xwhF. kh kW tW gF msf, if fh t msf
tirukkhd ilbt msfgLwJ.
kUJt gnrhjid ((Clinical Examination)): FHij ClrJ iyid
ts Kiwia msgjF gy tifahd kUJt gnrhjidf csd.
mt y mFf
mFf: lkhf RWRWghf Uj, Mnuhakhd iy,
cl ey iy l Uj, gf, <Wf brlD, njh, Ko, kW
ff, ey iyY, ey jir tslD euf ey fLghLlD
53

aF nghJ xUt ey Cliy Ugij mayh.

cz kW cz Cl Kiwf
Kiwf: xUt ts kW Kndw iyF
ey rJz f mahtakhd xwhF. s FHijf c thtjF
ey Mnuhaij bgWtjF w cz Cl Kiwf njitgLwJ. nkY
vj tifahd gh FHijfSF bfhLf ntL vgY, vj Kiw
mf ntL vgY ftd njitgLwJ. FHijfSF jhghjh
kw ghgliu l wj czthF. jhghyhdJ xU tUl tiu FHijF
ntoa ClrJfis bfhLsJ.
ClrJ njit
njit: FHijf ClrJ njitf mtf cbfhS
jhghYs rJf msit, mjDl mF iz czfis
bghWJsJ. jhgh kL ehUJ IJ khjFnk nghjhJ, Jiz
czfS mta. gUt ts mntfkhf Ugjh FHijf
rJ njitia brtJ mahtakhd xwhf csJ.
s FHfhd gJiufgl ClrJf ms cs
mltiz 2.10- bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 2.10 : ICMR s FHfhd gJiufgl
Clr
Jf ms
ClrJf

Mjhu : Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians, ICMR, 2010
1. r : ewhf cztfgl jhkhf RuF 850.. ghiy mogilahf
bfhL r njitahdJ fzlgLwJ. xU FHF Kj MW khjf 92
fnyh/ .K, 6-12 khjf 80 .nyh/..K njitgLwJ. mfgL
54

r 50 rjj BMR-F 25 rjj cl mirfSF 25 rjj

tsF brylgLwJ. mf RWRWghd FHijF rahdJ mj
braghoF mf brylgLtjh bkJ fhzgLwd. MW khjF
wF FHijF njitahd ria jhgh _y 70 rjj jh bra
KowJ, 30 rjj r iz czf _y bgw ntL.
2. uj : cl guhkF kL, Jjkhd vYkly, jir tsF
uj njitgLwJ. rahd tsF njitahd midJ mndh myfS
bfhljhf csJ. Mnuhakhd FHijF xU ehisF njitgL xU .
cl vilF 1.16 uh uj, Kj MWkhjF vLJ bfhs ntL.
MW khjF wF uj njit FiwwJ. mjhtJ 1.69 /. nghJkhdJ.
jid gh, gU nghw Jiz czf mJ <L brayh.
3. bfhG : jhghUJ FHijF xU ehisF 30 uh bfhG
ilwJ. m 10 rjj ndh myK xU rjj ndh myK
csd. jhgh yhj neu mfgL Jiz czUJ 25 rjj
rahdJ fQF bj kW bjahj bfhGUJ bgwgl ntL.
4. fha
fha: FHijF 6 khj tiu jhghUJ xU ehisF ilF 300
.. fha nghJkhdJ. jhghUJ bgwTL bgUks fha cl jf
itJ bfhsgLwJ. FHij ts iyUgjhY FHij vY
kly mfkhf fha gotjhY mj vilia jhf Toa vY
kly miktjhY mfkhf fha njitgLwJ. ij <L bra ICMR
ehbshWF 500. gJiu brJsJ.
5. U rJ
rJ: FHijF U rJ mj tsF, uj bfhss
mff, cl nrF njitgLwJ. ilf bgW kW crgL
Urij fz bfhL xUehisF xU ./. cl vilF njit
vd fzlgLsJ.
6. itlf -itl A: jhgh _y vLJ bfhsgL itl
A I fzL ICMR xU ehisF njitgL itl A ms
FHgUt 350 buodh ik. vW gJiu brJsJ.
itl D: FHF njitgL itl D ms 200-400 IU (International
unit) vd fzlgLwJ. J njitahd ms Na xgLtjh ilfyh.
B tif crJf
crJf: B tif crJf njit FHij vilia
bghWJ fzlgLwJ. J mj rnjitia mogilahf bfhLsJ.
jhghiy kL cQ FHijF mjF njitahd jahD,
iungh~nsD jhghUJ ilf bgWwJ. jhghUJ Rkh 25
Kj 30ik./.fnyh ngh my ilwJ. mJ KGtJnk cufgLwJ.
itl C: xU ehisF 25. itl C njit vd ICMR gJiuJsJ.
j msid (Haem) myhj UrJ cRjiy fz bfhL
gJiu brJsJ.
jhgh KaJt : jhgh FHij ClrJ, cla, csa
njitfis br xU wj czthF. FHij wj 12 k neuF
jhghiy bfhLfyh. bgUghyhd wj FHijf neuoahf jhghiy N
Fof MuF. Mdh f Fiwj neu mjhtJ 5 myJ gJ lf jh
55

mtwh Fof Ko.

gh KaJt
KaJt:
1. urtF wF 3 ehfSF RufgL gh gh (Colostrum) vdgL.
Fiwj ms bfhG, yhnlhR Mdh mf ms nrhoa,
Fnsh kW Jjehf csd.
2. mJ mf ms neh v cia, mf uj kW yhnlhbg,
ndh-Fnsh - A Matiw bfhLsJ.
3. FHijia nehUJ fhgJl nfhaij (Meconium) btgLj
cjwJ.
4. TL brtw bfhG myf (PUFA) jkhdJ gh jhghiy
l mfkhf fhzgLwJ.
mltiz 2.11 ghYs rJf bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 2.11 : ghYs rJf

Mjhu
Mjhu: Guthrie A.H. Introductory Nutrition. Times Mirror/ Mosby College Publishing.
jhghdh VgL eikf
eikf: jhgh FHijfhf aif mj tu
vdyh. FHij Mnuhakhd ts kW KndwF cj rahd
cz jhghyhF. nkY jhF FHijF ilna ca csa
ahf izid VgLJ xU Ka fhuahf UwJ. jdhny ``Breast
is Best vw TWF bghUjkhdjhf csJ. jhghdh VgL eikf
tU fhuf _y sfgLsJ.
i.. rJz fhuf
fhuf: jhgh kW gRghYs fnyh kW bfhG
rJ xnu ms csJ. jhgh ujrJ Fiwthf UjhY mYs
mfgoahd yhnlh msth rkgLjgLwJ. jhgh yhnlh mf
ms csjh ka kW fha cRjYF, mndh my
cRjYF cj tnjhL ieu#id jf itf cjwJ.
jhghYs 1.1 rjj uj 20 rjj nfD, kW 80 rjj bjj ujkhd
(Whey protein) yhnlh Fnshdhf csJ. jhghYs bfhGf brtw
bfhG, aikahj bfhG myf, bfhG fiu crJf,
ghnghLf kW bfhG rJ Matiw cilaJ.
jhghYs fha ms 28 .. FHfSF VgL bll neh
56

f mjhfnt jhgh mUJ FHijF VgLwJ. jhghYs Fiwj

ms
nrhoa
FHijfSF
Wuf
uridfis
jJ
eikafToajhf csJ. FHijF xU ehisF njitgL 0.3
UrJ jhghUJ bgwgLwJ. J Jjehf cRjYF cjtnjhL
njitahd ms jhu rJ ilf brwJ. crJfshd A, C kW E
nghwit gRgh Ugijl mf ms fhzgLwJ.
ii.. neh v fhuf
fhuf: jhghYs aifahd neh v fhuf
kiwKfkhf FHijfSF nehv ria mgnjhL kw braif Kiw
fhufis njitaw xwhdjhf kh LwJ.
m) khnuhngn#
khnuhngn#: it ghOahfis mJ bjhW nehF neh v
wid mwJ.
M) nghirLf
nghirLf: nghirLf, luh nghw itu U v
wid cg brwJ. mJ nghifd nghw ts fhufis
cUthFtJl nghir Rfis o neh Uia vf
LwJ.
) yhnlh~g
yhnlh~g: J Uig ujJl izf cjwJ. nkY .nfhiy
(E.Coli) kW ghOahf tsia jLwJ.
<) yhnlh bg igl fhu ((Lacto baci ll us bifidus) : J xU mndh
rfiuahF. N-mil uh my csJ. J yhnlh bgy
igl fhuia CFJ yhnlhUJ mo my myJ yho
myij cg brwJ. nkY neh Uf tsia jilbrwJ.
c) behf (vi[f)
(vi[f): jhgh ng kW yhnlhbgMnl Ma
behfis tHFwJ. it ujiy nkgLJtnjhL F isF
EQfis mwd.
C) ndh Fnsh : it midJ tifahd Moghofis csla
ghJfh ujkhF. ndh Fnsh jhgh mf ms fhzgL. nkY
nghnahitu, bunlh fhf, nkhfhf MatF vghf clYF
ghJfhig mwJ.
iii.. bghUshjhu fhuf
fhuf: jhghyhdJ FHijF bfhLfToa f iy
Fiwj cz bghUshF. jhgh Rugjfhf jh cQ TLj cz
bryit fzlh Tl kw braif cz bghUfSl xL
ghFnghJ jhgh f iyFiwthd xU bghUshF,
iv.. csa fhuf
fhuf: jhF FHijF ilna Mnuhakhd, rnjhkhd
czfukhd cw Vgl jhgh CLtJ KakhF. jdh jh Ufukhd
czit bgWwh. FHij ghJfh czia bgWwJ.
v.. aif fUjil rhjd
rhjd: jhgh bfhLgJ FLgfLghoF cj
tahF. gh Ruf cj Ahnkh nuhnyo fUig fU cUthfhk
UFgo jLwJ. jdh mLj fg VgLtJ jilgLwJ. nkY
fgig giHa msF ajhwJ. jdh jhgh aif fUjil
rhjdkhf sFwJ. jh fgfhy mfgoahd vilia Fiwf
cjwJ.
57

jhghLtij CFf, sFHfSF ghJfhghd ngha

ClrJf ilf, a muR, a nja rl xiw asJ.
mijbaLJ sFH kW ghbghUf rl (Infant Milk Substitute Act / IMS)
1992- tUl jh ghLtij ghJfhf, nkgLj, Mjutf cUthfglJ.
mrlgo
sFHfSfhd khW cz bghUfis CFf TlhJ.
cl ey ghJfh ikaf braif cz bghUfis kf f
gLgo ftfukhf mL itf TlhJ.
braif gh czf jahF Wtdfis nrj gidahsf,
jhkhfis mQ mbghUfis gid bra TlhJ.
braif gh cz bghUf ga vjifa sgu ifnaLfnsh, W
jffnsh mDkfglkhlhJ.
jhgh KaJt
KaJt: jhF VgL eikf :
1. FHij jhghiy c Fogjh khgff l VgL jhgh
Rugjh, fUig RU giHa iyia mila cjwJ.
2. jhgh mgj _y bry, neu, r nghwit nrfgLwJ.
3. csa ahf xU jhF kwtfsh bfhLf Koahjij jdh
bfhLf KowJ vw kdiwit VgLJwJ.
4. khgf Wneh jhfUJ jhia ghJfhwJ.
FHijF VgL eikf
eikf:
1. jhgh fygl yhk Rjkhf ilwJ.
2. njitahd midJ rJfS rahd j csJ
3. rahd btgiy csJ. ghJfh czia VgLJwJ.
4. tWnghF, kyf nghwit jhgh mUJ FHijfl
fhzgLtiy.
5. jhghiy c Fogjh FHij jhil gF tsailwJ.
World Alliance for Breast Feeding inAction (WABA ):
cyf Rfhjhu WtdK, UNICEF- izJ jhgh CL braiy
CFgjfhd cyf Tlik mjhtJ WABA vgij MuJ xbthU
tUlK MfL 1-7 tiu cyf jhghL thu vd mJsJ.
jhgh thu Hh bfhlhLj

sFH kW gh bghUf jL rl (IMS) ga y Ka jftfis

gut brj
kf kwf _y jhgh KaJtij g mj gaghL
g ma brj.
jhgh aikahik g fUjh Tlf mikJ
cleyF mt Ka gid vLJiuj.
khyY, khtlY cs FHij ey cik rlf g
mUj.
58

nuhl, kW mkh rff bjhlig VgL bfhSj.

jhgh bfhLj ga r_f fyhrhu gHf tHff, _l gHff
ga fUJfis nrfj.
braif cz bfhLj ((Artificial feeding).
ntbwj cz <L bra Koahj wj cz jhghny. MdhY y
jf Koahj Niyf braif cz bfhLgJ mtakhwJ.
fl fhuzfsh braif cztjYF jh fhuzkhwh
1. FWa fhy nehfsha fhr, khgf fh btoJ nghj myJ f
bfhLikahd nehfsha fhrneh kW Uja neh nghwit jhFj
2. jhF OuhLf, v ciwj bghUf (anti coagulants) kW faf
kUJf bfhLfgLj
3. Fiwj gh Ru
4. jh kuz
fl
fhuzfdh
braif
cztjYF
sFH
fhuzkhwJ.
1. f nkhrkhd, Fiwthd ts
2. FWa fhy bjhW nehf
3. wnyna VgL FiwghLfsha sj cjL (Cleft palate) kW cz
FHh kly mil.
jhgh yhjnghJ, gR ghnyh myJ bfhG fgl ghnyh khW
czthf nrjhk bfhLfglyh. FHijF uz r Fiwthf Ujh
kL ghY bfhf itfgl U 3:1 vw j fyJ bfhLfyh. gR
gh bfhLFnghJ UrJ, itl rJ iwj czit bfhLf
ntoaJ Ka.
braif Kiw ghUJ jahfgl ghgl jhghiy xJ
UFgo mj ClrJf kh mikfgLsJ. t U rJ
brlgLsJ. FHijfSF braif cz bfhLF nghJ
mbghUfis ifahS nghJ, jahF nghJ f ftdkhf Uf
ntL. mij jahf gagLJ ghuf, ghgho kW ug fis
f Rjkhf itUf ntL.
o ghdh VgL eikf
eikf:
jh TLj ft njityhk nghwJ.
gh nghJkhd ms ilg jiliy
g jhkhfSF uridiy.
FHijF bfhLfgL gh msit fhzKo
FLgYs kw egfSF FHijF gh bfhLF th ilgjh
bghwhikz VgLtiy.
ogh fLtYs uridf
uridf:
oia bjhlJ FH c bfhL gh ilfhk mHyh. ug
cs Jis milgL Ufyh. mj rka ug khwgl ntL myJ
mil r bragl ntL. gh Nlhfnth Fnjh myJ mf lndh

59

yhknyh Ufyh. it vyh gh fLtjF K ftfgl ntL.

ug Jis bgjhfnth jhfnth Ufyh. ugiu mGal ghtUtjF
Vwgo Jis l ntL. ghoiy rahf oJ gh bfhLjh KGikahf gh
ilF. jdh FH t mf fhW bryhJ. y rka o
fhwilJ ug cGfgLwJ. gho fhiw nyrhfL, ugiu nk GJ
brayh.
ghoiy rhthf oJ fhW fhjthW, FHij fhW FofhjthW, ug
gh uUFkhW ghJ fLj ntL. ij ju ghoiy rahf Rj
braiyba bjhWf Vgl thL. o gh mUJtjh gij
Vgl th csJ. nkY kyf, vr, fik, mf mGif nghwit
Fiwthd czljh VgLwJ. mfkhf ghyUJ nghJ tWnghF
Vglyh.
o gh bfhLF bghGJ ftf ntoa Ka Ff
Ff:
ogh ga m
gh oia Rj bra, bfhf itf tr
Rjkhd j
egfkhd gh tr
nghJkhd Rj br trf
njitahd gztr
czit jahf nghJkhd neu
gh tiffS, mfgL ms
ms: ah gR, vUik, Mat gh
bfhLfgLwJ. jhgh kW kw gh nghwt UF ClrJf
msit mltiz 2.12 fhzyh.
mltiz 2.12 : gytif gh mls rJf (100 uh)

rhjhuzkhf, nrfhj gh J rfiu nrJ FHijF 5UJ 6

Kiw xU ehisF flyh. xbthU FHijF mfgL gh ms J
khWgL. nH bfhLfgLs mltiz cnjrkhf bfhLf ntoa gh
msit FwJ.

60

FHij kl vil mfJ Ujhny nghJkhd ms gh

flgLsJ vW mJ bfhs ntL.
yFf ghiy FHF fl gh ml tUkhW khaikfgl
ntL.
1. bfhG rij rrk brj
brj: vUikgh kLnk bfhG mf
bfhLsJ. FHijF bfhG a ghiy bfhLfyh.
2. bfhf itj
itj: bfhf itgjh aa - nta khwf VgL,
gh juhtij Fiwf cjwJ.
3. ml Fiwa brJ rfiu nrj
nrj: nrJ ml Fiwj, uj kW
ntW jhJ cf msid FiwgjF aikahjJ. xW Kj uL
khj FHijF czthf mfgL gh mlit FiwJ bfhLgJ f
wjJ.
FHij tsu tsu, gh nrfgL msit Fiwfyh. 5 rjj
rfiuia ml Fiwj gh nrfyh. cyj gh gl gagLJnghJ,
fuo u nghJ rkkhf ug ntL vgij kd bfhs ntL. xU
fuo gh glUF 30 .. j njitgL. ghjahf gagLJ
bfhf itJ Mw itJ Uf ntL vgJ Ka.
tU mltiz 2.13 jhghF, oghFKs ntWghLfis
fhLwJ.
mltiz 2.13 : jhghF o ghFKs ntWghLf
ntWghLf:

61

Jiz czfS jhgh WJ neu mfgL czfS

czfS:
(Weaning) vw brhny wemain vw thijUJ vLfgljhF. J
gHfgLJj vW bghUgL. Jiz czf bfhLf MuF bghGJ
gh kwfoj MugkhwJ. l czf FHij cz nrfgLwJ.
gh kwfoj (Weaning) myJ WJj vgJ ut czid cbfhl
FHij cz Kiw khwij VgL l czid cbfhs brjny
MF.
Jiz czf mta : e eho thG FHijfSF bgUghY 6 khj
tiu jhghiyna Ka czthf bfhLfgLwJ. mrka mtf
ts jF mJ nghJkhdjhf csJ. Mdh 6 khjF nk FHij
ts j mfgjh mij <Lbra jhgh kL nghjhJ. FHij
mfgoahd fnyh, uj njitfis FiwJtU jhgh msth <L bra
KoahJ. iAjuhghYs nja Cl rJ Wtd (NIN) FHijf fnyh,
uj, crJf , o Mat njitf mfgjh Jiz cz
mgij gJiu brwJ. Jiz czfis f jhkjkhf
mFnghJ mJ ClFiwF tWnghF nghw MnuhaikF
fhuzkhwJ. efwij bghWjko 3-5 khjfY, uhkw 7-9
khjfY Jiz czf mKfgLjgLwd. Jiz czf 10 rjj
fnyhrJ ujij bfhLfToajhf Uj ntL.
Jiz czf gafis tU gl fhzyh.
Jiz czf gaf
rJz rkiy
mf RWRWl
FHij Uj
eikf
FHij eF
tsj

mf, a tif
czfis
mKfgLJj
czit kJ
cQj

jdif
tsj
Jiz czf tiff
tiff: I. ut Jiz czf ((Liquid Supplements)
1. gh
gh: Mug ghY U 3:1 j fyJ bfhLfyh. y thuf
j msit J jhf FiwJ bfhnl tJ ghiy Ul fyfhk
Fof bfhLfyh.
2. gHrhWf : jfh, uhir, MuR kW rhJFo rhWf agL
bfhLf ntL. ehF Kj MW khjfSF rhiw bfhLf
MuFnghJ xU njfuoas Ul fyJ bfhLfyh. J jhf msit
62

mfJ mf nrfhk bfhLfyh.

3. Nf
Nf: iu N brJ bfhLfyh. iufis eF fG J c,
btfhaK nrJ Fiwj ms ntfitJ tofo bfhLfyh. J
ehf fJ toflhk bfhLfyh.
II. l, ut Jiz czf
czf: (Semi Solid Supplements)
IJ Kj MW khjfSF l ut czf bfhLf Mufyh. Kj
Kj bfhLfgL l ut czthf kh bghU iwj cUisHF kW
jha tiff Matiw eFntf itJ, kJ bfhLfyh. jha
bghUf cgnahFnghJ ntf itJ, kJ mjDl ghY, rfiu nrJ
bfhLfyh. fnyh mlJ iwj cz jahf Kisfoa nfhJik myJ
nftuF cgnahfyh.
1. fhff
fhff: ntfitJ kj cUisHF, fhu, iuf Matiw bfhr
bfhrkhf bfhLf Mufyh. it crJfis jUtJl czF
wij bfhLwJ.
2. gHf
gHf: thiHgH ju M nghw w gHfis ntf itJ xU tUl
Md FHijfSF bfhLfyh.
3. mirt czf
czf: ntfitj Kil kr fUid 6-7 khjf
bfhLf Mufyh. FHij mij VW bfhlh d J jhf
mfgLjyh. Kil kris UJthd flLfshf bfhLfyh.
Kil btisfU yUF xthikia clhFtjh 10 khjfSF
wF bfhLfyh. mj wF KG Kilia UJthf ntfitnjh myJ ngh
(Poaching) brnjh bfhLfyh. ntf itJ kj khr, ntfitj
nghwt J thrid bghUfis nrJ bfhLfyh.
4. gU tiff
tiff: gU tiffis jhafSl nrJ eF ntf itj ro
myJ bghf myJ fahf bfhLfyh. gU tiff kW khr
jahfis xU ehL xU eh bfhLgj _y thu 3-4 Kiw FHijF
j czf ilF.
III.. l czf (Solid Supplements): FHijF g Kisf MuF nghJ l
cz Mufyh. l, ut czf FHijF gHfkhd wF , rgh,
njhir, rhj kW gU nghwtiw bfhLfyh. kj khrF gyhf
bfhJ f bfhLfyh.
jhf eW ntf itj fhff, iuf, UJthf, ntf itfgl
myJ gir nfu, njhY, ijfS fgl gHJLf Matiw
bfhLfyh. l cz rhl bfhLFnghJ, FHijF, Fof iwa
bfhLf ntL. bfhf itJ Mwitj iu J jhf xU ehisF
uoUJ _W Kiw bfhLf ntL. bt ehf D mfkhf
bfhLf ntL.
tU mltiz2.14 6-12 khjfshd sFH czlfhf
gJiufgl cznjitf bfhLfgLsJ.

63

mltiz2.14 sFHfSfhd cz njitf (6-12 khjf)

Mjhu
Mjhu: Dietary Guidelines for Indians - A Manual, NIN, ICMR, Hyderabad, India, 2005.
*jh ghiy jJ gh ms bfhLfgLsJ. jhgh
bfhLFnghJ 200 . gh njitgL. cz jahFnghJ f ftdkhf
Uf ntL.
Jiz cz bfhLFnghJ ftf ntoa Ff
gh kwfoj myJ WJj vgJ ut czid cbfhl
FHijia bkJthf l czF khw brjny MF. Mdh ij
MuF neu, l, fyhrhu, bghUshjhu tr Matiw bghWJ
khWgL.
bghJthf jhatif czfns Ka Jiz czthf csJ. Vbd
J fnyh, uj, nghw Ka cz njitfis brwJ.
cz jah Kiw khWgL fhzgL, Mdh Ufsh bjhWf
VglhjthW Uj mta.
ajhf xnu xU czid kLnk mKfgLj ntL
Mug a czit jsnt bfhLf ntL. FHij Ug
Mujh J jhf msit mff ntL.
FHijia flhagL czit Cl TlhJ. FHij VjhtJ czit
Ugiybawh, mij bjhluhk ntW czit mf Kaf
ntL. mj czit 2-3 thuf fJ bfhLJ ghf ntL.
FHij bjhlJ mj czit uhfjh mj czF gyhf ntW
czit kh mikf ntL.
krhyh iwj czit bfhLf TlhJ. vbz bghj czfis
jf ntL.
gntW khwfis brJ FHij czit ftfukhf khw
ntoaJ mta. FHij xU czit U cz bjhlal,
mLj a czit Muf ntL. mnghJ jh a cz tiffis
64

ehsil FHij VW bfhs MuF. FHij tsu, tsu gy czf,

tif, cz w, kz, jik,tot MatF w ftd brYj
ntL. mbghGJjh FHij ftdij ftuKo.
FHijF ey cz gHffis cL gz vyh tifahd
czfis rhl bfhLf ntL. FHijf Kdh bgnwhf
mtfSila czitga brhj U btWfis fhl TlhJ.
giHa czthf yhk jhf jahfgl czfisna bfhLf
ntL.
gHur ff bfhLfgl ntL. gho jUtij jj ntL.
Fiwj iy Jiz czf
czf:
tU mltiz 2.15 gntW Wtdfsh gJiu bragl Fiwj
iy Jiz czf goa bfhLfgLsJ. it ClrJf
fjhf Fiwj iyY Ugjh jhkhfsh jf FHijfSF
bfhLfToajhf csJ.
mltiz
mltiz: 2.15 Fiwj iy Jiz czf

65

mltiz
mltiz: 2.16 FHijfSnfw gJiu bragl ytif cz
jahf

Jiz czf
66

ngWfhyF K wF FHijf
FHijf( P reterm babies) : fUjj 37
thufSF K wF FHijf bl FHijf vdgLt. Fiwthd
vill wF FHij vil 2500 uhKF Fiwthf UF. ah
cs FHijf Fiwthd vill wF FHijf vif 30 rjj
fhzgLwJ.
Fiwthd vill FHij wgjfhd fhuzf
fhuzf:
1. jh Fiwthd cl iw myF (Low maternal Body Mass Index)
2. s taJ Ukz
3. mf ahr Uj (High parity)
4. a cl mik (Small stature)
5. fUw rka Fiwthd vill Uj
6. U rJ kW ngh my FiwghLl Cl Fiw VgLj
7. ngWfhyF K FHijf wj
ngWfhyF K wF FHijF cztj
cztj: bl FHijfSF
cztj vgJ xU rthyhd akhf csJ. Vbd tf fUig
Uf ntoa fhy vjifa ts jij milUghfnsh mnj
ms ts jij bgw rJs czit mgij Fnfhshf bfhs
ntL.
bl FHijfSF VgL ff
ff:
1. ghiy cr Koahj jik, ghiy GF euaf FiwghL
2. a tW, Mdh mf fnyh njit
3. Uja, tW, Flth, RU rahf ntiy bra Koahjjh _iu
4. Ka ClrJf KGikahf crglhik
cz njitf
njitf: ts mf yhj ngWfhyF K wF
FHijF Kj thu r njit 60. fnyh/. cl vil/ d Mf Uf
ntL. Kj U thuf fJ Ufukhd tsF r njit 120-150
.fnyh/ cl vil/d njitgL. vilnaw yhj FHijf, mWit
ir wjtf kW f nkhrkhd bl FHijf MnahUF
fnyhf f mfkhf njitgL. bl FHij jhF jhgh mf
fnyh, bfhG, uj kW nrhoa fhzgL. jhghdh FHij vil
Kndw iyba jhghYl mf fnyh rJf brlgl jhtu
vbzia mf ms bfhLfgl ntL.

bl FHij
67

2.4. nehf jLghw - bjhW nehf jLF tf - neh jL

mltiz - nehw FHijf guhk
Mnuha vgJ vyh fyhrhuY Kakhd xwhf UwJ.
Mnuhaij g ewhf J bfhtnj cl ey vdyh.
btlh : Mnuha vgJ cl, cs myJ kd eyKl vj nehfS,
t yhk Uj vd btlh tiuaWwh.
MnghL My mfuhgo Mnuha vgJ clY, csK u
jikl UJ jfSila gfis KGikahf f wikahf brJ
Koj MF. cyf Rfhjhu Wtd (WHO) MnuhabkgJ guz cl, kdJ,
r_f ey vgij guz iyUj vW nehf yhk Uj
kLky vW Mnuhaij tiuaiw brwJ.
midtUF Mnuha (Health for all) vgJ jnghija J bfhifahf
cyfs csJ. Vbd cyYs TLjyhd kf Kakhf uhkw ViH
kf Mnuha Fiwj iy csd. Mug Rfhjhu Ka bfhif
vdbt Mnuha kfSfhf kfsh VgL bfhsgL xwhF.
kjlUJ kjDF, yFflUJ kjfSF bjhW nehf
gutij g z Ujhny rhjhuzkhf VglToa gyjkhd
nehfis jf Ko.
neh gu j : nehf vgJ (Disease) rhjhuzkhf yhj iyia FF.
Vbd rhjhuzkhf yhjjh cl ntiyf jilgL fhzgL.
Mnuha Fiw (illness) vgJ VnjD xU Fl neh Ugij mjF
xUt elij vid mF iy, mjdh cs r_f Niyah
VgL ghfis FwJ. Rfd (Sickness) vgJ rf#iy yhk
UjyhF.
nehf _W jkhdit : mit nH bfhLfgLsJ.
1. Ufsh clhF neh ((Infectious disease) : J kUJtgo Cj
bragl kjfSnfh, ydfSnfh Ufsh clhF nehna MF.
2. bjhW neh (Contagious disease ) : nehahfis bjhLtjh VglToa
nehahF (v.fh. brh, uF, bjhG neh)
3. bjhdh gutToa neh ((Communicable Disease ) : VnjD xU Fl
nehbjhW myJ bghUf neuoahfnth myJ kiwKfkhfnth gutjh
VgL neh MF. it kjfSilna, yFflUJ,
kjfSF myJ RWw NHUJ mjhtJ fhW, k, , , cz
t _y VgL.

fhr

68

nehah
nehf guj

fhW, cz, kW fo (Medium)

Kft (Agent) isF

EQ (Microbes)

mEQ (Virus)

G (Worm)

gu fSF Kftf / isF EQfns fhuz.

EQ, mEQ kW Gf nghw EQfS tylF.
nehw FHij kW jeg bghJthf gugtf vd TwgLt.
mFf njhwF, isF EQf EiHj ntisF
ilgl neu mil fhy (incubation period) vdgL.
fis jLj kW fLgLJj
gu fis tU _W fhufsh jfyh.
neh v Mw
gu fis
fLgLJj
ik

ey ClrJ

gu tf : gutToa nehf nehw xUtlUJ myJ nehUf

_ykhfnth gu. gu tfis flthW tifgLjyh.
m) neuoahf guj (Direct Transmission)
1. neuo bjhl (Direct contact)
2. c J _y gu neh (Droplet infection)
3. k _y guj (Contact with soil)
4. njh _y guj (Inoculation into skin)
5. bjh bfho _y guj (Transplacental)
M) kiwKfkhf guj (Indirect Transmission)
1. bfhRf (Vehicle borne)
2. f (Vector borne)
3. fhW (Air borne)
4. br (Fomite borne)
5. mRjkhd iff, uf _y guj.

69

m) neuoahf gu Kiw (Direct Transmission)

1. neuo bjhl : njh _ykhf myJ clYs #ghij _ykhf neuoahf
guwJ. nehw xUtl UF neh UahdJ neilahf kwtfSF
guwJ. bjhLj _ykhf njhUJ njh neh guwJ (v.fh) v, bjhGneh,
njh kW f neh.
2. c J _y guj : btlf ngRnghJ myJ JKnghJ
myJ UKnghJ c Jf kwtf J jWtjh VgLwJ.
nehwt c UF vzw EQfS, itufS neh gut
fhuzkhsJ. Mnuhakhd xU eg ghOahfis, itufis
cGJ bfhS nghJ neh VgLwJ. (v.fh) Rthr bjhWf, fhr,
eu kly ghf, r, oah, fFth Uk, o.. nghwit mf
beUfkhd lY, f mUfUnf UFnghJ, nghJkhd fhnwhl
tryhjnghJ Kiw mf bjhWf guwd.
3. k _y guj : nehw xUt cl ff, mGa fhff
nghwit k ka iyUFnghJ, mjndhL neuoahf bjhl
VgLnghJ Gf _y nehf guwd. (v.fh) uz #, bfh Gf.
4. njh _y guj : nehs uhahdJ neuoahf kwtiu jhFnghJ
myJ foF bghGJ neh njh _y guwJ. (v.fh) ehfoah nu
neh VgLj. bAgilo neh ikyhj / nehUf bfhyglhj
cgnahj C _y VgLj.
5. bjh bfho _y guj
guj: nehwtUila bjh bfhoUJ
FHijF guwJ. (v.fh) %bgyh itu, , bAgilo nghwit.
M) kiwKfkhf guj
gyjkhd ntWgl tf guwJ. gHfhy bjhL tU 5-F fshd Flies,
Finger, Fomites, Food, Fluid <f, uf, ~nghik br , cz, ut
nghwt _y kiwKfkhf guwJ. nehUahdJ btw Niy
eF tsJ neh clhF jikia, aij jf itJ bfhL
jFj eg ajhf ilFnghJ mtfl nehia gut brwJ.
nehwtUF kUJf xthikia VgLJ nghJ nehf gutJ vjh
LwJ.
1. cuw bghUf _y ((Vehicle borne) guj : Kiw neh
UahdJ , cz (gir fhff, gHf, gh kW gh bghUf) I,
uj, u, shkh kW ca bghUfshd Rf _y guwJ. t
cz kW nghwt _y f mfkhf neh guwJ. vLJfhlhf
fLikahd tW nghF, ilghL fhr, fhyuh, nghnah, bAgilo A, cz
khj, t Gf clhj nghwit t mlF. knyah,
Ubryh, bAgilo B nghwit uj _y guwd.

70

2. cUs bghUf _y neh guj ((Vector borne )

cUs bghUf ca Kiwnyh myJ aufnyh
nehUfis kwtfSF gu nehia VgLJj MF. t
KJbfYgw uhfshd <f, bfhRf, fugh kW KJbfY
csitahd kj, btsth, v, gwit nghwt _y neh guwJ.
xLf gu kW bgUF j
m) au f guj : xLf gwj, Cj, fit btnaWj
_ykhf guj
M) ca Kiw guj : xLf cUs bghUf uoghj
myJ tsj nghwtF xU milfhy njitgLwJ.
J tU _W Kiwf guwJ.
i. buhgnfo ( Propagative)) - xLf cUs bghU mtF vj
khwK yhk bgUFj. (v.fh) vf tsU ns Uf
ii. irnsh buhgnfo ((Cyclopropagative)) - j xLf cUs bghU
mt njhwY vifY khWj (v.fh) bfhRf tsU knyah
Uf.
iii. irnsh bltybkl ((Cyclodevelopmental)) - j xLf cUs
bghU tsUnk ju dbgUfkilahJ (v.fh) a cUUJ (nymph) bga
nehUahf tsj
3. fh tahf guj :
i. Jf ((Droplet nuclei)) : nehw xUt UKnghnjh myJ JKnghnjh G
Jf (Droplet Nuclei) _y nehUf fh fywd. it l
fhyF fh fyJ UF. tif fhiw RthF nghnjh myJ
mjDl bjhl VgLbghGnjh nehUf nehia VgLJwJ. t
gu nehfshdJ vYU neh (TB), q fhar, mik, kzth mik,
fhr kW Rthr bjhWf MF.
ii. R (Dust) - ngRnghJ, JKnghJ, UKnghJ G Jf jiu, fhbg,
Mrdf, Jf, gLif f kW mUnf cs gy bghUf GJ,
kiwJ fhzgL. Rfis mfWnghnjh, TLnghnjh, gLifia jah
brnghnjh kiwUF Uf fh _y _lglhj czf, gh
nghwtY guwJ. tif VgL nehfshtd nkhah, vYU
neh (TB), fhr nghwit.
4. br tahf guj ((Fomite borne ) : kW cz ju bjhWneh
Uf, nehwtf _ykhf Mnuhakhf cstiu brW jhF.
nehahf gagLJ <ukhd Jf, JL, f, , bg, jf, ls,
C, mWit ir rhjdf Uf kiwUgjh mt _y
guwJ. oah, ilghL fhr, EU jng, bAgilo V, f kW
njh bjhWf nghwit br _y guwJ.

71

5. mRjkhd iff, uf _y guj

guj:
neh Uf iff _ykhf f vjhf _F,
njh nghwtiw rahf Rj braiyba
czF guwJ. neuoahfnth myJ
kiwKfkhfnth nehUf ifUJ
thtahf guwd. (v.fh) blignyhfhf
bjhW, ilghL fhr, jng, bAgilo,
t clhj nghw nehf
clhwd.
rhjhuzkhf VglToa ytif nehfS
mtiw jLgjfhd tKiwfS tU
mltiz 2.17 bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 2.17 : nehfS, jL KiwfS

72

nehjLghw (Immunization) :
neh tj ir brtij l tUK fhgJ wjJ. s
FHijfis ghF bfhoa nehfshd sis thj, FHijf
wnfh myJ KlFthjij jgjF jL mtakhwJ.
neh v r (Immunity) :
EQf myJ mYs jik e cliy jhfhjthW jLgnj
neh v r vdgL. xU EQ cl brwl jikia
mgjfhf neh v c (antigen) clD cgahwJ. FHij wjl
jhlUJ mf ms neh v ria bgW FHijf y khjf Mf
Mf j ria Hwd. tifahf bgwgl neh v r clD
Ugjh Kj MW khjf tiu FHijfSF kz th nghw mik neh
jhfgl f Fiwj thng csJ.
neh jL (Vaccination) :
IgJ tUlfSF Kng vtL b#d mtfsh gagLjgl
bfsgh myJ th vg UJ nehjL vw brh tjJ.
gyjLfSF Fiwj rs cUs neh clhF U
73

gagLjgLwJ. sis thj jL kUJ, bghDF jL kUJ,

fhrnehF nghlgL ... nghw nehjL kUJfis cjhuzkhf Twyh.
neh jLahdJ EQfsh VgL neh myJ bjhW nehF vuhf
neh v ria mJ ghJfhwJ.
nehjLghw :
nehjLghw vgJ nta bghUfis clD brY eR
bghUfdh VgL isfis Fiwj MF. jF cjhuzkhf bjhil
milgh, neh (blld) nghw nehfis clhF eR jikia
jLgjF, eR bghUis kh mikfgl mik bfhLJ, neh aij
Fiwfyh.

neh jL mltiz
a FHij kUJt mfhl (Indian Academy of Paediatrics) ah
mffgl mltiz 2.18 bfhLfgLsJ.
74

mltiz 2.18 : neh jL mltiz

Mjhu IAP (2009)

B.C.G. - Bacillus Calmitte Guerin D.P.T - Diphtheria, Pertusis Tetanus OPV - Oral Polio vaceination
M.M.R - Mumps, Measles, Rubella.
gutToa bjhW nehf
nehf: kj Fy UF tiu bjhW nehf gh
UF. bghJthf gutToa bjhW nehf 4 f mlF. mitahtd
m) Rthr cWf VgL bjhW neh
i. oah
ii. fFth Uk
iii. jlik, bghDF , b#k jlik
iv. Rthr bjhWf
v. vYU neh
75

M) tW, Fl VgL bjhW neh

i. nghnah
ii. fhyuh
iii. ilghL fhr
iv. bAgilo
) vY bjhW nehf
i. knyah
ii. oF fhr
<) uhf _y (Animal source) gu neh (Zoonoses)
i. nu
ii. ns neh
iii. FFah fhr

mltiz 2.19 : bjhW nehfS jF tfS

m) Rthr cWf VgL bjhW nehf

76

77

M) tWFl bjhW nehf

) izj fhfSila fodkhd njhYl cs fsh VgL

bjhWf (Arothropod Borne Infection)

78

<) uhf _y gu neh ( Zoonoses))

c) yjh myJ kzh VgL bjhWf ((Surface infection )

79

FH
ijf nehW UF bghGJ ftf ntoa bghJ f
FHijf
1. kUJt myJ brjh miufis gw ntL. kUJtl
brW fhlhknyh myJ mtUila mDknah kUJf bfhLjh
mJ u isit VgLJ
2. UJthd trahd jgLif mikj mta.
3. nehah UF miw f Rjkhdjhf Uj ntL.
4. bjhW nehah ghfgL Ujhnyh myJ fhr Ujhnyh
nehahfis ghgjF mDkj TlhJ.
5. nehah cgnahffhf Rjkhd lt, jjL, ls nghwit jUj
ntL.
6. miw fhnwhlKsjhf, nehahia trahf itf ntL.
7. kyf yhk ghJ bfhs ntL.
8. nehahia ftngh ftgjF KD D ewhf ifia fGt
ntL.
9. kUJt Ta czid mHfhf gkh a ms bfhLJ nehahia
cz itf ntL.
10. nehah mf ehf Mg gLf nelh isahL rhkhfis
bfhLJ myJ ey fijfis T neuij eyKiw gagLj
ntL.
11. nehahf Kiy nehiag bgJgL TWjTlhJ.

80

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. xU f bg xU ehisa fha njit
m) 400

M) 1200

) 600

2. fUit KGikahd kj cUtkhf fgfhy

flayh.
m) Kj 2 thuf

M) 2 Kj 8 thuf

3. ``krif vgJ
m) fgfhy

) fUw 9 Kj 10 ehf

bgfSF VgL uridahF.

M) ghL fhy

4. urt Mdl Ruf Toa gh

m) KGikahd gh

) khjlh RH
F nghJ
vW miHfgLwJ,

M) bfhyou

) KGikaw gh

5. ghL jh xU ehisF ruhrahf RuF gh ms

m) 850

M) 550

6. jhghYs
FHijfSF mwJ.
m) behf

) 200

bjhW nehF vuhf neh v wid

M) Ahnkhf

) nknuh~ng#

7. xbthU tUlK cyfjhghL thu

mDrfgLwJ.
m) MfL

khj Kj thu

M) brlg

8. tUdt xW o jahf Toa Jiz czthF.

m) mj

M) Ah

) nghlh

9. bjhdh gutToa nehf

m) Moghf

_y gutjh VgLwJ.

M) bjhWf

) nghirLf

10. bfhRf cs knyah xLf vgJ

m) buhgnfo

Kiw guwJ.

M) irnsh nuhgnfo

) irnsh bltybkl
11. jlhik (meables) jL FHijfSF bfhLfgl ntoa fhy
m) 9 khjf

M) 14 thuf

) 6 thuf

12. xU FHij 15 Kj 18 khjfshf UFnghJ

ntL.
m) DPT
13. BCG jL
m) FHij wjl

M) MMR

jL bfhLfgl
) BCG

bfhLfgl ntL.
M) 6 khj
81

) 2 tUlf

14. vYU neh vgJ xU

m) Rthr bjhW

M) tWFl bjhW

15. nu itu kjDF

m) v

) fsh VgL bjhW

_y guwJ.

M) eh

) bfhR

M) XU tf ila
1.

f bgfhd TLjyhf gJiufgl UrJ msf vd?

2. fh vgJ vd?
3. PIH - thfij vGJ.
4. FAS - g vGJ
5. jh w j - vwh vd?
6. FH w j - tiuaW.
7. jh w jij vthW fzLth?
8. jhkh urt vgJ vd?
9. FH w jij vthW fzLth?
10. WABA - bjGJ
11. fhbynlhfhF (galactogogues) uL cjhuzf bfhL.
12. ehF khj FHijF xU ehisF njitahd gh ms vd?
13. Jiz czf tiffis vGJ.
14. uL Jiz czf jahF Kiwia TW.
15. ngWfhyF K wF FHijf aht?
16. bjhW nehfSF uL cjhuzf TW.
17. neuoahf gu nehfSF uL cjhuzf jUf.
18. neuoahf gu Kiwf tfis vGJ.
19. neuo neh jLghwiy tiuaW.
20. fsh VgL bjhWf uoid vGJ.
21. bjhil milgh vjdh VgLwJ vd fLo.
22. nghnah nehid vthW jLgh?
23. ilghL fhrYfhd fhuf vd?
24. DPT vwh vd?
25. cUs bghUf _y neh guj vwh vd?

82

gF - M
II.. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. fU ts _W iyfis vGJ.
2. jhnr czlF ilna cs bjhlid t.
3. f bgF TLj rJf bfhLfgl ntoa mtafis
goaL.
4. yFthd ntiybr f bgfhd cz njitfis vGJ.
5. fgdh VgL cauj mGj vwh vd?
6. jh wfhd fhuzfis goaL.
7. jhgh mls rJfis vGJ.
8. bfhyou KaJtij vGJ.
9. ndh Fnsh vgJ vd?
10. oghdh VgL uridfis goaL.
11. Jiz cz bfhLF nghJ ftf ntoa Ffis vGJ.
12. FHij mKJ Jizcz cs cz bghUfis rJfis vGJ.
13. nehf tiffis vGJ.
14. njh t kW fhryh (Rashes with fever) ghfgl FHijia
vthW ghJfhgh?
15. neh jL - tiuaW.
16. neh jLghw - tiuaW.
17. neuo kW kiwKf neh jLghwiy ntWgLJf.
18. b#k jlik tUtjfhd fhuzfis, mFfis vGJ.
19. fhyuh mFf ahit? mij jF tfis vGJ.
20. f Fah fhrYfhd fhuzf, mFf vd? mij vthW
jgh?
gF -
III.. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. fU ts Kndwij g th.
2. fgfhy nghJ VgL czl g t.
3. jh w vwh vd? mjfhd fhuzfis jF tfis vGJ.
4. jhgh msit, m mls rJfis ghF fhufis
vGJ.
5. ghL fhy czl g th. kh cz l xid jah
br.
6. jhghdh VgL eikfis t.

83

7. jhghF oghFKs ntWghLfis mltizgLJ.

8. sFHfhd Jiz czf tiffis t.
9. FHijfl rhjhuzkhf fhzgL ytif nehfS, mtiw
jLgjfhd tKiwfis t.
10. eilKiw cs nehjL mltizia vGJ.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. fgfhy VgL uriidfis FL. mtiw t.
2. FH w j g vGJ. mj fhuzfis jF Kiwfis
th.
3. ICMR - sFHfhd gJiufgl msfis mltizgL, rJ
njitf g vGJ.
4. f bg rJ njitf g t.
5. Rthr cWf VgL bjhW nehf, fhuzf, mFf mjid
jF tfis mltizgLJ.
6. tWFl bjhdh VgL nehfis vG tU jiyf th.
m) fhuzf

M) mFf

) jF tf

84

3. FHijfSfhd czl
3.1 KgUt g kW g brY FHijf cz rJ njitf,
ey cz gHfij VgLJtjfhd tKiwf
FHij ts xU taJtiu ntfkhf xW Kj MW taJ tiu
tsahdJ Fiwthf fhzgL. FHijf Fiwthf cz cgnjhL
mtfSF g FiwJ fhzgL. ulhtJ taJ Mug Kjny mtf
vY ts j bkJthf jir ts TLjyhf UF. vdnt
gUt fnyh, uj kW jhJ cf mfkhf njitgL. gf
ts gUtUJ KgUt g tiu bjhlwJ.
rahd czL czgHfK fhy Mnuha thifF
KakhdJ vgij czj KgUtnk fwj jUzkhF. gUt
clhF, gHffS braKiwfSnk fhyY gwgLwJ.
FHij _is ts gUt VgLwJ. g VgL a Niy
FHij tsF VJthwJ.
ts Kiw
Kiw: FHij ulhtJ ta 10 brol cauK 2 -2.5 .
vil mfwJ. uL taF wF FHijf ts j rW
FiwwJ. mjhtJ MoF 6-7 brol cau, kW 1.5-2 .uh vil kLnk
mfwJ. FHijfilna cl ts (physical development) mf ms
ahr fhzgLwJ.
FHij tsUnghJ cl , jirRf, bfhG rJ goj kW
vYf mik khwf VgLwJ. FHijf cl ms
FiwJ bfhG Rf mfwJ. nkY jhJ cf vYf gotJ
mfwJ. y Fl ClrJfshd uj, fha, UrJ nghwit
njitgLwJ. nkY crJ V kW FHijf jir Rf
tsF njitahdjhf csJ. mltiz 3.1 ICMR M gJiufgl
Kg gUtdUfhd l cz goa bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 3.1 : ICMR (2010) M gJiufgl Kg
gUtdUfhd ClrJf

85

ClrJ njitgL msf

msf:
1. r
r: rahdJ cl tsF cl afF njitgLwJ.
gJiufgl ms gJ taJ tiuF, ghdij bghWJ vj
ntWghL iy. r njitahdJ 1-3 ta 1240 .fnyh 4-6 ta
1690 .fnyh vW tiuaWfgLsJ.
2. uj
uj: cl mogil H (Basal losses) kW tsF njitgL TLjyhd
ms Matiw bghWJ uj njit fzlgLwJ. uj rJnjit
1-3 taF 22uh, 4-6 taF 30 uh vW gJiufgLwJ. gh kW
ghbghUf, , Kil, ghyhilfo, glh t _y njitahd ujrJ
ilwJ.
3. bfhGrJ
bfhGrJ: njitahd r mlia jUtjF cz Ritia
TLtjF, xU ehisF 25 uh fQF ygL bfhGid cz
nrf gJiufgLwJ.
4. fha
fha: ts fhyf fha cl nrU msit bghWJ fha
njit klgLwJ. Mugfhy FHij gUtY, thg taY mfkhf
fha gowJ. xU ehisF 400 .. fha gJiufgLsJ. gf kW
vYf tsF njitahd fha gh kW gh bghUf mfkhf
iutiff Fiwthf fhzgLwJ.
5. UrJ
UrJ: xU ehisF 1-3 taJ FHijfSF 12 uh, 4-6 taJ
FHijfSF 18 . uh U rJ gJiufgLsJ. UrjhdJ f
Kakhf khr, nfh, Kil, giriy fhff kW UrJ
brlgl jhaf nghwt mf fhzgLwJ.
6. crJ v kW : FHijfSF xU ehisF itl v 400 iknuh
uh gJiufgLsJ. Rit iwj gHf kW gHrhWf gir
kr wfhff crJ V kW mfkhf fhzgLwJ.
cz, tHF KiwfS
KiwfS: FHijf cz rJnjitf bghJthf
FLgegf rJ njitfis xnj fhzgLwJ. KgUt g FHijf
jfsJ czf gya tiffis mf Uwd. yntisf f
mfkhf yntisf cg Ug yhjt nghy Uwd.
mtf fyhd jkhd czfisl thrid cila va cz tiffisna
mf Uwd. FHijf cz w, jik, njhw Mat mf
MtKilatuhf Uwhf. l uf ngh btlgl fhff kW
gHtiffis FHijf mf Uwhf. cz ms kW juF
mfKaJt jUj mta. Kg gUt jh FHijfSF ey
cz gHff cUthwd.
rfiubghUf
rfiubghUf: rfiu kW rfiu bghUf f Fiwj ms
nrJ bfhs ntL. glf gf xobfhL g brhijia
VgLJtjh mjid jj ntL.
Kg gUtFHijfSfhd gJiufgl cz msf (RDA)
tU mltiz 3.2 jugLsJ.
86

mltiz 3.2 : Kg gUtFHijfSfhd rj cz

Mjhu
Mjhu:Dietary guidelines for Indians-A Manual/National Institute of Nutrition Hyderabad,
India, 1999.
r_f kW csa khwf( Psychosocial changes) :
r_f kW csa khwf gUt fwd. ulh ta
mobaLJ itF nghJ jJt ftdhf khWtjh, j jhf mtf
cz UgfY ugwJ. taJ mff mff jjik
mfgJl fgid, Mt Mait mfwJ.
ghtid gUt ( Period of imitation) : wiu ngh ghtid br gUtkhF.
Fghf MFHijf jf jijia bgFHijf jf jhia
khahf itJ bragLwhf. tf jikahdJ mtf czit
njbjLgY, cz neufY fwJ. vdnt bgnwhf jf
FHijfSF ey cz gHffis VgLJt wj K khahf fH
ntL.
ts mltiz ((Growth chart ) : FHijf
cl njitfis mtf cz brwjh
vgij ma cj xU rhjdnk ts
mltizahF. J ts ffhig uhf
msl cjwJ. FHij uhd ts kW
tsikia neilahf czu cjwJ.
nkY FHij uhd ts mltiz FHij
kUJt ikafY, FHij Mnuha
iyafY ilF FHijf ts mgjkhf Ugjh mtf
njitf khWgLwJ. mtf khWgl cz uridf FHijf
njitfis czJwJ.
87

cz mj ga ifnaL ((Feeding guide ) :

Kg FHijfSF ey cz gHfij VgLj tU cz
ifnaL mltiz 3.3 cjwJ.
mltiz 3.3 : Kg gUt FHijfhd cz mF ifnaL

Mjhu
Mjhu: Naitonal Network for Childcare, NNCC part of CYBERNET, The National Extension
Service
88

Kiwaw cz gHffS Jtif czfS ((Food Jags and New Foods ) :

bghJthf Kg gUtFHijf Kiwaw czgHfijna
cilatuhf Uwhf. Kiwaw cz gHf vgj Fl y tif
cztiffis kLnk cQj. cz FHijfSfhd jlidahfnth
myJ grhfnth Uj TlhJ. VnjD xUtif cz kWfglh, mtif
cz jFj ilbtL ntW neu mfgl ntL. (Finger foods) skhf
eWfgl czf, bkhWbkhWghd, bghfgl czf jikY,
njhwY thridY khWgL fhzgL. Jtifahd cz jahf
FHijf yfis mf <wJ. Jtifahd cz tiffis
FHijfSF ewhf g vLF rka mj ntL. FHijfSF
bfhLfgL glf cz ilntis mj ntL. mit
ragnjhL kw rJfS iwjjhfUj mta. vLJfhlhf
ghYl ntfitj jhaf, khr myJ yfliy btbz, [h,
fhf myJ gHf iwj buho, nahf X, f, gh nghwtiw
mfyh.
Kg FHijfSF cz btW VgLtjfhd fhuzf
FHij nehUj
bfhG kW w Gfsh ghfgoUj
rJ FiwghLf
FHij Fj fisl Uj
cz cQtjF neuyhik.
kdjs ghfgoUj ga
gyjkhf yhk Xnu khahd czfis mj
FHij UgnfwthW yhUj
RitaW, Majhf Uj
cz cgjF K glfis mj
isaho mf ehlUj
czga jtwhd fUJfis nfl
tU fhuzfsh FHij csahf ghfgLwJ

g VgL kdmGj

jh myJ jij yhkUj

FLg ajhf xU FHij wUj

a lF Fo bgaj

bgnwhf ftdij j gh Utj tid rbrnghJ ey

cz gHff Vgl brayh.

g brY gUtdUfhd czl

MWKj gbuL tius FHijf tsahdJ mf khw,
xnu uhf UF. Fku gUt Jjkhd ts khwij VF j M,
89

bg UghyU jfSila ts Kiwia mikJ bfhs ntL.

bghJthf gUt Wt ts jkhdJ Waiu l Fiwthf
UF. Wa cl bfhG nr Wtidl mf ms fhzglhY
jir Rf rjj Fiwthf UF. vdnt 11 Kj 12 taJ tius Wa
vil Wtidl mfKstuhf caukhdtuhf fhzgLt.
Wt, Wa g brY rka uridfis rkhF wid
FG bra gnfF wid bgWwhf. gUt gntW czf
mGj (emotional stress), ngho kdghik,fdyf rrj nghwit
Kija fw kW clyik Personality bgU khwfis VgLJwJ.
gUt bgnwhiu rhUgijl rktadnuhL xJ thHnt Ut.
ClrJ njitf msf
msf:
ClrJ njitf msf WtDF WF khWgLwJ vgJ
nH tfgLsJ.
1. r kW uj
uj: ggUt r kW uj njitf mfwJ.
WaUF bjhlJ fnyh njitf xnu msthf csd. MFHijfSF
10 taJ Kj 12 taJ tiu Obud VgL mf tsbfW (growth spurt) mf
fnyh nrf (reserve) njitgLwd. bg FHijfSF 10 Kj 12 ta
uj njitf gUtkil iyia v bfhtjh Wtid l J
mfwJ.
2. bfhG rJ
rJ: g brY FHijfSF xU ehisF Ugjf msthd
22 bfhG rJ ICMR M gJiufgLsJ.
3. jhJ cf
cf: bgatfis l 10 Kj 12 taJ tius FHijfSF vY
tsfhf mf ms fha njitgLwJ. uj fd ms
mfgjh U r njit mfwJ. xbthU tUlK 2 taJ Kj 12
taJ Wtf ruhr vil kW 2 taJ Kj 10 taJ Wa ruhr vil 2.5 2.7 . mfF VwthW xU ehisF njit 0.3 . vd fzlgLsJ.
4. crJf
crJf: g brY FHijfSfhd crJ - A kW C
gJiufgl ClrJ bgatfis nghwnj. fnyh njitfis bghWJ
crJ B njit khWgLwd.

ICMR gJiufgl g brY FHijfSfhd ClrJ njitf

mltiz 3.4 bfhLfgLsJ.
90

mltiz 3.4 : g FHijfSfhd ClrJ njitf

Mjhu : Nutrient Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for Indians, ICMR, 2010
cz cQ Kiwf
Kiwf: gUt FHijf xU cz gHfij
VgL bfhwhf. K czhj czid j gUt ajhf nrJ
bfhs Kidthf. tfSF fhiy cz f KakhdjhF. FHijf
rhjhuzkhf gjlkhf Ughf. cgjF Fiwj neunk bryLthf.
fhiy czit czhlh mtf cliy ghfgL. nkY j
fnyh kW ClrJ Hig mj eh rfLtiy. czlkhdJ
v czToajhf, nghJkhd ms ClrJ iwjjhf, nkY
gyj w, jik, RitlD Uf ntL. g brY FHijfSfhd
rj czgoa mltiz 3.5 bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 3.5 : g brY FHijfSfhd rj czgoa

F
F: mirt cz cQgtf 30 gaWfSF gyhf 50 Kil/khr/
nfhiw/ czyh.
91

cztF nghJs uridf ((Feeding Problemes)) :

bgUghyhd g brY FHijf fFiwthd czidna
cQtjh mtf rJ Fiwth ghfgL vilFiw iy VgLJwJ.
csa ahf mtf ghfgL UFbghGJ kd mGj VgLtjh
mJ gwhFiwneh Vgl xU fhuzkhwJ. mfhiy gF iuthf
brYtjhY f Fiwj msnt czit cQtjhY, nghJkhd ms
fikahY, kyf Vgl fhuzkhf csJ.
Mnuhakhd cQ gHffis VgLJj
FHijf tsu tsu mtf czit njbjLF w
jjikilajhwJ. vdnt mtfSF ey Mnuha cz gHfij
VgLj tU Ff cj.

bgnwhf mtfSF K khahf Uj ntL

fhf, gH kufis eLkhW FHijfis gHFj (Vbd jhf tsj

broUJ fh, ffis cQnghJ FHijf f bgUikahf
idwhf)

cHt rijF miHJ brYj

cz uil gagL khiy neu cz tif xid mtfisna

ll brj

FHijf rahd Mnuha czid njbjLFnghJ mtfis

kdjhu ghuhLj ntL.

fLrhj (Packed lunch) :

onyna ka czit cz ayhikah fLrhjij lghf ka
czF vLJ brtJ mtakhwJ. fLrhj vgJ xU lgh
milfgl czit, mFHij btlf cQjyhF.
oUJ czid vLJ brt J uk UjhY
Mnuhaij ghJfhf cjwJ. oUJ czid vLJ brYtJ iy
Fiwthf, trahf, Rjkhdjhf jeg UgnfwthW csJ.
fLrhjij lLnghJ tU fUJfis kd bfhs ntL
1. xU ehisa cz njit _ xU gF fnyh njitia
braToajhf Uf ntL
2. fLrhjkhdJ midJ mogil IJ bjhFYs czfis
fLrhj nrf ntL
3. xU gkhW ms (One serving) iu nrUj ntL
4. jukhd ujij juToa Kil, gh, gh bghUfshd g myJ j
nghwtiw nrgjh mit jhtu ujJl izJ uj juij
nkgLJwd.
5. xnu khahd czid jJ, gntW tif czfis kh kh
(variety) mj ntL.
92

6. czF Rit Tl gH myJ nkh nrJbfhs ntL

7. ka czfhf bfhLfgl cz fhiy czUJ khWgoUf
ntL.
8. fLrhj czf xGF jik, gidL tz, cz
jFj iy (Consistency) Uf ntL.
9. xbthU ehS xU gH myJ fhff mla rhy (Salad) nrf
ntL.
fLrhj czfSfhd cjhuzf nH bfhLfgLsd.
1. fhf yh, btfha gro, mj
Kil, MuRgH
2. rhgh rhj, jLiu bgha,
fhfgro kW nkh
3. rgh,
cUisHF
MuRgH

krh,

FHijfSfhd Mnuhakhd cz
gHff
sta FHijfSF ey
cz gHffis VgLJ bghGJ mtf bgatf MF nghJ jf
thif juij iyahf itJ bfhs cjwJ.
1. FHijfSF tfhLj
tfhLj: oUF czf gytifahd rJf
iwj gytif czfis FHijfSF mKf brnghJ FHijf
Mnuhakhd czit njbjLf fW bfhLf ntL.
2. xwhf cztUJj
cztUJj: xwhf cz cQ neu f ikahf UgjF
jf fUJfis myJ vzfis rnjhkhf gkh bfhs ntLnk
ju lnth myJ thj branth TlhJ.
3. filfSF miHJ brYj
brYj: FHijfis filfSF miHJ brY
nghJ cz jah mtfis <LgLJnghJ kiwKfkhf mtf
Ugij czu Ko. nkY FHijfSF Cl rid ga mid
mF rjgij VgLJ.
4. bkJthf cz CfgLj
CfgLj: FHijf mf gl Uwhfsh
myJ rhl ayhk Uwhfsh vgij fla Ko.
5.
glfSfhd
lLj
lLj:
FHijfSF
mfgoahd
glfis bfhLFnghJ FHijf mf cz cwhf (Over eating).
Mdh rahd ilbtL rahd neu rjhd glfis
tHFnghJ FHijf gz ghfglhkUF.
6. bjhiyfh fhQnghJ glfis jj
jj: FHijf
bjhiyfhia ghJ bfhnl cz cQtij glf
rhLtij jj ntL.
93

7. j FoF gHf
gHf:
FHijfSF ghdfshf jiuna
gHfgLJj ntL. Vbd mfgoahd nrfgl ghdf
clgUkid VgLJ.
8. czit grhf mgij jj
jj: cz grhfnth myJ
jlidahfnth Uj TlhJ. jlidahf cz tHf kWgJ FHijia
fyfkila br. mnjngh fis grhf tHFnghJ it kw cz
tiffis l wjJ vd jtwhf idFgo br.
9. gytif czf
czf: gytifahd cz tiffis bfhLF bghGJ mtf
Uaij njbjLf Ko.
10. gyj w kW jik cz mj
mj: gy tz wfY
jikY cztFnghJ FHijfSF cz Ug VgLtJ mfJ
czit VWbfhS iy cUthwJ.
cz U kW btWf
btWf:
cz VgL btWid jF gJiuf
1. FHijf Kiy czit ga _l vzfis thj
TlhJ.
2. jglt cz U btWfis FHijf Kiy TWj
TlhJ.
3. FHijf mrahf UFnghJ Jtif czfis bfhLgij
jj ntL.
4. cz cQnghJ il mfgoahd ghdf mUj TlhJ.
5. mfgoahd vbz bghj cz tiff mf bfhGid
cUthFtjh mtiw jf ntL.
6. nj, fh, f, MfAh, CWfh nghwit FHijf cz
jfgLj mta.

nkTa fUJfis mogilahf bfhL g brY

FHijfSfhd Mnuhakhd rjhd czl mltiz 3.6- nH
bfhLfgLsJ.
94

mltiz 3.6 g brY FHijfSfhd czl

3.2 xUizj FHijf ts l ((Integrated Child Develo p ment

Services)
xUizj FHijf ts l, bgf kW FHijf Jiw,
r_f ey mikrf, a muR 1975 M Mo MufglJ. l W
FHijfSfhd Kndw cjtToa xU f bga lkhf cUthaJ.
ICDS lkhdJ r_f ahf gnrhjid ms 33 braKiw lnjhL (Project)
MufgL mJ xU rKjha mfkhfnt cUth midtUF gadf
Toajhf UwJ. cyfs rJz kW Mnuha, Mnuha f
Fnfhis miltjF va rhjdkhf s nja FHijf eyl
1992 M ML Muf Ka Lnfhyhf saJ.
gy muR Jiwfis jdfnj bfhl gy nehF lkhf UwJ.
lkhdJ uhkf - tl - khtl - khy - ka muR vd gy iyf
xUizJ bragLwJ. ldh ga bgWgtf 6 taF cs
FHijf, f kW ghL jhkhf kW 15 taJ Kj 44 taJ
tius bgf nghnwh Mt. lkhdJ 27.6 a (kfSF)
gadhfSF Jiz rJzid tHFwJ.
95

xUizj FHijf ts l Ka nehff

nehff:

FHif cl, cs, r_f, tsid VgLJt mogil jskhf

l sFwJ.

MW taF Fiwj FHijf Cliy kW Mnuha iyia

nkgLJwJ.

w j, neh j, ClrJ Fiw kW g goig gh

WJj Ma ffis Fiwf cjwJ.

FHijf midJ iyfY tsia nkgLJtjF gntW

Jiwfis xUizf ntL.

jhkhf Mnuha kW rJz f _y FHijf

Mnuha iy kW ClrJ njitfis ffhJ
brtjfhd wikfis tsJ bfhs cjwJ.

ICDS l braghLf : lkhdJ 0-6 taJila FHijfSF kW

mtf jhkhfSF gy jf nritia mwJ.
1. iz cztj
2. jL _y FHijfSF nehtuhk jLj
3. clgnrhjid brj kW kUJt gJiu brj
4. jhkhfSF Mnuha kW rJz faj
5. 3-6 taJ FHijfSF Kg faj
ICDS midJ nritfS uhkfYs mftho ikaYs
g bfhLfgl bgfshY kW mtfSF Jizahf cs eguhY
mtf Mnuha Fiwf kW uridf MuhagL mjfhd cjf
tHfgLwJ.
Vik iyYs FLgfis rhjtfSfhfnt l KDik
mfglJ.
ldh gadilgtf

xU taFgl FHijf

xW Kj IJ taFgl FHijf

f kW ghL jhkhf

l cslait
1. rJf iz cz
cz: Fiwj tUkhdYs uL taJFgl
FHijf, ghL jhkhf, f bgf MnahUF rJkh
bfhLfgLwJ.
2. jLf
jLf: fhrneh, bjhil milgh, fFth Uk, uz#,
kzth mik, kW sis thj Matfhd jLfis xU
taFgl midJ FHijfSF nghlgLwJ.

96

3. crJ A Fiwghodh VgL nehid jLgjfhd l

l:
xUizj FHij ts l 1 Kj 5 taFgl FHijfSF
200000 I.U. crJ `V` fiuriy thtahf MWkhjF xUKiw
bfhLfgLwJ.
4. rJz kW Mnuha f
5. cliyia gnrhj
gnrhj: tHfkhd cl gnrhjidf kUJt
mfhfsh bragLwJ.l gaid kLnghJ jdh rJz
iy VgL ghf FiwwJ.
ka czl
bgU tU efukakhjdhY (urbanisation), ntiyF brY jhkhf
vif mfgjhY FHijf mf neu g bryl ntoa
Niy VgLwJ. uw (improper) czfS, mtrukhf cQjY tHfkhf
(routine) csJ. Mdh uhk wf FHijf jf thifbfd jhfns
ntiyF brW bghUl ntoa Niy csd. vdnt Mug g
iynyna FHijf gia L W (drop out) Lwd. vdnt gia
L W L FHijf jij Fiwgjfhf, rJf czit
mf ka cz l mta.
ka cz l fl Fnfhfis bfhLsJ
1. ka cz _y ClFiws FHijf ClrJ iyia
nkgLJj.
2. g FHijf nrif vifia mfj kW
FHijf dr tUifia mfj
3. ey cz gHffis cUthFj
4. rJz fia ghll xU gFahf nrj
5. FHijf f brawid (Educational Performances) caJj
6. mjj lf ilF rJs czit gagLJgo CfgLJj
7. ka cz l rKjha gil(Community Participation) crhfgLJj
jHf mu ka cz l
l: ka cz l Kj Kj #]iy 1982
M ML kiwj jHf Kjth v..uhkru mtfsh MufglJ.
Mug iy l uhkwf kLnk bragLjgL
efwfY gLjglJ. j gadhfshf 2-15 taJ tius
FHijf kW Xa bgW Knah tiu csd. r_f eyJiw
l bragLwJ.
jeho tWik nfhoF Gs FHijF U bgU rJz
lf bragLwd. khy murh eljgL ka cz lK, ka r_f
ey thajh eljgL xUizj FHij ts lK (ICDS) MF.
U lfis ga tuf tU mltiz 3.7. bfhLfgLsJ.

97

mltiz 3.7 : murhfjh eljgL rJz lf

100 rJkh mls bghUf

nfhJik

bghLfliy -

35

nftuF

21.5

11

bty

32.5

98

3.3 rJ Fiw nehf - uj fnyh FiwghLf (PEM),, crJ A Fiw

nehf, ujnrhif kW gbrhij
ClrJ FiwF Kjikahd fhuz jtwhd cz kW cz
gwhFiwnk. jndhL r_f bghUshjhu fhufS, Niy fhufS
cz gwhFiwia mfgLJwJ. mlF kw fhuzfshtd:
l fhy bjhW nehf, RWw Rfhjhuik,jkj
ikaUj, Xus rjhd czid cbfhlhY bjhW nehf
mfkhf gutToajhf csJ.
mltiz 3.8 Kg FHijfilna fhzgL. ClrJ
Fiw gut rjj bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 3.8 : Kg FHijf Cl rJFiw gut j

Mjhu: Dietary Guidelines for Indians - A Manual, Nation and Institute of Nutrition and ICMR,
Hyderabad, India, 2005.
FiwjJ 1-2 rjj Kg FHijf fLikahd ClrJ
Fiwnehahd rtiy kW nehrh nehah (PEM) ghfgLshf.
nkY Kg FHijf 3 rjjd crJ A Fiwthd iglh
ah ghfgLsd. nkY 30-40 Mu FHijf fghit Fiwth
xbthU tUlK ghfgLwhf. crJ A FiwthdJ neh uij
mfJ wig VgLJwJ. uj nrhif nehah 50 rjjF nkyhd
Kg gUt FHijf ghfgLwhf.
.uj fnyh FiwghLf ((PEM): uj fnyh FiwnehahdJ ehlsha
I.uj
tif kfis ghf Toa xU Mnuha uridahf csJ. mj
bgaUnfwhnghy neh cz ujK fnyh Fiwtjh VgLwJ. J
xU nehay Mdh rJ Fiwthd czth VgL xU iybad bfhsyh.
uj fnyh Fiw bgUghY ViH FHijfilna rJFiwth,
ehgl nehahY VgLwJ. cl tsF, Mnuhaij ngQtjF,
cl cWf jf ntiyia brtjF njitahd cz r ms
99

nghJkhdjhf yhjnghJ iy VgLwJ.

uj fnyh Fiwneh _W tifgL mitahtd
1. nehrh - r kW uj Fiw
2. rtiy -uj Fiw
3. nehrh rtiy uil VgLJ iy.
1. nehrh ((Marasmus)): kuhk vw brh neh ``Hj`` vgij FF
xU nuf brhyhF. J 5 taFgl FHijfSF f mfkhf VgL.
UJ L tUtJ xU rthyhd akhf csJ.
mFf
mFf:
fLikahd ts Fiw kW vil H

tanfw cau yhik

bga ms jir H kW, bfhG rJ Fiwj

vrYWj kW Mtik

njh RU, fhJ fhj ngh fhzgLj.

gik kW Vjik FiwgLj Ma kdiy khwf

2. rtiy ((Kwashiorkor) :nehahdJ l fhykhf jhgh CLtjhY
jhkjkhf iz cz bfhLfgLtjhY VgLwJ. juY msY Fiwj
uj cs czit cgjhY, mf fhnghiAnu iwj czit cgjhY
VgLwJ.
mFf
cl KGtJ f bghJthf a / ghid tW
yhKf

jir zhj

ts FiwghL

bfhG goj bgUj fu

jiyKo khwf

njh khw VgLj

eff xoJ cilJ nghj, bkikailj

3. nehrh rtiy ((Marasmus Kwashiorkor) : bgaUnfwhngh neh

nehrh, rtiy nehf mFf izJ fhzgL. ij ju cz
FHh kly nfhshWf, Rthr nfhshWf, ikdhth, fglyf
cyj nghwit VgL.
uj r Cl Fiw 2-3 taJ tius FHijfl mfkhf gu
fhzgLwJ. nehrh 1-2 taJ tius FHijfilna mfkhf gu
fhzgLwJ. IJ taJFgl 80 rjj FHijf ClrJ Fiwth
ghfgLwhf vW fzlgLsJ. 1-2 rjj FHijf fLikahd
ClrJ Fiwdh ghfgLshf. nkY 50 rjjF nk
FHijf wF ClrJ Fiw iyahdJ neuoahfnth myJ
kiwKfkhfnth fhuzkhf csJ.
100

uhkw FHijfilna NNMB fz bfL ela 10 rjj

FHijf jh xL vil (Standard weight) 90 rjjF nk vil csjhf
flagLsJ. bgUghikahd FHijf Fiwthd myJ jkhd
ClFiw iyah ghfgoUwd. fLikahd Cl Fiwth 7-8
rjj FHijf ghfgLshf.
fLikahd ClrJ Fiwnehahd nehrh kW rtiy (PEM)
FiwjJ 1-2 rjjj Kg gUt FHijf ghfgLshf. nkY
ah FHijf, fQF yglhj neh mFfis bfhl Cl
Fiwth ghfgL K g FHijf mtf tanfwthW vil
mffhjj _y flaglyh. Fiwjgr 65 rjjd Fiwj ts
miltJ mtf l fhy ClFiwid fhLtjhfnt csJ.
1. kUJtkid ir
ir: tU iyfis rgLj ntL.
clbtgiy Fiwj iAnghjah uj rfiu ms Fiwj.
iAnghisah bjhW nehf, t nghj, vbynuh iyLf rkiy
yhUj uj nrhif kW w crJf kW jhJ cf FiwghL
nehf.
2. czju nkyhik
nkyhik: cz lLif mj gF ilF Ka
cz bghUfis bfhL ll ntL. rahd iy Fiwthdjhf, vjhf
ufToajhf eh KGtjF rrkkhf gJ mfgl ntL.
3. kW uik
uik: Cliy kW uik mogil vgJ bra Kiw ClrJ
ga gia jhkhfSF mgjhF. g _y FHijf
Mnuha iyia L miltjF jhkhf RWtlhu ilF
cz bghUfis itJ Cl iwj czit jahJ FHijfSF
jUtij nkghitl ntL.
jLF Kiwf
Kiwf:

jhgh CLtij CFj

jhgh UJ khW czF khWj

rJz f kW rahf cz cQ gHftHffis filoj

Fiwthd bry khW cz jahg ts

FLg fLghL kW urtfSF ilna cs ilbt

jLf
cz rJf brlgl cz
Mug iy flJ ir mj
II.. crJ A Fiwneh
Fiwneh: cz _y nghJkhd ms crJ A ilfhj
nghJ myJ mj Kfhuahd lh fnuhO iwj czit
cbfhshjnghJ crJ A FiwghL VgLwJ.
crJ A Fiwnehah ghfgL FHijF tU mFf
fhzgLwJ.
101

khiyf neh

iglh f

f btglykhdJ twL nghj,

wF f
fU twL nghj Ko
b#uhjhah neh VgLj

KGFUlhj (bfnuhnlh knyah)

crJ A Fiwghlh VgL

iglhf 3 rjj KggUt
FHijfl fhzgLwJ. nkY
tUlF 30-40 Mu FHijf crJ A Fiwth ghitHwhf.
FHijf nehdh ghfgLjiy, wid crJ A FiwghL
mfwJ.
III. uj nrhif
nrhif: cz UrJ Fiwnghnjh myJ UrJ
crgLj kW cgnahfgLj nghJkhd ms yhkUFnghnjh
ujnrhif VgLwJ.
uj nrhif nehfhd fhuzf
fhuzf:
m) uj H

g fhuzkhf ujHj

tW, Wneh nghw bfhoa nehf VgLj

khjlh nfhshdh ujnghF VgLj

bfhGf ujij cRj

M) cz UrJ FiwghL VgLj

) UrJ rahf crglhk Uj
Uj: tWnghF kW my br
t FiwtjhY UrJ cRtJ
jilgLwJ.
j mFfshtd

bta njh

bfhnyhidah - eff
bkJ jilah fhzgLj

ikdhth kW gik

ehYs RitaUf mWj kW

eh mH

iuig mHah my Ru Fiwj

l fhy Fiwghodh gy tifgl klyf (systems) braf

ghgilwd. fhzgL bghJthd mFfshtd: fis, nrh,
fLikahf ciHFnghJ _Rl fZlgLj, glgl, kaf, jiyt, ghit
kFj, cwfik kW beRt nghwit VgL.
102

IV. gij
gij: gij gbrhij fhuzkhf VgLwJ. rJz Fiwghlh
Kakhf FHijf gf xGfik ghfgLwJ. crJ A kW
crJ C Ma uL g blil gFF mta. fha, ghgu
kW crJ D Mait gf fha gojYF f mta.
gijdh ghfgLtij q (Fluorine) FiwwJ. gf xo
bfhS jikila v gil (Fermentable) fhnghAonuLfns
gijF Ka fhufshwd. gf xL jikila bghUfS,
th mf neu jF bghUfS j ghig mfwd. xbthUKiw
cz cl thia eF fGj mta. mJ kLkyhJ, fhiy
vGjlD u gLf brY K UKiw gfis JyF egHfij
filog _y gijit jLf Ko.
jifa mfkhd rJ Fiw nehf VgLtJ jf ntLbk
Kg gUt rjhd rj cz FHijfSF f mtakhF.
FHij gUt kW K g gUt uLnk f Kakhd gUtkhF.
gUt VgL ts kW Kndw ms mtf cbfhS
nghJkhd czit bghWnj mikwJ.

gij

103

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. ulhtJ taF wF xU FHij cau
tUlK mfF.
m) 6-7 br.
2.

M) 5-6 br.

Mf xbthU
) 7-8 br.

W mnj taJ Wtid l vil mfKstuhf

caukhdtuhf fhzgLt.
m) 11 Kj 12 tJ

M) 12 Kj 13 taJ

) 13 Kj 14 taJ

3. uL taJFgl FHijf, ghL jhkhf, f bgf

MnahUF bfhLfgLwJ.
m) rJ kh

M) FHij mKJ

)mj

4. ka cz l Kj Kj
M ML kiwj jHf
Kjt v.. uhkru mtfsh MufglJ.
m) #]iy 1 1982

M) #] 1 1982

) #]iy 1 1983

5. ClrJ FiwF Kjikahd fhuz

m) jtwhd cz

M) gwhFiw cz

6. kuhk vw nuf brh

m) Hj

) jtwhd cz kW
czgwhFiw

vgij FF.

M) gwhFiw

) Fiwthd

7. crJ A K fhu
m) lh fnuhO

M) my

8. cz U rJ FiwnghJ
m) iglhf
9.

) ngh my
clhwJ.

M) mah

) f

Fiwth gij VgLwJ.

m) U rJ

10.

M) q

) fha

uL g blil gFF mta.

m) crJ A kW C M) crJ B kW C ) crJ D kW C

M) XU tf ila
ila:
1. 1-3 tJ FHijF njitahd Ur ms vd?
2. ts mil tiuaW.
3. ``aYFK mik`` vj ta fwJ?
4. fLrhj g TW.
104

5. ICDS bjGJ.
6. uj fnyh Fiwneh 3 tiff ahit?
7. fLrhj czF U cjhuzf jUf.
8. rfiu bghUf g F tiuf.
9. ghtid gUt vJ?
10. gijF Ka fhuzkhf cs czf ahJ?
gF - M
II.. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. Kg gUt FHijfSfhd rj czid mltizgLJf.
2. FHijf csahf ghfgL fhuzfis tirgLJ.
3. FHijfSfhd Mnuhakhd czfis vthW njbjLgh?
4. fLrhj lLnghJ ftd bfhs ntoa fUJf Iid
FLf.
5. ICDS nehff ahit?
6. 100 rJkh mls cz bghUfis FLf.
7. FHijfSF ey czgHfij VgLJ 5 tfis TW.
8. nehrh neh mFf ahJ?
9. crJ A Fiwneh mFf ahit?
10. uj nrhiffhd fhuzf vd?
11. ``Kiwaw cz gHffS Jtif czfS`` F tiuf.
12. FHij gUt VgL r_f csa khwf g vGJ.
13. FHijfSF cztFnghJ VgL uridfis FLf.
gF -
III.. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. K g gUtdUfhd gJiufgl ClrJf msid
mltizgLJf.
2. fL rhjij lLnghJ ftf ntoa fUJfis tirgLJf.
3. FHijfSF Mnuhakhd cz gHfij vthW VgLJth?
4. g FHijF xU ehisa czit lLf.
5. ka cz l Fnfhfis FLf.
6. rtiy neh vwh vd? mj mFf ahit?
7. uj fnyh Fiw nehia jF ir Kiwid t?
8. Kg gUt FHijf ClrJFiw nehia mltizgLJf.
105

9. czid btWgjfhd fhuzf ahit?

10. murhfjh eljgL rJz lfis mltizgLJf.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. Kg gUt FHijfhd cz mF ifnaoid t.
2. xUizj FHijf ts l (ICDS) nehff, braghLf,
gadhf g t.
3. nehrh FHij vwh vd? neh mFf, ir Kiwfis t?

106

4. ir czf
4.1 gntW nehfSfhd l cz nkyhik - fhr, cz FHh
kly VgL nehf - iuig , tW nghF, kyf,
fu nehf - krfhkhiy kW bAgilo.
gntW nehfSfhd l cz nkyhik
nkyhik:
rhjhuz czid khaikF nghJ neh mogil iyia kLj
njitgLwJ mjhtJ l cz khw, neh fhy ms kW nehah
czid thtahf cbfhs Toa Vw Mait. xU nehah
czid lL nghJ, mt bghUshjhu iy, cz Ugf, ntiy
kW cz ntis Matiw ftd bfhs ntL. rhjhuz cz
ms khaikfgL ut kW bkikahd l czthf r
ms mfkhfnth myJ Fiwthfnth, xW myJ mjF nkgl rJf
mf ms myJ Fiwj msf nrfgLwJ. vLJfhlhf mf uj,
Fiwj nrhoa, Fiwj kW mf ehrJ cz, fhu, thrid yhj
czf.
xbthU l czit jahf l cz tuyhW moilahf mikwJ.
l cz tuyhW nehahf cz njitfSnfw Kija cz
gHff, U btWf, cz ntisf, cz czgL l, tu bry
uridf, bgw jFahd Niy kW cz jahf Matiw
sFwJ. nehah cz U btWf kfgl ntL. Vbd
cz gHff MHkhf gUgit. mjid xU u khw KoahJ. cz
iyia fU bfhL, zhtij jLJ, rJf kig jf itf
rknahjkhd cz ll mtakhwJ. mnjhL tifahd l cz
bghUshjhu ahf eilKiwgLj cjwJ.
I.. fhr
fhr:
neh bjh Ka mF fhryhF. vD vyh fhrY neh
bjhdh VgLtiy. fhr vgJ cl btgiy rhjhuzkhf 98.4F
Ugij l mfF nghJ VgL. J cw kW btw fhufsh
VgLwJ.
fhuf
fhuf:
cw fhuf (Endogenous factors):
Mob#, Mogho idkhwf, fof (Malignancy) kW xthik.
btw fhuf (Exogenous factors) :
ghOah kW ir.
107

btw fhufsh fhr VgL j fl gl

bfhLfgLsJ.
ghOah myJ irdh VgL bjhWf
vY k{i#Ys ~ngnfhirLf (Phagocytes) bragl JtFj
ignuhb# (Pyrogen) btlgLj (fhriy L Ahnkh)
uhnlhyho (Prostaglandin) cg bragLj
iAnghjyhk KgF cl btgiyia xGfikF ika
lgLj
btgiy mfkhj
cl btgiy mfgjh VgL tsij khwf
mogil tsij khw (xbthU F F 7 rj myJ
xbthU C F 13 rj) mfj
cl ujf ijj mf
clYs , nrhoa kW bghlha Fiwj mf
isnfhb# kW mongh Rf nr Fiwj
tiff
FWa fhy fhr

- r,lhiyo,
Sbarh kW il~ghL

l fhy fhr

- fhrneh (tuberculosis)

L L tU fhr

- knyah

bghJthd lcz bfhiff

bfhiff:
r: cl btgiy mfF nghJ, Rf m mfjhY r 50
rjj mfkhf njitgLwJ. Xtw jik r njitia mff
brwJ. Mugiy, nehah 600 UJ 1200 .fnyh ms jh xU ehisF
cbfhs Ko. Mdh J Koj ms f iu mffgl ntL.
uj: fhr bjhlJ UF bghGJ bgatfSF uj 100 uh myJ
mjF nkY bfhLfgl ntL. cbfhsgL fnyh ms
mffgL nghJ uj KGikahf cgnahfgLjgL. dr czfSl
mf ujKs ghdf iz czthf bfhLfglyh.
fhnghiAnu: mf ms fhnghiAnu cbfhsgLtjh isnfhb#
nr njit iw bragLwJ. Fiwthd ila FSnfh uj
108

Xl vjhf fyJ Ltjh mf ms vLJ bfhsglyh.

bfhG: bfhGid cbfhStjh, r TLj njit r bragLwJ.
Mdh bghj czf, bfhG brj ng czf cbfhStjh uz
MtJ ghfglyh.
jhJ cf: c nrfgl f, Nf, jhuhskhf c tgl cz
tiffis cbfhStjh nrhoa Fnshiuo njit bragLwJ.
gHrhW kW gh nghwt jhJcf mf csJ.
itlf: fhr nghJ B-crJf njit mfwJ. nj ngh
itl A kW mfh myK mfkhf njitgL. thtahf
bfhLfgLw Mogaho kW kUJf, B-crJf TL
bghUf Fl cs EQfsh cUthjiy jil brwJ. vdnt
crJf njit J fhyF mfgLjgl ntL.
ut: ait _y VgL H, kW ffis btnaWtjfhf
njitgL W ms Matiw <Lbr msF ut cbfhS
ms mffgl ntL. dr ut msthf 2500-5000 njitgLwJ.
j msid ghdf, Nf, gHrhWf kW mf ms gUFtj _y
<Lbrayh.
v uj: thrid yhj vjhf ufToa czf
cbfhStjh uF jikia mfgJl Jjkhd ujYF
cjwJ. cz UJthfnth myJ aghd jikilajhfnth Ufyh.
Mugiy ut cz bfhLfglyh. ij bjhlJ bfhLjh fl
uridf Vglyh.
1.

mfkhd ut cz cbfhStjh r kW rJf njitF

rahd ms yhjdhY, cz vilia mfgjhY mjF
gyhf l czF KaJt bfhLf ntL.

2.

bjhlJ ut cz cbfhStjh yrka tW cghijfis

mfgL u mbrsfafis VgLJwJ. mnj rka l cz
vjhf VW bfhsgLwJ.

3.

gy nehahf, l czit cbfhS nghJ gik, Fkl kW th

nghwit Fiwj msnt VgLtij mDgJsd.

cz ilntisf
ilntisf:
uL Kj 3 k neu ilntisf a ms czid cbfhs
br bghGJ njitahd ClrJ ilgJl vj neuY uz
klyJF mf Rikia bfhLgiy. nehUJ Fzkil bghGJ
nehahf _W ntis kW u czit mf ms cbfhwhf.
gy tifahd fhriy ghF fhy ms Mogaho kW kUJf
cbfhsgL FiwfgLtjh nehah rJz njitf uk yhk
iw bragLwJ. ukhf FWa fhynk VglToa fhr nghJ
nehahf g cz (appetite) Fiwthf Ugjh bkikahd myJ ut
109

czf FWa ilbt mofo bfhLfgl ntL. njitahd ms

utfS, c mta. cley Fiw bjhlJ y ehfSF oFkhdh
mf uj kW mf rs czfSF KaJt bfhLfgl ntL.
fhr nghJ nrf ntoa kW jfgl ntoa czf

m) il~ghL: il~ghL vgJ fL fhriy FWa fhy VgLJ neh

bjhwhF. fhr kjid kLnk jhFwJ. rhnkhbdyh il~ ghOah,
il~ghL fhriy cUthFwJ. il ~ghL nehah ky kW W jh
neh bjhid VgLJ Kakhd fhuf. neh bjhWs kj
uz bghUfsh ghfgl , gh kW czf myJ nehUia vLJ
bry Toatf (carriers) myJ <f _y neh guwJ.
mFf
Fl mf ms f
Fl f cUthj
ujnghF (Haemorrhage)
ku f
tWnghF, kyf, fLikahd tWt
jiyt kW gik
l cz bfhiff: mf fnyh, mf uj, Fiwj bfhG, mf ut,
Fiwj ehrJ kW fhu, thrid yhj czf il~ghL nehahfSF
bfhLfgl ntL.
l cz nkyhik:
fhrYfhd bghJthd l cz bfhiff il~ghL fhrYF
gwgLwJ.
Mugiy bjj ut cz bfhLfgL mij bjhlJ KG
ut cz kW bkikahd cz bfhLfgl ntL.
ut cz bfhLfgL bghGJ nehahF njitahd mf fnyh, uj
njitfis bra KoahJ. nehahf Fzkila Mujl
bkikahd cz bfhLfglyh.
fhr UfToa iy nehahf rkiy ghfglyh.
110

njitahd ut czit bfhLgj _y kW vbynuhiy njitf

bragLwd.
Fl fJl f Ugjh cz vrL ehrJ kW
krhyhf yhk ftgJ f mta.
lgl jhaf, f, buho, Kil, ntf itfgl cUisHF,
kW va ghd (desserts) flL Matiw bfhLfyh.
il~ghL nehahfhd kh czl

F:
cUisHF, kr r nghw fhffis nrJ bfhsyh. mf
ehrJ cs gir fhffis jf.
uj jahfshd nuhobd (Proteinex), nuho}
(Protinules) Matiw uj njitia mfgjfhf nrfyh.
M) fhrneh ((Tuberculosis):
): fhrneh vgJ ngy iknfhghOa
ogFnsh vD ghOahth VgLw neh bjhwhF. J Eiupuiy
mfkhf ghfToaJ. kw cWfshd zfQf, Fl, vY kW
_L izf Matiw ghF.
mFf:
Rf zhj
fis
Uk
fgJl r (Rthr RufSl Uk)
fhr
neh ukhF bghGJ, nehah Eiupu cs ujFHh
mfgL, Kothf Eiupu KY ghfgL kuz nelyh.
111

l cz bfhiff: mf fnyh, mf uj, mf crJ kW

jhJcf, mf ut kW bkikahd cz gJiufgLwJ.
l cz nkyhik:
neh Mug iy nehah gikia fU bfhL,
jahfgL czf gia l Toajhf, mt U
btWfSF Vwitahf UfntL.
neh ukhF bghGJ mf fnyh cs ut kW bkikahd cz
bfhLfgl ntL.
Mugiy a ms ut cz _W kbfhU Kiw bfhLfgl
ntL. fhr Fiw nghJ cz bfhLF ilbt ehF k
neubfhUKiw vd khaikfglyh.
mf fnyh kW mf ujKs czl bfhLfgl ntL. xU
ehisF xU l gh kW 3 myJ 4 Kilf bfhLfyh.
nehah neh Fzkil nghJ rhjhuzkhd, ftahd kW Uf
cz bfhLfglyh. nehah Kija vil Ug bgwgl ntL.
X, ey fhW kW ey cz Mait fhrneh Fzkhtjfhd mogil
_yfshF.

kh 24 - cyf fhrneh x d
fhrneh cs nehahfhd kh czl

112

II. cz FHh klyij ghF nehf

nehf:
uz nfhshWf vgJ cl eyij mfkhf ghfToa bghJthd
urid MF. ruhrahf 30 Kj 40 rjj bgatf mofo uz
nfhshWfdh ghfgLwhf. cz gHftHff kW Fl cz
tiff, cz FHh nehf clhFtY, ir mgY kW neh
tuhk jLgjF Ka fhufshf mikwd. gy neuf, nehah
iy Kndw VgLtjF rahd czl Ka gF bgWwJ. mf
my Ru, tW, nfiuo, tWnghF, tWfL kW kyf
nghwit bghJthf UfToa nehfshF. mt ytiw g nH
tfgLsJ.
m) tW (Peptic Ulcer):

czFHh

neh mtru, ftiy kW Nlhd

fhukhd (Hurry, worry and hot curry) czdh iuig
VgLtJ. ifoj, mf ms iuig
kJghdf Foj, Fl kUJfis
K Fl
mf fhyF cgnahj Mait K Fl

tW
tUtjfhd
Ka
fhuzfshF. bAnfhngl ignyh
(Helicobacter pylori) vD ghOah iuig
tUtjfhd Ka fhuahf mik flagLsJ. iuig
(peptic ulcer) vgJ cz ghij cw f r xU gF iuig dh
(gastric juice) mfgL cUthtnj MF.
mfkhd f WFl cs onahod gF fhzgLwJ. Vbd
j tahf jh cz iuigUJ WFlYF flJ brwJ. cz
ghij myJ iuigY f cUthwd. cz FHh vj l
f cUthdhY jdh cUthF mFf xnu khahf csJ. vdnt
cz FHh kly VgL midJ tifahd fSF cz ir
xnu khahdJ.
fhuf
fhuf:
ghOah bjhWf : bnfhngl ignyh vgJ cUthtjfhd
Ka fhuahF.
kufhuf : O tif uj cstf bghJthf kw tifdiu l
mfkhf ghfgLthf.
ghd : bgfis l Mf uoUJ _W klF mfkhf
ghfgLwhf.
taJ : 20 taUJ 40 taJ tiu cstf mfkhf ghfgLwhf.
Vbd, j taJf jh, brhj bjh Kndw, ciH Mait
mfkhf UF.
kd mGj : mf gugu, glgl Fz bfhltf mfkhf
113

ghfgLwhf. ftiy, ga kW kd cisryh mtgLgtf

Kakhf ghfgLgtf Mt.
a Fj vrL fhuf :f~ig, M kW nfho
nghwitf Flf Fzkhtij jhkjgLJwJ. sfh, sF,
, fu krhyh, khr N kW uj Fj czf iAonuhFnsh
myij mfkhf Ruf brJ Fl mfkhtjF fhuzkhwJ.
mFf
mFf:
cz cl xU k myJ 3 k neuF wF mf gbaLj
tW GJoj kW t
vr kW FJ t
ujnghF (uj H) Vglh, mWit ir njitgL
kw ffshd cz ghij jil, bghjf VgL Wneh tuToa
mgha VgL.
ir
ir:
ir cz Fnfhf
Fnfhf:
mFfUJ Lgl itgJ
fis FzkhFj
mWit ir nghw fUJ ghJfhj
cz l bfhiff
bfhiff:
tW nehahfSF fhu, thrid yhj (Bland) cz tHfgl
ntL. fhu thrid yhj cz vgJ cSWfis afhj,
ntidfis lhj, btgrhj vriy VgLjhj cz vdyh. gh
Kakhd rJfhuahf, iz MW gfhf nrJ bfhsgl
ntL. jkhd bfhG cs cz bghUfis nrfyh.
l cz nkyhik
nkyhik:

cz l Ka FnfhshdJ l nuhI (dumping

syndrome) jgjhf Uf ntL. l nuh vgJ mf ms
l myJ ut cz Obud tWF brtJ.

a ms mofo cz cbfhs mWjgLwJ. rhLtjF

ilna ut Fogij jfntL.

jkhd msnt jhF bghUf cgnahfgLjgl ntL.

nehah cz ga U btWf, cz gHff kW

bghUshjhu iy Mait g fyjhnyhJ nehahF ntoa
czit ll ntL.

cz cbfhS nghJ mikahd Niy Uf jidrhj kW

FLg uridfis cz cbfhSnghJ kwf ntL.

xbthU cz ntisF KD, D J X vLjh czid

kahf cbfhs Ko.
114

t cz yhj bghGJ ifoj kW kJ mUJjiy jf

ntL. .

nghJkhd cl kW kd rhj X njit.

tW Ugtf nrf ntoa kW jf ntoa czf

mltiz 4.1 bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 4.1
4.1: tW f - nrf ntoa kW
jf ntoa czf

tW fhd xU ehisa kh czl

(uL kneu ilbt)
jkhd nj

1 f

btbz jltgl buho

2 JL

nghL myJ ntf itfgl Kil -

gh

1 ls

115

rhj

kfgl gU

jkhd nj

1 f

thiHgH

mf

1 f

fh

rfh TL

M n

1 ls

M) tW nghF
nghF:
tW nghF vgJ xU egUF rhjhuzkhf xU ehisF Ugij l
sa ky mf ms, Ul, gyKiw btnaWtJ MF. W FHijfis
mfkhf ghfToaJ tWnghF MF.
fhuf
fhuf:
mfkhd czl myJ ujYF fodkhd cz bghUfis
cbfhSj, eu vr VgLj kW mfkhd ms kysfis
cbfhStJ.
xLf, ghOah myJ eR fyj cz myJ
xthik VgLj Toa bghUf myJ cz bghUfshd gh, nfhJik,
Kil, fl czf.
bgatfl kd mGj myJ kd cisr nghwit, Wtfl
ga nghwit VgLj.
y kUJ bghUf kW Mogaho kUJf tWnghid
VgLJ.
tiff
tiff:
cl VgL kw nehfSF tWnghF X mFahf csJ. J
FWa fhyF (acute) ukhfnth myJ l fhynfh (chronic) Uf
ToaJ.
1. FWa fhyF VgL tWnghF: Obud tuToa tWnghF,
sa ky kW fyj ky btnaWj. Jl tW t, jiro,
gyd kW fhr, th VgLwJ. nfnuh viuo (Gastroenteritis) kW
mrnuo bfhiyo (ulcerative colitis) nghw nehUf Ujh FWa fhy
tWnghF VgL.
2. l fhyF VgL tWnghF: uL thu myJ mjF nk
tWnghF ojh mJ l fhy VglToa tWnghF vd Twyh.
rhL cz f ntfkhf W Fliy flJ brW L. jdh rJf
crgLtiy. j _y rJFiwghL VgLwJ.
mFf:
116

 Kakhf FHfl (Infants) VgL tnghj (dehydration)

kW vbynuhiyLf H
mf jhf, a msnt W btnaWj
th cyJ nghj
njh jik Fiwj
ir:
tWnghid jLF Kiwf KakhdJ th t nuW
ir (ORT - Oral Rehydration Therapy). th t nuW ir vgJ rahd ms
th tahf brYj Toa utij bfhLgj _y Hj kW
vbynuhiyLfis Fiwj bry <L brJ ciu fhf Ko. utfis
th tahf bfhLgj (rehydration) _y g czit o, cz
vLJbfhtij rgL cl vilia mfgLJwJ.
tht nuW irfhd gl fl msf bghUf Uf
ntLbkd WHO/UNICEF gJiu brJsJ.
nrhoa FnshiuL
- 3.5
nrhoa igfhgnd
- 2.5
bghlha FnshiuL - 1.5
FSnfh
- 20.0

- 1 l
o jahfgL ut
ut:
tWngh Kj milahsnyna X vjhd L jahig
bfhLfyh.bfhf itJ Mw itj xU Ftis j xU oif c,
xU njfuo rfiu nrf ntL.
mltiz 4.2 t nghjiy jLF th t nuW ir
Kiw bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 4.2
4.2: th t nuW ir Kiw

xU ehisF 4-6 lsf bfhLfgl ntL. jahig 5-6 k neu

miw btgiyY, 24 k neu Frhjd bgoY itfyh.
Mjhu
Mjhu: Booklet, Dehydration During Diarrhoea Published by Glinida (Glaxo Laboratories India
Ltd,)
117

l cz bfhiff
bfhiff:
tWnghF vgJ VnjD xU neh mFahf Ugjh nehfhd
fhuzij fistnj kUJt ir Ka FnfhshF. mLjjhf
Hj ut kW vbynuhiyLfis Ug bgw ir bra ntL.
filahf rJ njitfis bra ntL. Fiwthd bfhG, mf
crJf, jhJ cf kW Fiwj ehrJs cz
gJiufgLsJ.
l cz nkyhik
nkyhik:
njitahd ms ut cz nrgjfhf khJis kW MuR gHrhW, nkh
myJ s bfhLfyh.
gh kW rfiu jf.
nfu N nrfyh. Vbd J tnghjiy <L brtJl, nrhoa,
bghlha kW ghgu njitia brwJ.
thiHgH cs bgo eik isf Toa ghOah tsia
LwJ.
nehah iy uil bghGJ, j, s, nj, nkh kW f
bfhLfyh. nehah rhl jahuhF nghJ gGj thiHgH, bkikahf ntf
itj rhj, j kW buho nrfyh.
tWngh nghJ FHF jhgh bfhLgij WjTlhJ.
tWnghfhd kh cz l
l:

) kyf
kyf:
kyf vgJ ky fodkh, FlYs bghUf btnawgLtJ
fodkhwJ. jdh tW fdkhf myJ ky btnaWt f VgLwJ.
jdh ky brY t ghfgLtjh kyJl y rka uj btnaW.

118

fhuf
fhuf:
Fiwj cz cQj
rahd neu rhlhkY, XbtLfhkY kW ky btnawhkY
Uj
nflhd czgHf, Fiwthd ut kW ehrJ, KGJ lgl
jhaf, ml f czf, Fiwj msnt rifia VgLj Toa
czfis nrJ bfhtJ.
kyyfis mfkhf cgnahgJ.
Fj Vgl _y kW s fhuzkhf fodkhd myJ tl ky
btnaWj.
ilbtoFnyh (diverticulosis) nghw cWf FiwghL.
jhgh mUJ FHijfis l braif cz mUJ FHijfSF
kyf Vgl mf thsJ.
tiff
tiff:
1. jkhd ((Atonic)) kyf
kyf:
J f rhjhuzkhf fhzgL kyf MF. Fl Rt jirf
WFtjh mj bglho af ghgilwJ. cz Fl rhjhuz
ntf efUtiy. jkhd kyfYF Kakhd fhuz gUk (bulk)
Fiwthd czit cbfhtJ, ut gwhFiw, j Rj yhik, clg
ik, l fhy cley Fiw kW fg jj nghwit MF.
2. jir Wf ((Spastic) kyf
kyf:
bgUFl jirf mfkhf WFtjh kyf VgLwJ. Fl
bkhj tY xGfw Kiw jirf RUFtjh cz ef uhf
UfhJ. mfkhd kJ mUJtJ, krhyh bghUf, nj, fh kW mf ms
kysfis cgnahgjh jir Wf kyf VgLwJ.
mFf
mFf:
jiyt
eh btik goJ fhzgLj
_R fh Jehw, gik
l cz nkyhik
nkyhik:
cz l eh bghUf mfkhf nrgjh Fl gUkid
mfgLjyh.
KGikahd jhaf, gHf kW fhffis mfkhf cbfhStj
_y cz eh bghUismfgLjyh.
lgl jhafSF gyhf KG jhafis cgnahf ntL.
8-10 ls ut mUJtJ Fl cs bghUfis gh l iy
itUJ Fl vjhf efUtjF cjahf UF.
119

 btbz, be, , vbz nghw bfhG bghUf cz Uf

ntL. Vbd cs bfhG my f mirfis
LwJ.
Kl myJ bjthd N ria nrgJl, vbynuhiyLf kW
njitia brwJ.
kysf mf ms ilwJ. Mdh ij bjhlJ cgnahgjh
mf ms bghlha, nrhoa kW ky btnaWwJ. J
gJiufgliy.
kyfYfhd kh cz l

III. fu nehf
fu vgJ cl cs fyhd, bga Ru. J uz klyJl
bjhlilaJ. cl eyF cj gntW ntiyfis braToa cWghF.
jkly
lJ fu ehs

tyJ fu ehs

ku

fu

iuig
jig

jig ehs
bghJthd fu ehs
ku ehs

bghJthd j ehs
K Fl

120

mltiz 4.3 fu ntiyf RUfkhf bfhLfgLsJ.

mltiz 4.3
4.3: fu ntiyf

fu cl r bjhlghd ntiyf mfkhf <LgLtjh, fu nehf

rJf bjhlghdit vgJ bjthwJ. xLf bjhW, kJghd
mUJj, rJz FiwghL, tsij xGik kW Uja nehf
nghwt nghJ fu nehf VgLwJ.
fu nehf kW FiwghL VgLtjfhd fhuf
fhuf:
neh bjhiw gugit - ghOah, itu, xLf
eRf kW eR nt bghUf - ghgu, Fnshnuh~gh, fhg bluh
FnshiuL.
kJghd mUJj - l fhyF mfkhd ms kJghd mUJj
tsij khwf myJ rJ fhuf - uj fnyh FiwghL VgL
nghJ cUthf Toa rJ FiwghL.
j ghij mil VgLwJ-jff cUthj
Wneh cUthj - bAgnlhkh
fu brf Fiwghodh ntiy br brf flik Fiw
fu brf Fiwj uj Xl
m) krfhkhiy
krfhkhiy:
kUJt mFf
mFf:
gy fu nehfSF krfhkhiy vgJ X mFahf csJ. uj
j wf nrtjh njh kW cl Rf w krshf khWwJ. J gy
iyf btgLwJ.
121

krfhkhiy ((Jaundice))

mildh tU
krfhkhiy
(Obstructive Jaundice)

erbghUfdh
tU krfhkhiy
(Toxic Jaundice)

tgQf ijdh
tU krfhkhiy
(Haemolytic Jaundice)

bga mah
j ff, fof,
nfh[h f VgL kW kr fhryh
VgLj
FHh mil VgLj

eR bghUf,
kUJf myJ itu
bjhWfsh VgLj

fu nehf bghJthd mFf

mFf:
nrh, gyd, fis
gik, vilFiw, tW gF t
t th iwUj (Flatulence), Fkl, th
tWF njfkilj (Ascites), nfhit (Oedema)
M) bAgilo
bAgilo:
bAgho (Hepatic) vgJ fu rgjkhdJ. bAgilo vgJ bjhW
nehahF. J itu myJ kUJf _y clhwJ. itu bAgilo
vgJ A , B kW C vd tifgLjgLsJ.
A tif myJ neh bjhdh VgL bAgilo vgJ (infectious
hepatitis) kydh khrilj kW cz _y myJ neuoahf ujFHh
_y nehUf fljgLwJ. A tif bAgilo bghJthf nyrhd xW,
f mjhf l fhy nehahf khwToaJ.
B tif bAgilo Kakhf rahf Rffglhj kUJ brYJ
Cf _ykhf fljgLwJ. J f ukhdJ. ntW gy nkhrkhd
isfSF ttFfToaJ.
C tif bAgilo w ujij brYJ nghJ fljgLwJ.
kUJ myJ nt bghUfsh clhF bAgilo kJ mUJtJ,
nghij bghUf cbfhtJ, r~g TL bghUf, bg,
Fnshnuh~gh, fhgbluh FnshiuL nghw eRbghUf clYF brtjh
VgLwJ.
ir
ir:
njitahd X kW rJf iwj mf uj, mf fhnghiAonu
kW jkhd bfhG brj cz mta.
btw fhufshd kJ mUJj, nghij bghUf cbfhSj
Matiw WJtjh fu mtij jLf Ko.

122

l cz nkyhik
nkyhik:
mf uj, mf fhnghiAonu, jkhd bfhG cs cz lij
6 UJ 8 ntisfshf J cbfhSkhW nehahfis crhfgLj
ntL. j _y nehahf ewhf rhl, nehUJ iu
Fzkila Ko.
xU nyhuh cl vilF xU uh jukhd uj gJiufgLsJ.
ghYl ujfyitfshd nuhobd (Protinex) kW nuhoD
(Protinules) fyJ cz neuF ilna bfhLfyh.
j ehs mil VgoUjh nehahf jkhd bfhG cs czit
VW bfhlhY Fiwj ms bfhG cs cznt eyJ.
fhnghiAonu mfkhf cbfhStjh fnyh ms mfgnjhL
bjhlJ isnfhb# cUthtij mfgL fu brf
guhkgjF njitahd ujij mwJ.
crJf kW jhJ cf ms mffgl ntL.
y nehahf mf thrids fhff, brlgl blr (desserts),
bghj kW bfhG iwj cz, bfhilf, rhny, mf jhj cs
bghUfis rhl Koahj gr mtiw jf.
nrf ntoa kW jf ntoa czf

bAgilo nehahfhd kh cz l

123

) fu nuh (Cirrhosis):
fu nuh vgJ bjhW neh iAgilo cl ClFiw, l
fhy kJghd mUJtjhY VglToaJ. fu brf ijtilJ mj
(necrosis), bfhG CLUt (Fatty infiltration) kW iz R joj (Fibrosis)
Mait VgLwJ.
<) bAgho nfhkh ((Hepatic coma ) :
eu Rf uridf VgL fyhd nuh cUth u fu
nehia VgLJ. fuyh tsij khw Vglhj mnkhah nghw ieu#
bghUf _is uj Xl fyF nghJ VgLwJ. nghl uj
Ka uj Xl neuoahf fygjhY bAgilodh fu brf
u ijtilJ nghtjhY neh tUwJ.
4.2. cz nkyhik - clgUk, neh kW uj mGj
I.. clgUk
clgUk vgJ msffkhf bfhG Rf (adipose tissue) cl
nrUtjh rhjhuz vilia l 20 rjj cl vil mfjny MF. mf vil
vgJ cl vilahdJ xUt taJ, cau, ghd MatF Vw ruhr
vilia (mean standard weight) l 10-20 rjj vilnawij FF. clgUkdh
cley nfhshW, nehf kW ngW fhy w VgL.
it tUkhW tiuaWfgLwJ.
mf vil ((Over weight ): xU eg ghd, taJ, cauF jFj rahd (ideal)
vilia l 10 UJ 20 rjj vil mfjiy FF.
clgUk ((Obese): xU eg ghd, taJ, cauF jFj rahd (ideal) vilia
l 20 rjj TLj cl vilia FF.
Fiwj vil ((under weight): xU eg ghd, taJ, cauF jFj rahd (ideal)
vilia l 10 rjj Fiwthd cl vilia FF.
clgUk uL tifgL.
1. tsl Toa clgUk ((Developmental Obesity )
j tifahd clgUk FHij Mug ehfnyna njhw MuJ
bgatfshF tiu bjhlJ mfwJ. vdnt, FHif ehF tajhF nghnj
vilnawfhd mojs mikwJ. brf bfhGdh brlgL,
FHij tsu tsu cl bfhG nru bjhlFwJ. jir kW vYf iw
vil cl vilnawij jhFtjfhf mfwJ. khahd
124

FHiff, rhjhuz FHiffis l caukhf, mtf taJF a

caukhf Ug. tf FHgUtUJ bgatfshF tiu clgUk
mf Ugtfshf Ug. khahd clgUk bfhGl Toa bka
bfhG br (lean body mass) mf cs cl thid bfhoUg.
2. kd mGjdh tU clgUk ((Reactive Obesity )
FHij thif VgL bjhlU kd mGj tif clgUk
clhf fhuzkhwJ. khahd kd mGj VgL fhyf FHij
mfkhf cz cL vil mfwJ.
cl gUkdht ghd ntWghLf csJ. Kakhf bgf Kj
fgF wF khjlh w wF (Menopause) vil mfwJ.
MfSF bghJthf 50 taF wF vil mfwJ. Vbd mtf
tsij khw j, cl braghLf FiwtJ kW mtf vLJbfhS
cz fnyh ms Fiwtiy.
fhuf
clgUk vgJ gntW fhufsh VgL l fhy khwkhF. elij,
csa, tsij khwf kW kuiy nghw gy tifahd fhufsh
clgUk clhwJ.
1. kuiy fhuf: clgUkdhtjF 50-70 rjj kuiy jh kw
fhufisl Ka gF twJ. bgnwh UtU gUkdhf Ujh,
FHijf clgUkdhtjF 80 rjj myJ bgnwh vtnuD xUt
gUkdhf Ujh 50 rjj cl gUkdhtjF t cL.
2 . taJ kW ghd: r iy TLj Mf Ujh (Positive energy
balance) vj taY vj ghdF clgUk Vgl thL.
3. cz cQ gHff: bghJthf y cz gHff clgUk Vgl
ttFF.
oUF bgf cz ntisfSF il bfhgjh clgUk
Vgl mf thL.
o rhLtij jJ btna mofo rhLgtf clgUkdh
ghfgLwhf.
mf bfhG, mf fhnghiAnu iwj # czfis
rhLgtfSF clgUk tu th mf.
Hhf nghwtF f jahJ tHFj nghw y rka gHf
tHffsh mf fnyh cz nrwJ.
gjlgl fnyh brj (concentrated, processed) kW mf bfhG
iwj czit U egfSF clgUk tu thsJ.
fhff kW gHfis cz nrfhjdh mfkhf mirt
czf cbfhtdh cl vil TLwJ.
4. cl braghLf: yFthd ntiy br egflK, cl braghLfSF
Fiwj KaJt bfhLgtfSF clgUk clhwJ. clgUk vj
125

taY tu th UjhY cl braghLf FiwjhY cz cQ ms

Fiwahk UF nghJ eLtadUF cl vil mff mf thsJ.
5. kd mGj ((Stress):
): Rakhf g bfhgtf, jidna JW
bfhgtf, kdnrhl, ftiy bfhgtf kW kd mGj cilatf
mf fnyh cs czit vLJ bfhwhf.
6. ehsyh Ru fhuf ((Endocrine factors ): Fiwj ms ijuh
Ahnkh Ru (hypothyroidism) kW bfhdnlh uh Ahnkh Ru (hypogonodism)
clgUkid VgLJ. thggUtY, fgfhyY kW khjlh F
fhyY clgUk bghJthf fhzgLwJ.
7. gJf: jiy fha VgL nghJ g czit (appetite), cl iwit
(satiety) xGFgLJ ntiyia br iAngh jyhk ghgiltjh clgUk
VgLwJ.
cl bfhG Rf gus j
MF bgF cl cs bfhG br (fat mass) gus j
ntWgLwJ. MuhL (android) vgJ M LF nk gF bja
Toajkhf bfhG gu, ifdfhL (gynecoid) vgJ bg t
gF, l, L kW bjhilgF bfhG mf ms gu
fhzgLwJ. t gUk L, il (waist hip ratio) j mfkhf Ugij
FwJ.
kLj
1. cl vil ((Body weight )
bgatf ruhr vilia l 10 rjj mfgJ mf cl vil
(overweight) vd, 20 rjj mf vil clgUk (Obesity) vd miHfgLwJ.
2. cl iw myF ((Body Mass Index )
c l iw myF
(BMI)

vil (nyhuh)
cau (l 2)

Weight (kg)
=

Height (m2)

cl iw my _y clgUk julgLwJ.
ju III gUk

> 40 BMI

ju II gUk

30-40 BMI

ju I gUk

25-29.9 BMI

rhjhuz cl vil

< 25

3. L Rws ((Waist circumference )

cl vilia FiwF nghJ mjF K xU egiu tW gF
cs bfhGig msf L ms X msnfhyhf ir brgtUF cj.
Mf >40 mFy ( >102 br.)
bgf >35 mFy (>88 br.)

126

4. nuhfh bl ((Brokas index )

nuhfh bl thghL
cau (br.) - 100 = rahd cl vil (kg)
J rahd vilia fla (Ideal body weight) cj va KiwahF.
l cz bfhiff
Fiwj fnyh, rhjhuz uj, crJf kW jhJcf,
fLgLjgl fhnghiAonu kW bfhG, mf ut kW ehrJ
mfKs czf
l cz nkyhik
r
r: yFthd ntiy br egUF xU nyh ruhr cl vilF 20 .fnyhf
kW eLju ntiy br RWRWghd egUF 25 .fnyhf gJiufgLwJ.
uj
uj: xU nyh cl vilF 0.8 Kj xU uh uj tiu gJiufgLwJ.
J Rfis guhkgjF njitgLwJ.
fhnghiAnu
fhnghiAnu: mf fhnghiAonu iwj czfshd cUisHF, m
nghwit fLgLjgLwJ. ria kL (empty calories) mfToa
rfiu KYkhf fgl ntL. fhnghiAnu mfKs thiHgH
nghwit jfgl ntL.
bfhG
bfhG: Fiwj bfhG myJ bfhGng yhj cz l Uf ntL.
bfhG _y bgwgL fnyhf Fiwthf Uf ntL. bfhG brj
cz bghUfshd bfhilf kW vbz Jf jfgl ntL.
bfhG fgl gh bfhLfglyh.
crJf
crJf: bfhG bjhlJ jfgLtjh, bfhG fiu
crJfshd A kW D Fiwthf Ugjh, ij <Lbra Jiz cz
(supplement) bfhLfglyh.
jhJcf
jhJcf: rhjhuz c ms Fiwthf cbfhtjh nrhoa msit
fLgLj Ko. jdh cl vil FiwwJ. mf ms nrhoa cl iu
jf brJ cl vilia mfJ fhL.
utf
utf: ut cz mfkhf cbfhsyh. Vbd mf ms utf
Mnuhakhd Wuffsh btnawgL. mfkhd cz cbfhStij
jf, cz cgjF K xU ls j Foj eyJ.
mf ehbghU
ehbghU: mf ehrJ, Fiwj fnyhia cila iu, fhff,
gHf, fhfgro, KGjhaf kW KG gaWf l cz nrJ
bfhsgl ntL. clgUk cilatfSF ehrJ mfKs cz
bghUf nrgjh VgL eikfshtd
Fiwj fnyh ml
iu tiff crJf kW jhJ cf iwjJ
cz cl iw (Satiety)
ky btnawij uhFj
127

 uj bfhyouh msit fLgLJj

bkY ntiyia mfgLJtjh cQ ms FiwwJ.
l cz tfho ((Dietary guidelines )
clYF njitahdtiw l Fiwthd fnyhf cbfhStnj
vilia Fiwgjfhd xnu t vd nehahfis rkhjhdgL vil
FiwF jah bra ntL.
cl Fiw bkGFf (Body waxes) cl krh{ nghwtwh vil Fiwa
thng iy. kUdhnyh VnjD X cz cgjhnyh cl vil Fiwa
thiy.
cQ cz nyh fnyhfis mffhk kw midJ rJfS
nghJkhdjhf Uf ntL. ehrJ mf iwjjhf Uf ntL.
vilia uhf itgJ vgJ theh KGJ filof ntoa xwhF.
vdnt 40 taF wF xUt f nghw mf fnyh cs czid
jJ Fiwj fnyh cs czid nrJ bfhs ntL.
cz lkhdJ njitahd ms vyh rJfSl, Fiwj fnyhl
mf ehrJ csjhf Uf ntL.
clgUk cilatf gjlgl bghUfis jJ aif
ilfToa czid cbfhs CFf ntL. bfhG, rfiu
(sucrose) kW kJghdfis msnthL vLJbfhs ntL.
clg cl bfhGid FiwJ jirRfis mfwJ. jdh
uj mGj, uj rfiu ms, bfhyouh, kd mGj
Matiw FiwJ cl MnuhaF ttFF.
y cz jahf

128

clgUk
_leifs cz Kiwf ((FAD Diets )
bghJthf gy _leifs cz Kiwfis uhZ la (Crash diet) vW
miHwhf. m, m cz, thiHgH cz, ut uj cz, go
czl kW fhnghiAnu yhj cz vgit y. Kakhd
Fiw vdbt rhjhuzkhd rj cz cs bghUfis
vilFiwgjfhf rkuw Kiw clYF l ehfSF nfL isF
tz kh mikgjhF. kh cl Mnuhaij ghf Toa cz
lfis gJiufTlhJ.
clgUk cila egUfhd kh czl

jf ntoa, fLgLjgl ntoa kW mfkhf nrJ bfhs

Toa czf

129

II. neh (lahgO bkl) ((Diabetes mellitus)

neh (diabetes mellitus) vgJ xU l fhy (Chronic) tsij khw
FiwghL (metabolic disorder). j fhuzkhf cl FSnfh KGtJkhfnth myJ
gFahfnth gagLjgLtij jLwJ. uj cs FSnfh ml
Fiw, fhnghiAnu, uj kW bfhG tsij khw FiwghL Mait
nehah cl VgL khwf MF.
fizaYs lhbrf RuF R (Insulin), fhnghiAnu, uj
kW bfhG tsij khw ffis begLJwJ. fizaYs M~gh
130

brf RuF Fqffh uj FSnfh msid mff br.

R kW Fqffh ntiyf rkiy uj FSnfh msid
rhjhuz iy guhkF. neh nghJ R Fiwj ms RuF
myJ cl brf Rid jil br.
nehfhd fhuf
R FiwghL jirahdJ myJ kwtiw rhjJ.
nehfhd Kakhd fhuf ahbj,
1. bgwgl ((acquired)) myJ Niy ((environmental)) fhuf
m) bjhWf ((Infection):): J R rhj thfnth (IDDM / Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus) myJ R rhuhj thfnth (NIDDM / Non Insulin Dependent
Diabetes Mellitus) Ufyh.
M) neuo fhuf ((Direct):): kUJfsh lh brf ijfgL neh
cUthfyh.
) wfhuf: eRbghUf, Fiwj uj vLJ bfhSj kW
iflgl myJ gjlgl khr czit cQtjh VgL
ienuhnrhikf (nitrosamines) nghwtwh clhfyh.
2. thif Kiw khwf
m) mf czl kW clgUk
M) R rhuhj (NIDDM) tUtjF cl ciH Fiw xU Kakhd
fhuahF
) Fiwj Cl
<) mf kW l fhy VglToa kd mGj
c) kUJf kW Ahnkhf
C) fiza nfhshWf
3. tsij kW vnlhiu ((Endocrine)) VgL nfhshWf
mndh fhonfh ouh Ahnkh (ACTH / Adreno Cortico Tropic Hormone),
Fqffh (glucagon) kW md (adrenalin) nghw Ahnkhf uj
FSnfh msit mfJ neh tu fhuzkhwd.
th ghfgltf ((Prevalence))
neh ah mfkhf csJ. ICMR- gntW ikaf
Mgo 15 taF nk cstf efwf 2.5 rjjK, uhkwf
1.8 rjjK nehdh ghfgoUwhf. ah vL ngf xU
eg neh cstf. afSF neh jhf Toa ruhr taJ 40
MF. mnj rka kw ehLf 55 tajhf csJ.

131

tiff ((Types))
tif I - R rhj neh ((IDDM))
tif neh R rhj myJ sik gUt njhW
(Juvenile onset diabetes) neh vd miHfgLwJ. nehahf Rid
rhJ csd. J Obud sik gUt njhW. mnjhL fiza rhjhuz
ms Rid RufKoahk nghfTL. J itu nghwtwhnyh myJ
jhdhfnth VglToa neh v rahnyh clhFk. FHijf bghJthf
Fiwj vill Ug.
tif II - R rhuhj neh ((NIDDM))
R rhuhj neh (bgatfl njhW / adult onset diabetes).
tif R rhuhj , bkJthf, Fiwj uJl Mdh xnu uhf
clhF. fiza RufToa R ms njitahd ms UjhY
mj braghL wghf UwJ. tif Fghf mf vils
bgatfSF VgLwJ.
ClFiw fhuzkhf VgL ((Malnutrition Related Diabetes Mellitus MRDM))
tif , Kakhf ahit nghw btg kly ehLf, mY
Fghf 15-30 tadl fhzgLwJ. fiza nghJkhd ms Rid
Rugiy. bghJthf tif nehahf bkJ, Fiwthd ms Cl
bfhltfshf Ug.
fg fhy ((Gestational Diabetes )
fUUF nghJ VgL fgfhy vd miHfgLwJ. xU
rjj ff nehah ghfgLwd. tif fgfhy
rgjkhd uridf mfF. mit mgona FHij wj bjhlu
thsJ.
mltiz 4.4 gugiu fhuzkhf njhwToa rhaTWfis
twJ.
mltiz 4.4
4.4: gugiu fhuzkhf njhwToa rhaTWf

132

mltiz 4.5 R rhj kW rhuhj neh gfis

twJ.
mltiz 4.5
4.5: R rhj kW rhuhj neh g

uj rfiu gnrhjid

133

mFf
mFf: Mug mFf flitahF.
mf jhf (ghoah / Polydypsia)
mf W btnaw (ghah - Polyuria)
mf g (ghngah / Polyphagia)
vilFiwj (tif I) myJ clgUk (tif II)
kUJt mFf
isnfhah (Glycosuria) (W rfiu)
iAg isah (uj FSnfh ms (Hyperglycemia)
mfj)
mrhjhuz FSnfh V nrhjidf
kw mFf
ghit kFj
njh m myJ neh bjhW
gydkilj, gyHj
f bkJthf FziltJ
ut kW vbynuhiy rkiyik
myjik mfj (nlh, nlhah)
Mj idHj iy (Coma)
gnrhjidf ((Diagnosis))
nehia fl gnrhjidf _y mayh.
(i) isnfhahit gnrhjid brj: bgo gnrhjid (Benedicts
Test)
(ii) OGTT / tht FSnfh V nrhjid (Oral Glucose Tolerance Test)
(iii) isnfhnylL nkhFnsh (gycosylated haemoglobin)
(iv) nlhahit gnrhj
(v) jbrayhf vLfgL gnrhfgl uj rfiu ms (random sugar)
l cz bfhif
neh cz _ykhf kL myJ cz kW iAnghis
kUJf _ykhf myJ cz kW R _ykhf neh uij
bghWJ khWgL. neh ir ehF Kakhd tKiwf
gwgLwJ.
cz l

kUJf

clg

neh nkyhik Ka Fnfhf

ujY, WY rfiu msit Fiwj
cl vilia uhf guhkj
134

 mFfSF ir mj
ujYs bfhGfis Fiwj
njitahd rJzit mj
FWa fhy (acute) cl nfhshWfis jj
uj Rnwhl (vascular) VgL nfhshWfis jj
fhd cz l rhjhuzkhf cQ czUJ KGikahf
khWgoUf ntLbkw mta iy. bghJthf e a cz mf
fhnghiAnu, Fiwj bfhG cilaJ. bkhj fnyhfUJ 60-65 rjj
fhnghiAnuoUJ, 10-20 rjj bfhGUJ bgwgLwJ. jKs 1520 rjj fnyhf ujUJ ilwJ. nehah rJ njitf
mt taJ, ghd, vil, cau, cla braghLf kW cla njitf
(Physiological needs) bghWJ ll gl ntL.
nehah cz fltiw bfhL ll gl ntL.
1. cz gkhw goa (Food Exchange Lists)
2. cz bghUf is FpL (Glycaemic Index of Foods)
1. cz gkhw goa (Food Exchange Lists)
cz l jahF nghJ Flgl cz bghUfSF gyhf,
rk ms fnyh ks kW mnj ms uj, bfhG kW fhnghiAnu
cs bghUfis msJ bfhLjny cz gkhw goa vdgL. nehah
R njitnfg cz bghUf cbfhtij fLgLj cjwJ.
j fhuzkhf iAgisah (uj rfiu ms mfj) myJ
iAnghisah (uj rfiu ms Fiwj) tuhk jLwJ. nkY
cz gntW j jahfis cUthf cjwJ.
2. is FpL ((Glycaemic Index )
uj rfiuia mff br jik is FpL _ykhf
magLwJ. J FSnfh msF rkkhf uj rfiu msit
caj njitahd xU cz bghU xL msthF.
czdh VgL is isfis ghF fhuf
cz cbfhS ntf (Rate of Ingestion of Foods)
cz jik (Food Form)
cz gF bghUf - bfhG, ehrJ kW uj ms
czit rikF kW jahF Kiw
vdnt, nehahfSF czit ll is FpL cjwJ.
nfhJik, m nghw jhaf, cUisHF, nfu nghw ntHFf
mf is FpL (65-75%) cilait. gHf ilgl is FpL
(45-55%) cilait. gaWtiff Fiwj is FpL (30-40%) cilait.
vdnt gaWf nehahfSF gaDsit.
135

cz l nkyhik
taJ, ghd, jnghija vil, njitahd vil, cl braghLf, ntiy Ma
fhufis bghWJ dr r njit fzl gl ntL.
cz cs uj, bfhG, fhnghiAnuo rahd msid l bkhj
fnyhf cbfhS msnt nehahF KakhF. XU
nehah rahd cl vil myJ mjF rW Fiwthd vilia guhkf
ntL.
R bfhLfglhj nghJ xbthU cz ntisF gjfToa
fnyhf flthW Uf ntL. fhiy kW Kgf - 33% ka
kW gf 33% u kW gLifF brY K - 33%
va rfiuf jLfgl ntL. Vbd it vjhf crgl
ToaJ, mf is FpL bfhlitahf csJ.
jahf xU vbzia cgnahgij l gy vbzfis fyitahf
cgnahj eyJ. TL brtw bfhG myf (Polyunsaturated Fatty
Acids) kW xiw brw bfhG myf, (Mono Unsaturated Fatty Acids)
iwj jhtu vbzfis cgnahfyh. (Nafh vbz, nrhs
vbz, fliy vbz, ebybz) brw bfhG myf
(Saturated Fatty Acids) iwj yF bfhG kW iAou#ndw bragl
bfhG nghwtiw jf ntL. khr, Kilia l kW nfh
iwia nrJ bfhs ntL.
mf uj cbfhStJ R cgia mfgLJtnjhL cl
iwit (satisfy) jUwJ. gU tiff ujK, ehrJ mf csJ.
crJf kW jhJ cf njitba Jiz czfshf
bfhLfglyh (Kakhf bfhG fiu crJf) TL
fhnghiAnuLf kW ehrJ cz nrJ bfhsgl ntL.
xbthU 1000.fnyhfSF cz ehrJ (Dietary Fibre) 25-40
cbfhsgl ntL.
fiu ehrJ mf iAnghis FpL, Fiwj bfhyouh
jik bfhLsJ. vdnt cz gaW tiff, KG jhaf kW
btjaij nrJ bfhs ntL.
iAnghisahit jf rahd cz ilbtl czf
cbfhsgl ntL. _W ntis Kakhd cz jil _W
Wo czfis vLJ bfhsyh.
nehahf uj kW Uid jf ntL.
nrhoa xU ehisF 6 uhF nk cbfhsTlhJ. uj mGj cs
nehahF 3 uhF Fiwthd nrhoa bfhLfgl ntL.

136

 va rfiufSF gyhf braif ofis gJiufyh.

iAnghis czfshd btja nghwtiw cz nrJ
bfhsyh.
rJf Fiwthd czf (junk foods) jfgl ntL.

mf ehrJs czf
_l eiffS cikfS

137

138

rfiu nehahfhd kh cz l

III. ca uj mGj ((Hypertension))

ca uj mGj vgJ
kjfl Uf Toa bghJthd
uj Xl (circulatory) uridahF. vL
egf wjh m xUt w ca
uj mGjdh VgLtjh J
cyf _whtJ c bfhahf
mikwJ. vyh egfSF uj
mGj vgJ mtakhd xW. Jnt
ujij jk efu brJ cl
RfSF
ntoa
M#id
mwJ. ca uj mGj vgJ Uja braH, Uja uj Rnwhl
nehf, Wuf nehf kW gfthj nghwit cUthtjF Ka fhuahf
sFwJ.
cyf Rfhjhu Wtd (WHO) TWgo ca uj mGj vgJ
nlh mGj 160mm HgF mfkhf, lahnlh mGj 95mm Hg F
mfkhf UF iyahF. ca uj mGj vgJ xU nehay, J xU
milahskhf kw neh csij btgLJwJ. ca uj mGj Uja
ntiyfis ghwJ. rahd ir yhj gr Uja, _is kW
Wufij ghF. ca uj mGj cilatfSF gfthj tu iwa
thsJ.
fhuf
Uja Rnwhl nehf, Fnshk%yhbeiuo, gho Wuf neh,
_is myJ md fof, iAg ijuhor, fgig kW l fof
ca uj mGjij VgLJ.
139

ca uj mGj VgLtjfhd kw fhufshtd gugiu, kdmGj,

clgUk, ifoj, uj Rnwhl mf ms t mQf Ugjh
VglToa uj RR jik mf, fhonrh, Mnlhouh, md,
eh md nghw Ahnkhfsh uj FHhf FW nghtjhY VgLwJ.
tiff
ca uj mGj fhuf bjaho, mJ njitahd ca uj
mGj vdgL (Essential hypertension).
Fiwj ca uj mGj ((Mild hypertension )
lahnlh mGj 90 UJ 104 mm Hg Mf UF. cl vil Fiwj,
nrhoa fLghL kW elij khwfis mogilahf bfhL kUJt
ir mfgLwJ.
eLju ca uj mGj ((Moderate hypertension )
lahnlh mGj 105 UJ 119 mm Hg tiu Ujh mJ eLju ca
uj mGjij FF. rJz irl kUJfS bfhLfgl
ntL.
u ca uj mGj ((Severe hypertension )
lahnlh mGj 120 UJ 130 mm Hg. mjF nkY UF. cz
ir bghlha khW, nrhoa msit khaikj kW vilia r
brtjfhd rJz ir Mait mlF.
mFf
mnef ca uj mGj nehahfSF vj mFfS njhWtiy.
jiyt, kaf, ghit nfhshW
kw, _R thFj, Uja t
cz FHh kly nfhshWf
tf Koahj nrh
l cz bfhif
Fiwj fnyh, Fiwj bfhG, Fiwj nrhoa, rhjhuz ms ujK
cbfhs gJiufgLwJ.
cz l nkyhik
clgUk cila nehahf Fiwj fnyh czid cL cl vilia
FiwJ rhjhuz vilF bfhL tu ntL. kJghdf cbfhtij
FiwJ bfhs ntL.
rahd rJz iyia mila cz 60 uh uj Uf ntL.
yF kW iAou#ndw bragl bfhGig mf ms
cbfhtij jf ntL. jhtu vbz ms 20 uh Ufyh.
vjhf ilf Toa fhnghiAnu ca uj mGj nkyhik
cjwJ.

140

 nrhoa fLgLjgl ntL. cz nrhoa bghlha j

Fiwfgl ntL. nrhoa mfkhf cbfhsgL nghJ Rnwhl
mf fyJ mG btnawgl ntoa (pump) uj fd ms
mffgLwJ. eLju ms nrhoafLghL 2-3/eh lahnlh
mGjij FiwwJ.
ca uj mGj bghlha gF fyhdJ. Vbd cl
cUs brf uj cs nrhoa, fha kW bka
bghlhaJl nrJ fhzgLwJ. Fiwj ms bghlha cl
nrhoa kW iu jf itJ bfhwJ. j fhuzkhf uj mGj
mfwJ. jdh mf bghlha, Fiwj nrhoa bfhLgJ eyJ.
bghlha njitia iw bra gHf kW fhffis mfkhf
nrJ bfhs ntL.
nrhoa fLgLjgl czl
rhjhuz cz l dK 3UJ 6 uh nrhoa csJ. j cz
l nrhoa ms khwgL ll gLwJ.
1. f u nrhoa fLghL (200-300 .) ((Extreme Sodium Restriction )
rika cig gagLj TlhJ. nrhoa Fiwj czfis njbjLf
ntL. jifa czl fu nuh (Cirrhosis of the liver) Uja
braHY gagLjgLwJ.
2. ukhd nrhoa fLghL (500-700 .) ((Severe Sodium Restriction )
rika cig gagLj TlhJ. cz bghUfis ftdkhf
njbjLf ntL. j ms u fLghL Uja braH nghJ
gagLwJ (Severe Congestive Heart Failure).
3. jkhd nrhoa fLghL (1000-1500 .) ((Moderate Sodium Restriction )
rika cig gagLj TlhJ. nrhoa Fiwj czf
njbjLfgl ntL. cig msJ gagLj ntL. j ms, gugiuahf
ca uj mGj cstfSF, ca uj mGj viy nfho
cstfSF VwJ.
4. Fiwthd nrhoa fLghL (2000-3000 .) ((Mild Sodium Restriction)
XusF cig rika gagLjyh. c iwj cz bghUfis
jf ntL. rhghL nkir cig cgnahf TlhJ. Uja kW Wuf
nfhshW cstfSF cz bjhlJ gagLJ msthf mika ntL.
nrhoa cs cz bghUf
yF czf nrhoa ms TLjyhf UF. khr, , nfh
iw, gh kW Matiw msnthL gagLj ntL.
mltiz 4.6 y cz bghUf cs nrhoa ms
bfhLfgLsJ.

141

mltiz 4.6 : cz bghUf cs nrhoa

ca uj mGj nghJ jf ntoa czf

cQ nghJ nkir myJ rika c

nkhndhnrhoa Fqlnk / mndhnkhnlh (Monosodium glutamate / Ajinomoto)
ng gl, nrhoa igfhgnd kW nrhoa bgnrhna
c nrJ gjgLjgl czf - CWfhf, lghf milfgl
czf
cUis HF nghw mf c nrfgl czf
krhyh kW thrid bghUf nrfgl bfr kW rh
, yfliy btbz (peanut butter), clgl btbz
ciwa itj glh (Frozen peas)
b f kW fUthL
jahfgl cz fyitf, f, nf, buho, ng.

142

ca uj mGjfhd kh cz l (cz jahF cig

gagLj TlhJ)

4.3. cz l tYd gf, Mnyhrid Kiwf

l cz Mnyhridf
Mnyhridf:
l cz Mnyhrid vgJ nehahfSF ir cz ga
jftfis tHFtjhF. l cz Mnyhrid Ka Fnfh
vdbt neh jik, mjdh VgL Ff, vthW mij mJ fhgJ
nghwit ga mit nehahfSF fgjhF. mnjhL j Rj,
czid ga jeg miu kW VnjD Fl ir UFbk
mjid ga jftfis tHf ntL. ey gadfToa l cz
Mnyhrid vgJ xU FG mQFKiwahf Uf ntL (kUJt - l cz
Mnyhrf - bra - nehah). mthW UFkhdh mj cz ir
btail. nehahl xU ey bjhlila mQFKiwia filof
ntL. neh u Fiwa cz gid FJ, ir cz
tfis FJ nehah czUkhW bra ntL. nehah ey Mnuhaij
mila Kiwahd bjhljYF (Followup) CFf ntL.
cz g Jiw (food service) nritfis ju, l cz kUJt
Mnyhrid ika (diet clinic), w nehahf nrit it bragLJj,
nehahfSF l kUJt Mnyhrid (diet counseling) mj, l cz
tKiwfis tWj cjj kW bjhlj (follow up) vd mj gf
gy. nehah L Niynfg rahF iyia ma vbghGbjyh Konkh
mbghGJ L brW ghitl ntL. cz Mnyhrid ika (Food clinic)
myJ Mnuha ikaf (Health centres) f bgf, ghL Kg
FHijfSl cs bgf kW rfiu nehahf nghwtfSF FG
ir (Group therapy) bfhLJ gadilayh.

143

l cz Mnyhrf (Dietitian) :
kUjtkidf, Wtdf, kw jhgdf, Fl Jiwf g
gahsf, jegf kW FGfSF njitahd cz kW ir
cz jahjiy nkghitLgtnu l cz Mnyhrf Mth. mnjhL, ir
cz bfhiffSnfg czid njbjLJ, jahJ tHFj, rJz
lfSnfg gfis brj kW VnjD WtdfSnfw czid
thFjYF bghWghs Mth.
bghJ ey r
Jz mYty (Public Health Nutritionist) :
rJz
r_f lf rgjkhd cz uridf, rJz bjhlghd
fhufis kLj, Rfhjhu lf cs rJz bjhlghdtiw
iwntWj, r_f ey lf rJz bjhlghd braghLf gfj
nghwtiw bghJ ey rJz mYty gF bgWth.
l cz tYe gf ((Role of a Dietitian ) :
kUJtJiw g brj l cz Mnyhrf (Clinical registered dietitian)
kUJtkid, kUJt mYtyf myJ Rfhjhu Wtdf (Health agency)
gthf. mnj nghW murhf g bgw l cz Mnyhrf
(Administrative registered dietitian) cz tHFj kW l cz Jiw g
brthf.
g brj l cz Mnyhrf tU y Ka bghWfis tg :
nehdh ghfgl nehah ClrJ iyia mj
rJz lf midJ iyfis lL xUizj. J
l fhy, FWa fhy lf, rJz f l Matiw
cslaJ.
rJz bjhlghd midJ gFfis g brj.
nehahfSF njit VgL nghJ Kiwahd bjhljYF (follow up)
ttFj.
Mfis bragLJj, cz rgjkhd bjh braghLf <LgLj
nehahf rJz guhk M Kofis jnghija m
wid gagLJj.
Mnuha Jiw kW FG cWdnuhL jDila mit wgl
btgLj bjhl gL bfhSj.
kUJt cz F (diet prescription) go cz l jahj.
khaikfgl cz lij VW bfhs nehahia kdtkhf
jah brj.
jahfgl cz l Ritsjhf rhl lToajhf
UFkhW brj.
cz l bjhlghd ma EQffis nehahF s VW
bfhs jah brj.
144

a l cz fHf - braghLf (The Indian Dietetic Association (IDA)Activities):

a l cz fHf 1963- ClrJ tYef, l cz
tYef, kUjt Phf nghw FGd izJ Kidt .nfhghy
(Dr.C.Gopalan) vgtiu jiytuhf, Kidt fah g (Dr.Kalyan Bagchi)
vgtiu brayhsuhf bfhL WtgljhF. ClrJ rhj uridf,
rJz KaJt, cl ey ngQt czl, neh jL kW
kUJt ir mj nghw braghLf <LgL tUwJ.
fHf nehffS FnfhfS:
ClrJ fia CFj
ClrJ kW rJza f fj, Muh kW g
<LgLJj
l cz tYe Mtij, eyid ng ghJfhj.
Applied Nutrition nghw ma giffis btl.
l cz tYef jfis jahgL bfhL, jahf bjh
JtFtjF g brJ bfhs ntoa njfis elJj.
btehoUF l cz fHffSl bjhl bfhL Uj.
fHf braghLf
braghLf:
ah kW btehLf UF fbgw mayhsfis bfhL
fUjuFfis, iufis mikgJ.
MobfhU Kiw w nguitf el ClrJ kW l czit
ga mit gut br kwfshf (forum) brayhWwd.

145

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. fhr vgJ cl btgiy
m) 84.4 0F

F mfkhF.

M) 98.4 0F

2.

) 92.4 0F

vgJ xU FWa fhy fhr MF.

m) il~ghL

M) fhrneh

) knyah

3. `O` tif uj cstf

m) fhryh

vjhf ghfgLwhf.

M) tWnghfh

) tWzh

4. fhu thrid yhj czf

gJiufgLwJ.
m) kyf
5.

cstfSF (nehahfSF)

M)

) tW

cstF tht nuW ir xU wj jLF KiwahF.

m) tW nghF

6.

M) tW

) kyf

vgJ fu neh X mFahF.

m) krfhkhiy

M)

7. C tif bAgilo

) clgUk

_y guggLwJ.

m) uj brYjgLJj

M) Rffglhj Cf

) kydh VgL khR

8. f u fu neh cstf
m) nuh

M ghfgLthf.

M) bAgilo

) bAgho nfhkh

9. xUt rhjhuz cl vilial 20 rjj cl vil mfj

vdgL.
m) clgUk

M)

10. MF VgL clgUk

m) ifdfhL

vd miHfgLwJ.

M) MuhL

11. FAD diet vgJ

m) krfhkhiy

) uj mGj
) bfhG br

cstfSF gwgLwJ.
M) tWnghF

) clgUk

12. neh nghJ VgL mf jhf

m) ghoah

vd miHfgLwJ.

M) ghah

) gh~ngah

13. uj FSnfh ms mfj

m) iAgisah

M) iAnghisah

14. bgo gnrhjid vgJ

m)

M) krfhkhiy

15. u nrhoa, fLgho nghJ

m) 200-300

vd miHfgLwJ.

M) 500-700
146

) isnfhah

nehia fla gagLwJ.

) bAgho nfhkh
ms nrhoa mDkfgLwJ.
) 1000-1500

M) XU thijf ila
ila:
1. fhr - tiuaW.
2. fhr VgLtjfhd cwfhufis vGJ.
3. il~ghL Vgl fhuzkhd ghOah bga vd?
4. tW njhw fhuzkhd ghOah bgaiu vGJ.
5. l nuh (dumping syndrome) vgJ vd?
6. tW ngh uL tiff ahit?
7. kyf uL tiffis FLf.
8. krfhkhiy gntW iyfis goaL.
9. cliw myid (BMI) vthW fzLth?
10. nuhfh bl vwh vd?
11. ghoah vgJ vd?
12. gh~ngah vgj bghUis TW.
13. isnfhah vgJ vd?
14. OGTT - thF.
15. neh nghJ mDkfgl uL czfis vGJ.
16. neh nghJ jf ntoa uL czfis vGJ.
17. ca uj mGj vwh vd?
18. rhjhuz czl cs nrhoa msit FL.
19. IDA - thF.
20. ``bAgho`` vgj bghU vd?
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. btwfhufsh fhr VgL jid vGJ.
2. fhr tiffis vGJ.
3. il~ghL fhr mFfis vGJ.
4. fhr neh mFfis FLf.
5. tW VglToa 4 fhuzf ahit?
6. fhu thrid yhj cz vwh vd?
7. tht nuW irfhd gl cs bghUfis vGJ.
8. kyf tu fhuzf vd?
9. fu nehfhd bghJthd mFfis FL.
10. nuh - tiuaW.
11. cliw my _y clgUk vthW julgLsJ?
147

12. neh (lahgO bkl) - tifgLJ.

13. cz gkhw goa vgJ vd?
14. ca uj mGj mFf ahit?
15. ca uj mGj nghJ jf ntoa czfis goL.
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. fhr nghJ filof ntoa bghJthd cz l bfhiffis
t.
2. il~ghL fhr nghJ gw ntoa cz l nkyhikia sF.
3. fhrneh (Tuberculosis) vwh vd? fhrnehah ghfgl nehahF kh
cz l xid vGJ.
4. tW nghJ filof ntoa cz l bfhiff kW
cz l nkyhikia thf vGJ.
5. tWnghF vgJ vd? tiff, mFf kW cz l
nkyhikia sFf.
6. kyfyh ghfgl nehahia vthW guhkgh?
7. kyf vwh vd? kh cz l xid vGJ.
8. fu gntW nehfis tirgLJ.
9. clgUk Vgl fhuzf ahit?
10. clgUkid kL tf ahit?
11. neh mFf ahit?
12. ca uj mGj nghJ jf ntoa czfis goaL xU kh
cz lid vGJ.
13.xU l cz Mnyhrf bghWfis th.
14. a l cz fHf g vGJ.
15. nrhoa fLgLjgl cz lf g t.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. fhrneh mFf, cz l nkyhikia tJ xU kh cz
l vGJ.
2. tW iz tU jiyf th.
m) fhuzf
<) cz l nkyhik

M) mFf

148

) ir

3. bAgilo vgJ vd? cz l nkyhik, nrfgl ntoa kW

jf ntoa czfis t. xU kh cz l vGJ.
4. clgUkDfhd fhuzfis th. clgUkid msf cj gntW
Kiwfis vGJ.
5. neh cz l nkyhikia thf vGJ.
6. neh cz lf fil ofgL _leiffS,
cikfS g th.

149

5. cz tHF Wtdf
5.1 cz tHF Wtdf
Wtdf: nehffS, tiffS
cz tHF Wtd RWyh kW tjf KJbfYghf, ma
brythia <o jUtY Ka gF twJ. Wtdf cz tHFj
vgJ ahF ajW. kj, ghuga kW fyhrhu kfis xW
nrJ Hhf bfhlhLnghJ, Ugf fyJ bfhSnghJ, wj
eh kW Ukz nghw nrdfY, vnyhU nrJ cztUJtJ xU
gHfkhf csJ. cz Wtdf tsahdJ kf khtU cz
njitF, cQ gHfF VwhnghY f, nja kW cyf tjf
Ma gy nfhzfSnfg ts bgWsd. bghUshjhu ehL
Kndw miljjh cz tHF Wtdf rKjha kW csa
fhuf Ka gF twd. il L bt cz cgJ
bfsutkhf, ehffkhf bghGJnghF brayhf fUjgLwJ.
bjh kakhf MfSF bgfSF mf ntiy thig
clhFwJ. jdh g bgfSF yij guhkgJ fodkhf
nkY mtfSF y ilF cj ilgJ FiwwJ. jdh
Ujhfis cgrgJ vjy. bjhrhiy gyjf cz tHF
Wtdf njhw fhuz mtf CafSbfd cz tHF trfis
VgLJtjhY, gy FGf kW gy FLgf cz njitia br
iyUjjhY J aikahj xwhf csJ. z Wtdf
vif ms mfUjhY mj ts j xU xGfhd
Kiwyhk UjJ. cz tHF trf tiff gntW jkhf csd.
nkY j vif xbthU ehS mfJ bfhnl brwJ. W
bjhWtdf lL bragl mf ftd njitgLwJ. dr 50-200
kfSF cz tHF Wtdf thoifahsf Mnuhaij
fU bfhL ikahd kW Ufukhd cz mf cW bra
ntL.
cz tHf tiuaiw fUJ
fUJ: cz tHf vgJ jukhd eRits
cz kW ghdfis mfgoahd egUF jukhd iy kdF U
mF tif tHF xU fiyahF.
tiuaiw
tiuaiw: cz tHF Wtd gy jkhd brafis cslsJ. gyj
bghUfis nritfis jdfnj bfhL nkyhsUF xU rthyhd
ntiyia bfhLF xU Wtdkhf csJ.
cz lLj, njbjLj, jahj kW tHFj, Kughoyhj
vz, bjthd mik thf, mfhu xgil kW nkghitia
cslaJ. btfukhd Kiw gahsfis tel, ikahf
iyia rahf fLgL, nghJkhd ll nkY njitgL rhjdf
nghwtiw cslanj cz tHf vgjhF. thW Ujh czid
ewhf rikJ thoifahsfSF tHf Ko. cz tHf vgJ f
wj, brtjF rhakhd, Rits, ikahd czid ey juJl
jahJ zj iy mjyhF.
150

cz tHF Wtdf rikayiwUJ czid vLJ tHFwJ.

thoifahsf czit bgW bfht gyKiwf ifahsgLwd.
cz tHF Kiw, Wtd tifia rhJsJ kW j Kiwfis
bragLJtjfhd iy Wtdij bghWJ khWgLwJ. Mdh midJ
Wtdf W nehf xnwahF. mjhtJ cz tHFnghJ mJ
mtfis ftuToajhf, mHfhf myffgL rahd btgiy
jukhdjhf Uj ntL.
cz tHFj nehff
nehff:
1. cz gia f Toajhf Uj
2. ClrJgaDilajhf Mnuhaij bfhLf Toajhf Uj
3. r_f ff gnfW kl Uj kW ey cz gHffis
CFj.
4. VW bfhsToa iyUj
5. vikahd, KGikahd, o jahF cz nghUj
6. vjhf jahfgL tHf Toa r rkkhd Clrjhd czid
mj
7. thoifahs VW bfhsjf ms rig nghf Toa nghJkhd
ms czid tHFj
8. fLgLjgl iy mffgl viyFgljhf cz Uj
9. ciHF MF bryit (Labour cost) fLgLj Toajhf Uj
10. r_f ms ey gHf tHffis tsaila brj.
cz tHF Wtd tsia ghF fhuf
fhuf:
1. thoifahs nghF
2. thoifahs tr
3. khWgl thoifahsf
4. ntWgoUj
5. Rit khWgLj - gytifahd Ritfis uj
6. mfF #dbjhif
7. ClrJ
8. L ntiyf
9. gLJj
10. thf.
cz tHF Wtd gyj brafY gyjkhd bghUf tHFj
kW nrit <LgLsjh mjid tF nkyhs rthiy rkhf
Toatuhf Uj mta. kw cg kW nrit ikafUJ cz
tHF Wtdf khWgLsJ.

151

cz tHF Wtdf w mrf

cz kW miwfis VghL brj nghw UkhWgl nritid

bfhlJ.

gyjkhd cz jahf gy jf thoifahsUF

mfgLwJ. f njUJ, rikfgl, gjgLjgl Wo
tiff, ghdf, kW fhiy, ka, u cz (Meals) tiu Wtd
KGikahf tHfgLwJ.

cz jahj kW mtid tHFj uL xnwhL xW

izJ bragLtjh mjid f ayhJ.

cz jahfis xnu khahf jugLJj ayhJ. Vbd xbthW

mj njhw, tot, w, tz, rJf ms iy kW
Fzgf xbthU cz tHF WtdfY khWgL
fhzgLwJ.

jahf gl cz jkJ jjikia (Personal touch) czu brj

mta.

thoifahs Rit ehSF eh myJ xU ehnyna neuF neu

khWgL fhzgLwJ. mjdh cz bghUf fhk nghtjh mit
zhtjfhd th cL.

cz v bfLnghf Toajhf, mGf Toajhf, cz bjhW

Vgl Toajhf, UL nghfToajhf Ugjh czit jah
brJ mij thoifahsfSF tHF tiu eKiw fLgLj
ntL.

gyj czfis gyjkhf tHFtjh bryfS gyjkhf khWgLwJ.

gUt fhyf VgL khwfis ftJ cz tHFj mta

nghJkhd trfis gagLdhY gagLjhlhY Fl,

zj iyjh foghf thoifahsfSF bfhLf nto
csJ.

nkFl waf fhuzkhf cz tHF Wtdij tf

jgl wik, mwD, ffh, bjhahd mQFKiw
czit jahJ tHF xbthU iyY njitgLwJ.
cz tHF Wtd brikahf bragl cj mogil bfhiff

ntiyia gJ bfhSj myJ j

MSik kW bghWz

xGf

xUt flisLj

xnu kh tfhLj

jgl nehff Wtd Fnfhfis mogilahf bfhL

Uj

Ca mj

152

gy jugl mfhf Uj

xGFKiw

cikahf flikgltuhf Uj

ntiy ujik, cWlUj

fhaij bjhlf KtUj

xWik / xUizUj

fLghL

cz tHF Wtdf tiff

cz tHF Wtdfis mt nehffis mogilahf bfhL
U tiffshf fyh. mitahtd
1. tfrhj cz tHFj
2. tf rhuhj myJ r_fey myJ cj tif mikfgL
cz tHFj
1. tfrhj cz tHFj
tHFj: tfrhj
f (sectors)
thoifahs U, yhgK KakhditahF. thoifahsnu uh#hthf
fUjgLwh. Vbd mtUF cz tHf gid brJ jU
Wtdfis mt VW bfhsnth myJ uhffnth Ko (v.fh)
cztff, cz Lf, TL FGf (clubs), ghf (Bars) kW gy.
thif midJ klYs kfSF, midJ tadUF,
unth, gfnyh vj neuY btntW NiyY cz tHfgLtJ, cz
tHf Jiw fhzgL gntW thfis mwJ. vdnt cz tHf
bjh midJ nehfK njr bghUshjhu iy Mnuhakhf Ug
Ka gF twJ.
tifgLJj bgjs cz jufis cz tHf msit
mogilahf bfhL mikJ csJ. xnu cztf xWF nkgl gkhW
Kiwfis bfhl cztf ju nkny Fl fUid bfhL
khfgLwJ.
m) cztff ((Hotels)): cztff jF trilaitahf csJ. mt
gy fhiy cz, ka cz, nj, u cz kW Wo tiffis
tHFwJ.
M) cz Lf ((Restaurants)): cztff nghw xU a mikng cz
Lf MF. Mdh t jF tr iy. cz Lf mit tHF
cz tiffSF Vg ntWgL. y cz Lf midJ tifahd cz
tiffis tHFwd. kwit ka kW u cz myJ ka cz,
kW nj tiffis tHF. cz Lf cgr Hhfis VW elJtJ
f KakhdjhF.
) fh fil ((Coffee shop): J nghw filf mkJ cQ tr, va
Kiwyhd cz tifgoaYlD UF. J eh KGtJ va cz
tiffis myJ Wofis tHF.
153

<) jwghd cz Lf ((Speciality Restaurants) : iwa ehf

thoifahsf tHfkhd cz tiffisl jjik bghUatiw
Ritgijna Uwhf. gntW tifahd jwghd cz Lf,
cztff xU gFahf midJ lfY fhzgLwd. tbfd
wghd ghia tFJ bfhL, cz tHf nja msY
bragLwd. bghJthd cz tif tHFt cs uridfis jf
j cztff cjwJ.
c) nja msyhd cz Lf ((National Restaurants ) : vj ehoDila
w czfis mogilahf bfhL jahfgL czfis cgJ W
rhakhwJ. Jnghw nja cz Lf, jh, buR, d, nuf kW
kw ehLf czfis tHFtjhf Ufyh. j cz Lf cw
myf wjik, czfis tHF j kW cz L nkir
gahsf cil Mait nja ms mtf ghugaij
iyWJtjhf mikwJ.
v) sf ((Clubs)):- s vgJ cztff kW cz tHFj Jiw
xU thF. it cz tHFtjfhf kW ghdf tHFtjfhf
Wtgld. it tHfkhf FG cWdfsh mikfgl nkyhik
FGduh njbjLfgl nkyhsuh tfgLwd. bgUghyhd
sf, Kdhisa Mnya gh ey cz, ghdfS, rujhaf
(informal) yhk tHfgLwJ.
V) nghFtuJ cz tHf (Trans p ort Catering): rKjha midJ
fY cs kf K vnghJ myJ Jtiu yhj msF gaz
brwhf. vdnt kf vbfyh brwhfnsh mbfyh cz tHf
trfis VgLJtJ f mtakhlJ.
i.. bjhlto u cz tHf ((Train Catering ) : bjhlto u
tHfgl ntoa trf, u neuf, wgL kW tJ nrU neu, gaz
neu, gaf tiff Matiw bghWnj mikwJ. bjhl to fhiy,
ka czf, nj u neu czf kW va tif czf tHfgLwJ.
bgUghyhd gaf U czfns goa l bgWwd.
ii.. fh cz Lf ((Restaurant Car Service ) : it rahd ms mkU
UiffS, cz L nkir gahs Ma tr bfhl rfufis
bfhl cz Lf. gaf mj kC (car) brW cz cl
L bjhl toF Uwd. bjhlto mkj lnyna
gafSF cz tHFtjF, gaf mfkhf gz brYj
ntoUF (full-meal service).
iii. tht cztff ((Airways Catering ) : bghlyf tHfgL
rhRfS, nj, fh kW kJghdfS Kakhf tHfgL
czfshF. gy fl flJ brY tht Wtdf jf eho w
thj czfis tHFwd.

154

ghJfh fhuzkhf tht cztf y fLghLf fgLsd.

lK, vil fU bfhsgLwd. Fiwj rika Kiwna mDkfgL
myJ cz nH jahfgL Mfha khd mDggL. mogilahf ehF
jkhd czf tHfgLwd. mit Fj cz, aJ NlhdJkhd
cz, ewhf gjgLjgl ciwa itj cz kW F%lgl cz
MF.
iv.. fl t cztff ((Marine Catering ): fl t cztff gazF
Vw tifY m gaz br gafis bghWJ, gaz br l
thiyia bghWJ, uahz nkbfhS jikia bghWJ
mikfgLsJ. gaf, fg ggtf, ltr, fg V brY
ruF, vbghU, v kW rhkhf ifU, fhnwhl, NnlW jik,
btr nghwit neuoahf cz jahj gF twd. tHfgL
cz juK, nrit, mfgL trfS mj fg juij m
gaz brgtf jujahuhf UF gzij bghWJ mik.
v. beLrhiy Xu cztffS jF L ((Motor way Catering or Motels ):
J nAgffSl MuJ (Hamburger) nghJ nfh iw, kW
JLf [h, nghwit tiu bfhLJ tsailJsJ. vatif
cz mjYfhf it totikfgLsJ. bghJthf xU tif cz kL
mj lnyh, btnyh mfgLwJ. (v.fh) nAgff tiff kW
JLf, nrfglhj ghdf F filf.
I) gf (Pubs)):- fUJ e ahF Xus JikahdjhF. j fUJ
yhYs bghJ LfUJ (Public houses) bgwgL a NiyF
VwthW khaikfgLsJ. F vyhtif kJghdfS irl nrJ
mfgLwJ. Fiwthd cz tiffS mfgLwJ.
x) kJ ghdfilf, Jj cz tiff kW oF vLJ brYj
(Winebars, Fast food and take aways)): thoifahs njitnfwgo bghGJ gy
tifahd cztff bghJthd czf ahakhd iyY, J myJ
fhyjhkj yhkY tHFtJ u bgW tUwJ. j tif bjh Wtd
czit Fiwj neu jah brJ cldoahf thoifahs cgnahfF
mnj lnyh myJ bjh Wtdnfh mwd.

xU eho Fl isbghU () kW mijrhj cz

bghUf kW meho w isbghUf

gogl Wtdf xWl xW rf

izfgLsd myJ ck bgwgLsd.

bjhiyfh, ckhy nuonahf, brjhf sgu brtj

_y filf gid bra thoifahs th bry Ko

bghUf iy Fiwthf myJ bjj iyial Fiwthf

csJ.

gid br bghUf vLJ bry trahd Kiw csJ

(v.fh) ml Fghdf.
155

bjhlnghy

cztf

cz jahfgL Kiw gFahfnth myJ KGikahfnth

aukakhfgljhf UwJ. cz tHF Kiw vikahf
mogilahdjhf UwJ.

2. tf rhuhj myJ r_fey myJ cj aF cztff

(Non-Commercial Catering orWelfare or Subsidised Catering))
j cz tHFj rJzit nghW r_f nehffS KaJt
thj xwhF.
m) f cztff ((College Catering)) f khztfSF rj czit
rhL vzij L tz ey czit rahd/jukhd iy
mgJ mta. mjF nghJkhd cz tiffS, r_f <LghL (Participation)
njit.
M) kUJtkid cztff ((Hospital Catering )
nehahF ir mgJ cghd bra ft, wikahd
kUJt ft nghW nghJkhd cztjY Ka vW
mffgLsJ. j Ka nehfkhdJ vts u Konkh mts
iu braUl nrJ nehahia FzgLJtjhF. ij bra
eyjukhd cz, ftl jahfgL cz rJf mf ms
ghJfhfgL nehahfSF gia L tif czit mf ntL.
j _y nehahfSF xU ghJfh czit mj f mta.
) bjhrhiy cztff ((Industrial Catering)
gy bjhrhiyf bjhyhsf ntiyw bgUks mtf cl
eyij bghWJsJ vgij czUwd. ztff rhLtjF
mUJtjF kL lky. mit r_f ikakhf bjhrhiy jikia
js mj _y mtf wikia mfJ cgia bgUFtnj
rJz eikfshf fUjgLwd. ewhf cztfgl bjhyh mf
cgia wj ntiyia bra Ko.
156

ey jukhd rikaTlfis, cztUJ lfis, iy

Fiwfgl czfis mgjF bgUks gz bjhrhiyfsh
brylgLwJ. ey X juToa Niy VgLJtnj t FnfhshF.
<) jdht bjhL Wtdf ((Voluntary Organisations )
Wtdf FG juij njitia bghWJ nehffis
Fnfhfis bfhoUF. (v.fh) Kat y, mdhij Lf
Kjait. tf btUJ vjj czit cz Koahj iy
Ugjh tfSF mfgL cz rJf rjkhf Uf ntoaJ
f mtakhF.
5.2 nkyhik fUf
fUf: thf
tu - gsf tu - g

mikig KiwgLJ tiugl - g

mltiz

nkyhik fUf vw thijna mit wikahd thf mika

nkyhsuh gagLJ rhjdf MF vgij sFwJ. xbthU thf
iyia bghWJ nkyhik fUf gyKiwf khUD xU
thf mogil rhjdkhf g mltiz xU Wtd mikid,
mj bjhFfis myJ gntW Jiwf vthW izJ xWikl g
brtij btgLJwJ.
thf mikig KiwgLJ tiugl ((Orginsation Chart ) : thf mikig
KiwgLJ tiuglkhdJ gahsfis gid xwhf izJ xU
FGthf bragl itJ mWtd Mw ntoa gf kW thfa
g sF xU tiuglkhF.
nkY tif tiuglkhdJ xU Wtd ntoa gf myJ
braf g, mtF mYtyfSF ilna cs bjhlid
FF xU tiuglkhF.
thf tiugl jahgjF njitahdit
njitahdit:
thf tiuglkhdJ jiyik bghWghsUF mtf g kw
gahsfSF cs bjhlid g thf vLfgL
khdfSF mtf vthW bragLwhf myJ ah ahl bjgJ
(Who reports to whom) vgij twJ. tiugl VnjD KughLf
fhzglh mjid rbrJ cjtjF flisLtjF jegUnfh
myJ Wtd gnthUnfh thf csij fhwJ.
vj xU Wtd thf tiugl thf csnjh mWtd
mik kW mj ntiyfis rahd Kiw tirgL bragLtj _y
wikl g bra Ko. xbthUt bghWid tiugl _y
bjthf ma Kotjh Kiwahd wj jiyik G kW rahd jft
bjhl _yK xUizJ Kiwahf brayhw Ko. cz tHF
Wtdf thf mikig KiwgLj Utif csd. mit nenfhL kW
nenfhL gahs cwKiw nghwitahF.

157

Kj tif xbthU jegU thf bragho mik mtfSF

nk g egUF bghWghdtuhwh. mtf j ggtfSF
bghWfis, gfis gjwh. ulhtJ tif nfhL kW
gahs Kiw xbthU iyY w g bgW nenfhL Kiw
tU gahsfSF mtf jFj Mnyhrid tHFtjh gyjugl
ntiyfis Kiwahf, wikahf fLghLl bra KowJ. w
gahsf gahsflUJ mfgoahd wikid btbfhzJ
ntiyid wghf bra cjwhf.
MD, ntiyfis KiwgLj nenfhlhf mikfgLs cztf thf
Kiwia eh gagLJnghJ gyj uridfis vbfhs nto tuyh.
Fghf cz tHF Wtdf xUeg tuhjnghJ mt lij ug
ntbwhUtiu kw w JiwUJ afyh vd idFnghJ mJ xU y
rka nghJkhd jft gkhw yhjjh Koahk nghwJ.
tiu glKiw neflkhf myJ FWFflkhf (Vertical or Horizontal) U
Kiwf tiuagLwJ. neflkhf cs Kiw bghW f g cs
nkyfh kw gahsfSF ntiy bfhLwh. kiwKf bjhl
iyba w gahsf njit gadW nghL.
mjifa xU nenfhlhd tiugl gl 5.1 fhlgLsJ.
gl
l 5.1 : nenfhlhf mikfgLs cztf thf
cztf nkyhs

cztf cj nkyhs

rikayiw kW gkhWl
nkghitahs

jiyik rikafhu

cj rikafhu

w gahsf
158

tik s mfFnghJ midtiu xwhf xUizJ tgJ

ukkhf csjh xbthU JiwF j j ntiyf jfgLwJ.
Kiw ntiyid mF nghJ FWF flkhf mfhu
gjfgLwJ. tif ghFnghJ thf mik Kiw tiugl
brayhW bjhFahf UwJ.
Wtd mik ikaiyUJ bragLwjh myJ khdf
midJ mfhu gilj jeglUJ tUwjh vgij thf
mikKiw tiugl _y mayh. thf mik Kiw tiugl thf
fUahf braglhY mjnf clhd eik ikfis bfhoUF.
eikf
eikf:
1. tiugl ghF nghnj thf gnth vif, mtf bga,
gj nghwtiw bjthf fhwJ.
2. xbthUtUF ilna cs bjhlf kW WtdF cs
bjhlig fhLwJ.
3. thf tiuglij ghJ WtdF njitahd egf kW
braghLfis mffnth myJ jfnth KowJ.
4. xU ntiy KaJtij kd bfhL vj xU braghil
xUtuh f Rygkhf gjf cjwJ.
5. cztf mik tiuglij ghJ, Kija mik tiuglJl
xbthU gahs braghoid xL ntWikgL
ghfyh. vLJfhlhf cztf thf gahsf gj ca kW
jhf nrfgl Caf gaJ bfhs KowJ.
6. gahs rhJs Fl Jiwia mJ bfhs WtdF
bjhlila braghL g vjhf mJ bfhs cjwJ. (v.fh) ruF
miw fhty - cztf mik thf tiugl ruF miw fhty
braghL, ruF nrF JiwlD w JiwlD vthW
bragLjgLwJ vgij sFwJ.
ikf
ikf:
1. bragho jik myJ bghWfis g cztf thf mik
tiugl fhfhJ.
2. gahs rga Fl iyf, bgaf, njl Flgliy
v mik tiugl KaJt bgwhJ.
cztf mik tiugl f Kakhd fUahf fUjgLtjh
mik tiugl xU Wtd mj braghil mogilahf bfhL
Kndw KoahJ. gy iyfis bjthf mikJ, jeg wik, brw,
f Matiw bghWJ braghLf gjfgLtnj m tkhd
brayhF.

159

gl. : 5.2 xU Wo rhiy kh tiugl bfhLfgLsJ

gl : 5.2 xU Wo rhiy thf mik
nkyhs

cj nkyhs

fhrhs

rikayiw
nkghitahs

rikafhu

ntiyf
nkghitahs

rikafhu

cztf cjahs

cjahsf

w gahsf

Wtd mik msit bghWJ m ggtf vif

mtfSfhd ntiy ms ghfgLwJ. bghJthf rikayiw
gahsfSF gkhWl ntiy brgtfSF xj cw Kiw
Ugiy. Mdh mWtd nkyhs, RKfkhd cwKiwia tfl
VgLj ikahd gy ey rgtf fG nghJ xWikl ntiy brtjh
jf wikia KGikahf btgLj KowJ. gy Wtdf mikid
nkghitl tif thf brikahf eilbgw cztf nkyhsUF cj
kw thf fUfshf g bga, Mw ntoa gf ga bjhF, ntiy
kW fhy mltiz, g gF M, cg kW nrit g Muha cj
mltiz, tu bry l nghwtiw mltiz 5.1 _y mayh.

gkhw gagL cgfuzf

160

mltiz 5.1 : Ka thf fUf

thf iy

gagLJ fUf

bghWf

g tu ((Job descri ption)) :g tu vgJ gia g Jakhd Kiw

rahf ahuh Mwgl ntoa g vW, Wtd vj g tgt Mw
ntoaJ vd vW tiuaWfgLsJ. tiuaWfgl g tu mtf
bra ntoa g jik, vgh kW mij brJ Koj mj Ko
vghfgl gy iljjh vgij ma cj. giaga tu
bjthf tiuaWfglhjnghJ, tfglhj nghJ J bfhs fodkhf
Ugjh gia w glbra Koahk nghwJ. mjdh fLghil Hf
neLwJ.
161

xU Wtdij mikgY tgj xbthU iyY g tu

Ka fUahf UJ bragLwJ. gtu sfkhf Fghf mtf
J bfhs Toa bkhY Ujhjh mf gofhjtfshY Jbfhs
Ko. nkklUF nghJ mj gahsf gia g mf mlD
lD Ugjh jhf vjfhf g mkj goUnwh vgij
J bfhL mf kdwDl ntiyia vnehFwhf. mtf jh brj
g Koit gat kwtfngh Uf khlhf. Vbd mtf
ntiy kdg mfkhf Ugjh neunfwhngh jf ntiyfis
kh mikJ kwtfnshL mDrJ kw gahsUF njitahd midJ
cjfis tH jf gia Fl neu KoF wikilatuh
Ug.
gtukhdJ gahsfis jif brJ mtf gfis
xGfhf brwhfsh vW rghf cj xU goayhf cjwJ. Vbd
mFl ntiy mtf jtwhk brwhfsh myJ kwJ Lwhfsh
vwa cj. xU cztf nkyhs tu ga sfkhdJ bghJthf,
jf wiknfwthW, mDgtF VwthW mtf ga cjtjhf
mikwJ.
cztf jiyik rikafhu g tu
jiy
jiy:jiyik rikafhu.
FpL v
v:
Wtd bga
bga:
gRUf ((Job summary ) :gahdJ fltiw cslF.

cztf nkghitahsnuhL nrJ czid lLtJ

cz jahfhd cz bghUfis bgWj

bfhLfgl cz bghUfis rghj

jahfgl cz bghUf juid kL gaghoF

xgilj myJ rikayiw njitnfg nrJ itj

rikafhuUF gfis xJFj

gahsfSF cz jah kW ghJfhF Mnyhridaj

Kakhd cz tiff ytiw jahj

jahfgl midJ czid tHFj

cz Vilajhf Uwjh vd rghj

mLj eh jahf ntoa czf g rghj

mLj eh cz jahgjF njitahdtiw jah brJ Fgjd

bgo nrJ itj.

ehnjhW rikayiwia Rj brJ xGFgLJj

jdF mLJ gF tU egl midJ bghWfis, gfis

xgilj.
162

g tu xU Wtd midJ iyfY g wghf eilbgw

cjtnjhL jFahd gahsfis njbjLf, mtf Caij
za brg, mtfSF gaf njitahd fUJfis Tw,
thf braKiwid fLgLj cjwJ. nkY gtu _y
mtut jf gid gaUgjh njityhj FHgij jJ
wikahf bragl KowJ.
g sf tu (Job specification): g sf tu vgJ xU Fl g
Uf ntoa ruhr gfis FF tuf MF. mtf Mw ntoa
gf FJ g ytu FJ mtfSila jFf Matiw
cslaJ. gsf tukhdJ rahd gahsiu rahd gF
njbjLf cj xU Ka Wtd fUahf UwJ. a Wtdf g
sf tuij l gtu mgJ wjjhf csJ vd fUJwhf.
Vbd ntiy nghJ mUUJ nkghit LnghJ ntiy ju g,
xU KGikahd jahF K ilgl iy vd fwJ vgij ma
KowJ. xU kh gsf tu mltiz 5.2 bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 5.2. kh g sf tu

g mltiz ((Work Schedule ) : g mltiz vgJ jgl gahs

g Ffis FwJ. it Fl neu bragLj myJ ntiy
br neu kW g lij FwJ.
xU Fl neu bra ntoa gfis MuhJ brnghJ mjid
xGfhf mltizgLj KowJ. cz iyafis bghWj tiu cg
dkhdJ mf kW Fiwthd cg neu vW U gFfshf J mj
KatJtij czJ mFl neu ntiyia Kof xGFKiw
163

gLj KowJ. flikia xGfhf bra Fiwj ms neu, w, ftd

nghwit Fiwj cg br rkaY mnj nghy mf gf elf Toa
neu mf neuK, wD kW braY njitgLwJ. g brnghJ
ilbt X bfhLfgLnghJ mtfSF jf gfis wgl rhj
czid VgL ntiygS mf UF rka KGikahf <LghLl
ntiy bra KowJ. Fiwj cg neu fyhd (fodkhd) ntiyfis
br nghJ ntiy nkY fyhdjhwJ. khahd fyhd braf bra
fhiy neunk cfjjhf csJ. mbghGJ gahsfS Jzl
Ughf. xU ehisF vLk neuF nk ntiy brgtfSF clY
csK fisgilJ Ltjh mtfSF va ntiyid mj ntL.
Vbd mij brJ KogjF jsnt ftdK kW mfiw njitahwJ.
gahsUF fokdhd VW bfhshj ntiyia Tl cr neunyna
brkhW gj ntL. Vbd mbghGJjh mg KaJtij
fU vij idJ ghfhk brJ Kog. vyh gfSFnk gahsl
aa, csa, r_f, RWw isfis bghWJ br nghJ
mgdh VgL eikfshtd:

rhj czid VgLJtjh mfgid brJ Kog

tsfis ey Kiw gagL ntiyid wghf Kog

ggS fhuzkhf Fiwthd X neunk iljhY mJ gahsUF

kdUia mgnjhL kd cWia mfwJ

mf <LghLl gahsf ntiy br

KGwikia wj Kiw btgLj KowJ.

nghJ

mtf

g, kW fhy mltizial gahs nghF, g jik, neu,

mjid brJ KogjF njitahd ftd kW mij brJ Kojl ilF
kd k nghwit cg wid mfwJ. fodntiyia J
MuhtJ kW g mltiz jahgJ nghwit bghUf kw fUfis
flJ Fl neu, wikl ntiyfis bra cjwJ. J xU
Fl fhy mtfhr xU ntiyia vthW wgl brayh vgjF cj
xU Ka fUahf UwJ. j g fhy mltizahdJ jahiy
Ugjh gahsf jf gia g brtnd mUgjh kw thbkh
miufhf fhuhk neuij zhfhk jf gid brJ Kog.
fhiy 10 k Kj khiy 5 k tiu aF jhdhfnt gkh bfhS
ka cz, Wo, tiff tHF cztf kh g mltiz
gl 5.3 bfhLfgLsJ.
UJ mj crfl cg neukhdJ 10.00 AM to 2.00 P.M. vd mayh.
Vbd mrka midJ gahsfS Ug. neuF wF K
gahsf fiyJ bry thL. g kW fhy mltiz gahsf
ntiyia kL zgiy. Mdh mltizia ghj clnd jhf bra
ntoa ntiyia g, mjid nrJ w ntiyl brtij, jf
ntoa khw bra ntoa ntiyf nghwtiw mJ wikahf ntiy
bra cjwJ.
164

gl 5.3 gahsf kh g fhy mltiz

neu (kf)
8 a.m

9 a.m 10 a.m

11 a.m 12 noon 1 p.m

2 p.m

3 p.m

4 p.m

5 p.m

nkyhs (9.00 AM - 5.00 P.M.)

jiyik rikafhu (8.00 AM - 4.00 P.M.)

cj rikafhu (8.00 AM - 3.00 P.M.)

cj rikafhu (10.00 AM - 4.00 P.M.)

cj gahs (10.00 AM - 4.00 P.M.)

mltizf (wghf) bjthf mika njitahd tuf rahd

rka cztf nkyhsUF bjUjhjh mFl gid bra
aY. gahsUF jna mtf bra ntoa gf g bghWf
g sFtnjhL, g iw bgw mtfSF rhj kd czid
mltiz mwJ. nkY mltizahdJ mtf gf bra ntoa
khwf FJ, TLjyhf bra ntoa gf FJ, nkY TLj
gfhd Ca FJ mayh. mltiz khwf brtjnfwthW
Ujhjh czit jahJ gkhW nghJ VgL RWw kW cz
jah VgL bjhEg khwfis VgLj Ko. cz bjhrhiyf
bghJthf mj njitf mff Toajhf myJ Fiwa Toajhf
UFnghJ mjnfwthW jahF, gkhWtjF gahsf
vif Ujhjh thoifahs njitia bra Ko.
g kW gahs mltiz tU U fhuzfSfhf xGfhf
guhkfgl ntL.

165

njitgL rkaf njitahd wid btgLJj ntL.

vLJfhlhf ka cz ilbt nghJ gkhW gahsf
njit rikayiw gahsiul mfkhf UF. Vbd mbghGJjh
cz rikayiwUJ cldoahf jtwhk gkhw Ko. nkY
thoifahsiu bghWJ cz Wtd nritia bghWJ gkhW
egf vif khWgL.

mfkhd ntiy wid btgLj cz jahF lK, gkhW

lK ber yhk Uj ntL yho ntiy neu mf
fis VgLj Toajhf, kW gJf Vgl fhuzkhf
UF.

gahsUF, neuwF, wik nfwthW btfukhd ntiy l

myJ mltiz mika ntiy br NH, cz Kiw, bghUf thF Kiw
mtid ifahS Kiw, njitahd fUf nghwtiw eF Muhnj
mikf Ko.
5.3. cz tHF WtdfSF njitahd cgfuzf
cgfuzf ((Equipment))
cz jahgjF, gkhWtjF, nrgjF njitahd auf,
ghuf, fUf, fh ghuf, btL fUf, njitahd jLKL
rhjdf (furniture) nghwtiw FF brhny cgfuzf (equipment) vdgL.
Fl gF braToa ntiyfis bghWJ njitgL cgfuzf
tiff khWgL. cz jahF cgfuzf vgit va bfhf itF
thz (pans) myJ ghidf, rhghf (saucepans), nghwtUJ ed
rikayiw NlLf (cooking ranges) mjF njitahd U rl (grids),
thz (pans), M ntfitF rhjdf (Okf) (Steamers) Xtf (Ovens),
ff (grills) kW btgiy fLghLs bghF rhjdf (fryers)
Matiw Fgit. rikF Kiw, gy ehLfUF cQ gHff
kf cz kW cz tHF Kiwid bghWJ tir Koyhk
UfToaJ.

cgfuzfis tifgLJj (Equipment classification)

vil kW ms (weight and size), cz tHF Wtd jahF
RH cgnahfgL tir (order of production) kW ntiy br jid
(mode of operation) bghWJ cgfuzfis tifgLjyh.
166

cgfuzf
vil kW ms
m) mf gSsJ

cgnahfgL
tir
m) cz bghUfis
thF Kiw

M) eLju gSsJ

M) nr

) Fiwj gSsJ

) rikayiw

ntiy br
j
m) KGtJ iffsh
afgL
(Hand operated)
M) gh jhdhfnt
afgL
(Semi automatic)

1. vil kW ms
m) mf gSs cgfuzf ((Heavy Duty Equipment)
tifahd cgfuzf efJtjF fodkhf kW fdkhf
Uf Toait. Mjyh mtiw rahf lL bghUj ntL (fixed or
installed). rhjdf l fhyF fodkhd cgnahfF jhF of Toa
fdkhd cnyhf jfLfsh MdJ. fodkhd kW bga rhjdfshd
NlLf, Xtf, kW fyit auf jukhd msf (standard sizes)
jahfgLwJ.
M) eLju gSs cgfuzf (Medium Duty E quipment):
tif cgfuzf vbghGjhtJ RjgLJnghJ efJtjF
mts fodkhf uhJ. bghUfis jjahf bjLgjF Vw
tif jahfgL efJtjF, a Kiw mikgjF (rearrangement)
VJthf myJ rfuf nk bghUjgL efJtjF vjhf UF.
) Fiwj gSs cgfuzf (Light Duty E quipment):
tif cgfuzf ifahStjF, kW efJtjF vjhf,
cgnahgjF Vw tif l kh itJ bfhs Ko. mf kW
eLju gSs cgfuzfis fhoY cgnahgjF yFthf, ms
ajhf UF.
2. cgnahfgL tir
cz jahfgL gofis mogilahf bfhL tifgLjgLwJ.
m) cz bghUfis thFnghJ ntoa cgfuzf
cgfuzf: t cz
th itf nkil, vil msnfhf, jStof (trolleys) nghw rhjdf
mlF.
M) nrf gagLJ cgfuzf : mykh jLf, mykhf, bjho,
#hof kW efj Toa bjhof Mait jhaf kW gU tiffis
nrf gagLwJ. J cgnahgjF vjhf, RjgLJtjF trahf
csJ.

167

) rikayiw gagLJ cgfuzf

cgfuzf: cz jahj, rikj, rikj
czit vLJ itj, gkhW kW fGj MatF njitahd
cgfuzf MF.
vdnt rikayiw rhjdf flit MF.
nki#f myJ

njhYj, btLj, JUj kW bka

ntiy br l

JLfshf j (Slicing)MatF njitahd

fUf

cz jahj

Xt, U ff (grill), NlL (Cooking range) Nlhd

jL (hot plate), rghia cgitgjfhd fU.

czid vLJ
itj kW
gkhWj

czit NlhfitF Ah nf, nfrnuh, jS

tof, gkhW ghuf, jLf (trays), fh
ghuf, nkY fuo, f, ngh nghw
cgfuzf (cutlery).

fGj

fG gFf (Sink units), ghu fG auf,

kW cyJ fUf.

ffis mfWj

wj Ff _ol Toa Fig bjho myJ

_lToa igf myJ Figfis vF fUf
(incinerators).

3. ntiy br j ((Mode of operation)

m) KGJ iffsh afgL fUf
fUf:au fUfshd (Fully hand operated) kJ nghw fil rhjd moF fUf, (Beaters or whisks), iffis
cgnahJ fU (hand slicer) Matiw FF. tiw af gh
jhdhfnt afgL cgfuzfis (Semi automatic) l mf wid cgnahf
ntosJ.
M) gF jha fUf
fUf: ((Semi- automatic)) it rhu af Toajhf
UjhY ftdkhf ifahs ntL. fyF fUf (mixers), rhu moghf
(electric whisks), bghF fUf (fryers) nghwit t y.
) jha tiff (Automatic)) : btgij fLgLj Toa kW neuij
FfToa vikahfgl fUf MF. t njitahd ms neuij
btgij fLgLJtJ vjhwJ.
gh jhdhfnt afToa (Semi- automatic) kW jha tiff,
(automatic) au _y afgLtjh (motorised) Fiwj ft
aFtjF Fiwj Kank njitgLwJ. vj khahd cgfuz
tifgLj glhY Kakhd xiw id bfhs ntL. mjhtJ

168

xbthU cz tHF ms, vif kW tiffis bghWJ mj

Wtd cgfuz njitf khWwd. gy ntiyfis braToa
rhjdf cz tHFtY, jahjY cgnahf gLwJ.
cgfuzfis njbjLj
vjbthU cz WtdfSF njitahd cgfuzfis
njbjLF nghJ id bfhs ntoa Ka fhufshtd.
i.

cz Wtd ms kW tif

ii. cz goa
iii. cgnahfgL j
iv. totikig cgnahF j
v. iy
vi. bghUJj, guhk kW aFt vik
vii. ghJfh
viii. fd
ix. Rj brj vik
x. ftU jik kW
xi. njitia br Mjhu
i.. cz Wtd ms kW tif
ms vgJ cz jahj kW cz tHFjYfhd fol
gugs kW RWNH kLkyhJ xnu neu cz tHf VJthd
thoifahs vifia FwJ. vdnt cz jah msit
bghWJ cz jahF cgfuzfis njbjLgJ mikwJ. Vbd Jnt
cgfuzf bfhss kW msit khf cjwJ.
Wtd ajhf UF nghJ vjhf vLJ bry Toa
cgfuzfis njbjLgJ mta. mnj rka cgfuzf cgnahf
yhjbghGJ mij rkklkhf fo ghJfhghf itJ bfhsyh.
fhuzfsh Fiwj lij mf ms cgnahfyh. xnu fUia
khaikJ gyjf cgnahf jrka gy tifyhd cgfuzf
totikfgLsd. it khaikfgl cgfuzf (modular equipment) vd
miHfgLwJ. cgfuzf a ms bghU mikf Toa, a
vif njitgl Toa Fiwj l trna cs cz Wtdf
tif fUf cgnahfgLwJ.
a kW eLju mss Wtdf gy ntiyfis braToa
fUfis (multifunction equipment) njbjLgJ xU ey KothF. njhir, Kil,
rgh, fby Matiw jahf Toa o (griddle) nghwit jF
cjhuzkhF. fU itfToa myJ bghUj Toa msit bghWJ
mjDila ms, mik kW wid njbjLf cjwJ. fUf
totikig njbjLF nghJ jegUfhd cz jahj, cz tHF
169

njitf Matiw fol bghJthd lJF bghUj Toajhf

njbjLgJ xU m tkhd brayhF. thoifahsUF braToa
nritf, ms kW gyjkhd czfis jahJ xnu neu tHfToa
w Matiw bghWJ xU Wtd a ugwJ. vD,
fUfis njbjLF nghJ iwa njitf msf kLkyhJ cz
jahF Wtd vfhy thfij kd bfhs ntL.
ii.. cz goa
llgL czfis rikF Kiwfis bghWJ cgfuzf
njbjLfgl ntL. cjhuzkhf xU cztf cz goa Kakhf
Wo, ghdfS l bgUjh bghF ronah myJ vikahd
flhnah (Kadai) njbjLfglyh. mnj rka, cz goa mLkid
jahfgl czf, tj bragl czf (Sauted) myJ js
vbz bghfgl czf (shallow fried snacks) kW rhf Mait
l bgUjh bghF cgfuz (frier) njityhj xW.
vj WtdF cz vj iy thfgLwnjh mij bghWJ
cgfuzf njbjLfgLwJ. cjhuzkhf Kng jahfgl , til,
njhir fyitf (ready mixes) xU Fl cz goaYfhf thfgLnghJ
<ukh miuF fU (wet grinder) njitgLtiy. mnj rka fyitf
_ybghUfis bfhL jahfgL nghJ <ukh miuF fU
njitgLwJ. cz goa khwf brtJ vJ, Mdh fUfis
khWtJ mf bryit VgLJ vgij kd bfhs ntL. cz goa
khwf brtjnfg fUf ftdkhf llgL njbjLfgl
ntL. cz goa vjhd khwfis ifahs gyntiyfis braToa
(multi fuction equipment) fUia njbjLgJ wjjhF.
iii.. cgnahfgL j ((Usage))
njbjLfgl xbthU rhjd Fl njit, cg wdhw,
yhg, tr kW tHfgl cz eRitsjhf, mj gzF U
mgjhf, iwthd gkhWjY, Efnth njitfis iw brtjhf
Uf ntL. l kW ntiyia vjhF fUf mf ms
mfhof ilwJ. it Ka fUl gy Jiz fUfis (attachements)
izgj _y gyj ntiyfis vjhf brayh. a cztffshd
fhfil, nfO kW ka cztffSF gy ntiyf br fU
(multifunction equipment) cfjJ.
iv.. totikig cgnahF j
bgwglToa
isfis
bghWJ
rhjd
mikig
njbjLfgL j fU
bfhsgl ntL. cgfuzf
njbjLfgL j, cgnahfgL msid bghWJ thoifahs
vgh kW cz WtdfSF njitahd gahsf ilf Toa
jik Mait auf (gadgets) myJ ntiyia vjhF fUfis
njbjLjYF Ka fhuf. itna jha (automation) kW ju
170

zfgLj (standaradization) msid zwJ. Fiwj CaF,

L L braToa (repetitive jobs) ntiyfis bra, gahsf
Rygkhf ilFlf mf iy jha aufis thFtJ
cfjjy.
v.. iy
cgfuz iyna vnghJ thFgt njbjLF jikia
zwJ. fUf bragl cgnahfgl _ybghUns iy kW mj
kig zwJ. Vbd Rfhjhu, kdiw, gadF jik, bghUj
Toa j, lfhy fodkhf ciHf Toa jikf Mait iyia
zwJ. mf ms vif kW ey jukhd bghUfis cg
branjitgL fhy kW w ms xU cgfuz KjL brtij
ftdkhf ff cjwJ. xU Fl fhyF thFgt iyikia
bghWJ njbjLf tfhoahf mikwJ. gb# mfkhf UF gr
thFgt njbjLjYF KDik mfgLwJ.
vi.. bghUJj, guhk kW aFt vik
fU nfhshW VgLnghJ xbthU Kiw njj tYeiu miHgJ
vgJ mf bry itF iyahf csJ. Wtd g braToa
gahsl Kng UfToa wid bfhnl fUia afToa va
totikig bgW, mjid Rs gFfis ghfhjthW Rjkhf
ghJfhf UFkhW fUfis njbjLf ntL. kw fhufis,
rhjd vjdh braglJ, mJ jahfgl j Matiw kd bfhs
ntL. mjhtJ tl Kidf rahd ghJfh bragl rhu ff
(insulation) yUJ rhu mf (earthing) tuhjthW kW rhjdfSF
njitahd FHhf bragL Uf ntL.
rhjdf aFtij bghWjtiu, mnef cztf gahsf
rhjdij vjhf aFtjfhd wid bgWshf. ed jha
rhjdkhf UF gr gahsf mij af w g bgUf
ntL.
vii.. ghJfh ((Safety)
cztff, fdkhd rhjdf, Tikahd fUf, fzho rhkhf,
f nghwit mf ms cz jahj, rhu, rika th, Fj kW
RL nghwt <LgLtjh fUf cgnahfgL nghJ, cgnahf
yhjnghJ ghJfhF cjuthj mgjhf UFkhW njbjLfgl
ntL. midJ Tiks Kidf kW efj Toa gFfS rahd
Kiw ghJfh VghLf bragoUf ntL.
viii. fd ((Economy))
fd vgJ cgfuzf ntiy brtjF njitahd rhu, th
kW yf Mat msit FwJ. xU rhjd af Toa bry
mij njbjLg xU Kakhd gif twJ. Fiwj iys
171

cgfuzfis ghgij l mf iy UjhY Fiwj guhk bryit

bfhlitfis njbjLgnj m tkhdJ. Vbd Fiwj iyila
fUf guhk bry mfkhf UF. fU VnjD gFf nfhshW
Vglh mJ vjhf ilf Toa xiw njbjLf ntL.
ix.. vikahf Rj braToa cgfuzf
m Vglhj jik, jik <u kW btgij jhf
ToaJ, cR jiks _y bghUfsh cUthfgl cgfuzfis
njbjLfgl ntL. midJ fUfS Rj brtjF vjhd
bkikahd nkguig bfhoUf ntL. mfkhd gsgss R bfhl
rhjdf jhf UF nghJ ftuToajhf UjhY, JilgjF,
gsgsghFtjF mf neuK, cl ciH njitgL. fha, mYa,
ghv kW fhtidrL O (galvanised steel) nghwit rhjdfis
cUthf njitgL y cnyhf bghUfshF. ij ju m jik
yhj cnyhffshd bt (silver plate), fzho, fh kW krof
nghwtiw cgfuzf cUthFt gagLjgLwJ. xbthU cnyhfK
mjdj eikfis ikfis bfhLsJ.
x. ftU jik (Attractiveness)
rhjd totikfgl fiy jik, cgnahF gahs ftdij
ftu Toajhf, gagLj, guhkf Mtiy l Toajhf Uf
ntL. cjhuzkhf xU rikayiw fhf jahF l iffis
bfhL brtijl fhf fU mKfgLjgL nghJ, njh j kW
btLjUJ khw ilgjF ntiygS J Fiw. mnj nghW
ghu fG rhjd, ghu fGl itfgLnghJ ntiy br
Mtij l cjwJ.
xi.. cgfuzf ilF l
rhjdfis bga bgw jahghsflUnjh (manufacturers) myJ
gid brgtflUnjh njitahdtiw thFtjh mjF cjuthj
ilF. jdh bjhlj nrit kW guhk njitgLnghJ ilF.
rhjdf juij FF Wtd Kiu, jhSl xlgLsjh
vW rghJ bfhs ntL. VnjD a tifahd fUia thFtjF K
fU cgnahf, w, myJ Toa ikf nghwtiw g mij
cgnahjtfl muhaij nfltJ eyJ.
rahf njbjLfgl fUf mwhl ntiy fodjikia
FiwJ, FHgkhd ntiyfis uhd Kiw bral, RWw Rj,
Rfhjhu juij caJwJ.
cz jahf cj rhjdf
1. msF fUf
cz jahj bjhlJ eF bragl f rahd msf
njitgLwj. msF fuof kW nfhigf bghJthd msf cj
fUfshF.
172

2. fygjF, sFtjF kW Ug cj fUf

njfuof ((Spoons): bghJthf J bl O myJ kw cnyhffsh
braglit. ieyh kW bl~yh R cs fuof xlhj jiks
ghuf ir ghJfhf gJiufgLwJ.
fuof ((Laddles)) : tot fuof N kW ^ nghwitfis gkhw
kW sf cjwJ. Jnt nfhig nghW jilahf JisfSl UF.
Uf ((Turners): bkikahd cz bghUfis vLf, Ug
cgnahfgLjgLwd. mfykhd btL gFfSl gy brafis bra
cjwJ. fUf Jisl Ujh czfis tofo vLf cj.
jil fuo ((Spatulas): nyrhd nf jo cs nfFfis js vLf
cjwJ.
L
L ((Tongs)):iwia UtjF wghd Kiw totikfgLsJ.
3. fyf cj fUf
cz gkhW ghu _ybghUfis va fyitahf fyf xU
Kfuonah myJ xU njfuonah njitgL. kw fyitfSfhf Eiuj
ghnyLfis (whi pping cream) jahgjF myJ btbzia moJ
bkikahFtjF iff myJ rhu aF fyit fU (mixer)
njitgLwJ. zf, K fuof, fuof, moghf nghwit
fygjF gagLwJ.
RHY moghf ((Rotatory beaters): it gyjkhd cz bghUfis
fygjF myJ miugjF gagLwd. it iffshnyh myJ
rhujhnyh afgLwJ.
moghf ((Whisks): Kil btis fUit mogjF, ghnyLfis
fygjF, rh kW iuthf, vjhf fyfToa ntiyfis brwJ.
ntiyfSF ffsh bragl moghf cj.
fyF fUf ((Blenders)): ghdf, myff cj buFf (dressings)
Matiw fyf ciwa itj czf (frozen foods) myJ cyj gh
Matiw kh mikf cjwJ. it JUt, a JLfshf btl
(chop) gHT (puree) jahf cjwJ. rhRfis (sauce) fyf, czfis
ut iyF khw cjwJ. FHij cz kW bkikahd cz jahf
rhjd VwjhF.
cz bghUfis btL fU ((Food cutters ): J xU bghJthd rika
myhj ntiyfSF cgnahfgL fUahF. fU mirahj btL
Kidf (blades) nkny ntfkhf RW tif z xW bghUjgoUF.
z xU gF nsL ghJfhfhf xU ciwdh _lgoUF.
tif btL fU fhffis JLfshf (slicing), miuf (grinding),
rJukhf btl (cubing) kW shf jj ghfkhf mjF bghUJkhW
thfyh. zij nkny vLJ Rj brayh. RjgLJtjF K rhu
iz Jofgl ntL.
173

 bka JLfshF fU ((Slicer)) : fU giHa tifY, KGJ

rhu fLgLJ fU tiu gy tiff ilwJ. fU Kjnyna
Ko bragl ms tiu ntiy brJ jhdhfnt WL. j _y gkhW
ms fLgLjgLwJ.

njhYF fU ( Peelers) : fU RwToa cuhJ brY jL

bghUjgLsJ. jdh cUis HF kW ntHFfis njhYF
nghJ Fiwj msnt ff (waste) VgLwJ. fU UF l myJ
bjho (sink) cs l Ujh fhffis clnd neuoahf vLJ
cgnahjl, njhYF fU cs jLf iu mogj _y xo
bfhoUF njh kW vaitfis Rj brayh. njhYj bghUfis
nrff Toa jLf kW midJ gFfis fG cy l ntL.
kw fUf
fUf: iyrf (slicers), tofL jL (colanders), tofof (strainers),
ryil (sifters), btL kugyif, fil, kW ff t mlF.
btL f (Paring knife) - njhYf gagLgit, gaghL ff (utility knives),
buR ff (french knives), fh ff (carving knives), tisj Kid
bfhlit, bka JLfshF ff (slicing knives), iw ff (butcher
knives), kW bga gHfis cilF ff (cleavers) nghw y tif ff
rikayiw cgnahfgLwd.
nrf cj rhjdf ((Storage e quipment))
F%L rhjd ((Refrigerator))
F%L rhjd vgJ cz kW bfL nghfToa bghUf
ghOah tsia jhkjgLj Fiwj btgiy itF xU
bgoahF. czit ghJfhgJ F%L rhjd Ka Fnfhshf
Ugjh mij vbghGJ f Rjkhf cyj iyY itUf ntL.
cns ja czfis cldoahf RjgLjgl ntL. mykhf kW cw
Rtf <ujikawjhf Uf ntL. a fhff kW gHfis gh
igf myJ sho bgof nghL itf ntL.

174

rikf cj rhjdf ((Cooking E quipment))

mL ((Stoves)
vth, rhu, l vbghU, vbz kW Eziy nghw
vbghUis gagL rikF gytifahd mLf ilwd.
Eziy mL ((Microwave cookers )
mntf r miyf _y btgL btg cjah rikfgL
KiwahF.
Xt ((Oven))
Xt cns nghr vdhk (Porcelain enamel) rgoUF. rh
cUthfgL Nlhd RHY fhwhdJ ah XtDF cns vyh
gFfSF brYjgLwJ.
M ntfitF fU ((Steam Cooker ) kW nfd Ff ((Cabinet Cooker )
fU ka gFUJ neuoahf uhia cg br rhjdJl
izfgoUF. njitgL neu uh cg bragL NlhF
nghJ cz rikfgLwJ. jF j FHh iz njitgLwJ.
cz rikF l czl neuoahf bjhl bfhL czit rikf cj.
nff Ugjdh M btnawhk UF. jF nfd Ff vW bga.
mGj bfhfy ( Pressure Cooker) kW ghf ( Pans)
mGj rikfgLtjh, rikF cz mf btg iuthf
rikfgLwJ. tisa (gasket) f KakhdJ.
Kil rikF Ff ((Egg Cookers )
Fj neu jhdhf af Toa (Automatically timed) Kil rikF
Ff, uh, th myJ rhujh btggLjgLwJ.
gh kW m nghwtiw rikF fyf (Milk and rice cookers), rhgh
(sauce pan), bghf cj thz (frying pan), nlhl (toaster), nuhl (roaster) kW
fh nkf (coffee maker) nghwit kw rika rhjdfshF.
gkhw cj rhjdf ((Serving Equipment))
ghuf, njfuof (Spoons), fuof (laddles), Kfuof (forks)
kW btL fUf (cutleries) nghwit y gkhw cj rhjdfshF.
rhjdf vif, tif kW ms
xbthU cz ntisY gkhwgL bkhj cz ntisf ms,
cz goa bjhF, vbdd czf vbjj msf
njitgLwJ vgij, gkhW lf cz bgwgL j, Matiw
bghWJ njitahd rhjdf ms kW vif zfgL.
ehfhf cztUJ nkirF gftho nghlgoUf ntL. iyba
njitahd bghGJ cgnahF tif cfhJ bfhnlh myJ W
bfhnlh cztUJ trf bragoUf ntL.

175

fGt cj rhjdf
cz tHF Wtdf bghJthf cgnahfgL Ju
rhjdfshtd: ghu fG fU (dish washer), mfW fU (Vacuum cleaner),
Jilg (brooms), uZf (brushes), JilF fUf (mops) , gh{ kW gy.
rhjdfis guhkj
rhjdf bgnjh myJ njh, fdkhdnjh myJ nyrhdnjh
cgnahf nghJ, ghJfhfgL nghJ ftdkhf ifahSj ntL.
njkhdij FiwJ Mfhyij of, Mw cs iyY ftU
jikY l fhy Uf guhk mta. rhjdfis ftJ guhkf
fl Ffis ftd bfhtJ mta.

midJ rhjdfis Rjkhf itJ bfhs ntL.

fGj
fGj: rhjdf vLJ (removable parts) khlToa gFfis rahd
oblb# kW RL xbthU Kiw cgnahj fG L
rhjdf bghUJtjF K JilJ cyj ntL.

kW mGF MatUJ ghJfhf nkir Ggiwnyh, mykh

jLfnyh mL itf ntL. a rhjdfshd btL fUf,
fuof, btL gyiff, rikayiw rhjdf nghwtiw fG
ghJfhf ntL.

midJ fUfS ntiy br tif Uwjh vd rghf

ntL. fUfis ftdkhf ifahs, mjid gagLJnghJ Mw
wid FiwF khWghL VnjD Ujh mjid mj, VnjD
ahrkhd rj tUwjh myJ vrif sFf f cUFj
(fusing) kW bjnkhlh (thermostat) rahf ntiy brahk Uj
nghwtiw TJ ftj ntL.

rhjdf VglToa nfhshWf (repair) ntiy jil VglhjthW, vj

neuY cldoahf r bragl ntL.

efj Toa fUf kW mj gFf mj KaJtjh vbz

lgL, thu xU Kiwnah, gidJ ehfSF xU Kiwnah myJ
khjbfhU Kiwnah bjhlahf gGJ ghfgl ntL.

fUf rhu izfSF rahd ms rhu brYjgLwjh

vgij rahd ilbtf bjhlJ rghfgl ntL.

fUf ntiywid KGikahf mila mj izf

ghJfh bragl j FHh kW kw izf iyia rahd
ilbtf rghf ntL.

fU guhkF Kiwfis jbfd gafgl bghahsfl

cjuthj Ko fhyF K Wtd gahsfSF g mf
VghL brj ntL. j _y cjuthj (warranty p eriod)
bfhLfgLs fhyij KGikahf gagL bfhsyh.

176

xbthU fUia ftJ guhkf xU bghWghd egiu afyh.

xbthU fUia ftJ guhkf brylgL gz, neu kW

Kadh rhjdf ey Kiw bjhlahf aF.
5.4 cz jahj - rika Ffis ju za brj kW gkhW
msit za brj
cz jahj
jahj:
cz jahj vgJ ehF myJ ehgJ egfSF MdhY
thoifahsf Ugnfw jukhd czit jahjny mogil
nehfkhF. cz jahj vgJ mf ms gytif czfshd l
Toa gjhjf Kj, FHf, nuhLf, rhRf, Wof, rhy,
fhff kW ghdf Matiw cslaJ. xbthU tifahd cz
jahjYF Fl wD ahrkhd khwfis VgLj btntW
tifahd KiwfS njitgL.
cz jahj Kiwf
Kiwf:
cz jahF tf, l, ms kW cz jahF Wtdij
bghWJ khWgL. mogil cz jahF Kiwf _W tifgL.
m) gHfhy cz Kiw
Kiw: Kiw cz tHF lnyna cz
bghUfis cgnahJ, tHfgLwJ. ah cs mnef cz Wtdf
Kiw eljgLwJ.
M) trahd Kiw
Kiw: tif ytif czf kW cz bghUf
Vfdnt gh jahfgL myJ tHFtjF VwthW, msit mfhofUJ
jahfgL cz tHFl KGtJkhf jahfgL fgLwJ. N,
L, Cwitfgl nfhf, j tiff nghw y cz tiff
jahJ bfhL tugL cz tHF neu jahig iw brJ
gkhwgLwJ. iw jah xWyhk I, rhf, rhy bu, gH
nahf (fruit yoghurt) kW nghw czfis KGJkhf jahfgL
cldoahf tHfgLwJ.
) cldo cz tHF Kiw
Kiw: tif cz tHFj, cz jahj
vj jlfY yhk bjhlJ eilbgWtjh beUfoahd rjgij
tif jjahd cz tiff myJ rikj cz tiff
jahfgL Kiu lgnlh, F%lgnlh myJ ciwaitfgL
ghJfhfgL, njitgLnghJ cgnahfgLwJ.
cz jahj iyf
1. cz bghUfis nrfj
nrfj: mf ms cz jahF lf cz
jahfgL Kija eh cz _ybghUf thfgL nrffgLwJ.
neunjhL nrffgLnghJ mLj eh fhiy jil neunyna cz
jahf trahf UF. j _y neuij zhfhk mLj eh jahig
Muf KG ehisF ntiyia rkkhf gjf cjwJ.

177

2. vil ghjY, msLjY

msLjY: gyU U cz tiffis Ritl
xbthU Kiw jahf cz bghUfis Jakhf vil ghJ, msLj
f Kakhd xW. mf ms czid jahf ju za bragl
rika Ffis gWtJ eyJ.
3. cz jahj
jahj: midJ czfS cldoahf cgnahgjF K
nrffgL, rikfgL tHfgLwJ. jahj vgJ njhYj, fuo
vLJ RjgLJj, j, btLj, JUj, miuj, fGj, Kis fLj,
fyFj kW gkhWj nghw gy brafis cslaJ.
4. jahfgl czid vLJ itF tf ((Holding Techniques)) :
xbthU cz tHF WtdK, jahj czfis btntW neuf
tHf vLJ itf y tfis gWwJ. czid vLJ itFnghJ
ftf ntoa mogil bfhiff flitahF.

EQf jhFj yhj btgiyia guhkj kW ghJfhghd

cz cbfhSj Mait Kakhdit. Nlhd cz tiffis
Nlhf, Fj czf ciwiy myJ FiyY tHFtJ
ghJfhghdJ vgJ mogil ahF.

jahj czit vLJ itFnghJ cz ju, ms, rJ kW y

afis guhkj ntL.

cz bghUf bgwgL, jahfgL, vLJ itfgL, tHfgL

xbthU goY KGikahf, cbfhtjF ghJfhghf UgjF
eKiw, foghf nkghitLj mtakhF.
rika Ffis ju za brj ((Standardisation of Reci pes) :
jufLghL za bra Kakhd t rika Fig mj
gaghil juaz brj MF. rika Ff ju, ms, braKiw,
neu, btgiy njitahd fUf kW isf Matiw nrhjid brJ
cz juij za brj MF. xU rika F vgJ gntW lf
braglitahf,
Ug
bragL
nghJ
ey
Kofis
bfhLfToajhf Ujh mF jukhdjhf bfhsgLwJ. ju
za bragl rika Ff cz juF cjuthj mgnjhL,
wj thf fUahf mikwJ. ju za bragl rika F
vgJ xU Fl cz tifia brtjF njitahd brKiwia vGjgl
xU lkhF. m cz tif bga, jahfgl ntoa ms, njitahd
cz bghUf ms, cz jahF Kiw mjfhd bry kW
mls rJf Mait ga Ff mlF. thW ju ms za
bragl rika Ff cz tHF WtdfSF KJbfY
nghwjhF. bgUghY Kd cs cz tHF Wtdf jifa
rika Ff cgnahfgLjgLwd. jugLjgl rika Ff
Ka mrf tUgit MF.

rika Ff vikahf J bfhsToa bkh vGjgoUf

ntL.
178

va Kiw gofToathW Uf ntL.

rika F bghJthd msit Kiwf gagLjgoUf ntL.

ju za brtjF msLj gnrhjid kW kLjiy ftdkhf

bra ntL. mj wF jh rika Ff Kothdjhf vLJ
bfhsgl ntL.

ju za bragl rika Ff eikf

jugLjgl rika Ff gy eikfis bfhLsd.
cz bghUf, braKiwf, cgnahF fUf Mait g thd
Ff bfhLfgLtjh gahsf khdhY cz junkh msnth
khWtiy.

rika Ff bry bjhifia Muha cjwJ. Kakhd cz

jahf bry bjhif Jakhf fzlgLtjh xU cz
msfSF Vw bryfis zfyh.

cz juij KTona bjJ bfhs cjwJ. j _y ey

jahig bfhLf Toa rika F KGikahd tfhoahf UwJ.

ju za bragl rika Ff cz l jahgjF

cjtnjhL a jahfis nrf, kw jahfSl iy, njhw,
thrid, w kW Rit nghwitfSl rkiygLj cjwJ.

rikayiw W ULf kW zhtij jLf xU muzhf myJ

ghJfhghf bragLwJ. Fiwj neu kW bghUbry xnu khahd
rkkhd ms cz jahfis jahf cjwJ.

jukhd yhg, rahf bghUjToa, yhg juToa Fl ms/vil

cs bghUfis thf cjwJ.

cz bghUf njitia rahf za brtjh bghUf thF

UKiw rghf (double check) cjwJ.

cz jahfSnfw gid iyia za bra cjwJ. j

_y cz _ybghUf iy caUnghJ iy khwfis bra
VJthwJ.

ggu mltiz, neu kW cgnahF bra Kiwfis za bra

cjwJ. wikahd g gu xnu khahf gfis nahf,
g Uia bfhLwJ.

kUJtkid nghw Wtdf cz cs rJf ms f

Ka. xbthU cz jah _y bghUf msit bjJ
bfhtjh mj rJf kig fzl cjwJ.

FHg jfgL rahf ifahs bjahk UgJ nghwtiw

Fiwgjh cz jahf njh VgLtiy.

gntLf ghJfhig FiwwJ. cz jahfSF Vw ju za

bragl rika Ff, dr cz jahjiy gntLf
ghJfhF Rikia FiwwJ. cz jahj vgJ rika F,
179

ll gkhW msf kW jkhF cz msf Matiw

FiwwJ.
rika F mil ((Recipe Card ) :
xU rika F mil fhQ tufis bfhLF: rika
jah bga, rikj cz ms, gkhW msf vif,
cgnahF ghuf myJ fUf msf, cz bghUf bga,
ms, jah br tiruk tKiwf, neu kW rikgjF Vw
btgiy.
ju za br braKiwf
ju za bra ftdkhf kLjY, gnrhjid mta. mnef
cz tHF Wtdf, nkghitahsf kW ClrJ zf
cjl thfnk mbghWig vLJ bfhwJ. o gagLjgL myJ
thu jf btlgL Fiwj msth bragL rika Ff myJ
rika jff bttuToa Ff Mat msfis e mj
mogil mf ms rikf KoahJ. xbthU rika F neunfg
kWkL brJ ju za bragl ntL.
ju ms zj vgJ VfToa jahig cUthFtjF
njitahd jf cz bghUfis ftdkhf ifahSj myJ L
rgLJj MF. jukhd jahfis Ko br tiu Ritfhd
gnrhjidf gy jlit bragl ntL. Fiwj ms rika Ff
gnrhjid bragL bga ms brtjF khwgLwJ. rika jff,
khj jf, gif, ahghu neh cs cz Wtdf btL
rika Ffns Mug bgwToajhF. a msf jahfgLtnj
KjgoahF. mit mffgLwd. jahj cz klgLwJ.
Fiwj ms jahfgl cz mj braKiwf mogil tUkhW
klgLwJ. _ybghUf ms j, bghUf ilF Kiw, bry,
yhg, fUf w, gahsf w, kW braYnfw bkhj bghUj
Mait MF. iy ftdkhf MuhJ, wF bga ms gnrhjid
brnghJ VgL mf bryid jfyh.
rika Ffis gLJj
rika FYs msfisl mf ms rikfgL gnrhfgl
ntL. rika Ffis mf ms brnghJ bghUf j xU
Ka gid twJ. vLJ fhlhf, rfiu kW kh ms j f
Kakhd xW. cz bghUf aif jikia ftdkhf nrhf
ntL. a ms braglToa czf a, ajhf btlgl
btfha mjDila thridF fhuzkhf Ufyh. Mdh mf ms
braglToa czf ajhf btlgl btfha mf ms
nrfgLtJ cfjjy. Vbd J jahj cz Ritia kh L. c
kW jah bghUf nrfgL nghJ ftdkhf fzL njit. Vbd
tif va bgUff rahf mikahJ.
180

bghJthf rika Ffis mf ms gLj uL tifahd

Kiwf csd. mit gnrhjid kW mjdh VgL isf (trial and error),
fhufis m Kiw (factor method). Ritahd, ghJfhghd rJf Fj
ftuToa czid jahF W bghW jukhd jahjYfhd bghWid
cz jahF nkyhshs if mlsJ.
rika Ffis ju za bragLj iyf
1. rika Ffis rghF iy ((Recipe Verification Phase))
rika Fig ju za br Kj iy rika Ffis rghF
iy MF. ehF Ka braghLf csd.

rika Fig L M brj (review)

rika Fig bfhL cz jahj (preparing)

gkhW msid rghj (verify)

rika Ff bra ntoa khwfis g brj (record).

2. jahjtiw kL br iy (Product Evaluation Phase)

jahjtiw kLj vgJ rika Fig rghjiy bjhlJ
brtJ MF. Jnt rika Ff juij za brj Ka
iyahF. J jahj cz VW bfhS jikia zf cjwJ.
mnj rka rika Fig nkY brikgLj njitahd Ffis bfhLF
Kiwahd kW Kiwrh rika F nkyhs, cz tHF gahsf kW
thoifahsf nghwtf klyh. ij ju khztf, Maf,
thfd kW bgnwh Mnahiu <LgLjyh.
3. msid rgLJ iy (Quantity Adjustment Phase)
kL br iy xU rika F cWahf kL bragL
Ugjf iy UJ Mdh njitahd ms iyba mJ msid
rgLJ iyF bfhL brygLwJ. rika Fig njitahd ms
gkhwfSF Vg msid rgLj gyKiwf csd. y Kiwf
kjf braghL _ykhf kwit f _ykhf rgLjgLwd.
4. gkhW msid za brj (Portion Control)
ju za bragl rika FF brayhw f zfgl
gkhW ms njitgLwJ. ju za bragl (Standard) ghufshd
fuof, Ffuof (Scoo p s) kW kw fUf cz gkhW nghJ
cgnahfgL xU KiwahF.
gkhW msit za brj vgJ xU Fl ms eF
jahfgl ey czit ey Niy rahd Kiw za bragl
iy gkhwgLtJ MF. j _y bry bragl gz, neu, gahsf,
Mt MatF <lhf njitF mfkhd yhgij bfhLf cjuthj
mgjhf Uf ntL.
gkhW msit fLgLJtJ ( Portion Control) vgJ xbthU
thoifahsUF gkhwgL cz xU gF vd tiuaWfgLwJ.
181

thoifahs njitia iw brtJ, Fl zfgl cz

iyia fLgLJtJ j Ka nehfkhF. gkhW ms Fiwthf
Ujh thoifahs jhf bfhLj gzF Vkhwgljhf idJ mj
cztfF Ug tuhk nghfyh. gkhW ms f mfkhf Ujh,
llgl iyia l czfhd bry mfkh yhgij ghF. vdnt
gkhW ms vgJ bryit fLgLJtnjhL thoifahs myJ Ud
Ugij, Uia iw brwJ. gkhW msfis lLnghJ
cz tHF Wtd tif, cz l, thoifahs, cz tif,
iy Matiw fU bfhs ntL.
bghUfis thF nghJ gwntoa f ((Buying ti p s))
gkhW msid fLgLJtjF bghUfis thFnghJ y
fUJfis kd bfhs ntL. cz bghUfis thFtjFlhd
ey m, vts gkhW msf mj _y bgwglyh vgij fzl
cj bghUfis thf gagL f, gkhW msit fLgLJt
tKiwfis fW bfhs cj. mitahtd:

rikayiwF njitahd a kW cyj bghUf mwhl nj

tiuyhd iyfis bjJ itUf ntL. rahd iy
thFtij mtnghJ cW brJ bfhs ntL.

xbthU bghU gytiff kW jufis bjJ itUf

ntL.

gFahf jahfgl kW cldoahf jahfgl a cz

bghUf ilf Toa tfis bjJ itUf ntL.

rahd iy rahd neu ilf Toa iy kW vj gUt

vj bghUf ajhf ilF vgij bjJ itUf ntL.

bghJthd gkhW msid fLgLJ fUf y nH bfhLfgLsd:

ms ju zfgl ghuf ((Standard pans)) : njitF Vwhngh
gkhW msid myJ fLgLj cjwJ. Fl vif
JLfshf itF nf jL (Cake pans) myJ buho jL Mait JLfis
Fl gkhW vif ms itf cjwJ.
F fuof ((Laddles)) : Nf, nrfgl cz tiff, bfoahd
ff, ^ kW rhRfis gkhW nghJ cjwJ.
gkhW fuof ((Serving spoons)) : lkhd myJ JisfSl Toa fuoia
vts vif vW FlgLtiy. Mdh njitahd gkhW msit
njhuhakhf msf myJ cz vil ghf cj.
Tf (Scoops)) : uhFf (Drop cookies), k~f, khr, fhf rhy
kW rh cns itfToa ~ (Sandwich filling) Maitfis
gkhw cjwJ. xU fh gF (quart) vgJ xU T Etiu utJ MF.
xbthU TF xU ms bfhLfgLsJ.
T msfS mjF izahd msfS fl mltiz
bfhLfgLsJ.
182

gkhW msid fLgLJtij eilKiwgLj vilF Vw

msfis Kakhf bjJ bfhs ntL. bghJthf cgnahfgL msf
nH bfhLfgLsd.
3 njfuo =

1 nki#fuo

16 njfuo =

1 f (Cup)

2 f

1 (pint)

2
4 Fth

1 Fth (Quart)

1 fhy (Gallon)

16 m

1 gL (Pound)

y cz tiff rahd gkhW msf

183

gkhW msit fLgLJtJ cz bghUfis thFtJl beUa

bjhlilaJ. bghUfis tha ms g ngha m iyba, gkhW
msfis fgJ fod. gkhW msfis fLgLJtjF xbthU
WtdK jeg KaJtij ftd bfhs ntL. bghdhd
vdbt rahd iynfw rahd ms (a fair portion for a fair price) MF.

cz jahjY, gkhWjY

184

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1.

RWyh kW tjf KJbfYghf csJ.

m) cz tHF Wtdf

M) f Wtdf

) bjhrhiyf

2. cz tHFj vgJ jukhd eRits cz kW ghdfis

tHF xU fyitahF.
m) fiy eaJl

M) Phd Kiw

3. tfrhj cz tHFj
m) (uh#h) mur
4.

) fiyeaJl kW
Phd Kiw
Mf fUjgLwh.

M) jiyt

) Kjika

fUJ ahF Xus JikahdjhF.

m) gf (Pubs)

5.

M) jF L (Motels)

) cztff (Hotels)

wikahd thf mika nkyhsuh gagLjgL xU

rhjdkhF.
m) nkyhik fUf M) thf mikig KiwgLJ tiugl
) g mltiz.

6.

vgJ jgl gahs g Ffis RUfkhf FwJ.

m) gsf tu

7.

M) gtu

) g mltiz

crfl cg neukhdjhF.
m) 10 am Kj 2 pm

8.

M) 11am Kj 2 pm

) 12am Kj 2 pm

xU fyit fUahF.
m)

9.

M) moghf

) fyF fUf

vgJ nyrhd nfjo cs nfFfis js vLf cjwJ.

m) ff

M) fil fuo

10. wg bgwtf
nrfgLshf.
m) nfhL Kiw

) K fuo

tif cztf thf Kiw

M) nenfhL Kiw

) nfhL kW gahs Kiw

M) XU thijf ila
ila:
1. cz tHF Wtd tiuaW.
2. cz tHF Wtdf tiff ahit?
3. thf mikig KiwgLJ tiugl vwh vd?
4. g tu vwh vd?
5. cz jahf cj rhjdf ahit?
185

6. RHY moghf ga ahJ?

7. gkhw cj rhjdf ahit?
8. Lia g vGJ.
9. g vwh vd?
10.moghf ga ahJ?
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. bjhrhiy cztff F tiuf.
2. nenfhlhf mikfgLs cztf thf tiuglij sF.
3. cr neu g brtjh VgL eikf ahit.
4. cgfuzfis vthW tifgLJth?
5. njhYF fU ga ahJ?
6. nfnd Ff g vGJ.
7. cldo cz tHF Kiw g F tiuf.
8. rika F mil g vGJ.
9. bghUfis thFnghJ gw ntoa f ahit?
10.vthW cgfuzfis njbjLgh?
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. cz tHF Wtd brikahf bragl cj mogil bfhiffis
t.
2. kh g sf tuij t.
3. fyf cj fUfis t.
4. cz jahj iyfis sF.
5. rhjdfis ftJ guhkf cj Ff g vGJ.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. tf rhuhj myJ r_fey myJ cj aF cztffis t.
2. Ka thf fUfis mltizgLJf.
3. gahsf kh g fhy mltizia mj mtaij t.
4. jugLjgl rika Ff Ka mrfis ju za bragl
rika Ff eikfis t.
5. cz tHFt nehffis, cz tHF Wtd tsia
ghF fhufis sF.
6. g tu vwh vd? cztf nkghitahs gtuid sF.
186

6. czdh VgL bjhWfS eRjik

6.1. cz bjhWf - EQf, fhuzf, isf
eh cQ cz ghJfhghdjhf KGikahdjhf Uf
ntLbkgjfhf e tUth bgUgFia cznf brytnwh.
czthdJ bjhWf yhkY eR jik yhkY Uj ntL. it
cz Ugij rhjhuz kj mJ mahkY Uwh. eR
jikdhY bjhWfshY cz khril nghJ nehia VgLJwJ. xU j
kj Mnuha iyia bghWJ, mt cbfhl czYs eR
bghUf
bjhWfis bghWJ mtDF cley nfhshWf
clhwd. czdh gu nehfis flthW fyh.
nehfhd fhuzf
m) cz VgL eR jik
i. aifahfnth myJ rhjhuzkhfnth jhtu kW yYs eR
jik.
ii. nta bghUf nrifah khj

vghuhj jkhf VgLj

bfLj isf ntLbknw cz fygl brj

iii. ghOahfdh VgL eR kW jik

ghL[ (Botulism)

l~ignyhfhf khj

M) czth VgL bjhWf

i. EQfsh VgLj

rhnkhbdyh

ilghL

fhyuh

oah

fyh

mah

ogFnsh

ii. yYs xLfsh clhF bjhWf

oiunfhndh

mfhah (tl totkhd Gf)

ehlh Gf

Gf

S (Flukes)

187

iii.. irfdh clhF bjhWf

it czYs neh Uf tsF cjtnjhL mtiw

vLJ brwd (Gf, tWfL, fhkhiy)

czYs neh Uf tsF cjgit (rhbkhdyh,

bunlh fhf bjhWf)

cz bjhWf tiuaiw: cz bjhW vgJ cz kW j

mUJtjh bjhWf VgL cz eR bghUf clhtjh nehia
VgLJ vW cyf Rfhjhu Wtd (WHO) tiuaWwJ.
cyfs bghUshjhu cg FiwtjF Ka fhuzkhf
uridahf J UwJ. cz bjhdh VgL Mnuha nfL myJ
gh ga tuij nehdh mJ f fLikahf eg Koahj
msYsJ. iuig kW Fl kly cz bjhWfsh vjkhf gh
VgLsJ vW cz vthW nehia gu fhuahf UwJ vgij
msl fodkhF. mfkhf czfsh VgL bjhW nehf yd
czfUnj VgLwJ. vLJfhlhf iw, nfh iw, gh, Kil
kW yd bghUf _ykhfnt guwJ. cz bghUf bfL
nghtjhY, mfkhd egfSF xnu l rikgjhY bjhWf gu
ObuW neh gutjF thL.
cz khj ga uL

M Tl
cWahfgltf

ghfgltuhf
Ugjh
jgLjglt

ghfgl myJ
rnjfF cgl
egf

fLofglhk
myJ
bjahk Ungh

gnrhjidF
cglhjt,
kUJtkid
Kofhf
fhUngh

kUJt irF
nghfhjt myJ
kUJt ft
njityhnjh

188

cley Fiwthf eh Unwh vw vznk kUJt ftig ehLkhW

brwJ. mJnt tu fzfhd xU jftyhfnt csJ. iyiana
xU uo tot mikfyh. jgo cz khjyh ghfgnlh
vif Fiwthfnt csJ. Vbd jfhd fhuzfis ga
znt yhk Ugt vif f mf.
czdh VgL bjhWf: neh Uf cz kW j _ykhf
kj clYF CLU brwJ. mkj neh v r Fiwthf
UF gr mj U cldoahf neh mFfis VgLJ. jkj
Mnuhaij bghUJ neh U jhf jLfgL. rahd Kiw
mwgLjhkUjh khahd nehf VgLtjF fhuzkhUwJ.
jkj kW RWw Rj FiwghLfdh cz bjhWf
VgLwJ. vdnt nghJkhd fa, thif juij caJtj _yK
jid fLgLj jf Ko.
m) ghOahfsh VgL bjhWf: ghOahfdh VgL cz
bjhW nehf g nH bfhLfgLsJ.
1.. ilghL kW ghuhilghL: it uL Tlhf v fhr (enteric
fever) vwiHfgLwJ.
ghuhilghL nehahdJ ngy ghuhilg (Paratyphus) A, B myJ C _y
VgLwJ. ilghL nehahdJ ngy ilg neh Uah VgLwJ.
it rhbkdyh bjhWfshF. Enzh ghF nghJ neh
UahdJ F tot sb#yh (Flagella) l fhzgL.
ghOahthdJ sb#y _y efu MuF.
<f _ykhf, khrilj cz kW j _ykhf neh guwJ.
nehfhd btikgUt 10 Kj 14 ehf MF.
mFf: Mug mFfshtd jiyt kW L tahF.
fhr VgL uhf btgiy mfj.
ehF cyJ goJ fhzgL.
cl btgiy mfJ eho Jo FiwJ fhzgL.
neh UahdJ z fQfis ghJ uj Xl kly _y
WFliy milwJ.
neh gu Uf nehah W, ky t fhzgL.
tW nghF kW mr VgL
tW gF bkikailJ, ku fkilJ UF.
ilghL xU Kiw Vglh neh v r mfkhf VgLwJ.
jF tf: nehahia jikgLJj mta. nehah
clffis Rfhjhukhd Kiw mwgLj ntL.
ky kW W fFl fhgh my bfhL RjgLjgl
ntL.
189

 neh L jhfhkUf Kiwahd kUJt ffhl rjhd cz

tHfgl ntL.
Fo j, gh, cz nghwtiw ewhf bfhf itJ rikfgl
ntL.
T.A.B. jL nghLj mta.
2. fhyuh: nah fhynu (Vibrio Cholerae) vw ghOahth fhyuh VgLwJ. xW
myJ uL mir sb#yhth MdJ.
J thHhJ, Mdh kY, f bghUfY ewhf
tsailwJ.
btik gUt y k neu Kj 3 ehfshF.
<f _ykhf, ffis Rfhjhukhd Kiw mwgLjhjyhY j eg
RfhjhuikahY Kakhf guwJ.
mFf: u tW nghF, th, fhf jir o, fL kW
mfkhd jhf VgLj.
tW tl kyUj.
rahd ft iyba nehah wf neL.
jF tf: fhyuh jLia nghLj mta
nehahia jik gLj ntL.
cl ffis Rfhjhukhd Kiw mwgLj ntL.
ftiwfis Kiwahf Rj brj ntL.
<f kW bfhRf yhk ghJ bfhs ntL.
khrilj (bfhf itfhk) _o ghJfhfglhj cz glf
nghwtiw cQj TlhJ.
Rit iwj ut czfis bfhLj ntL. Vbd t
myjik neh Ufis mwJ.
3. oah: neh mfkhf J bjhWf _y guwJ. Mdh, nghik
neh bjhWs gh kW cz _ykhf guwJ.
fh ghOa ona (Coryne bacterium diphtheriae) vw nehU _y
VgLwJ.
ghOahf btg, Na xdh mfgLwJ. btikgUt uL
Kj IJ ehf MF.
mFf: fhr kW Uk, bjhil rhg btis w r nghW
cUthwJ.
_F kW Futis gF ghfgLwJ.
ghOah neh UahdJ cUthF erhdJ eu kly kW Uja
klyij ghwJ. erhdJ uj crgLwJ.
neh ukil rka Gf ayhj iy VgL Ko wf
neLwJ.
190

jF tf: D.P.T. jL nghLj ntL.

nehahia jikgLj ntL.
c myJ neh jLghfis bfhL cJ (Gargle) bjhilia
Rjkhf itJ bfhs ntL.
nehah eF KGikahf XbtLj ntL.
4. tWfL: UtifL.
m. ngy tWfL
M. m tWfL
m) ngy tW fL: neh fyh neh Ufsh VgLwJ. mit
nehah ky fhzgL.
M) m tWfL: vlgh lhofh neh Udh VgLwJ.
it kjfl xLfshf Uwd. neh bjhW utfoahf
njh, mGfilj iff, j, cz _y guwJ. btik gUt xU
thuUJ gy khjf tiu owJ.
mFf: mo t o kW t
bgUFl f, f VgLj
fhr kW tW nghF clhj
kyJl r kW uj btnaWj
rahf ftfiyba ukilJ ir brtJ fodkhF.
jF tf: mf ms RfhjhuK RWNH RjK nehUJ
ghJfhF.
ffis Rfhjhukhf btnaWj kW czit ghJfhghf ifahSj
f Ka.
ngy tWfLfhd neh jLF jL nghLtJ mta.
5. ogFnsh (fhr neh): nehahdJ iknfhghOa ogFnsh myJ
ogFnsh ghy neh U _y VgLwJ.
nehahdJ U tf guwJ. bjhWf iwj Jf _ykhf
EiupuYF gu Eiupu ogFnsh nehia kw tif, nehw
khoUJ ilF gh Fogjh bghit ogFnsh (Bovine
tuberculosis) neh clhwJ.
btik gUtkhdJ y khjfUJ tUl fz oF.
mFf: cl js kW nrhtilj
fodkhd Uk kW Fu khw VgLtJ
ehoJo mfj
UjaJo ntfkhj, ait mfkhj
be t kW JK nghJ uj fj
jir Rf zhj, Eiupu fWik w Lf clhj
191

jF tf: ey rjhd czl Rjkhd fhnwhlKs miw

Uj ntL.
thUJ, _UJ njhW ffis Rfhjhukhd Kiw
mwgLj ntL.
RWw Rfhjhu f njitahd xW.
B.C.G. (Bacillus - Calmette - Guerin) jL nehia jLf cjwJ.
6. kr fhkhiy
fhkhiy: neh bAgilo A kW B itu Uah VgLwJ.
njh VgL btLfhaf _yK, vf W kW ky _y bjhW
Vgl cz bghUfis cgjhY VgLwJ.
itu neh UahdJ fuiy nrjkila brwJ.
btik gUt 9-10 ehf MF.
mFf
mFf: gik, jiyRw, th, fu kW ku bkikahj.
fu,ku fkilj kW fhr clhj
njh, f kr wkhj kW mlj kr w W nghj nghwit
kr fhkhiy neh mFfshF.
jF tf
tf: cz _ykhf nehia FzgLjyh.
bAgilo jL nghLj mta.
M) yFfUF xLfsh gutToa nehf
gy nehf Gfsh VgLwJ. it kjfl xLfsh UJ
nehia VgLJwJ. Gfsh VgL y tifahd nehf nH
tfgLsd.
1. mfhah (tl Gfsh VgL neh bjhW)
neh mfh Yfh tl tot Gfsh VgLwJ.
Gf kj ujY, zY tsailwJ.
eF fGtglhj mRjkhd cz kW iff _y neh guwJ.
mFf
mFf: Fl RtfYs uj jJf _y Gf ja lJ
ghfD brwJ.
Gf yhth Fl jilid VgLJwJ.
gik, tW t kW th VgLj, MJkh clhj
jF tf
tf: Rfhjhu ey iyUf ntL.
clff Rfhjhukhd Kiw mwgLjgl ntL.
girahf cQ fhff kW gHf ewhf fGtgLj ntL.
ewhf bfhf itJ rikF nghJ Gf Kilf m.
2. ehlhGfsh VgL bjhW neh
nlah brha (Taenia Solium) vw Gf kjflUJ
gflUJ nehia VgLJ.
192

 kj clffis cQ gf nehia gu fhuahf

UwJ.
mFf
mFf: gik
tW t kW ts FiwghL
jF tf
tf: g iwia (Pork) ewhf nrhj th ewhf
rikj ntL.
ffis Rfhjhukhd Kiw mwgLj, j Rj, ituL
flhakhd xwhF.
3. bfh Gfsh ((Ancylostomum duodenale ) VgL bjhW neh
Gf yhthf nknjhiy JisJ bfhL clD brwJ.
z kly _y uj Xl kly fywJ. jaUJ
Rthr FHhF brwJ.
yhth Gf Fl Rt bfh ngh bjh bfhoUF. jdh
uj bgUid VgLJwJ.
mFf
mFf: tW t tW nghF, kyf nghwit
rhjhuzkhf fhzgL
Kf Fj, fhf njf clhj
uj nrhif kW cl js VgLj
jF tf
tf: r_fYs kfSF ik kW Rjkhd gHff g
mWj.
btW fhYl ao yhk elj TlhJ.
Fo mRjkhfhk Rjkhdjhf Uj ntL.
4. Gf
Gf: Gfsh VgL bjhW neh FHijfilna
rhjhuzkhf fhzgLwJ.
bg Gf kyFl WYs Mrdth kW mjid
Rs gFfY Kilf LwJ.
jdh mgF mf vr, kW m clhwJ.
nkY bgf wW gFD brW tth btido (valvovaginitis) nehia clhFwJ.
nehdh ghfgnlh WnghJ effQf Gf j, mj _y
neh bjhWwJ.
nehah gLif kW Jf Gf Kilf xo bfhL
fhzgL.
Rj Rfhjhukw Kiw ff btnawgL nghJ neh jhf
mfkhf fhzgL.
mFf
mFf: Uk, cwfik kW g VgLtJ xGfW Uj,
mikik kW y rkaf t VgLj.
193

 vDu (Enuresis) W fg fLghoyhik rhjhuzkhf

VgLwJ.
jLF tf
tf: j Rj f Ka. Vbd mJ neh bjhiw
jF.
nehah gLif kW Jfis ewhf JitJ bt cyJj
ntL.
Mrdth j mnkha bkF Mbk jla gLifF
brYj ntL.
Gfis mf iggi[ (piperzine) khiufis bfhLj ntL.
5. xU tifahd xL - q ((Flukes))
rahf rikfglhj id cgtfSF mYs xLfsh neh
VgLwJ.
nghl uj FHhfY, iufY (Vein) Gf thwJ.
tif Gfsh Mrdth, W i[nlhah (Schistosomiasis) nghw
neh VgLwJ.
mFf
mFf: fhr, mr kW gik
t fu gF mbrsfa VgLwJ.
jF tf
tf: Rfhjhukhd Kiw ffis (ky, W) mwgLJj
ntL.
mGfhd Fjiy jj ntL.
fh tofoa Fo iu mUJj ntL.
) irfdh VgL bjhW nehf
nehf:
irf xU gira (Fnshnuh) yhj xU jhtukhF. gy msfY
gy totfY ilwJ. y irf [hnuhigo tiffshF (saprophytic)
Vbd mit wj fk bghUf (organic matter) tsJ fhzgLwJ.
irf fk bghUf xLfshf Uwd. y irf cUs
jhtuf, yFf, kW kjf nk xLfsh thwd. t
y eikaf Toajhf y ik isf Toajhf UwJ.
1. <
<: < xU xiw br irahF. it Enzhah ghF nghJ
f ajhf Xt tot cUilahd nghw totJl fhzgL. j
xU br Xt totJl irnlh shr a fhzgL. br Rt cL.
czUJ gwJ fhW kW k t < fhzgL. it 25C Kj 30C
btgiy c thwJ. < bryhdJ j Lj kW ulhf
ijWj (Fusion) _y dbgUfkilwJ. ghOahfis nghyyhJ <
cz pH kid FiwJ czit ghHhFwJ. tsij khw nghJ
mit y wfis njitaw nt bghUfis cUthFwJ. gHrhW,
rfiu ghF, bkhyr kw fhnghiAonu cz tiff < mfkhf
fhzgLwJ.
194

2. f ((Mucor): J xU tif [hnuhigo (saprophytic) irahF. bghJthf

ir (pinkmould) vdgL. it khLrhz, <ukhd fhyf, bfL nghd
gHf, fhff, kW <ukhd buho tiff tsJ fhzgL.
it ghgjF btisw gR nghW f bka E iHfshd
ika fhzgL. J brlh yhkUF xbthU j brY iAgh
vdgL. t dbgUfkhdJ ij cUthj _y VgLwJ. xU br
Fl Niy jl gF J bryhf ikaUJ cUthwJ.
3. iunrhg
iunrhg: J xU tifahd [hnuhigo irahF, rhjhuzkhf fU
ir vW miHfgL. mGa gHf, fhff, giHa buhof, #h kW
b# tiff it fhzgL. ika gy ijf fhzgL. it
btoJ jW nghJ ijf j czit ghHhFwd. vj tif
cz nkUjhY it irfshf Ritl cz nk gltjh
czthdJ cgjF jFawjhf UwJ. jha tiffshd f, nfhJik,
nrhs nghwit tif irfsh ghfgLwd. it vfh
isr ggnu (Claviceps purpurea) vd miHfgLwJ.
irfsh VgL ghfis glY, mltiz 6.1. Y fhzyh.

mltiz 6.1.
6.1.: irfsh VgL ghf

195

czit ghJfhj
ghJfhj: czid ghJfhghf ifahSt nghJkhd ft
yhkUjY, j Rj Fiwthf UjY f ftf ntoa xwhF.
czdh VgL eRfis bjhW nehfis jf fl
Mnuha Kiwfis ifahSj ntL.
czthdJ mf btgiy rikfgl ntL, Vbd mf
btgdh ghOahf mfgLwd.
mGfToa cz bghUf midJ Fthd l myJ
Frhjd bgo itfgl ntL.
cz bghUf <f, Rf nghwtwh ghgilahk Wfkhf _o
ghJfhfgl ntL.
irf glj myJ JehwkoF czf, lghf ghgilj
czf nghwtiw cgij jj ntL.
bfhf, kW Gf Kilf kW w xLf UJ
ghJfhig bgw ewhf fGj ntL.
fhff kW gHfis bghlha bgkhfnd bfhL ewhf
fGtgl ntL.
czit itf gagLjgL ghuf neh Uf yhjthW
Rjkhf fGtgLj ntL.
cz jahgtf Mnuhakhdtfshf, nehawtuh Uj ntL.
Fo ewhf fh Mw itfgljhf Uj ntL. Fghf
kiHfhyf Obud mfkhf jhF nehUJ Lgl J mta.
mGfhd ufdh czid Ritjiy jj ntL. Ritaa
gagLa njfuoia L fGthk gagLj TlhJ.
rikayiw, mYs rhjdf kW nrJ itF l ghJfhghdjhf,
nghJkhdjhf, Rjkhf Uj ntL.
196

jnghija fhy cz bjhWfis VgLJ neh gu fhufis

g mj Kakhd xwhwJ. Vbd fhynfwthW czY, cz
gkhWtY khw VgLtjh neh Ufis gatJ mKakhwJ.
czYs EUfis bjhlahf ftdkhf ffhfho czit
njbjLgY, cz jhafis g br nghJ, khr czfshY
cz ghOahfdhY bjhWf Vgl thL.
6.2. cz eRjik - cz aifahf cs eRf,
EQfsh VgL eRjik, cz gjgLj nghJ VgL
eRjik
cz eRjik
ghOah bjhWs cz kW iu Fogjh FWa fhyF
VglToa tW Fl rgjkhd uridfis cz erhj (Food poison)
vd TWt. czdh VgL neh (Food borne disease) vgJ czit
cbfhStj _y neh myJ bjhWfis gugToa eRjik cs
fhuf cl cbrYtnj MF.
it EQf myhj ntW gy fhuzfshY VgLwJ. mitahtd:
eRjik nrUtJ
eRjiks bghUf cs fhshf, kW bkhyhr jtWjyhf
cbfhStJ
cz nrf Toa eRjiks fygl bghUfis cbfhStJ.
fL fyfgL Mnkh bkfhdh (Argemone Mexicana) vD
bghU vbl uh (epidemic dropsy) vD iyia VgLJ.
cz erhj tiff
cz erhj uL tiffshf fgLwJ.
m. ghOah myhj fhuf
M. ghOahdh VglToaJ
m) ghOah myhj fhuf: Mbr nghw nt bghUf, ytifahd
jhtuf kW fl czf, yijr (lathyrism) kW vl mi[o
(endemic ascitis) nghw nehf y czYs eR jikah Vgl Toait.
rg fhyf nt bghUfsh cz bfL nghtJ g m mfiw
tsJsJ. vLJfhlhf cuf, bfh, fha kW bkF.
M) ghOahdh VgLtJ: cUs ghOah kW kw eRfsh khrilj
czid cbfhSnghJ ghOah bjhW VgLwJ.
m. ghOah myhj fhuf
1. cz aifahf cs eRf
yF kW y jhtuf aifahf cs TL bghUfUJ
bgwgl er jikna aif eR bghUf vd miHfgLwJ (Natural
toxicants). it cUs bghUfUJ aifahf bgwgl bghUfshF.
197

Mfnt it bfL nghf Toait (contaminants) vd TwKoahJ. jF

Kakhd cjhuz nfr gUghF. cs eR bghU yij rilt
(Lathyrus Sativus) vd miHfgLwJ. tiw mf ms cbfhS nghJ
KlF thjdh jhfgLtij yijr[ (lathyrism) vW TwgLwJ. y
tifahd fhshf eR jiks bghUf Ugjh mtiw cbfhS
nghJ u cl ey Fiw VgLwJ.
nj kW fl czf qiuL (Fluoride) rhjhuzkhf njitgL
msit l mfKsJ. fhu (Alkaline) mfKs k isaToa cz
bghUf bra mfKsjh tiw cQt _y ts Fiw,
gik, Ko cj, tW, Fl nfhshW kW fu nuh (cirrhosis)
nghwtiw VgLJwJ. cUisH mogLtjhnyh myJ mfkhd Na
x gLtjhnyh mYs brhyh (solanine) ms mfF. brhyh
eRjik th, tW t kW tWnghid clhFwJ.
nrhah oid jLfToa fhuf Ugjh uz jik
FiwwJ. ntf itfhj kW rahf ntf itfglhj nrhah eR jikia
cUth fizaij ghwJ. ewhf KGikahf ntf itgjh j eR
jikia lyh. fhshf bghJthf fhLgF tsuToaJ. cz
Koahj fhshf mkah bgnyhLf (Amantia Phalloids) vw eR bghUf
csJ. j eR bghUf cs fhsh tifia cbfhS nghJ tWt,
mf jhf, Fkl, th nghwtiw VgLJ.
griyiu (spinach), miuiu (amaranth) kW kw iu tiff Fiwj
ms M[h my csJ. tiw mfkhf cQ nghJ Wuf
ff clhwd. M[h my mf ms cl nrUnghJ fha,
ka, U kW jhu jkakhjiy (Assimilation) ghwJ.
Kil btis fU mo csJ. J gnaho vD B
crJl izJ gnahoid cl cr KoahjthW brwJ. Mdh ntf
itfgL nghJ mo bra HwJ. krhyh bghUf kW thrid
bghUf y eR bghUf Ugjh mtiw mf ms cz
nrfTlhJ. #hfh (Nutmeg) kW #hg (mace) nghijia
cLgQ eRjik csJ.
M) ghOahdh VgL cz erhj
cz cs y ghOahf clhF eR jik clYF nfL
isfToaJ. rahf ifahsglhj cz a ms ghOah
UF. bjhWf cs cz thridY, ghgjF rhjhuzkhf UjhY
mij cbfhS nghJ iuig, Fl rgjkhd bjhiyf kW mfkhd
th VgL.
1. rhkbdyh cz erhj
fhu: rhkbdyh d (Salmonella spp)
J bghJthf f mfkhf fhzgL cz erhj MF.
gu j: bghJ ff elfToa UJf
198

 gizf cs yFf _y rhkbdyh mfkhf VgLwJ

L cgnahf f fygJ
gjlgl czfis mfkhf cgnahgJ.
fhu : rhkbdnyh vgJ bghJthf yFfSF tuToaJ.
gizf cs yFfUJ nfh gizUJ kjDF
guwJ. it khr, gh, gh bghUf, rhnrf (sausages), flLf, Kil
kW Kil bghUf Mat ghOahfsh bjhW VgL nghJ j
eR jik clhF. vf kW Rblf Mat W, ky
nghwtwh cz bfLtjh cz erhwJ.
btik gUt ((incubation period):): 12 k neuUJ 24 k neu tiu
mFf: j cf cbfhsgLnghJ Fl bgUfkilJ FWa
fhyF FlY bgUFlY bjhWfis VgLJwJ. Obud VglToa
cl F, fhr, Fkl, th kW H mfkhd tW nghF 2 UJ
3 ehfSF VgL. kj cl rhkbdyh / nguhilnghr ngy (Salmonella
/ Paratyphus bacillus) vgJ ghuhil~ghL fhriy VgLJwJ.
2. bl~nyhfhf cz erhj
fhu: bl~nyhfhf Va (Staphylococcus Aureus)
gu j: fhW, bfhsf, gUf, njh uhf bl~nyhfhif
csJ. tif ghOah czit ifahSgt bjhil kW _ UF.
cz tiffshd rhyLf, flLf, gh kW gh bghUf Mait
bl~nyhfhif ghOahth bjhW Vgl Toait MF.
btikgUt: xUJ 6 k neu
mFf: Fliy, ka eu klyij (CNS) neuoahf jhfToaJ.
Obud VglToa th, t o kW tW nghF Mait Kakhd
mFfshF. neh ukhf UF nghJ ujK, r btahF.
bl~nyhfhf cz erhj fhriy VgLjhJ. w VgLtiy.
3. ghLr ((Botulism))
fLikahf jhfgL, Mdh mjhf vglToaJ. ghfgltf
_ Ut wJ nghf thsJ.
fhu: shoa ghLd (Clostridium Botulinum)
gu j: k kW RfY yFf FlY j U mfkhf
gu nghf (spores) _y czit milwJ. o gjgLjgl czfshf,
o lghf milfgl fhff, iflgl myJ CWfh nghlgl
, kW o bragl (cheese) Maitna ghLr gut Ka
fhuahf csJ.
btikgUt: 12 UJ 36 k neu
mFf: ghuh gbjo eu klyij ghwJ. ghLr kw cz
erhj ngh yhk iuig Fliy Fiwthfnt ghwJ. mfkhf
bjaToa mFfshtd, czit Gf Koahik (dysphagia), jiyt,
199

fhr, tW nghF, Fkl kW th. ghLr jhFjdh f, fGJ

jirf, Rthr ikaf thj VgL Wahf kuz Ko. ghfgl eg
cnuhoUjhY, ahUJ S fhy mfkhf, bkJthf UF.
4. shoa bg~b# cz erhj
fhu: shoa bg~b# bt (Clostridium Perfringens Welchii)
gu j: kj kW yFf ky, k, j kW fh
ghOahf fhzgLwd. khr, khr czf kW nfhf
Matiw cbfhStjh mfkhd ms bjhW VgLwJ.
btik gUt: 6 Kj 24 k neu (mfkhd isf 10UJ 14 k
neufSF VgLwJ)
cz erhj VgL Kiw
ghOah nghf (t mQf) rikj nghJ thwJ. rikj
khr kW nfhf ewhf Mwhj nghJ it tswd. Uf 30C
Kj 50C - bgU gy tifahd eRfis clhFwJ.
mFf: bghJthd mFfshtd, tWnghF, t jiro, Fiwj
ms fhr myJ fhr yhkUj Mait cz cbfhL 8 UJ
24 k neuF wF VgL. Fkl, th nghwit mJ. Fiwj fhynk
cley Fiw VgL.
fLgLJ kW jF Kiwf
Rfhjhu: kj ffis ghJfhghf btnaWj, Mug Rfhjhu
gHffshd ftiwUJ btnaW nghJ iffis fGj, rhL K
iffis fGj nghwitf. neh tUtij fLgLj kW
jf cj Ka fhuzfshF.
j mj: kj ffUJ khRglhk iu ghJfhJ mgJ
Kakhd fhuahF. nt bghUfsh iu ghJfhgij l iu tofo
bfhf itgJ mf gajuToaJ.
Rjkhd cz: ff bjhWfUJ czid iu ghJfhgJ
Kakhd RWNH fhuahF.
Mnuha f: r_f Mnuhaf l fhyF filof
ntoaJ mta.
cz gjgLj VgL bjhWf
cz VgL bjhWf vgJ cz cs y bghUf wDs cl
ntiyf <Lglhk,mit Ugj fhuzkhf MnuhaF vkiwahd
isfis VgLJ.
nfhbl mbknla (Codex alimentarius) fgo bjhWf
(contaminants) vgJ, vj xU bghUis cz ntLbknw nrfhk,
jahj, cUthFj, gjLj, cz jahj, fLfLj, fLfLtjF
gagLJ rhjd, ntW lF khW nghJ, nrF nghJ VgL
isfshY RWw fhufdhY VgLwJ. cz VglToa
200

bjhWf vgJ cnyhf kw cnyhf jik myhj bghUfsh VgLgit.

trha cgnahF ntbghUf, fheilfSF gagL kUJf,
cz nriff kW gjl gagLJ bghUf Mait fhuzkhf
mikwJ. DDT nghw bfh bghGJ ntLbknw gfSF
gagLjhlhY czf bghGJ Ugjhf fLofgLsJ.
tiwna bjhWf vd TwgLwJ.
aifahd cz gjgLJj vgJ c, behj, Na x
cyJj nghwtiw bfhlJ. Mdh jnghJ fyhd Kiwfis bfhL
cz gjlgLwJ. mnefkhf Mwhu cz nriff kW nt
bghUfis gagL cz bjhrhiyf cz jah bragLwJ.
t gy ekJ Mnuhaij fLikahf ghfToaJ.
cz gagL wf
mnef wf yfjhdh (coal tar) braglit. midJ wfS
braifahdit. it Wneh, xthik, MJkh kW mf glgl
Matiw VgLJ. cz kW ghdf wkhw bragLwJ.
mitahtd, btbz, kh#, cUisHF, MuR, ghfh, b#, fhg
Vwgl ghdf, lghf milfgl uhbg, glh nghw cz
bghUf kW ghdf wf nrfgLwd.
of ((Sweeteners)
mnef gjgLjgl czf nrfgLsJ. mt
aifahd rfiu nrfglhk braif ofshd rhf nghwit
nrfgLwd. braif ofsh elij uridf, mf glgl
kW xthik VgL.
FHghFgit
((emulsifiers),
),
mlahFgit ((thickeners))

lgLJgit

((stabilizers))

kW

I cgnahfgL FGghF bghU kW cz

gagLjgL braif fiughdhd buh isfh (Propylene glycol)
nghwit njhF kw yfSF eRjikia bfhLwJ. it eu
rgjkhd eRjikia VgLJwJ.
thridof (Flavourings)
braif thridfis gagLJtJ xthik kW elij uridfis
VgLJ. nkhndh nrhoa Fqlnk (MSG - Mono Sodium Glutamate) vgJ cz
mfkhf gagLJ thrid bghUshF. it bghJthf xthik kW
elij uridfis, jiyt, kaf, Uja t kW kd mGj
Matiw VgLJ.
lgLj (Refining)
jhaf cs gG w c fgL kh lgLwJ. j _y
cns cs btisahd lgl khrnj ilwJ. it btis buho,
btis m, ghlh, F kW mnef rJFiwthd czf (junk foods)
gagLjgLwd.lgl khr ehrJ cs c fgLtjh
201

khr cs rfiu vjhf crgL uj Xl fyJ Fqnfh

msit mff brtjh clgUk VgLwJ.
ghJfh bghUf (Preservatives)
khr bghUfshd Ah (ham) kW ngfh (bacon) nghwt
ienuLf kW ieiuLf nrfgLtjh MJkh, Fkl,th, jiyt
nghwit VgL. kh#, gHrhW, fhg Vwgl ghdf bgnrh my
fyfgLwJ. it y egfSF u xthik yrka wig
VgLJ. fhj gHf, btyghF kW cfgl a gHf gG w
njhwhk Uf r~g il Mi[L gagLjgLtjh crJ B
ijJLwJ.

wnkwgl lhf

gjlgl iw

202

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1.

vgJ EQfsh cz VgL bjhWfsh clhwJ.

m) ilghL

M) mfhah

) S

2.ilghL kW ghuh ilghL (para typhoid) it uL Tlhf

vwiHfgLwJ.
m) vo fhr
3.

M) fhyuh

) fyh

vD ghOahdh fhyuh VgLwJ.

m) anah fhynu

4. fhr nehia

) bAgilo B

jL _y jfyh.

m) B.C.G
5.

M) oah ghy
M) D.P.T.

) M.M.R.

kjflUJ gflUJ gu nehia VgLJ.

m) ehlhGf

M) mfhah

6. f bghJthf

vdgL.

m) ir

M) iunrhg

7. tW nghF
m) mgh
8.

) bfhGf
) <

M tUwJ.
M) bl~ignyh fhf

) ngy

shoa ghLd vw nehUah VgLwJ.

m) ghL[

M) ilghL

) rhybkdyh

9. griy iu, miuiu kW kw iu tiff

csJ.
m) iAnuhFnsh my

Fiwj ms

M) fjf my

) M[h my
10. ilghL kW ghuhilghL nehia
m) D.P.T.

_y fLgLjyh.

M) T.A.B

) B.C.G.

M) XU thijf ila
ila:
1. cz erhj vwh vd?
2. czdh VgL neh tiuaW.
3. oah neh VgLJ nehU bga vd?
4. tW fL Utiff ahit?
5. vDuh (Enuresis) vwh vd?
6. ehlh Gfsh VgL bjhWneh mFf ahit?
7. ir vwh vd?
8. fU ir vwh vd?

203

9. cz erhj tiff ahit?

10. yij[ vwh vd?
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. yYs xLf vit cz bjhWfis VgLJwJ?
2. bjhil milgh (oah) neh mFf ahit?
3. kr fhkhiy neh g vGJ.
4. < - W F tiuf.
5. cz aifahf cs eRf ahit?
6. ghOahdh cz erhj vwh vd?
7. cz gagL wf ahit?
8. iunrhg g vGJf.
9. ilghL kW ghuh ilghL nehia vthW jgh?
10. ghJfh bghUf g vGJ.
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. cz khj ga uil tiuf.
2. ilghL vwh vd? mj mFfis t.
3. czit ghJfhF tKiwfis t.
4. rhkbdyh cz erhjiy th.
5. cz gjgLj VgL bjhWfis t.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. fhyuh, oah, fhrneh, krfhkhiy nghw nehfis fl jiyf
t.
m) fhuzf

M) mFf

) jF tf

2. yFfYs xLfsh gu VnjD U nehfis t.

3. irfsh VgL bjhWfis t.
4. tWfL, mfhah, il~ignyhfhf cz erhj g t.

204

7: cz ghJfhj
7 :11 ed Kiw czit ghJfhj - faf Kiw, E miy
btg Kiw ((Irradiation and microwave heating)
faf Kiw kW E miy btgKiw uL btgf R
ria gagL, mj rid cuJ czid ghJfhf cjwJ.
Mdh X btgkhdJ cz bghU btgiyia rhuij brYJtj
_y mff brwJ. uL KiwfY jfhd j fUf _y
a, fLgL, rid btgLJwJ. ed Kiw czit ghJfhf
j uL KiwfS gagLjgLwJ.
cz xf brYJj
Mug faf Kiwia gagL cz ghJfhfglJ. Mdh
jnghJ cz xf brYJj vD bragho _y cz
bghUshdJ y Fl khwfis miltjF faf Kiw
cgnahfgLwJ.
E miy btgr
btgr: iuthf jwghd btgid Emiy _y
VgL cz ghJfhfgLwJ.
X btgr : a kW btF mjhf gagL _W bjhEgfis
cila KiwahF. X btgkhdJ Emiy btgij nghynt btgria
gagL czit ghJfhwJ. Mdh j Kiw czit iuthf btg
gLJtnjhL Fiwthd msnt isf VgLwJ.
xffis gagL czit ghJfhj ((Irradiation))
EUfis mF btgriangh xffis gagL j
Kiw czid l ehfSF ghJfhfyh.
cz xf ghRtj nehff
nehff:

gHf, fhff kW thrid bghUfis urhadbghUfis

gagL nrgjF gyhf EUfis mf xf RKiwia
gagLjyh.

Kis tUjiy jgjF EUfis mgjF kw Kiw

cz mtij jLgjF ij gagLjyh.

fhff EUf jhfij mgjh kjUF VglToa

nehf jfgLwJ. jdh cz bghU ghJfhfgLtnjhL
cz bghUfis l ehf bflhk Uf cjwJ.

khr, gwitf kW flth cd czfis jh ghHhF

EQfis mJ cz bghU bflhk oJ UgjF cjwJ.

cz xf ghRtjh VgL ghf

ghf:
cz xf brYj vD bragho cz bghUshdJ ma
r czit gy iyf CLU brW mj jikia khaikwJ. lh
ffisl fhkh ffSF ntfkhf CLU brY r csJ. xf
ghRtjdh Uj isf VgLwJ. mitahtd
205

1. neuo gh
2. kiwKf gh
1. neuo gh : mf btgr bfhl xf Kakhd gFahd Rfis
neuoahf jhFtjh njhlhf Fl lij jhFtJ ngh cUs
brf kW Rf mJ LwJ. njngh cuw bghUfY, kW
cz bghUfY khwf VgLwJ. thW fhkh xf kW mf
r bfhl lh ff Fl w myJ uj _yTWfSl neuoahf
iztjh cz w myJ jik khwij VgLJwJ.
2. kiwKf gh
gh: tif Ys _yTWf mf wDs iAou#
kW iAouh _yTWfshf khwgLwJ. j _yTWf
xnwhblhW fiuj M#DlD kW fiuUF myJ
jF fk kW fk _yTWfnshL mafnshL idwJ.
czit xf bfhL ghJfhgj Ka nehf vdbt
njitaw EUfis, beh bghUfis (vi[) Fiwj ms
kh czit ghJfhwJ. neuoahd kW kiwKfkhd Kiw xf
ghRj _y EQfis vi[fis braHf brwJ.
xf dh cz VgL khwfis FiwgjF kiwKfkhf
clhF isfis fLgLj ftd brYj ntL.
kiwKf isid fLgLJ tf
tf:
xf dh cz VgL kiwKf ghid fLgLJtjF
_yTWf (free radical) UJ clhF mogil kW j mogil
_yTWfSF cz bghUfSF ilna VgL isfis
bgUks Fiwf ntL.
ciwiy xf R
R: ciwj jY mogil _yTWf
cUthwd. Mdh it f Fiwj msnt csJ. ciw iyahdJ mogil
_yTWf fygij FiwgnjhL czbghUSF CLU brW
gutij jLwJ. jdh ciwiy Ugjfhj isfis
FiwJLwJ.
btl xf R myJ kjkhd Niy xf R
R:
nkTa Kiwfdh cz bghUf cs M#
btnawgLwJ. jdh EQf gf isf FiwfgL,
Ugjf eikf VgLwJ.
zF fhuf
fhuf:
xf ir ghRtj _y cz bghUis ghJfhF nghJ
ftf ntoa y fhufshtd:

cz KGikjik kW cz ghJfh

cz vF r

EUf vF r

cz behf vjik

iy nghwit.

206

xf KaJt
cz bghUis rahd ms xfiu ghRtj _y cz w,
kz, Fz, Rit kW jhJbghUf nghwt khwf VgLtiy.
Kiwdh behf g ghfgLtiy. gWf KisLwJ. nkY
gHf aifahd Kiw gGJ KwJ. mfkhf xfiu ghRtjh
mz bghUfYs behf afh iyF brtjh czthdJ VW
bfhS iyUJ khWgLwJ. Vbd behfis afhk itf kWKiw
btggLJj njitahdjhwJ.
fhnghiAonu, bfhG, uj, mndh myf nghwit xfiu
ghRtjh Fiwj msnt khwkilwJ. iunghns, eah, jah,
crJ B12 nghw rJfisl lh kW crJ C mfkhf
ghgilwJ. xfiu ghRtj _y gHf, fhff, jhatiff
nghwit Fiwjgr 10Kj 15 rjj tiuna nrj milwJ. Mdh crJ
A, D, E, K, nghwit Fiwj msdh vj khwkilahk iyahfnt csJ.
crJ A- Kndhoahd fnuhOdhLf khgH kW ggh gH
rhjhuzkhf gGFnghnj cUthwd.
shoa ghLd vw EQna xf ir vF xU
Uahf csJ.
faf (m) xf ghRtj _y cz, ghJfhghf KGikahf
cgjF Vwjhf csJ. cz xf ghRtjh mWtilF wF
nr VgL Hf FiwfgLwd. cz bghUis xf
brYJtj _y ghJfhFnghJ, czit jahgt, gFtgLJgt kW
cgt midtUF eikawJ. Vbd czthdJ Rjkhd KiwY,
juY ghJfhfgoUgjh brghf csJ.
fafjh ghJfhfgl kW gjgLjgl cz jikid
eF MuhJ xU bkfh uhL (1 mega rad) Fiwthd msnt xf gh
gjgLjgl czf cbfhs ghJfhghdjhf csJ vW nkY tif
czf eRbghUfSfhd nj mtakwJ vd 1980 M Mo FAO/
WHO zfsh Md FG gJiu brJsJ.
uhL
uhL: gagLJnghJ 100 ergs/g ms cuF xf msnt MF.
bfLnghF czfis ghJfhf njitahd xf ms, mfhu
brj msitl Fiwthfnt csJ.
cz zuh PFA Act - gJiufgl xfiu brY
ghJfhF msf gntW czfSfhd tufmltiz 7.1
bfhLfgLsJ.

207

mltiz 7.1
gntW czfSF gJiufgl xf ms
7.1:gntW

* mQr rl (1996) (xfiu gh czit ghJfhj)

xfiu gh czit ghJfhjiy msLjY fLgLjY
btg _y czit ghJfhjYF xf gh czit
ghJfhjYF mf xWikf cL. czit fR _y ghJfhF nghJ,
btg _y ghJfhgij nghnw Ufis mf, czYs gy
behfis braHf brwJ. xf ml kLyhk vts
xf R cz CLUwJ vgJ KakhdjhF. vdnt
gFtgLJtjfhd neuK Ka gF twJ.
xf ghRj ghuYs cz bghUf xbthU gFF
myJ _y TF xf rahdJ guwJ. btg r _y
czitgjgLJnghJ btg CLUt kW btg ryd _yK ghu
KGtJ btg guwJ. ciwa itJ F ikgLjiy xf ghRj
_y cz bghUfis gjgLJ nghJ _yhjhu bghUfnshL xf
iztjh, btg r gF xW iy.
nehUfis mf xnu rkms vyhgFF xf ghr
ntL.
208

xf gha cz KGik jik kW ghJfh

rtnjr msYs gy FGf
xf gh czid ghJfhg
mtaij g MuhJsd. czit
EQflUJ ghJfhgij ju kw
ytiw MuhJsd. mit tUkhW:

cz xfiu ghRtjh
czYs Cl rJf iy

cz xfiu ghRtjh clhF eRf

xf gha cz clhF a isf

xf gha cz bghUf clhF W neh cUthF

(Carcinogenic) bghUf.

tif Mf faf Kiw cz bghUfis Fghf xf

ir Fiwj ms cbrYJnghJ mit ghiunr, fis
fLgLJj kW KisLjiy jj nghwtfhf ghJfhghf
gagLjyh vW btgLsJ.
faf Kiw ghJfhj vfhy
faf Kiw czit ghJfhjYF cz kW kUJ
bghUfSfhd Wtd Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mfhu myJ
xj njitgLwJ. jnghJ czit ikgLjYF xj vjF
mfgliyahD Fiwj ms xf brYa czF xj
mfgLsJ. cUisHif faf _y ghJfhj jF Ka
cjhuzkhf fwJ. FDA MdJ vbjj cz bghUfSF fafij
gagLjyh vgij, vj ms bfhLfgl ntL vgij FwJ.
faf Kiw myJ xf gh ghJfhj vj ms KaJt
thjjhf csJ vgij za brtJ mJ. mJ FDA vfhy
bfhiff, kW mijbahj kw Wtdf cz ghJfhF xU y
cz tiffSF fafKiw Vilajh UFkh vgij bghWJ
mikwJ. juid mfgLj ik isF EQfis mg
mj jhfid bghWJ faf bragl czf cyfs VWk
kW wFk brtY Ka gid VwJ.
rtnjr Tlikf xWTo uridia g thJ xU
khahd myJ uhd k mltizia, faf bragl czf
FJ rlij cUthf Kajd. Tl Ko xU a
uhLfSF (1Mrad) Fiwthd ms faf bragl czdh eR
jik VgL ff iy vd Ko bragLsJ. tif faf
Kiw neh clhF Ufis fLgLj lehfSF ghJfhf
cjwJ. vD vfhy faf Kiw ghJfhfgl czf ahghu
ahf mf ms gagLjgLkh vgJ rnjfF lkhd xwhf csJ.
209

Eziy btg (Microwave Heating): fafjh EQfis mgJ

nghyyhk Eziy btg cz bghUfis btggLj gagLwJ.
Eziy btgrahdJ nuonah, o., nulh nghwt gagLjgL
ria nghnw r csJ.
Eziy btg jikf
jikf:

Eziyf fhj miyfis nghwJ

x miyfis nghnw Eziyf nenfho bryToaJ

fhW, cnyhf tahf CLUtToaJ

it bghU J CLU brY nghJ cufglhk Ugjh

bghU btgid czJtiy

cuF msit bghWJ cZz iy mfkhF.

Eziy btg ntiy br j

j: bghJthf khW ir ndhl j
iria xU beho 60 Kiw khw VgLwJ. Mdh EzQf
btgLJ fhj miy xU behoF 915 Kj 2450 Kiw ir khwkil.
Eziy cz bghUf tahf brYnghJ _yTWfS, iAu#
_yTWfS kW JUt _yTWfS nrJ ndhlij VgLJwJ.
vdnt _yTWf mfid bfhL mW _yTWfSilna
btgij VgLJwJ. cz bghUfSilna btgflj _y xnu uhd
btg iyia VgLJwJ. ut bghUf btgryd _y
btggLjgLwJ.
Eziy btgF rhjhuz giHa Kiw btggLJtjF
cs ntWghL
giHa Kiw btggLJj
btggLJj: giHa Kiw btggLJnghJ btw
cs btgkhdJ mUfUnf cs mLD mGjgL cwF brwd.
xbthU mLF btntW btgij bfhoUgjh btw cs mLF
cz ghf ukhf J fU Lwd. Mdh cwYs cz ghf
ntfhkUF.
Eziy _y btggLJj
btggLJj: Eziyf cz Jff xnu uhf,
xnu msthf CLU brtjh _yTWfis kw JUt _y
TWfis xnu neu af brwJ. vdnt btg rahdJ iuthf
cUthfgl cz bghU vyh ghfF gu brwJ. jdh cz
uhf Jjkhf NlhfgLtJl <ugjK FiwwJ. mUYs kw l
cz bghUfS btgflj _y btggLJwJ. j btgf
_y cz nku gG w myJ u (crust) clhtiy. Fiwj
ms Eziy btgij gy wj brafSF gagLjyh.
Eziy ria clhF fU kW rhjd
rhjd:
Eziy mL cnyhfjhyhd miw Eziyid btgLJ
khuh (Magnetron) fU bghUjgLsJ. khuh vgJ fhj r
(Magnetic field) cUF vbyuh O mf rbfhl btgij
210

clhF rhjdkhF. jDila btg r btghlhdJ gyjkhd

msf khuh mj nyhthF VwthUF. khuh
ajhfnth myJ bgajhfnth UjhY mituL xwhf izJ
ntiy brnghJ bfhLfgl czid Fiwj neu btggLJwJ.
Eziy btg rahdJ cuF bghUid btggLJwJ. czF
bfhLfgl btgiyF bjhlsjhf fhzgLwJ. uL nyhuh
jiu btggLj xU nyhuh jiu bfhf itgij l mf ms
btgr njitgLwJ. Eziyf _y ut czfis bjhlJ
NLgLjyh.
Eziy btg rikj
rikj: fUahdJ efw yjufSF
fbga tuurhjkhF. Eziy btgjh fhj miyf mw
_yTWfilna Fl btgiy idJ cz bghUfilna
cuh VgL cz btggLjgLwJ.
crJf
crJf: khr czfYs crJ B6 MdJ 83 rjj Kj 91 rjj
tiuY, crJ B1 52 rjj Kj 91 rjj crJ B2 73 rjj Kj 98
rjj tiu , crJ B3 64 rjj Kj 100 rjj tiu jf itfgLwJ.
fhff 48 rjj Kj 98 rjj tiu mfh my jfitfgLwJ.
rhjhuzkhf rikjiyl Eziy btg _y rikFnghJ crJf
mf nrjkilahk jf itfgLwJ.
uj
uj:uj kW mndh myK
ghgiltiy.

Eziy btgdh mf

jhJ cf
cf: Eziy btgijl rhjhuzkhf rikj nghJ mf ms
jhJ cf Fghf ghgu kW UrJ ghJfhfgLwJ.
cz jahj Eziy btg gaf
gaf:
jnghija NH Eziy btg gaf cz bjhrhiy f
KaJt thjjhf csJ. bjhrhiyf Eziy btg gaf
nH bfhLfgLsJ.
1. mLkid bghUf jahj (Baking): cw btg flj _y cz
bghUf btg CLU brtjh xnu khahf btggLjgLwJ.
fh _y btw btg myJ ~uh bu (Infrared) btg kW Eziy
btg _y mLkid bghUf u (crust) VgLjgLwJ.
2. mlj ((Concentrating): Fiwj btgiy kW Fiwj neu fiur
kW ut iy cs cz bghUfis ml fitahf khw Kiw
bgJ cjwJ.
3. rikj ((Cooking): Eziy rika Kiw czbghUf bga
JLfshf UjhY btgiy mf ntWghoyhk btggLjgLtjh
cz bghU nkw kW cw uhf rikfgLtj _y mfgoahd
cz bghUfis vjhf rikf KowJ.
4. ((Curing)): khr czfis neuo btgyhk gjgLJtjF Eziy
btg gagLwJ.
211

5. cyu itj ((Drying)): Eziy cz bghUf CLU brYnghJ

_yTWfis neuoahf btggLJwJ. jdh <ujikia btna
bghU vyh ghffY rkkhf cyu itfgLwJ. cyu itj f Fiwj
btgiy fwJ. cz vj xU gFia MahF btg iyFnk
btggLj njitiy.
6. behfis braHf brj (sh(sh-Blanching)) : Eziy btg
btgiy xnu uhf brYJgLtjh btg _y behfdh VgL
isfis fLgLj kW jf KowJ.
fhff kW gHf rJf RL
myJ M
ntfitFnghJ zhfhjthW njhid f KotJngh Eziy btg
_yK rJf zhtiy. nkY it mfkhf rikjiy (Over cooked)
behf bra Hig jwJ.
7. Wiy cyj ((Final drying): rhjhuzkhf rikF nghJ
btnawglhY, Eziy rikFnghJ czYs fil brhL
<ugir tiu KGikahf fgL cz bghUf mf twL nghfhk
ghJfhfgLwJ.
8. ciwa itJ cyJj ((Freeze drying) : Eziy btgrahdJ ciwa
itj ggoffis mj jik khwhk btggLa cyJwJ.
9. btggLJj ((Heating)): Eziy btgkhdJ btgflj _y xnu uhd
btgiyia VgLJwJ.
10. ghLiu ( Pasteurising)): Eziy btgkhdJ xU bghUis iuthf
uhf btggLJwJ. mfgoahd btg mGjkhdJ btw
btggLJ KiwnahL nrJ bragLwJ.
11. K rikj (Pre cooking)): rikj czfis mj w, Fz khwhk L
Nlh gagLj Ko. Mdh rhjhuz Kiw rikj czit L
btggLJnghJ cz Rit, w kW jik khWtjfhd thf
mfkhf fhzgLwJ.
12. cgitj kW Eiuf itj (Puffing and Foaming ): Eziy _y
cz bghUf iuthf btg CLU brYtjh Fiwj ms
btgiynyna cj myJ Eiuj fwJ. glf f iu
cj kW Eiujiy VgLj Eziy mL cjwJ.
13. fiughid mfWj myJ Fj ((Solvent Removal): jiu ju
kw fiugh bghUshdJ Eziy _y Fiwthd btgiy iuthf
MahwJ.
14. Ufis mj ((Sterilizing): xU Fl btgiyia milj (
Rit, my iwj czf) Ufis mj iuthf eilbgWwJ.
czYs <ugirs EQf fzho kW sho fyf itJ
NlhFnghJ iuthf bfhygLwJ. Kiwia f ftdkhf gwgl
ntL. Vbd bghJthfnt btnaW uh btg ghOahf cs
nghfis mf nghJkhdjhf iy.
212

15. blg ((Tempering): Eziy btg isthdJ cz <ujikia

bghWnj mikwJ. Vbd Eziy btg czYs <ujik myJ
<ugiria f iuthf NnlWwJ.
nkny Fl cz tiffis kw btggLJ Kiwf myJ TL
jah gagLdhY vj Kiwia eh gWnwh vgJ cz jik
kW mj iyia bghWJ zfgLwJ.
7.2 rfiu mlf - gHghJfh-#h, b#, kknyLf jahj bgo KaJt
gHf kW fhff uL cliy ghJfhF Kakhd
czfshF. it clYF njitahd ClrJfis tH cl
Mnuhaij ngQtjF mahtakhF. a gHf KJ gGj iyia
miljl l ehfSF ey iy itUf Kotiy. Vbd
gH rij gF khwf ftjh njh gG wkhf kh m cs
Mahtjh cWaW <ugirHJ LwJ. jdh gH njhw
khWgLtnjhL Rit ghfgLwJ. vdnt mit tUl KGtJ vyh
lfY vyh neuY ilgjF gy tiff ghJfhgJ mta.
TLjyhf ilF gHfis #h, b#, kW kknyLf
nghwtiw jah brJ gHfis ghJfhgJ f wj tahF. gH kL
gH njhid gjgL gagLjyh. Kiw gHghJfh brtJ
f gutyhf mfkhf gagLjgLwJ. Vbd edfhy ghJfh
Kiwfshd lghf milj kW ciwa itj nghwtiw l it
vikahdjhf, fdkhdjhf fhzgLwJ. Kiw gHf
rijgFYs bgo bfhL, mjDl rahd j my, kW
rfiu nrJ btggLJnghJ b# jahJ gHfis eKiw
gjgLjyh.
#h
#h: gHf rijgFahdJ b# _ykhf W itfgLwJ.
b#
b#: bjj gHrhW b# brtjF gagLwJ.
kknyLf
kknyLf: J xU tif gHb# gHJL myJ gHnjh J jf
(Suspend) itfgLwJ.
#h
#h: gHTG rfiu ngha ms nrJ bfoahf, cWahd jikia
mil tiu bfhf itJ #h jahf ntL.
gH jir gFahdJ b#dh W itfgLwJ. xU
gHUnjh myJ gy gHfis nrnjh #h brJ gHfis gjgLjyh.
bfhilf kW cyj uhir #h nrJ bflhk ghJfhfyh.
#h jahj
jahj: ewhf gGj gHfis njbjLJ mjid R yhk fG
Rj brj ntL. gHfis W W JLfshf bto kj ntL.
gH jik kW #h tiffis bghWJ gHfis mtJ, kgJ myJ
Jlfshf brayh.
gH Fiwthd ms rhW UjhY myJ yhkUjhY js
j nrj ntL. wF njitahd rfiu (Rnuh) nrj ntL.
213

tif jah 30-50 rjj t rfiu (fU rfiuia myJl)

nrj ntL. Vbd mbghGJjh rfiu gofkhtJ jfgL.
mFl gH my kW bgo ms Fiwthf Ujh filf
ilgtiw rfiu nrgjF K nrj ntL. j fyitid
ewhf fy njitahd No btggLjgl ntL. j mit
ewhf gjF tjl #hof myJ lghf nrJ itf ntL.
lghf milfgLnghJ mit 30 lfSF ghoiunr (Pasteurisation)
bragLj ntL.
#hik bfhf brnghJ gy EQf mfgLwd. J Nlhf
UF nghnj lghf milFnghJ Nlhd #h mj _ogFF
fhzgLtjh EQfsh bfL nghj VgLtJ jLfgLwJ. #h
jah nghJ 30 rjj crJ C ahdJ mfglhY jahj #hYs
crJf myhk lkhf ghJfhfgLwJ. #hYs <ugj
(<ujik) fhuzkhf #h lghfis wF nghJ bt fhWgLj kW
irfdh gh VgLwJ.

fuo nrhjid
#h jahFnghJ ftf ntoait
ntoait: tU fUJfis kd
bfhSnghJ ey isf clhF.

gHYs bgo ms ey #h jahf f njitahdJ.

mf rfiu mlf ghJfhig gygLJwJ

mfkhd gGj gHfis gagLJj TlhJ. Vbd mjdh #h gir

nghW fhzgL.

Fl gH bgo ms FiwUjh kw gHfUJ

bgoidnah myJ l bgoidnah gagLjyh.

rfiu #h mfkhf UFnghJ mit girngh xo bfhs

Toajhf csJ.

vdnt my ms mfjhnyh rfiudh VgL isfis

jf bgo nrj mta.

rfiu Fiwthf Ujh rfiu nrf.

#h juij zj
zj: J UKiw bragLjgLwJ. mitahtd
1. Fj jL nrhjid ((Cold Plate Test): bfhF xU J #hik vLJ xU
j iwj jo L Mwl ntL. mij uyh jSnghJ mJ
214

RUfhk Ujh mJ eyJ. #hik Fu brJ CWnghJ fuo myJ

fah vLFnghJ kh xo bfhL UF. Kiw Ka Fiw
myJ gyd ahbj jo cs #h Fu br nghJ kw b#
fyitahdJ bfhJ bfhoUgjh mf ms btggLJtjh rahd
iyF tUtJ ghfgLwJ.
2. got / foahj/ fuo nrhjid ((Sheet / Flake / S p oon Test): FjL
nrhjidial eg jFj nrhjidahf csJ. nrhjidnghJ fuoah
#hik vLJ myJ ku fuo #hik vLJ wF FJ nH H
brjyhF. mkh GnghJ #h rahf Hiyba ml Fiwthf
csJ. vdnt L mjid bfhf brj mta. fuo vyh
gffUJ bkhjkhf Gjh #h gj rahf csJ vd mayh.
ewhf mDgt Vgl nrhjidia xbthU Kiw #h jahFnghJ
Kiwahf brtJ eyJ.
#h jahj
jahj:
M #h
njitahd bghUf
bghUf:
M (eWaJ)

1 nyhuh

rfiu

1 nyhuh

my

8-10 uh

bghlha bklhigrig

1 uh

brKiw
brKiw:

Mis njhYJ ewhf bfhs

J j nrJ bkikahF tiu ntfitf

mjDl rfiu nrJ ewhf fy bfhf bra ntL.

moofhk Uf eF s bfhoUf ntL

jFj gjF tjl nH wf.

bghlha bklhigrng, my, kW vbri[ nrf

mjid Fu brJ Rjkhd ghof ug.

fhW fhjthW cUa bkGif gagL ghoiy _l.

b#
b#: b# jahf gHrhWl nrnjh myJ nrfhknyh bfhf
itJ bjj gHrhiw vLJ tofo mjDl nghas rfiu nrJ ewhf
Tgj tUtiu bfhf itf ntL. thW jahj b#
xfToajhf ewhf goJ Uf ntL. gH kz khwhkY
ftahd wJlD Uf ntL. vj mUJ vLjhY cUt khwhk
Uf ntL.
b# jahj bgo mf KaJt thjjhf csJ. gH
bgo ms Fiwthf Ujh bgoid fil th nrj ntL.
mnjngh gH myjik FiwthfUjh, my, lhlh my
215

myJ kh my iwj gHtiffis nrj ntL. tiw, bfhiytiu

Nlh, rikJ b# gjF bfhL tUj ntL. #hik nrgJ nghynt
fzho fy myJ lghf nrj ntL.
ey b# jikf
jikf:

b# xf Toajhf, ewhf iyJ, mf fodkhf yhk

gH aif kznjhL Uj ntL.

ftahd wfY vj mUJ vLjhY cUt khwhk Uf

ntL.

b# ewhf sa gj Uj ntL. Mdh xGf TlhJ.

fia bfhL btLnghJ Xuf yhk Uf ntL.

b# jah ehF Ka bghUf

bghUf:
bgo

1. 0%

rfiu

60 Kj 65%

gHYs myf

1. 0%

33 Kj 38 %

b# jahj bfhiff
bfhiff: b# jahj bgo ju mj ml
Matiw rhJsJ. bgo, my, rfiu kW nghwit rahd
rkiy Ujhjh bgo cUthtJ rahf ey iyUF.
b# cUthjiy ghF fhuf ((Rate of precipitation):
fiurYs bgo ml

bgo jik

iAu# ma ml kW bgo fiur pH k bghJthf

b# jahf wghd pH 3.2 Mf Uf ntL.

fiur rfiu ml

fyit btgiy

b#ia jah brj

brj: b#ia btggL rikF nghJjh gHfYs
bgo ms mfJ ewhf goJ FiHk iyF tUwJ. fyitahdJ
vts iuthf mlia mff braKonkh mts iuthf btg
iy mfjh jh btl Kiw mlahFj wghd b#ia
jU. bkhj fiurY k iyia miltiu 20 lf btggLj
ntL. Vbd mf neu ntfitF nghJ b# girngh xo bfhS
myJ w kW kz jikia ghF.
b# K iy myJ Ko iyia fl Kiw za brayh.
mitahtd:

bjkhl myJ b# liu gagLJj

fuo myJ jL nrhjid

bfhF fyitid msj

216

b# br nghJ VgL Fiwf

bgo myJ my Fiw

mfms rfiu nrj

K iyF Fiwthf ntf itj

mf neu ntfitj

Fiwj btgiy mf neu ntf

itj

mltiz 7.2 #hF, b#F

cs ahrf bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 7.2
7.2: #hF b#FKs ntWghLf

217

b# jahj
jahj: bfhahgH b#
njitahd bghUf
bghUf:
gHrhW

1 l

rfiu

100 l

vbr

1/4 njfuo

my

1/4 njfuo

urhad ghJfh bghU-

1/4 njfuo

brKiw
brKiw: bfhahgH bgo iwjJ.

jukhd bfhah gHij Kj fG bfhL wF mtiw W

JLfshf bto xU ghu nghL j C ntfitf.

ntf itF nghJ gHij sw TlhJ. Vbd vjhf b# ilfhJ.

gHrhiw tofo vLJ bfhs

tWl rfiu, my nrJ bfhf itf

mit gj tjl vb[, urhad ghJfh bghU nghL w

l

d b# m Fu itf

eF NLga bfhfyf ug

kknyLf
kknyLf: J xU tif gH b# gHnjh xU gF myJ
gHJLf jflgLwd. kknyLf vw thijna bghJthf u
tif gHfUJ jahfgL jahfshF. u gHfshd vYir
kW MuRgH nghwt njhiy gagL bragLwJ. cJ
JUtgl njhyhdJ jF bghUshf gagLjgLwJ.
kknyL vgJ xU rfiu nrj b# myJ T iy jah.
gHfyitDl rfiu kW my, bgo, nrJ jahfgLwJ.
kknyil jahF nghJ bkhjkhf fiu lbghU (Total soluble solid) 65
rjjF Fiwahk UF tiu ntf itJ lgLj ntL.
kknyLf jahj
jahj: kknyLf jahg bgo ms my ms
b#F Ugijl mfkhf Uf ntL. u kknyLf U tifgL.
mitahtd.

b# kknyLf

#h kknyLf

b# kknyLf
kknyLf: ey Rits b#
kknyLfis flthW brayh.

Rit cs gHfUJ (u) jh

tiw jahf Ko

njhiy cj wF gHij W JLfsh T

Mf ntL. tWl 1/4 gF nrJ 45
218

Kj 60 lf tiu ntfitf ntL.

njhiy W JLfsh fG bfhs ntL. J mnkhah myJ

nrhoa fhgnd my gagL bfhf itf ntL.

b# liu bfhL bgo nrhjid brj wF gHurij bfhf brJ

ntoa ms rfiuia njhiy nrf ntL. ij 20 lf
218 0 F btgiy miljl ewhf bfhf brjh b#
kknyLf ilF.

kknyL jahuhdl mij mfykhd ghu xwhf C fyf

ntL. MuR vbr C mjDl fyf ntL.

#h, b#, kW kknyLfis bghJthf jahF Kiw

gHT myJ rhiw btggLJj ntL. njitba j

nrf

gHT myJ rhW bfhF nghJ mjDl 25 bgo, 100 rfiu

kW xU l j nrf

rfiu bgo fyit nrFnghJ ewhf ntfkhf fyFj ntL

fyitia uL lf bfhf itf. mbghGJjh rfiu,

bgo uL ewhf fiu.

njitahd gj tUtiu bfhf itf

myij nrJ wf

RjgLjgl fzho gho nrJ _l

_oid RjgLj ghoiy jiyHhf 3 lf itJ _l

bgo KaJt
KaJt: bgo vgJ fhf kW gHf rijgF
fhzgL xU nt bghUshF. J fiuJ Fl j rfiu kW
myJl izJ b# cUthwJ. gHf b#fshf gotjF j bgo
cjwd. nuhnlh bgo gGfhj gHfY, bgo my eF gGj
gHfY, kW bgo Kj gHfY fhzgLwd. bgo kLnk
wghd b#ia juToa jikia bgwJ. rikj bgo
mlahF xU fhuahf bragLwJ. jrka bgo tot
ilwJ. b#yho, rfiu, vbr, ghJfh bghU tiw xwh fyJ
tofL nghJ braif bgo ilwJ.
eh gagLJ cz bghU bgoid nrjhY mj kz
TlgLtiy. Mdh mJ cz bghU mlia mff wghf
cjwJ. vLJfhlhf nahf kW rhby gh. _yTW mogilahf
itJ ghFnghJ bgo, bfhG kW eR jikid fLgLj Toa
xU bghUshf UwJ.
bgo _ybghUf
_ybghUf: bgo Ka _ygbghUfshtd.
1. M rijgFUJ M bgo
2. Rits gHf myJ u bgo
219

3. gyhgH va gFf, gGfhj ggh nghwt bgo mf

iwJsJ.
M bgo
bgo: Mis j iAonuhFnsh my ewhf fGj
ntL. Vbd mbghGJjh bjghf F VnjD fyU mJ
mfwgL. mit ewhf tgL JfshfgLwJ. behjiy jf
gHrhUJ vaitia cyj ntL. jid 660 - 820 C btgiyF
cUis tot cyghf cyjgL nghJ 6Kj 8 rjj <ukhdJ
mfwgLwJ. xU l MUJ 45.3 . cyj jir gFahdJ ilwJ.
gHrhUJ ilj cyj rifia Fj CwitFnghJ mj
w, kz, kW rfiu VnjD U mfwgLwJ. CwitjyhdJ
jiu btnaW FHhl mikfgl bjho bragLwJ.
u bgo
bgo: Rit iwj gHtiffshd vYir, uhir, kW
MuR gH njhf nghwt jhtu ehrjhd bgo ilwJ. u
bgodhdJ clYF eF ilF fhynlh (galactose) cilaJ. mJ nkY y
Fljf gyfis mfToajhf csJ.

mf eR bghUfis fdkhd cnyhf bghUfis mfWwJ.

Uja Rnwhl eyid mff cjwJ.

brtsF cjwJ.

nehah cz Kiw khwyhk ujYs bfhyhouh

msid Fiwg Kakhd khW bghUshf u bgo csJ. J
Fiwj brs ngh ujij (Low Density Lipoprotein) vj jkhd fLikahd
kUJf yhk vjhf isf VJ FiwwJ. bl[h
gfiyfHf eilbgw thfgl Muhah u bgo Mf
iw VgL Wnehia jf cjtjhf flagLsJ. nkY
Vnah b# (W brf mgjkhf tsJ cH VgLj) jf
u bgo TLjyhf cjwJ.
kw bghUfUJ ilF bgo
bgo: ey jukhd bgo gGfhj
gghgH, gyhgH njhUJ kW bfhah gHUJ ilwJ.
jugLJ Kiwf
Kiwf: ntKiwf _ykhf, b#ia bfhf itgj
_ykhf, bgo jukhdJ za bragLwJ.
nta Kiw
Kiw: fha bgnloUJ bgo njhuhakhf klgLwJ.
Mdh b# jahF njitahd bgo TlikghdJ khWglik.
gHrhWfUJ bgo msit fLoj
MfAh nrhjid
nrhjid: J f vjhd xU nrhjid MF. tofoa rikj xU
njfuo gHrhDl 3 njfuo ij MfAhiy L bkJthf
mirf. bgo mfkhf Ujh gHrhUJ Eiunjh K fuoah
vLFnghJ cUisahd b# ilF. gHrh bgo ms Fiwthf
Ujh b# bfoahfhk J J fhzgL. Eiu msit mff
ntLbk xU nki# fuo j bgoid gHrh nrf.
220

bgo gaf
gaf:

bfbr (Ketchup), rh, kW #h nghwt mlid mff

cjwJ.

I jah Tk jik VgLJ fhuahf UwJ.

gH lhf mj Eiu jikia mfF jikilaJ.

shfgl bgoid vjhf fiuryhf khw KoahJ. #h jah

fofis VgLJwJ.

M bgo ut iyfY u bgo shfgl iyY

ahghu ahf KaJt thj bghUshf csJ. Vbd shfgl
bgo, jukhd b# jahF f cjwJ.

7.3 gHrhWf - tiff, jahF Kiwf, ntghJfh bghUf

gHrhWf
ahit bghWjtiu, tUl KGtJ FghdfSF mf
njitsJ. t gHrhWf gF Ka lYsJ. njitahd jhJ
cf, c rJf kW kw rJfhuf mf Ugjh it f
ugykhdit. mJkL mf Ritl kwghdfis nghyyhJ cyfsha
ftdij ftu Toajhf csJ.
mf rJf ks cikahd gHghdf braif ghdfis l
cajJ. Mdh bghGJ braif ghdfns of milfgL ehL KGJ
mfkhf fgLwJ. fhg Vwgl ghdfshd byknd (Lemonade),
uhbg, vYir rhW nghwit bg (Sherbet) gy tiff kW
braifahf thridlgl ghdf gy a ghof jahj _y
tUlhu cg mfkhwJ. j braif jahfSF gyhf cikahd
gHrhW gid braglh, gHrhW jahfSF, gHrhid
mogilahf bfhL jahfgL jahfSF xU tuurhjkhf mik.
UgJ tUlfSF K tiu uhir kW M rhWf kLnk
frkhd ms jahfglJ. miwa ehf, gHrhWf kUJt
Jiw FHfSF, ewtfSF kUJtfsh wghf
gJiufgLsJ. iwa NH, gHrhWf bghJthf fhiy czthf
gagLjgLtjh mf ms mf tiff MuR, mdh, uhirgH,
M MatUJ jahfgLwJ. ghd rhJFo, vYir, br,
fU bg (black berry), Mfh, , s, khJis, ggh, ngfh
nghwtUJ a msf gHrhWf jahfgLwd. ghd
tif gHrhWf fyitahd ghdf jahf mLkid bghUf
jahfY mf ms gagLjgLwJ. M kW uhirUJ
jahfgL fhg Vwgl ghdfisl it mf ugykhsJ.
Kakhf MuR, M kW uhir gHrhWf ed fUfis
bfhL mlthfgLtjh mjDila rJfhufS, aifahd thrid
khwhk ghJfhfgLwJ. j mlfiur bkikahd ghdfSF
mogilahf, kUJ bghUf jahgjF, FHij czf kW clYF
221

Mnuha isF cz jahfY gagLwJ.

gHrhW jahj gof
gy tifahd gHrhWf jahjYF mogilahd gof flit
MF.

rhW bjLj,

rhid bjgLJj,

rhUJ fhid mfWj,

ghLiunr (ljikia mff ntLbk),

vbrir nrj (Essence add - back),

lghf milj myJ ghof nrfj

ciwa itj kW ciwa itF iyf gjhf Ujh

gHrhid bjLj ((Extraction))

MuR kW uhir gHfis bjLf rhW fUf
gagLjgLwd. jDila njh frghd vbz Ugjh j
njhYs vbz, gH btwkhf btnaWkhW, rhWl fyfhjthW
xU fU totikfgLsJ. Mdh M gHf j frghd njh
vbz urid yhUgjh KG Mis mgona mGjgL rhW
bjLfgLwJ.
bjgLJj ((Clarification)) :
gHfUJ rhW bjLfgll vs rijgF Fiwj
msnt UF. mJ mtbghGJ mfwgL. it bka tofoah
toflgLwJ. Vbd J foah bfhS jik bfhLsjh mf
ntfKs ikaij neh jS fU (Centrifuge) gagLjgL, rij
gFUJ rhW ml ahrij bghWJ bjLfgLwJ.
mnef egf f bjthd M gHrhiw Ut. vD, ikaij
neh jS va tofLj _y jahj rh y Ea rij gFf
kW gHYs aifahd bgo bghUfsh UF W Jff
nghwit fhzgL. gHYs bgo bghUfis tjf ahd vi[
jahf fiuJ L. jdh bka rijgF vUgij tofonah
ikanehF ir _ykhfnth KY bjgLa M gHrhiw bgwyh.
mnjrka, MuR gHrh bka gly nghW vs rijgFf
UjhY mJ VW bfhsgLtjh mit fgLtiy.
fhiw Fj (Deaeration):
MuR kW ntW y gHrhWf cns fhW milgLsJ. btl
fhiw F fU (Vacuum deaerator) bfhL bjgj _y fhid
btnawyh. M# _y VglToa crJ C ij kW ntW
khwf VgLtij FiwwJ.

222

TLj gof (Additional ste ps):

bghJthf, gHrhWf Ef tsia Fiwf,

aifahf cs behfis braHf bra ghLiu
bragLwJ.

aif gHrhWf ljik Fiwthf Ugjh bghJthf mtiw

ciwa itjhY itfglhlhY mj ml mffgLwJ.
thW brnghJ mfms thridia jf itf Fiwj
btgiy btl MahFj braKiwgLjgLwJ.

gHrhid mlthFj btntW tiff bragLjgLwJ. m

vilahd rL gut, bka r gagL gHrhid mlthFj
f g jnghJ M bragL tUwJ.

mlthfgl gHrhWf gH rijgFia nrfyh. it d

ciwaitfglyh myJ d khmikfgL xU lKs (single
strength) gHrhwhf fL flgLwJ.

rga tUlf, a ghdfis cUthf gytif gHrhWfis fygJ

mf ugykhsJ. khgHrhW M rhWl uh bg (Cranberry)
myJ Rit gHfSl uh bg (Raspberry) fyJ ghdf
jahfgLwJ. ngfh gHrhid (Pear juice) mogilahf bfhL
mf gHthrid bfhl ghdf jahj f ugykhdjhF.

gytif gHrhWfS, gHrhW fyitfS crJ C mf iwjit.

M gHrh crJ C Fiwthf Ugjh j crij M
gHrh brlgLwJ. ey rJs mf juKs gHrhid
jahgjF bghGJ mf njitUwJ. j egUF jFj gkhW
msf fhj mil bgof fLflgL fgLwJ.

gHf gy jahfSF cgLjgLnghJ myJ gHrhW jahfgL

nghJ njh, bfhil kW rhyhj gFf nghwit jUF. it
lh kW b# jahf, bgo jahj, nt bghUf
Hil <L brj kW yFfSfhf jahfgL czf
gagLwJ.

gHghdf tiff
gHrhWf btntW totf ghJfhfgLwJ. Rjkhd rhW (pure juice),
FthZf (squashes), fhoa (cordials), f itfgl gHrhWf nghwit
t y. it xbthW flthW tiuaWfgLwJ.
fitfglhj gHrhW myJ Rjkhd gHrhW ((Unfermented Juice) :
it gHfUJ mG vLfgl aifahd gHrhW MF.
jahj kW ghJfhj nghJ j gF msf vj khwK
bragLtiy.
gHrhW ghdf ((Fruit juice beverages )
tifahd ghdfis cbfhStjFK gHurf gF
223

bghUf
frkhd
ms
khwf
gkhwgLtjFK nrfgL tHfgLwJ.

bragLwd.ghdkhf

fitfgl gHghdf ((Fermented fruit juice beverages )

<o _y tif ghdf MfAhdh (Gra p e wine) f
itfgLwJ. MfAh ntWgl msf csJ. uhir x, M
l (Apple ciders), bg x (Berry wines) nghwit tifahd gHghdfSF
rahd cjhuzkhF.
gHrhW FthZ ((Fruit juice s quash))
tif gHrhWf toflgL jkhd msf gH rijgF
UF. mjDl Ritfhf rfiu nrfgoUF. rijgF
kW vs gFf midJ KGJkhf fgLwJ. cjhuz: MuR
FthZ, mdh FthZ, khgH FthZ.
gHrhW fhoa (Fruit juice cordial )
J xU xU jiks, a Rits gHrhW MF.
rijgF kW vs gFf midJ KGJkhf fgLwJ. cjhuz:
bg rhl, rfuh, Mk, nuh, ff nghwit.
gHrhW ml ((Fruit juice concentrate )
gHrh cs , btg myJ ciwa itj _y mfwgL
gHrhW ml bragLwJ. fhg Vwgl ghdf kW kw jahf
UJ bragLwJ.
gHrhW gl ((Fruit juice powder)
gHrhW ajhf bjLfgLnghJ mjDila Rit, thrid kW w
wjjhf UF. gHrhid ghJfhgjfhf bjhlahf brw Kaf,
ghJfh Kiwia bghWJ, mjDila ju gy iyf vkiw isfis
VgLJ.
gHrhWfis ghJfhj
jhf agl gHrhWf ghgjF ftU jik, ey Rit kW
thrid cilajhf UF. Mdh J neu itUjh mj ju Fiwa
bjhlF. it gy neuf fl fhuzfsh VgL:

rh, < kW EQfsh jik VgLj

gHrh cs behf (virf) mjDila w kW thrid

vuhd isfis VgLJ. vLJfhlhf M gHrh cs
M#ndw br virf mj wij gGghFwJ.

gHrh cs ntbghUf xWl xW id J mjDila Rit

kW thridia ghHhFwJ.

gHrhWl fhWgLnghJ, mYs Fqnfh bghUfSl

idJ mjDila Ritia frghFwJ. MuR kW rhJFo
gHrhW J neu fh itjhny mjDila Rit frghwJ.
224

ghuf bragl cnyhfK y rka gHrh Ritia,

thridia ghHhFwJ.

gHrh aif Rit, kzK khwhk Uf l neuF

itUfhk, jl mjid ghJfhgJ mta. gy tiffY it
ghJfhfgLwJ. xbthU tifY mtnfw eikf csd.
bghJthf gagL tf

ghLiunr

ntbghUfis nrgJ

rfiuia nrgJ

ciwaitj

cyuitj

tofLj

FthZ kW fhoa
gHrhWf bghJthf FthZfshf, fhoayhf eho
fgLwJ. UjhY, jrka Rjkhd MuR, mdh, khgH gHrhWf
lghf milfgL fgLwJ.
MuR FthZ jahj
gHrhid bjLj

bfoahd njhYs MuRf uL gFfshf eWfgL iffsh RW

aunyh myJ nuh aunyh bjLfgl ntL.

bjLfgl gHrhW ghu nrffgLwJ. t fodkhd

JQFf, bfhilf nghwit fhzgL. tiw tiy Jahnyh
myJ tofL au _y bjLf ntL.

toflgl gHrhW FthZ jah gagLwJ.

FthZ jahj

rfiu, my, thridL bghUf, w kW ghJfh

bghUf rahd j gHrhWl nrfgLwJ.

rfiu, my kW j fyfgL NlhfgLwJ. f

Mil nghW goUFkhdh mit mfwgLwJ. j rfiu ghF
js FfgL J _y toflgLwJ.

j bjj rfiu ghF gHrhWl fyfgLwJ.

Fth&l MuR vbr nrJ thridia nkgLjgLwJ.

thoifahsiu U bra, cz nrf jFj wkhd rbrbanyh

(Sunset yellow) vD w rahd j Fth&l fyfgLwJ.

midJ bghUfis fyj, fzlgl bghlha bklh

igrig nghwit Fiwj ms j myJ gHrh fyfgL
Fthl nrfgLwJ.
225

of fG au _y of fGtgL Rj bragLwJ.
of nkgF 1.2Kj 2.5 br. ms fh l L FthZ
uggLwJ. ikahfgl of RL myrgL cgnahf
gLjgLwJ.

of jiygFia jil milgh myJ g %~ (pilfer proof

closure) _ofis bfhL milfgLwJ.

Kiujh xlgL lgl of Fj cyj l

nrfgLwJ. go jahfgl FthZf xUJ xwiu
tUlf tiu w, kz kW Rit khwhk UF.

nj Kiw vYir, uhir, mdh, khgH kW rhJFo

FthZf J khwfSl jahfgLwJ.

gjgLjgl gH ghdf
fhg Vwgl ghdf
nuwgl j, Ffgl bgJf kW rhf nghw
braif of nrfgl ghdf Mait mfs ehL KGtJ
cbfhsglhY rgfhy tiu fhg Vwgl ghdf gHrhWf
fFiwthd msnyna gagLjgL tjJ. it f Fiwj ms myJ
rJf kng yhjit MF. cikahd gHrhW ugygLjglh,
ghdf rJf k frkhd ms caU.
gHrhWf neuoahf fhg VwgLwJ myJ mgona nrfgLwJ
myJ mlthd iy itfgL njitgL bghGJ fhg
VwgLwJ.
ntghJfh bghUf
ghJfh bghU vgJ EQf tsia jLgJ, FiwgJ myJ
KYkhf jLfToa vj bghUis FgjhF. EQf
jhFjdh cz bfL nghtij FiwF. ntbghUf Kakhd
ga vdbt, EQf ts kW mj ntiy brtij jLgJ
MF.
226

cy cz ifU I xU gF EQf ghgh

mfgLwJ. ntghJfh bghUf EQf br rid CLU,
mitf behf kW kugQ braghLfis jil brwJ. TL
fyitfshd ghJfh bghUf aifahd ghJfh bghUfshd rfiu,
c, myf nghwit Rit ju braifahd ghJfh bghUfS
gagLjgLwd. bghJthf cz gjgLjgll nt bghUf
nrfgLwJ.
nt bghU vgJ gy ntiyfis braToaJ. mit czdh bra
Hfhk myJ cz cs VnjD bghUfdh bra Hfhk Uf
ntL. it EQf tsia jilbrtij l mij mF
braiy CFgjhf Uf ntL. mnj rka mit kjfSF,
yFfSF eR jikia VgLjhk, iy kthdjhf cz bghU
Rit, kz kW w jikf khw brahjthW Uf ntL.
Mdh Jtiu, J nghw cathd ntghJfh bghU flagliy.
mnef ghJfh bghUf mffgl mlf jLf Toajhf csJ.
gy cz bghUf fil (packing) jlD J ehfSF ey iy
Uf ntosJ. (v.fh) #h kW bfr. tif cz bflhk Uf
ghJfh bghU nrf ntosJ.
EQf tsia jLf Toa ghJfh bghUf uL
tiffshf tifgLjgLsJ.
i.. aifahf ilf Toa ghJfh bghUf :
fk myf (yho, kh kW my mt cf) f
(mo my) nrhoa FnshiuL (c), rfiu, krhyh bghUf kW mj
vbz, fhg-il -Mi[L kW ieu#.
ii.. cz bghUf nrgjh ghJfhghdjhf fUjgL bghUf :
nuhah my kW mj nrhoa, fha cf, nrhoa, fha
rngLf, bgnrh my bgnrhnt, bgnrh my, r~g il
Mi[L, kW r~ig bghlha kW nrhoa bklhigrig kW
nrhoa ienu.
fk myf kW mj cf

cz f itfgLnghJ yho, mo, nuhah kW

myf nrfgLwd myJ tif myf behj nghJ
cz clhwJ. rfiu ghFf, ghdf kW b#f
my gH thridia bfhLgjF ghJfhF nrfgLwJ.

yho kW mo myf, gntW cfiur (brine solutions) kW

gir Mf (Green Olives) nrfgLwJ.

nrhoa nuhand kW fha nuhand buho jahf rh

tsfUJ, nghw irf tstij jLgjF, ghJfh
bghUshf mf ms gagLjgLwJ. bgUghyhd mLkid
227

jahfY kW bu (chesse spread) jahfY it

gagLjgLwd.

EQf tuhk jLF fhuahf nrhoa bgnrhnt nt

ghJfh bghU #h, b#, kh#, fhg Vwgl ghdf,
gHfyitf, CWfhf kW gHrhWf nrfgLwJ.

rh my fha, nrhoa kW bghlha cf czf

neuoahf jhfToajhf, _f itgjF (dip) fLfL bghUf
r gagLwJ. it , mj jahf, mLkid bghUf,
ghdf, uf, gHrhWf kW CWfhf gagLjgLwJ.

mo my f to ikand[hf (mayonnaise), CWfhf kW

CWfh rhnr#]f (pickle sausages) Mat J mf gyid jUwJ.
nrhoa il mnl bu (cheese spread) , bfr, ikand, my
nrfgl fhf CWfh kW buhof gagLwJ.

kw fk ntbghUf

rfiu, Fghf Fqnfh myJ Rnuh ghJfh bghUshf

gagLwJ. Vbd braiy FiwF jik tF csjh
_yTWfis fo rL gut jikia VgLJwJ. mf ms
rfiu mlfsh ghJfhfgl czfshtd oa
bfoahfgl gh (Condensed milk), gHghFf (syrup) b# kW lhf.

ienuLf kW ienu TL nrkf khrfis gjgLj (Curing)

gagLwJ. it njitahd w, kzij bfhLgnjhL EQf
tsia FiwJ eR jik Vglhk jLwJ.

gy whLfshf nrhoa ienu ghJfh bghUshf, khr kW

fUJ jahfgL cz bghUf w Cahf
bragLwJ. ieiu, gjgLjgl bghUf shoa kW
bunlhfhf tsia jLJ, shoa ghLd ghOahit
mgjF njitahd mf btgiyia FiwwJ.

Fnsh, fha kW nrhoa iAnghFnshiuLf Fo Rjf

kW mj gjL bjhrhiyf Rjf fUf
gagLjgLwJ.

nkhndhnrhoa Fqlnk (MSG - Mono Sodium glutamate) ghJfh bghU

a c, nrj Ritl csJ. jikah bghU
``cQ nghJ Uia bfhLF`` vd tfgLwJ. J khr
nghw thridia bfhLJ yDzid Ltjh lghf
milfgl myJ ciwa itfgl myJ, ufwgl kW khr
bghUf cz nrkhdkhf gagLjgLwJ.

228

7.4 cz kid TLj kW tsgLJj - njit,

tsgLjgl, k Tlgl czf
cz kid TLj ((Food fortification)
cz rJfis nrF nghJ cz rJf kid
TLj (fortification) vD brhiy ju ntW y brhfS gagLjgLwJ.
mitahtd:giHa iyF bfhL tUj (restoration), tsgLJj (enrichment),
jugLJj (Standardisation) kW mfgLJj (Supplementation).
giHa iyF bfhL tUj ((Restoration)) : cz cikahd rJ
kig giHa iyF bfhL tUtjfhf mz rJfis
nrgjhF.
tsgLJj (Enrichment)): cz f tiuaWJsthW cz juij
fla cs tiuKiwf go cz rJfis nrgjhF. tsgLJj
vgJ aifahf ilF myJ cz ntW rJfis nrgjhF.
juid zj ((Standardisation)) :
ju zj vgJ Ugjf ll jukhd czid, cWgLj
gy nrhjidf _y cUthFjyhF. cz juid zj vgJ xU
Kakhd goahF. Vbd J cz bghU juid cW bra
ToajhF.
mfgoahf nrJ mj ((Supplementation) : cz aghd iy
UF myJ f a ms Uf Toa rJfis nrgjhF. xWF
nkgl rJfisnah myJ mf msnyh nrgjhF.
giHa iyF bfhL tUj (restoration) myJ juid zj
(Standardisation) Maitfis l cz kid TLj vgJ wghd mj
cilaJ. vj rJ nrfgLwnjh, vj cz mjfhd vLJ brY rhjdkhf
bragLwnjh mjDila nj xU ll bra mogilia bghWJsJ.
k Tlgl bghU, Fl kf bjhif njitia br
tif, nrfgL rJf ey MjhubghUshf csJ. vLJ bry Toa
fhuahf cs cz k TLtjF nrfgl ntoa rJf
rhjhuzkhf Kjnyna Ufyh myJ yhkY nghfyh.
njit :
cz kid TLj (food fortification) vgJ cz bghUf
Ea rJfis f Fiwj ms njitgL rJf kW
crJf nrJ f Fiwj msntD cz njitfis brtjF
cuthj mwJ. mwhl czfis mogilahf bfhl vikahd
czf vbghGJ y rJf Fiwthfnt csd. Vbd mgF cs
k ngha ms rJf yhk Uj myJ aghd
czgwhFiw MaitahF. khahd neuf mwhl cz kW
thrid bghUfSl Ea rJfis nrgj _y mf ms ClrJ
gwhFiwfis jfyh.
229

iwa iy gy kUJtf cz bghUfSl mfgoahd

rJfis fygij xJ bfhsiy vD fha nrgjh gaDsJ
vd VW bfhLshf. mnjngh, f bgfl cs rJ
FiwghL ~ngh my nrgjh rbragLwJ.
czid tsgLJj (Food Enrichment):
tsgLJj vgJ cz crJfS, jhJ cfS
nrfgLtnj MF. lgL (refining) nghJ cz bghU, aifahf Uf
Toa crJfS, jhJ cfS Hgij Ug nrj MF.
vLJfhlhf lgL nghJ aifahf cz cs UrJ H
nghJ, mz bghU Urij Ug bgWkhW nrfgLwJ.
tsgLJj vgJ lgL ff VgL Hfis <LbrtJ MF.
cz kid bgUFj (Food fortification):
cz kid bgUFj vgJ cz bghUf lgLtjF K
m aifahf cs c rJf kW jhJ cf msid
mfgjhF. cz bghUf kid bgUF nghJ, m cs
crJfS jhJ cfS mffgL. bghJthf k bgUfgl
cz bghUfshtd - gh (crJ D nrfgL) kW c (mnaho
klgLwJ).
k bgUfgl czf (Fortified foods):
cl mnaho nrfgLwJ. bjhrhiyf mfKs ehLf
khl ~ngh my nrfgLtjh eu rgjkhd FiwfUJ
sFHfis Fljf ms ghJfhfgLwd. buhol eah
nrfgLwJ. Ul ~qiu cf nrfgLwJ. it ggir
nrfgL gijUJ ghJfhwJ. gHrhWf, fhg Vwgl ghdf
kW ml fha mf ms klgLwJ.
cz kid bgUFj kW tsgLJj Ka Fnfhf :
cz bghUf rJf juij guhkj, njitahd rJf
msid bfhLgJ myJ kfbjhif mf vif cnsh myJ
rJ FiwghL VgLtjfhd th cs dUF vLJfhlhf, Knah,
yh czhjt, f bgf kW gyuJ rJ FiwghL nehfis
jgJ.

cz bghU nrfgl rJf kid mfgLJj

cz gjgLj Fl bjhEg ntiyfis FJj

bghJ ey uridfis rbrj, K fGJ fHiyia jLf cl

mnaho nrfgLj

mltiz 7.2 k Tlgl czfS, kL rJfS

bfhLfgLsd.

230

mltiz 7.2 : k Tlgl czfS, k TL bghUfS

nfhJik khl crJf B 1, B 2, eah, U kW fha

rJf nrfgLtJ. tsj ehLf bghJthd tHfkhf csJ. gh
glUl cyj crJ jahf nrfgLwJ. ut iyYs ghYl
bjgh cyJj (spray -drying) nghJ crJf nrfgLwJ. nkfl
Kiw gh k TlgLwJ. ghdf fha k TlgLtJ
bghGJ eilKiw cs Kakhd gHfkhF.
MuR njh v ufToa, Mnuhakhd uz ghijF ey
rJfis bfhLJ ghJfhwJ. j _y iuig WFl uridfSF
fhz cjwJ. MuR njhYs bgo cleyij ngz Toa ey
ghOahf tsia l ToaJ. jdh cz _y gu
EUf UJ ghJfhwJ. MuR njh gl f khl
fyfgLwJ. jdh fo jik, Rit, thrid kW kz mfgjhf
Kof bjwd.
231

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1.

vgJ cz bghUf Mfhyij mff br ed

KiwahF.
m) lghf milj

2.

M) faf Kiw

) behj

vgJ czit iuthf btggLJtnjhL Fiwthd msnt

isfis VgLJwJ.
m) X btgr
) neuoahf btggLJj

M) Emiy btgr

3. Eziy mL gagLjgL diy (electronic device) fU bga

.
m) vbyuh FHh
4. gHnjh

M) khuh

) miw

jah gagLwJ.

m) #h

M) b#

5. b# jah
m) bjj gHrhW

gagLjgLwJ.
M) gH rijgF

6. gHrh bgo jikia ma

m) j MfAh

) khknyL
) gH njhgF

gagLjgLwJ.

M) my

) rfiu

7. b# Koiyia fla vj nrhjid Kiw gwgLwJ?

m) b# l
8. ey b# jik
m) x fhjjhf

M) btgjL nrhjid ) Fj jL
Uf ntL.
M) x CLU jik cilajhf

) xo bfhs Toajhf
9. M l vgit
m) gHrhW ghdf M) f itfgl ghdf
10.

) gHrhW fhoa

vgJ xU jiks, a Rits gHrhW MF.

m) FthZ
11. ml Toa gHrhW
m) bgho

M) fhoa

) u

UF iy
M) t

) FH (semi solid)

12.
vgJ u kW #h jahf gagLjgL nt ghJfh
bghUshF.
m) my

M) lhlh my

) M[h my

13.flitf xW ``cQ nghJ Uia bfhLF`` (Mouth satisfaction)

m) nrhoa ienu

M) nkhndh nrhoa Fqlnk

) nrhoa gh~ng
232

14. sFHf iz cz bghJthf

TlgLwJ.
m) Inaho

M) U rJ

_y k

) crJ A

15. gHTGl rkkhd ms rfiu nrfgL

m) #h

M) b#

jahfgLwJ.

) gHlh

M) XU thijf ila
ila:
1. iw rhj bghUfis ghJfhf gJiufgl xf ms
vd?
2. FDA - thF.
3. khuh vgJ vd?
4. kknyL vgJ vd?
5. #h jahj juij zF uL nrhjid Kiwfis FL.
6. b# vgJ vd?
7. b# Ko iyia vthW mth?
8. b# brnghJ VgL Fiwf uoid FL.
9. #h - tiuaW.
10. bgo vgJ vd?
11. bgo _ybghUf uoid vGJ.
12. bgo jugLJ Kiwfis vGJ.
13. gHrhW vthW bjgLjgLwJ?
14. f itfgl gHghdfSF uL cjhuzf jUf.
15. FthZ vgJ vd?
16. aifahf ilf Toa nt bghUfSF uL vLJfhLf jUf.
17. nt ghJfh bghU - tiuaW.
18. czid tsgLJj - tiuaW.
19. czfLghL ghdf vthW k TlgLwJ?
20. buhoia k Tl gagL bghUfis vGJ.
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. cz xf ghRt nehff ahit?
2. cz xf ghRtjh VgL neuo ghf ahit?
3. cz xf brYJj - tiuaW.
4. X btgr - tiuaW.
5. Eziy btggLJj - WF tiuf.
233

6. #h jahF nghJ ftf ntoa Ff ahit?

7. ey b# jikf ahit?
8. b# cUthjiy ghF fhuf ahit?
9. b# jahj bfhiff ahit?
10. u bgo gagLjgLtjh ilfToa eikf ahit?
11. bgo gafis tirgLJ.
12. gHghdf tiffis FL.
13. ntghJfhbghUis tifgLJf.
14. cz juij zjYF mfgoahf nrjYF cs ahrf
vd?
15. cz kid TLj Ka Fnfhf ahit?
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. cz xf ghRtjh VgL ghfis t.
2. Eziy btg Kiw rikj g F tiuf.
3. #h jahF bghJthd braKiwia t.
4. #h kW b#ia ntWgLJf.
5. gHrhW jahj gofis sFf.
6. gHrhWfis vthW ghJfhgh?
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. b#ia tU jahf th.
m) jikf

M) bghUf

) jahj

2. bgo KaJtij t.
3. MuR FthZ jahF braKiwia tJ vGJ.
4. nt ghJfh bghU g thf vGJ.
5. cz kid TLj kW tsgLJj g th.

234

<) Ko iy

8. mLkid jahf
8.1. nf - nf jahf njitgL bghUf, nf jahF Kiwf
ng vgJ czid l neuF cyj btgij gagL,
btgfiu r brahk, btg ryddh mLkid bghUfis jahF
KiwahF. buho (bread), nf (cakes) ngf (pastries), ig (pie), F (cookies)
kW uhf (crackers) nghwtiw Kiw jahfgLwJ. j tif
cz glf mLkid jahf vd TwgL, mLkidf
fgLwd. mLkid jah nghJ gagLjgL cyj btg c
cs kh bghU jikia kh btwij gG wkh, njhwij
Ritia ftuToajhFwJ. mnjhL, cz <ugj xU gFia
btlhk jf itJbfhwJ. rfiu, vfgLtjhY (caramalization),
ikyhL id brayhY (maillard reaction) mLkid bghUf gG w
VgLwJ. ugykhd mLkid jahfshd buho, f kW F
jahjiy g Vfdnt bfhLfgLsJ. vdnt, kw mLkid jahfshd
nfFf kW ngf (pastries) jahf thf nf sfgLsJ.
nfFf:
nf vgJ, xU Fljf tifahf mLkid jahfgL
bl[lhf (dessert) cz nrfgLwJ. bghJthf nf vgJ kh, rfiu,
Kil kW btbz myJ vbz Matiw nrJ nf
jahfgLwj. y jahf utf (gh kW j) kW
bkikahF (leavening) fhufS (< myJ ng gl) njitgLwd.
Rjkhd gHrhW (fruit purees), bfhilf kW bjLfgl rhWf (extracts)
nghw thridL bghUf mfkhf nrfgLwd. mij ju mogil
njitahd cz bghUfSFgyhf vzw khW bghUf
gagLjgLwd. nfFf, gjgLa gH tiff (fruit preserves) myJ
ng (pastry cream) nghw bl[ rhf (dessert sauces) nghwitfsh
uggLwd. btbz myJ kw IFf _y I
bragLwd. khgh (marzipan), f ig nghw myfhuf
(piped borders) myJ gH lhf (candied fruits) Mat _y nfFf
myffgLwd.
Ukz, ML iw Hh kW wjeh Hh nghw Hhfhyf
nf vgnj czF wF njbjLF Kakhd bl[lhf (dessert) csJ.
vzw nf jahf y buho nghW, y tskhd (rich) kW thd
(elaborate) jahfshf csJ. gy jahf whL gHik thjJ. nf
jah vgJ bghGJ xU fyhd jah Kiw my. mLkid fUfS,
jahF tKiwfS vikahf csjh rikaiy g mahjt Tl
nfFfis vjhf jahf Ko.
nf jahf njitgL bghUf ((Cake Making Ingredients):
nf jahf njitgL bghUf flthW tifgLjgLwJ.
235

1. mtakhd bghUf (Essential Ingredients): kh, rfiu,

hlFf (shortenings) kW Kil.
2. njbjLfgL gagL bghUf - ng gl, gh, gHf kW gy.
nf jahf gagL nkTwgl xbthU bghUf ntiyfis
bghWJ tifgLjgLwJ.Kiw tifgLJj tUkhW,
1. mikid cUthFgit (Structure builders): kh, Kil, gh
2. bkikahFgit (Tenderizers): bfhG, rfiu, ng gl
3. <ugjij clhFgit (Moisteners): gh, Kil
kh:
nf totij, mikig cUthFtJ kh MF. w
_ybghUfis xUizJ uhd iy nf gu UFkhW brwJ.
nf jahf njitgL kh 7 Kj 9 rjj ujrJ Uf ntL. nkY
muj bkikahdjhf Uf ntL. nf kh neahd Jff
bfhoUjh nf ttotik neahf Uf cj. nf kh wij
gsgsghFtjfhf nf kh btikahfgLwJ. lkhd khdh (strong flour)
jah bragl nfFf eL nklhf vG F. nkY fodkhf cgjF
twahf UF. mnj rka mf UJthd khdh (weak flour) nf
jahF nghJ nf jilahfnth myJ nkny cauhk eL mK UF.
Fl nf tiffis jahf njitgL khid njbjLf tU
Ff cWJizahf UF.
eLju tif kh, a F nfFf (Queen cakes) kW kuh nfFf
(maderia cakes) jahf cj.
bkikahd khit bfhL jil tot nfFf (slab cakes) kW gL
nfFf (pound cakes) jahfgLwd.
eLju tif khit bfhL br nfFf (Cherry cakes) myJ mfkhd
gHf nrfgl nfFf jahfgLwd. j _y gHf mo
jfhkY nf W JLfshf cilJ nghfhkY ghJfhwJ.
Ukzf, Jk kW wjeh HhfSF bragL wghd
nfFfis jahf eLju kW bkikahd kh fyit gagLwJ.
rfiu:
bghJthf nf jah Rnuh oahf mf ms
gagLjgLwJ. kh cs ujij Rnuh bkikahFtjh nf
jik bkikahwJ. rfiuF aifahfnt <u cR jik csjh
nfFf <ugjij iyf brJ, bfLnghfhk oJ Uf cjwJ.
Fql (gluten) iHfis rfiu gir nghW tHtHghFtjh nf fd
msit mila cjwJ. rfiu J nghtjh (caramalization of sugar) nf
btgF bgh wkhfgLwJ. nf mf ms jikia Fiwf
blnuh nkhndhiAonu (dextrose monohydrate) gagLjgLwJ.
rhjhuzkhf Rnuh[&F gyhf blnuh (dextrose) cgnahfglhk
Rnuh[&l xU gFahf gagLjgLwJ.
236

nf jah vj rfiu gagLjglhY mJ JffshfgLtJ

(granulation) f KakhF. bfhG kW rfiu fyJ bragL nghJ
a fhW Jff fyit nrfgLwJ. rfiu bga iH nghw
Jff bfhG J idJ fhW Jff fyit VwgLtij L
jLwJ. rfiu iH f bkikahfgoUjhY njitahd
fhnww cUthfhk nghfyh. rnw bfhubfhughd shfgl rfiuna nf
jahjYF cfjJ.
ut rfiuf (nj, btyghF, t rfiu (invert sugar)
shfgl rfiul nrJ gagLjglyh. (t rfiu - Rnuh
rfiu, my myJ behfnshL id nghJ ilF blnuh kW
bynyh nrj fyit) ut rfiuf <ugjij jf itj bfhS
w jik bgWsjh nfFf iy jik oUf cjwJ. ut
rfiuf, ntWgl eWkz Ritia mJ nf nkghf u
wkhf cjwJ.
hlFf (shortenings) - bfhGf
bfhGf:
bfhGf
kh
ujfis
bkikahFtjh
nfFf
bkikahfgLwd. nfFfis bkikahF (shortening) bghUf ey
jik cilajhf kzkwjhf Uf ntL. fyitYs bfhG
jh mf vifyhd cUthfgl fhW Jffis iyUf
brwJ. fhW Jff nfFfis bkikahF gia brwJ. J
<ugjij iyUF fhuahf Ugjh nfFf <ugjij
iyUf brJ l ehfSF bfLnghfhk itUf cjwJ.
nf jahjYF gagL bfhG sho jik cilajhf Uf
ntL. jdh Ea fhW Jffis fyit bragL nghJ Fj,
iyUf cjwJ. FUiz jik cila bfhGf j ntiyia
iw bra Koahjjh it jfgl ntL. nf jahfgagLjgL
btgiyahd 60 Kj 85F- bfhG sho jik iyUf ntL.
mf fodkhd bfhG cUthf wjJ my. mnj ngh f bkikahd
bfhG fhW Jffis iyUf bra Kotiy.
btbz bfhGng midJ tifahd nf jahf cj cfj
hlfhF. ey thridia bfhLftyJ. btbz jik
Fiwthfnt csJ. mf jukhd ey MF Fzf bfhl
hlFfis l btbz jahfgl nfFf fd ms
Fiwthf, RuRughd iHf bfhljhf csJ. j fhuzkhf, mLkid
jahghsf thrid jUtjfhf gF ms btbz, fdms mff,
ey iHf cUthtjF Jiz hlF gF ms
gagLJwhf. FHik jiks (emulsified) hlFf,mf ms
jiu fyit nrF nghJ rahwJ. tif nfjahf l
ehfSF cgjfhd <ugjij iyf brwJ.

237

Kil:
nfF cUt mikig bfhLF Kakhd ntiyia Kil brwJ.
nf fyit fhnwW ntiyia Kil kLnk brtiy. Mdh Kil
mofgL nghJ (EiuJ tU nghJ) fhnwW ntiy eilbgWwJ. Kil kW
kh nf cUt mikig cUthFwJ. nfF <ugjij Kil mwJ.
Kil kr fU by (Lecithin) nf fyitia FHghf (emulsify)
m cs o (lutein) nfF wij mwJ. nf Rit, kz kW
mj rJf juij mfgLJwJ. Kil xU ey byt
(bkikahF) fhuahF. Kilia mogJ Kakhd brayhF. ey
koid nf njhwF mf Kilia mogJ KakhF. kof
xU brhubrhughd fia mofgl fyit EiHJ vLgj _y
cUthfyh.
gh:
ghYs lbghUf nfFf cUt mikig cUthf cjwJ. gh
ujf, kh ujfSl izJ braJ nfF cW
jikiacyj jikia VgLJwJ. vD njitahd ms bfhG,
rfiu kW j fyj fyit jahfgL nf UJthf,
<ujiklD UF. gh nfif ClrJf mfKsjhf brwJ.
ghYs rfiuahd nynlh nf btw wij, iu jf itJ
bfhS wid mwJ. gh nf Rit kW kzij nkgl brwJ.
Kilia ju, gh kLnk nfF <ugjij bfhLf Toa bghUshF.
:
kh fyit cW jikia xGFgLJwJ. ng gl
cUthf Toa thit jf itJ bfhs khYs uj braiy
LwJ. kh, uhfnth myJ ut iy gh nrfgL nghJ kh
ujf nuwgL Fqblid (gluten) cUthf brJ nf cUt mikig
VgLJwJ. Fqbl cUthj (fhgil Mi[L th _y nf
tiltij jLF), ng glUJ fhgil Mi[L thit
btnaWj, kW uh mGj cUthj nghw midJ brafS
Ugjh elwJ. fhuf nf fdmsid xGFgLJwJ. nf
Mfhy mjDila <ujikia jf itJ bfhS jikia bghWJ
mikwJ. it kh fyit gagLJ msit bghWJ mikwJ.
c:
nf jahf gagL kw bghUf aifahd thridia c
mff brJ mj _y nf thridia KndWwJ. rfiu J
nghF (caramalization) btgiyia FiwJ nf btw wij r
brwJ. y tif nfFf mkh fyitnyna rfiu mfms UF
nghJ I iy nrfgoUF. nf mf ms jikia
Fiwf c cjwJ. jahF bghU Rit kW kzij xU oif c
kh mikF.
238

bkikahF bghUf (Leavening Agents):

nf bkikahF bra _W tf bragLjgLwJ.

fyF nghJ fhnwwgLwJ - af rhj fhnww

bkikahF nt bghUfis gagL bkikahfgLwJnta fhnww

mt (oven) cUthfgL uh mGj _y VwgL fhnww uh mGj

j _W tifahd bkikahF bghUf af rhj fhnww

vgJ njitahd xwhF.
kh fyit ng gl ms ey jahig cUthFtij
mogilahf bfhL xGFgLjgLwJ. ng gl gagLjgL ms
a msf jahfgL nfFf mfkhf, mf msf
jahfgL nfFf Fiwthf gagljgLwJ. bga nfFf Fiwj
btgiy mf neu ng (bake) bragl ntL. j_y bkJthf, xnu
khahf kW uhf nkbyG ey nfif jahf Ko.
mf bfhG myJ mf Kil cs jahf njitahd fhnww
bra nghnjh (bfhG kW rfiu myJ bfhG kW kh) myJ
Kil mofgL nghnjh cUthfgLwJ. j uL brafY ng
gl ms, rahd fhnww cUthfgL msF Fiwfgl ntL.
ng gl _W tiffshf gagLjgLwJ.
1. iuJ bragL ng gl ((Fast acting baking powder):): tif
ng gl nf fyfgL nghJ mf ms fhgil Mi[L nf ng
br nghJ f Fiwj ms btlgLwJ.
2. bkJthf bragLgit ((Slow acting):): tif ng gl fyitia
fyF nghJ f Fiwj thnt btlgLwJ. Mdh mt (oven)
btggLJ bghGJ mf ms th btlgLwJ.
3. uo tf bragLgit ((Double acting): tif ng glf
mLkid jahghsfsh mf ms gagLjgLwJ. fyit jahF
nghJ ng gl gF ms thit btna kh fyit ut
jikia mfwJ. bra vil ghF brafis vjh kh
fyitia btntW mRf gjf mLkid jahgtUF ttif
brwJ. jKs fhgilMi[L mt (oven) btnawgL nf
fd msit mwJ.
kz ((Flavour):):
ey jukhd jahF kz vgJ xU Kakhd mr. kzf cW
jik khWtjh gagLj jf xU iyahd msit bfhLgJ ayhJ. nf
Fiwj eWkzKs bghUis nrgij l ey eWkzKs bghUis a
msf nrgJ eyJ. eWkz bghUf mogil _W tiffcsd.
thrid bghUf bjLfgl rhWf, kW gh nghw utf. thrid
239

bghUf vgJ ntf, ijf, thridL jhtuf kyf Mat

JfnghW shfglit. bjLfgl rhWf vgJ thridL
kzKs MfAh utf MF. gh nghw utf (emulsions) vgJ
Mahf Toa Tk iy (colloidal systems), fyJs aikahj
vbz kW iyWjgl nghw jhtuf MF. tiw msLj
myJ vil ghJ gagLJtJ mta. Vbd vb[ ms J
mfkhdhY jah zhtJl cQ Mtij ghHhL.
nf jahF Kiwf (Cake Making Methods):
nf jahF Kiwf fl tf tifgLjgLsJ.
1. rfiu-khfyit (Sugar-batter method)
2. kh-khfyit Kiw (Flour-batter method)
3. fyit Kiw (Blending method)
4. bfhf itF Kiw (Boiled method)
5. rfiu- Kiw (Sugar-water method)
6. midJ brafS xnu iy br Kiw (All in One Process Method)
rfiu-khfyit kW kh-khfyit Kiwf gy tif nf
jahf mfkhd gagLjgL KiwfshF.
1. rfiu-khfyit Kiw ((Sugar-batter Method):
Kiw midJ bfhG kW mjF izahd ms rfiu
xwhf bragLwJ. nf jahF njitgL bfhG
aifnyna sho jik cilajhf Uf ntL. Jf nghw
bfhGf jfgl ntL. Vbd fhnwwij iy WJ w
Fiwthf bgUF.
iAu#ndw bragl bfhGf, btbz, kh#iu (lhlh)
nghwit fyj fyitahf nf Fl jikia mila
gagLjgLwJ. cgnahfgL midJ bfhGfS miw
btgiy mjhtJ 70UJ 75F Uf ntoaJ fmta.
br nghJ VgL cuhdh VgL btgjh cUfhj ms nf
jahF bfhGf gagLjgl ntL.
gHfKiwf, midJ bfhGfS Kj xwhf bragL
(au myJ iff _ykhf) ewhf fyfgLwd.
bragL nghnj rfiuia gogoahf nrf ntL. KG ms
rfiu bfhGl xnu neu nrfTlhJ. Vbd bra
fhnwW braiy vkiwahf ghJ vghj Kofis mila mf neu
njitgL. njitahd fhnww fjl, fyit nyrhdjhf ghgjF
ufhrkhdjhf UF.
bfhG, rfiu fyit njitahd ms fhnww Vgll gogoahf
Kil nrfgLwJ. Kilia moJ iughd Eiuahf bragl
fyit nrgJ xU ey tHfkhF. thridL fhu Kill
nrfglyh. j _y fyit KGikahf fygJ cWahwJ.
240

 Kl nrfgL nghJ Kil miw btgiy (70-75F) Uf

ntL.
mofgl Kil bragl fyit nrfgL nghJ J
jhf, bkJthf fyfgl ntL. mofgl Kil cs fhW
brf, Kdnu cs fhW brfSl guwJ. KilYs
utgF fyit uhf fyJ btbt nghw bkikahd njhwij
bfhLF. Kil jukhdjhf yhk Ujhnyh myJ Kil rahf
fyfglhk Ujhnyh kh fyit j nghW ciwJL (Curdling).
mbghGJ a ms kh nrfgL bkJthf fyfgl ntL. kh
fyit cs mfgoahd <ujikia cLtjh fyit L
bkikah L.midJ KilfS fyit fyfgll, fyit
bkikahdjhf, nyrhdjhf btbt nghw njhwKl UF.
mLjgoahf fyit kh nrfgLwJ. ng glUl kh _W Kiw
rfgLwJ. kw cyj bghUfshd nrhskh, gh gl (njitba)
KGikahf fyfgLwJ.
nf jahj kh Kl fyfgLtJ xU Kakhd goahF. Vbd
fyitia a jtwhd ifahSjY nf juij mJL. kh
fyfgL bra Fiwj ms fyF brafsh ftdkhf ifahsgl
ntL.
kh KGJ fyit nrfgl TlhJ. kh uL myJ _W gFfshf
trnfwhngh fgl ntL. xbthU gFahf nrfgl ntL.
VnjD gHf nrfgl ntLbk mit khl kh kh
fyfglntL.
midJ kh nrfgll fyit uhd xU bkikahd iy tU tiu
mjDl J <ujik nrfgl ntL. gh bghUf Kjnyna
gagLjgoUjh J myJ ut iy gh nrfglyh.
iy fyit ng (bake) brtjF jahuhf csJ.
2. kh-kh fyit Kiw ((Flour-batter Method):):

Kiw bfhG mjF izahd ms kh nrfgL xwhf

bragLwJ. bfhG bkikahf, sho iyY Uf ntL.
kh gogoahf nrfgl ntL. j KGfyit nyrhdjhf, gR
nghW UJthf MF tiu mofgl (whipped) ntL.

Kil kW mjF izahd ms rfiu nrJ iwghd Eiuahf

mofgLwJ. fyit uil bfhfy (double boiler) _y jkhf
NLgLjgLtjh Kil rfiu fyitia ewhf mof KowJ.
neuoahf btggLJtJ jfgl ntL. Vbd btgiy a
khw VglhY Kilujf juhL. jdh fhiw f itF
wid, fyit HJL. Kil rfiu fyit btgiy miw
btgiyF bfhL tuglwnf bragl fyit nrf
ntL.
241

Kil rfiu fyit iwghd Eiu nghW mofgll bfhG-kh

nrfgl Kl xW nrfgLwJ. iy fyit juhF
braYF th Fiwthf UjhY, Kilfyit xbthU Kiw a
msf nrfgl ntL. xbthU jlit nrfgL nghJ xU gF
KGtJkhf fyfgll mLjgF nrfgl ntL.

iy, jKs rfiu gh myJ fiufgL fyit

nrfgLwJ. VnjD w kW thrid nrfgl ntLbk ghYl
nrfgl ntL.

filahf, jKs khit (_W Kiw rjJ) ng glUl nrJ

fyfgl ntL. fil iy fyit mf brsjhf Ujh
fyF braf nyrhf bra ntL.

Fiwthd ms bfhG kW Kil, mf ms kh, rfiu Matiw

gagL bragL kthd nfFf mf ms khit rfiu
fygJ J fod. mJ nghw rkaf gh, rfiu, xU gF ghF
izahd kh tHtHghd gir nghW fyfgL nrfgLwJ. jKs
kh ng glUl rfgL fyit Kiw fil iy
nrfgLwJ.

kh-khfyit Kiw, bka nfFf jahgjF Vw wghd

KiwahF. Vbd t bfhG, Kil Mait Ugiy. ng gl
_ynk fhnww eilbgWwJ. Mug bragL bfhG kW khit
khF bra, Kil rfiuia KGikahf mogJ, fil iy njitahd
ms <ujik UgJ Mait Fqbl fodkhtij jJ nfF
njitahd ey bjhLjikia (texture) bfhLF fhufshF.
3. fyit Kiw ((Blending Method):):
Kiw mf j msf (High ratio cakes) jahfgL nfFf
gagLwJ. t rfiu ms kh msitl mfkhf UF.
bghJthf FiHk iyYs (emulsified) bfhG, unafkhd cs nf
jahfgagL kh mf j ms nfFf jahf gagLwJ.
Kiw FiHk iyYs bfhG, kh, ng gl kW c nrJ
iu, nyrhdjhf cs ms tU tiu mof ntL. rfiu, gh, w
kW thrid bghUf fyfgL Kj fyfgLs fyit
nrfgLwJ.
Kil
nrfgL
KGfyit
tHtHghd
fyitahfgLwJ.
4. bfhf itF Kiw ((Boiled Method):):
Kiw ey jukhd kuh nfFf (maderia cakes) jahf gagLwJ.
btbz myJ kh#iu (margarine) xU z mYs bfhf
itF msF btggLjgLwJ. mLUJ zij mf xnu
rka kh midij nrJ fyf ntL. Kil, rfiu
iwghd gR nghw iyF mofgLwJ. Kil, w kW thridia gR
nghW mofgL nghJ nrfgLwJ. gR fyit bfhG kh fyit
242

4 Kj 5 rkkhd gFfshf nrfgLwJ. xbthU Kiw gR fyit nrfgL

nghJ kufuoah KGikahf fyfgl ntL. fyit tHtHghF nghJ
fyit mRf CwgL -%~ (grease proof) fhjjh _lgL kuh
nfFf ng bragLwJ.
5.rfiu- Kiw ((Sugar-water Method)::
Kiw, KG ms rfiu, gh ms jU xU z
rfiu midJ fiu tiu fyfgLwJ. wF, Kilia ju midJ
bghUfS fyfgL fhnwwgLwJ. filahf, Kil nrfgL fyit
jah bragLwJ. mf ms fhnwwgLtjhY, btbz FiHk iy
Kiw ilfbgWtjhY jahfgL nfFf ey bjhLjiklD
l ehSF bflhkY UF.
6. midJ brafS xnu iy elF Kiw (All in One Process Method):
Kiw midJ bghUfS fyF z xwhf nrfgL
fyfgLwJ. fyit fhnww fyit fU ntfij, fyF
neuij bghWJ mikwJ.
nfid RLj ((Baking of Cakes):):
xbthU tifahd nfF btntW btgiyf RlgLwJ.
iyaj nf jahF j, ms, xnu neu njitgL
msf Matiw bghWJ btgiy zfgLwJ.
tskhd nfFfSF RL btgiy Fiwthf UF. tskhd
nfFf mf ms bfhG kW Kil nrfgoUF. bfhGig
rfiu bragL nghJ myJ Kilia moF nghJ fhnww
eilbgW. tskhd nfFf mf btgiy RlgL nghJ nf
nkgF iu cUthL.
bkjhd nfFf jahF nghJ Fiwj msnt bfhG Kil
gagLjgLwd. tif nfFf ng gl _ynk fhnww
bragLwJ. bkjhd nf khfyit iyaj nf kh
fyitia l bka jik cilajhf UF. kh nfFf mf
btgiy RlgLwJ. j_y ng glUJ th gogoahf
btnawgL nf cau mfJ mnj rka nf totK
iyWjgLwJ.
mf msf jahfgL nfFf RL btgiy Fiwthf Ujh
jh mt (Oven) bkJthf gogoahf RlgLwJ. Fiwj msf
jahfgL nfFf Rl Fiwj ms neunk nghJkhdJ. mf
btgiy RlgL nghJnf mik iu iy WjgLwJ.
mt cs mRf cns fhjij gu, nf nkw gG
fhjfis bfhL _Ltj _y nf btgij cRjUJ
ghJfhfyh.

243

nf RLj kW F jik H ((Baking and Cooling loss):):

mfgoahd RLjY, F jik HjhY nfFf cyJL.
nf RLj kW F jik H (cooling loss) Matiw zF
fhufshtd: bfhLfgLs mRf Cwgl khfyit ms
kWmRf MH.
nf mRf rahd msF khfyit Cwgl ntL. mjdh nf
RlgL nghJ nf ms mfJ mj mRf msF VwFiwa
iwwJ.
nf RL btgiy ((Baking Temperature):):
gy nfFf 375F Kj 400F btgiy RlgLwJ. nfFf Fiwj
btgiy Rlglh mUJ ng gl brayh btna tuToa th
nf mik cUthtjF K btna L. jdh Fiwj fd mss,
jil totKs nfFf cUthL. mnj rka, mf btgiy RlgL
nfFf bkJ, eLgF bto VgL fodkhf UF. f
go,bga nfFf kW iyaj nfFf Fiwj btgiyY, bka
nfFf kW a mss nfFf rnw mf btgiyY Rlgl ntL.
8.2. nf tiff
nf uL tiff csd.
I. bfhG nrfgl nfFf (Shortened cakes): (v.fh) btis, rhny kW
gL nfFf
II. bfhG nrfglhj nfFf (Unshortened cakes): (v.fh) Vr nf (Angel cake).
gh (sponge) kW ~gh (chiffon) nfFf
I. bfhG nrfgl nfFf ((Shortened cakes):): bfhG nrfgl nfFf
bfhG xU Kakhd _ybghUshf, ng gl bkikahF
bghUshf (leavened) gagLwJ. jF cjhuz btis, kr, rhny
nfFf kW gL nfFf (pound cakes) MF. bfhG nrfgl nfFf
uL tiffis bfhLsJ. jukhd hlL nfFf (Standard Shortened
Cakes) myJ btbz nf. t ng glUJ cUthF
fhgilMi[L bkikahF bghUshf gagLjgLwJ. kbwhU tif
gL nf (pound cake) bkikahF bghU nrfgLtiy. nf
cns brYjL fhW nfid bkikahFwJ. j uL tifahd
bfhG nrfgl nf bjhLjik (texture) ntWgLwJ. gL nfFf
iHf beUfkhf fjkhd jikl UF. xU jukhd hlL nf
iHf neahf, xnu khahf kW br Rt bkajhf UF.
hlL nfFf Ka _ybghUf Kil, rfiu, bfhGf
(Shortenings) kW thirdL bghUf MF.
nf kh myJ midF gagL khit (all purpose flour) gagL bfhG
nrfgl nf jahfgLwJ.
244

 nf Kakhf gh gy j utfhf gagLjgLwJ. y

rkaf gHrhWf myJ gHf rijgF nrfgLwJ.
nfFf mikig Kil cUthFwJ. Kil kr fU kh
fyitia FiHkjikF (emulsifies) khWwJ.
nf cUt mik, thrid rfiudh khWgL.
bghJthf btbz jh mfkhf gagLjgL hl MF.
kh#iu myJ iAonu#ndw bragl jhtu vbz gagLwJ.
bragL nghJ fhnwW Ka braiy bfhG brwJ. j _y
khfyitia bkikah, Rlgl nf fd msit mfkhFwJ.
nf jahf thridL bghUfshd btyh, thrid bghUf
(spices) kW braif thridof (Synthetic flavours) a msf
gagLjgLwJ.
kw bghUfshd bfhnfh (cocoa), rhny, gHrhWf kW gHf btntW
iyf thridfhf nrfgLwJ.
jahF j
j:
cyj bghUf xwhf nrfgL rfgLwJ. hl kW gh
myJ njitgL ms ghY nrfgL xU Fl neuF
fyfgLwJ.
hlL nf fyitia J neuF itUf Ko. Mdh fyitia
fyj wF cldoahf RLtnj eyJ. Fthd ghufis l Faw
ghufns nf RLtjF VwJ.
hlL nfF mt (Oven) btgiy 177F Kj 191F Mf Uf
ntL. KGJkhf Rlgl nfFf mtUJ cldoahf
mfwglTlhJ. mit 15 UJ 20 lfSF mgona itf ntL.
j _y nf cgF lkhf UF.
II. bfhG nrfglhj nfFf ((Unshortened cakes ) :
t Vr nf (Angel cake), gh nf (sponge cake) kW ~gh
nfFf (chiffon cakes) mlF.
Vr nf ((Angel cake ):
Vr nf Kakhd _ybghUf kh, rfiu kW Kil MF.
kw bghUf c, thridof kW M~ lhlh (cream of tartar)
myJ my.
nf fyit rfiu ms mfkhf UgJ vjF vwh
bkikahF bghU (tenderizer) gagLjgLtiy. mfkhd rfiu
gagLjgL nghJ Fql (gluten) cUtht rfiu bra
FWLtjh f bkikahd v cila Toa nfFf cUthwJ.
Kil btis fU J rfiu lgLJ braiy brJ Kil
btis fU, mfkhf ciw braiy jJ mfkhf moJ fyf
cjwJ.
245

 Vr nf M~ lhlh (cream of tartar) Kil btis fUl

nrfgLtjh nfif btikahf kh nf iHia neah
bkikgLJwJ.
jahF j
j:
Kil btis fU ewhf mofgLtjh neahd f bfhl
fhW brf cUthfgL neahd mf fd mss nfFfis
cUthFwJ.
miw btgiy rahd Kiw mofgl Kil btis fUl
M~ lhlh, kW c nrfgL Eiu crij bjhL tiu bjhlJ
moJ fyfgl ntL.
gF ms rfiu nrfgL Fiwj ntf moJ fyfgLwJ.
KilujJl u bka gly NHgLs fhW brf cUthF
tiu moJ fyfgLwJ.
Kil btis fU Eiul rfiu cFjgL nghJ bkF
(meringue) vd miHfgLwJ. vdnt Vr nfFf bkF nfFf vd
miHfgLwJ.
filahf bkF-cl kh nrJ fyfgLwJ. jdh kh Jff,
bka gly nghw udh NHgl fhW brf xnu uhf guwJ.
fyit ghuf khwgL 177F- RlgLwJ.

gh nfFf ((Sponge cakes ) :

nfFf

J Vr nf nghnw jahfgLwJ. Mdh Kil btis

fU, kr fU gagLjgLwJ.
vYir rhW xU my _ybghUshF.
Kil krfU mlahF tiu moJ fyfgLwJ. rfiu, c,
kW vYir rhW nrfgLwJ. wF KGfyitia gR nghW
MF tiu moJ fyfgLwJ.
kh neuoahf fyitl nyrhf koJ fyfgLwJ. wF moJ
fyfgl iwghd Mdh cyuhj Kil btis fU kofgLwJ
(folded).
jjahf Kil gFfis gagLJtjF g KG Kilia
gagLjyh.
246

 Kil, vYir rhW nrfgL fyit iwghf MF tiu

mofgLwJ. wF Kil fyitl rfiu nrfgL bkJthf
fyfgLwJ. ghuf fyit CwgL 177C btgiy
RlgLwJ.
~gh nfFf ((Chiffon cakes ) :
~gh nfFf bghJthf hlL nfFfis l mf jf
Kil nrfgL vbz fyfgLwJ.
cyj bghUf midJ rfgL vbz, Kil krfU,
ut, thirdL bghUf Mait nrfgL eF fyfgLwJ.
M~ lhlh nrfgl Kil btis fU c klF tiu
moJ fyfgLwJ. khfyitia ftdkhf, moJ fyfgl
Kil btis fUl koJ fyf ntL. nf RlgLwJ.
8.3. jukhd nf gf, nf FiwghLfS, mtiw jF
tfS
jukhd nf gf
gf:
nf Ka gf tUtd:
btw

cw

1. bfhss

1. iH mik

2. nkw gF w

2. cgF w

3. uik

3. kz

4. nkw jikf

4. Rit
5. UJjik
6. juij jfitF w

btw gf
gf:
1. bfhss ((Volume): nf bfhssnfg jufis zgJ fod.
Vbd nfFf bfhssf mj tiffSF Vwgo, Efnth
UgF Vwgo khwToaJ. vD, nf Fthd njhw cilajhfnth,
mf tilj iynyh UfTlhJ. ewhf nk vGa nf Ugjf
njhwJl nkw rW FJ fhzgL. Fl mss nf vil
xbthU tifahd nfF jFjgo ntWgLwJ. Mdh xU nf vil kW
ey flikF bghUjyhJ f ajhfnth myJ f bgajhfnth
njhwkf TlhJ.
2. nkw w ((Colour of the crust ): xbthU tifahd nfF jFjthW
nf btw w khWgL. vdnt midJ tifahd nfFfSF J
bghUjhJ. btw w Ugjf tif bghwkhf Uf ntL.
f mlthd myJ f w Fiwj myJ bjtw wJlndh
UfTlhJ. btw w uhf, mlthd wf myJ rfiu
Lf myJ bfhG Lf yhk Uf ntL. Fl nfF
njitgL iwthd w Kdnu bjUf ntL. vdnt mjid bghWJ
btw w fzlgLwJ.
247

3. uik ((Symmetry of form ): nfF xj uhd njhw mika bgUf

ntL. nkgF FJ, eLgF btof, gff w fhzgLj,
c mK myJ caukhd eLgF, btol Fahd gF myJ rkkw
nkgu Mait nfFf Ug jfhj gf MF.
4. nkw
jikf ((Character of crust ): nkgu iyid bghWJ
nkw
gf zfgLwd. vD nf tifid bghWJ it khWgL.
y tif nfFf nkgu kwtiw l bkikahf UF. vD f
bka nfFf vjhf cilJ L. nf nkgu mHa bghw gG
tz Uf ntL. ey nf btw bkajhf, bkikahf
UF. mlthd, ug nghw, RRghd myJ bfhs nghw btofSl
cs nkw nkhrkhd nf gfis FwJ.
cw gf
gf:
1. iH mik (Grain):: iH mik vgJ thfgl Fql iHf,
mjid Rs gFfS nrJ cUthfgL flik MF. iH mik
xbthU tifahd nfid bghWJ mikwJ. vLJfhlhf gL nfFf
(pound cake) f beUa iH mik cilajhf, kw nfFf eLju kW
beUa iH mikig cilaJ. vthwhD, xnu uhd br ms kW
bka brRt bfhlit Ugjf FzfshF. nf iH mik
cgF br ms, mik kW Fzf, mj flikig bghWjJ.
bfhubfhu jik, mlthd br Rtf, uw brf ms, bga Jisf
kW Fif nghw mik nghw Fzf nkhrkhd iH mik
mFfshF. iH mik f beUfkhfnth myJ btgilahfnth
UfTlhJ. iHea jikia ma nf eLgF btlgl ntL.
2. cgF w ((Colour of the crumb): nf cgF ftuToajhf
gsgsghf xnu uhd w bfhljhf Uf ntL. nf cgF w
mjid cUthF tifia bghWJ mikwJ. btis wKila, uw, mlj,
Fiwthd myJ bghHj cgF w Ugjfjy. cgF
w MH nf jah Kiw kW gagLjgL _ybghUfis
bghWJ mikwJ.
3. kz ((Aroma):): ey nf eWkz ftuToajhf, tsfjhf, ghdjhf
aifahf UF. bghUjhj kz tUtJ UgjfJ my. br flik
cs fhW kzij RkJ tUwJ. it tsfjhf, Ritl,
adthf aif kzJl Uf ntL. jilahd, C nghd, lkhd
kz bfhlit juyhj nfid FwJ.
4. Rit (Taste):: xU nf Rit ewhf, ghf, Uahf Uf
ntL. nfif Ritj wF th vjj Ugjfhj Rit UfTlhJ.
mnjrka nf Ritawjhf, ntW vj Rit yhjthW Uf ntL.
mjhtJ nf jahf gagLa bghUfdh kLnk mRit Vgl ntL.
mf ms c kW nrhlh c gagLdh nf Rit khL.

248

5. UJjik ((Texture):): nf UJjikia fla ajhf btlgl

gFia Muha ntL. btlgl gF gu uf E bfhL
bkJthf mG bkikahf ef ghf ntL. it nf cgF
aa gfis bghWJ, iH eaij bghWJ mikwJ. nf ey
UJjik vgJ bkikahd, gydyhj btbt nghw jik
cilajhf, behWF jik yhjjhf Uf ntL. fodkhd,
brhubrhughd, f beUfkhd, foahd myJ f jsj jik cs
nfFf cfjjy.
6. juij jf itF w ((Keeing q uality):: fL flgl nfFf
juij jf itF w vgJ f Kakhd xwhF. Vbd tifahd
nfFf Efnthl bfhL brYK l fhyF ghJfhfgl ntL.
btntW tifahd nfFf mj jah gagL _ybghUf, tsik
kW jahF Kiwfis bghWJ juij jf itF w khWgLwJ.
vD, vj tifahd nfFfshf UjhY mj juij jf itJ
bfhS w vgJ f KakhdjhF. Vbd nfid ir ghUJ
ghJfhJ adjhf, <ujik csjhf Uf ntL.
bghJthd nf FiwghLfS, mjid jF KiwfS:
1. totFiwghLf (shape faults)
2. flik FiwghLf (structural faults)
3. UJjik FiwghLf (texture faults)
4. btw FiwghLf (crust faults)
5. w FiwghLf (colour faults)
6. kwit (miscellaneous faults)
nkFlit mltiz 8.1 bfhLfgLsJ.
mltiz 8.1: nf FiwghLf, kW jF Kiwf

249

250

251

252

8.4. nf myfhuf - I tiff

I (Icing):
I vgJ gh _lgl xwhF. rhjhuzkhd myJ bjthd
tz kakhf UF. t rfiu jh Ka _ybghUshF. jah
gagL bghUfis bghWJ, fyF Kiwfis bghWJ I tif
khWgLwJ. I gntW tiff csJ. bghJthf it uL gFfshf
fgLsJ.
1. jilahd I ((Flat icings ) :
jilahd I vgJ ~ghl (fondant) btgdh cU
FJ fodkhf rhf mikgJ. ~ghlo (fondant) mf j a
rfiu goff UF. it btJbtJghfgLnghJ js fiu.
FF nghJ L goffshf khL.
2. I ((Creamed icings ):
mf ms fhnwwgl I bfhG (shortening), jah
nrJ bragl fyitahF. it Kakhf gug (spreading) kW
fis myff bghUjkhdJ. t iwghd, tahj jiks
(non-flowing) Iif clhf fhnww myJ moJ fyF (whipping) Kiw
gagLjgLwJ.
I gagLjgL _ybghUf kW mogil braf tUkhW
1. rfiu: I jah gytif rfiu gagLjgLwJ. bghJthf
gagLJgit shfgl rfiu myJ jah gagL rfiu
(confectioners sugar) MF. jilahd I brt rfiu Jff msid
fLgLj t rfiu, nrhs rfiu kW Fqnfh gagLjgLwJ.
2.hl (bfhG): FHghfgl (emulsified) myJ iAou#ndw
bragl bfhG I tiff bghJthf gagLjgLgit MF.
hl eLiyahd Rit kzK cilajhf Uf ntL. btbz
ey kz bfhLsjh hlFl btbz gagLjgLwJ. mnj
rka rkkhd msF hlFl btbzia bra KoahJ.
3. cyj gh gl: I flikF ghgl cjwJ. mij ju I
Ritia kzij mff brwJ. <ujikia cr cjwJ.
a gh bfLnghF jik cilajh mij gJiufgLtiy.
cUilahd fof cUthtij jLf rfiul gh gl rfgl
ntL. fof Ujh fis myfhu br nghJ FHh bkjhd
Kid tahf I brtJ fodkhf UF.
4. Kil: Kil ajhf Uf ntL. IF njitahd ms, Rit kW
kzij bfhLf Toa gF bghUshf csJ. juhtij jf Kil
fyitl ftdkhf fyfgl ntL.

253

5. iygLJ fhuf ((Stabilizers)) :

gytifahd iygLJ fhuf I gagLwJ. Kakhf
mfgoahd <ugjij cr gagLjgLwJ. iygLJ fhu <ugjij
iyW rfiu goffshtij jLwJ. btg kW <ukhd fhyiyf
xo bfhS jikia FwJ. fhf gir (vegetable gum), kutHF,
lh, bgo, nfhJik myJ nrhs lh nghwit y iygLJ fhuf
MF. I jah rfiuia fiugjF gagLjgLwJ. rfiu J
nghfhk bfhgjF cjwJ. thridbghUf kW wfis
ftdkhf, ntfkhf gagLj ntL. c Fiwj ms
gagLjgLnghJ kwbghUf thridia Ritia mfgLJwJ.
A. jilahd I ((Flat icing):): jilahd I vgJ jah gagL
rfiu (confectioners sugar), , nrhs u kW thirdof fyitahF.
midJ _ybghUfS mlahd gir nghW fyfgL 110F-F
btJbtJghfgLwJ. I neuoahd myJ mfgoahd btgij
jf uo bfhf itF fyfis (double boiler) gagL
btggLjgLwJ. gy rkaf mf btggLjgLnghJ
Ffgll I nk gsgsig HJL. jilahd I jahuhdl
vbghGbjyh mlahwnjh mjDila rahd ms iy tU tiu Ug
btJbtJghf glntL. Iif Ug btggLjhk _y Iif
bkikahf TlhJ. Vbd IF xL jikia VgL bfoaht
(setting) f VgL.
B. L I ((Creamed icing):): L I vgJ bfhG, jahf cj
rfiu (confectioners sugar), , c, thrido, Kil kW gh gl Matiw
fyJ jahfgLwJ. bghJthd braKiw cyj _ybghUf bfhGl
bragLwJ. mofgl Kilf gogoahf nrfgLwJ. kW
thrido filahf nrfgL eF fyfgLwJ. bragl IFf
Fj iy nrfgl ntL. mnjhL btw u (crust) cUthfhk _o
itfgl ntL. l fhyF nrfgL nghJ L I mjDila
bkikia Hf Toa jikia bgWsJ. kh iyf IFfis
bkikahf, uhf gug KoahJ. mjDila bkikia Ug bgWtjF
btJbtJghd j itJ bkikail tiu bragl ntL.
mfms btggLj TlhJ. Vbd mYs bfhG fiuJ L.
jahF bghU bfLnghF jikia jLg I cjwJ.
it vj tifahd Iif gagLjgLwnjh mij bghWJ mikwJ.
jilahd I njitgL msf bfhG yhjjh nf
<ujikia cL. bragl IFf nf giHajhF jikia
fLgLJt Ka gF twJ.

254

btbz I ((Butter icing):

njitahd bghUf
bghUf:
btbz

- 250

I rfiu

- 500

btyh vbr

- 1 njfuo

- Ugnfg

brKiw
brKiw:
btbzia bkikahd gj tU tiu bra ntL.
I rfiuia J jhf nrJ bra ntL.
filahf btyh vbr kW njitnfw wid nrf ntL.
F: nfid _l I jik bkikahf, mnj rka fis
myfF ig (piping) bra iwghf Uf ntL.

nf myfhu
8.5. ng ((Pastry))
J kh, bfhG, Kil kW rfiu xU fyitahF. rhjhuzkhf
bfhG a l Jffshf khdh rgL fyit KGJ guggLwJ.
fyit KGtJ xwhf nrfgL ut _y totikfgL
RlgLwJ. gy tifahd kh, btbz, bfhG, ng gl myJ Kil
nghw _ybghUfis bfhL RlgL mLkid bghUf ngf vd
miHfgLwd. a nfFf, T nghw mLkid bghUf kW Rlgl
bghUfS ng vd miHfgLwJ. ng khfyit
bkajhf guggL kw mLkid bghUfis jahf mogilahf (base)
mikwJ. bghJthd mLkid bghUfshtd igf (Pies), Tf (Tarts) kW
r (Quiches) MF.
ng vgJ mfkhd bfhG bghUfis jdfnj bfhLsjh
buhoUJ khWgLwJ. mfgoahd bfhG fhuzkhf t nghW vjhf
cila Toajik bfhLsJ. xU ey ng vgJ nyrhdjhf, fhWl,
255

bfhG iwJ mnj rka cns uggLs bghUf vilia jhf Toa
cWjik bgWsJ. hu ng (Short crust pastry) jahfgL nghJ
ut nrgjF K khit bfhGig KGtJkhf fyg ftd bfhs
ntL. jdh kh Jff njitahd ms nkR rgL Fql
cUthfhk jLgJ cWahwJ. mnj rka mf neu fygjh skhd Fql
iHf cUth ngia fodkhFwJ. kw tifahd ngfshd nlZ
ng (Danish pastry) kW uhr (Croissants) nghwitf < buhoia
nghW t nghw w jik, kh fyitia bjhlJ Ug Ug
gutjh bgwgLwJ. btbz jltgL kofgLtjh bka mLFf
bfhL kof cUthwd.
ng tiff
tiff:
hu ng (Short crust pastry ):
hu myJ h ng vgJ vikahd kW bghJthf
jahfToa ngahF. J kh, bfhl gir nghW guggL
jahfgLwJ. ij 180C- RLnghJ bkJthd UJthd ng ilwJ.
j ng nrJ jahjh J MF.
~ns ng ((Flaky pastry ) :
~ns ng vgJ xU va tif ng MF. J RlgL nghJ mf
vif cs mLFfshf tilwJ. KWfyhd btbz
ngF J xU fjkhd tifahF. mLkid Mug mf
btgiylD Ko Fiwj btgiylD RlgL j ng
jahfgLwJ.
g~ ng ((Puff pastry ):
g~ ng mf mLFf csJ. ij RL nghJ tilJ g~
ilwJ. ng vgJ kh, btbz, c kW bfhL
jahfgLwJ. kh fyit cs _ybghUf fyit j mit
idf, mLFfilna cUthF fhW Matiw bghWJ ng nkny
cawJ. g~ ng RlgL mtUJ btna vLfgLnghJ nyrhdjhf,
gy mLFfSl, bkajhf UF.
nrha ng ((Choux pastry ) :
nrha ng vgJ f nyrhd ngahf, dh uggL
UF. ng gntW thrid cs dh uggL nkw rhbyodh
myffgoUF. ngf myJ nfh iw nghw bghUf
cz l Toaitahf gagLjgLwJ.
~ignyh ng ((Phyllo pastry ) :
~ignyh ng vgJ bghJthf fhj nghW f bkajhf bgjhf
l Toajhf csJ. t gy lgl mLFf bfhljhf, cns
ugToa (fillings) bghUfsh _lgL btbz jltgL UF. tif
ngf f neahdjhf csjh vjhf cila ToaJ.
256

g~ ngia jahF j
j:
g~ ng vgJ Rwgl ng MF. khfyit
mLFfSF ilna bfhGf il ilna guggLsJ. vdnt RlgL
nghJ wj tiyd nghw KWfyhd t nghw mLFf cUthwd.
g~ ng jahf cj Ka _ybghUfshtd, kh, bfhG, c kW .
g~ ng jahF bghJthd Kiw tUkhW:
2 nyhuh buho kh myJ 8 gF buho kh, 2 gF nf kh fyj
fyit, 75uh c kW 450 uh . itah fyJ kh fyit
jahf.
khfyit rJuto totikJ bfhL Fj l Fghf
Frhjd bgo itf. kh fyit Fjl 1/3 mFy fdF
mj rJu tot khwhk gug ntL.
2/3 gF ms guggl kh fyit J 2 nyh uh bfhGig jl
kof. vdnt 3 mLFfis bfhl kh fyit uL mLFf
bfhG UF. L 1/3 mFy fdF gug ntL. mnj ngh koJ
_W mLFfshf.
khit Ug Frhjd bgo xU k neu itf. vbghGJ
khfyit cyJ nghfhk _o itf. L khid btna vLJ
gu Ug koJ mnj Kiwia gw. L khid Ff
ntL.
khit Fjl gu, njitahd totF bto 375F btgiy
10 Kj 20 l Rl.
RLtjF K tskhd moj Kil bfhL nkgu dh jahF
ngf ghgjF ewhf UF.
cns ugToait (fillings) RitgjF ewhf ghf UgJ g~
ng cQ juid mfgLJwJ. Koj tiu cns
ugToaitfis ng Rlgl wF uggl ntL. jdh Wahf
cUthd ng RL nghJ brhj brhj jik Vglhk ghJfhwJ.

g~ ng
257

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. nf jahj ng gl

Mf ntiy brwJ.

m) mikid cUthFgit

M) bkikahFgit

) <ugjij clhFgit
2. kuh nfFf
m) eLjutif

khUJ jahfgLwJ.
M) bkikahdtif

) eLju kW bkikahd
kh fyit

3. nf btgF bgh wkhjYF fhuz

m) hlFf
4.

M) Kil

) rfiu fhubk (caramel) Mj

nf <ujikia jfitJ bfhs cjwJ.

m) rfiu

M) kh

) hlFf

5. Kil kr fUYs
m) by
6.

MF.

nf fyitia FHghf cjwJ.

M) Fqbl

) mo

tif ng gl nf fyit fyfgL nghJ fhg-il -Mi[L

thit btnaWwJ.
m) bkJthf bragLgit

M) iuJ bragLgit

) uo iyfY bragLgit.
7.

vgJ bfhG nrfgl nfFfSF X cjhuz

m) gL nfFf

M) Vr nfFf

8. Vr nfFf vgJ

) gh nfFf

MF.

m) bfhG nrfglit

M) bfhG nrfglhjit

) bfhG nrfgl kW nrfglhjit

9. gh nf gagLjgL my _ybghU
m) vYir rhW

M) my

MF.

) M~ lhlh

10. iygLJ fhuF vLJfhL

m) Kil

M) fhf gir

) hl

M) XU thijf ila
ila:
1. nf jahf gagL mtakhd bghUf ahit?
2. nf jahf gagL bghUfis tifgLJ.
3. mLkid jahf bkikahF bghUf uoid vGJ.
4. bkikahd khit gagL jahfgL nf tifia FL.
5. nf jah oahf bragL bghU bga vd?
6. ut rfiufSF vLJfhLf jUf.
258

7. nf jah gF vd?
8. af rhj fhnww (Mechanical aeration) vgJ vd?
9. nf jah gagLjgL eWkz bghUf tiff ahit?
10. gh nghw utf (emulsions) vwh vd?
11. nf jah nghJ gagLjgL bfhG jik vthW Uf ntL?
12. kuh nfFf jahf vtifahd nf jahF Kiw gagLwJ?
13. nf RL btgiyia FL.
14. bfhG nrfglhj nfFfSF cjhuz jUf.
15. Vr nf jahf cj _ybghUfis FL.
16. nf uL btw gfis FL.
17. nf V Fthd njhw VgLwJ?
18. ng VnjD uL tiffis FL.
19. nf UJjik FiwghLf uoid fLo.
20. bt rfiu vgJ vd?
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. nf jah nghJ bkikahF bghUf gF vd?
2. gntW tifahd ng gl g WF tiuf.
3. nf jahF Kiwfis goaL.
4. nf jah Kil gF g sF.
5. nf tiffis vG cjhuzf bfhL.
6. Vr nfif, gh nfif ntWgLJf.
7. jukhd nf btw gfis goaL.
8. jukhd nf cw gfis vGJ.
9. bghJthd nf FiwghLfis FL.
10. y nfFf brhubrhu jik cilajhf csJ V? vthW jgh?
11. I g W F tiuf.
12. I iygLJ fhuf vjfhf gagLjgLwJ?
13. jilahd Iif, L Iif ntWgLJ.
14. ~ngns ng jikfis vGJ.
15. nrha ng vgJ vd?

259

gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. nf jah mtakhd bghUf gF g th.
2. nf jah <ugjij clhFgit g t.
3. bfhG nrfgl nfFf g F tiuf.
4. Vr kW gh nfFf g vGJ.
5. jukhd nf btw gf g thf vGJ.
6. jukhd nf cw gf g th.
7. nf tot kW UJjik FiwghLfis tJ mtiw jF
Kiwfis t.
8. L I g tJ glI jahF braKiwia vGJ.
9. gntW tifahd ngf g t.
10. g~ ng jahF bghJthd braKiwia vGJ.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. rfiu - khfyit Kiw _y nf jahF Kiw g t.
2. jukhd nf gfis thf vGJ.
3. nfid vthW RLth? t.
4. nf jahF Kiwfis g t.
5. bfhG nrfgl kW bfhG nrfglhj nfFf g thf vGJ.

260

9. Kg f
9.1. Kg f - nehfK, KaJtK
xU eho Kndwij zg tFgiw Ka gF VwJ. xU
j kj thif xU y iyf vj fhuzyhk fw
jkhdJ mj cr iy fhzgLwJ. iy kd jf itJ
bfhS fUJfis kw vj neuY myJ iyfY Koahk nghwJ.
vdnt j (ntis) fhy czf fhy (sensitive period) myJ Muh gUt
vdgLwJ. gUt jh FHijF j wikfis tsJ bfhs
kiwa fhyfis l mfgoahd brayhW w cr iyYsJ.
xU FHijF vjifa rhjfkhd RWw NiyUjhY mFHij
Fl K iyia mil tiu mjdh ff ayhJ. Kiwahd ey ts
VgLtjF ey rhjfkhd Niy mahtakhd xwhwJ. ey Niy
vgJ FHijF Lnfhyhf, ey (clghlhd) cWahd mDgtfis
bfhLfToajhf Uj ntL. mjifa NHny FHijF rid
ngh jdfnj kiwJs wikfis jjikia, Ugfis
btgLj cjwJ. FHij ts kW Kndw uL xU
bjhlahd fthf Ugjh fwY KtiljY mjid bghWnj
mikwJ. btWikahd (btl) Niy Kiwahd fw fHhJ. Vbd
mjF Ljyhd Niy ikahd mDgtfS Ujh jh FHij
cyid g Muha cj.
Kg f mta: vyh FHijfSF fgjF cik cL.
xbthU FHijF mj ts kW Kndwij Kiwahd t mila
cjj ntL. FHijf Mug fhy gUtfis g fahsf mf
mfiw bfhL ftd brYdhf. FHij ts, Kj MW
tUlf Kiu gfToaitahf csJ. Vbd j gUt jh
mogil , cl, r_f, kd vG, bkh kW fiy tsF lgLwJ.
FHijfSF VgL xUizj tsia tU Kiw sfyh.
FHij xUizj MSik ts
m ts

cl af ts

fiy ts

FHij KGikahd
ts

kd vG ts

bkh ts

261

r_f ts

iyahdJ FHijgUt fKakhd xwhf csJ. gUt

jh FHij vzf, Mtf, neaf nghwit tsailwJ.
bgnwhf jf FHijfgh Fj m bfhoUjhY jf
FHijfis tel bry, gaf nghJkhd wikilatfsh
Ugiy. mijga mitilatfS tWikah thLtjhY myJ
ed fhy thif KiwahY neuikah JggLwd. rKjha th
VgL khwfshY, bjh ts miltjhY jnghJ FHijfgh mf
ftd brYJj mtakhwJ. ey jukhd ghthof, er gf kW K
gUt gf bjhldh FHijf KndwF cj. g gUt
fahdJ FHijf Mnuhakhd kd kW kd vG tsF Ka
njitahd xwhwJ.
Kg (Preschool) mta
mta:
mfuhgo FHijF Kg vgJ Mug iy ffhd xU Wtd.
bgnwhfSF mJ xU bghJthd l. m Ma jiyik
FHijf To, kJ isaho jf neuij xwhf fwhf.
Kg Kiwahd f gY xU lky. mJ FHijf Kj Kjyhf
jf Rjuij (mDgF) czU xU lkhF. iwa fhyfl
bgnwhf UtU ntiyF brtjh FHijf thif Kg
jf Koahj xU mrkhf csJ. FHijf Rjuij g ngR
nghJ FHijfis mtfsJ bgnwhlUJ y k neufSF J
itgj _y mtfSF Ja Vglhk jf KowJ.
gf Kg midJ mogil fw KiwfY
gfgLtjhY btgLJtjhY mtfSF Rju cz iuthf
VgLwJ. g bragL y braKiwf FHijfSF jiy
czJ y brafshd jhnd cQj , cilaJ bfhSj, Rjij
guhkj, nghw mogil braf cUthf cjwJ.
ij nghw g VgL fw mDgtf FHijfSF mogil
gfshd, thJfis gkh bfhSj, jf cz kW
isahL bghUfis gJ bfhSj, jf cilikfis ghJfhj
nghwit VgLj cjwJ. jf taij xj kw FHijfnshL
fyJiuahl, a thijfis fgj _y iuthf bkh tsia
VgL bfhs cjwJ.
isahL gf FHijfis bga gfSF brtjFa
jdif kW jjikia tsJ mtfis jahgLJwJ.
FHij Ma j rahf ngzgL tU ey Kg
isahoF mf KaJt jugL mj mta czugLwJ.
mah FHijfis tel brY xU ey btrKila sfhf
Kg Ugjh mJ wj xwhf Uj mta.
262

Kg Fnfhf
FHijfSF ey cl ts, kW jir w xUiz kW
afw tsia VgLJj.
FHijfSF ey Mnuhakhd Rfhjhu gHffis VgLj, cz
cQj, fgiw gHff, if fGj, RjgLJj, eF cilaj
nghw jgl zffis VgLj cj brafis bra cjj.
FHijf jf kd czfis Kahd Kiw btgLj,
czJ bfhs, VW bfhs, fLgLj telJj.
fiy czid btgLJ Lnfhyhf Uj.
jhf thG cyid g J bfhs, Muh brJ fla,
mtf m jhfij, Mtij, lToa NHiy VgLJj.
FHijf wikfis tsJ bfhs, mtf vzfis,
czfis rahd Kiw crJ btgLj VJthf Uj.
KgahdJ FHijf rahd neikahd vzfshd eif,
m, ghJfh, rhF jik, r jik, nghwtiw ff mtiw
Kiwahd t btgLj cj brafshf tiuj, njhlLj nghw
braf _yK <LgLJj.
jf fiy czid btgLj rjg mJ jf vzfis
btgLj, wf, rkiy, aif mHif uf g RWyh miHJ
brYj, myJ fiy mHF f lfSF mU elf brj
nghwtiw VgLj Toajhf ey Kg Uj ntL.
Kg tiff: il ju FHijfis ftJ guhkf gf neu
FHijf fhgffis ju xU y ikaf FHijfis guhkgnjhL
mtf m tsF, r_f tsF cjt Toajhf mikJsd.
mt y tUgitahF,

gfneu FHijf fhgf

kho[ g

l fhl

er g

ghtho

mftho

gf neu FHijf fhgf:

tif ikaf bgnwhf ntiyF brY rka FHijfis
eh KGtJ guhkwd. Mug fhyf tif ikaf FHijfSF
263

ey ghJfhghd Niyia tH, mtf kw FHijfnshL fyJ gHFtjF

cj xU ikakhfnt UjJ. Mdh jfhy mj nehfkhdJ guJ J
FHijf m wid L NHiy VgLJgitahf khaJ. UD
mitf Ka nehfkhdJ r_f, kd vG, m tsF cjt Toajhf
khaJ.
kho[ g:
kah kho[ mikah f jJtfis mogilahf bfhL
mikagl gf kho[ g vd miHfgLwJ. mt khW wDila
FHijfshd kd CdKw FHijfSF gaJ f ff, vGj kW
nj nj bgW rhjhuz FHijfis ngh Uf itg rhjid jh.
l fhl:
iwa l fhl kW Kg ghllkhdJ mfgoahd
KaJtij bt bgWtjF, rhjid tjF Vwh ngh csjh
FHijfl mfgoahd kd mGjij VgLJtjhf csJ vd FHij
f g mfiw cila zf ewd. Vbd l fhl gahdJ
btid kL zJ bjhlfgliy. uo uhbg fUJgo
l fhl vgJ FHijfSfhd xU (fhl) fhthF. brofis tsgJ
ngh FHijf ftdkhf guhkfgl ntL. FHij fhthdJ FHijf
UgF Vg braf mika ntL vg cWahf UwJ.
er g:
er g fUjhdJ ylid nrj khfnu khy rnfhjfsh
cUthfglJ. mtf FHijfis guhkJ mtf cl njitfis
brJ, Mnuhakhd NiyUf brtjfhf FHij ey ikafis
cUthdhf. dh Jnt er gahf khaJ. J 2-7 tajhd
FHijfSfhf bjhlfglJ.
ghtho:
nuth (1984) TWgo ghtho
vgJ iykthd bghUfis bfhL
Phd ahf uhkwf bragl
xU kh gahF. J xU Fl
l cUthd er gahF.
W FHijfSF ff neu
vLJ bfhlhY mJ rthYFa
bgUikFa brayhF. mtf ff Toa
gUt,
VW
bfhs
Toa
gUtUgjh ehSF eh mtfSF
vgL ghUJ mtfis ghJfhgJ
264

Kakhd aikahj flikahF. W FHijfis cztkhf

fLgL xGfhd Kiw tfhLj ntL. xU FHij ts vgJ
FHijflJ kiwJs wikfis bt bfhzJ fgjF, kW mit
tsJ bfhtjF cjj MF. fF Niy Kiwahd t, njitahd
rhjdfnshL fG nghJ FHijf Kiwahf t eljgl ntL.
l fhlid cUtha uhbg TWgo Kg taJ, mtfSF
f mDgtfis VgLJt Ka goahf UwJ vwh. FHijfSF
fF nghJ mtf jjikF VwthW f mj mtakhF.
jhaha (1969) mtf TWgo er gF brw FHijf Mug
g nrU nghJ kw FHijfSl vjhf xJ nghf, tF f
rhjid gtfshf Uwhf. Vbd er g bgw mDgtf
kdahf f ff jahuhf UgjF cjwJ.

9.2. flik trf - Kg fol (Preschool)

Kg vgJ FHijf thGl, tsU FHijf jf
Ugij Ua Kiw thG fiyia ff cjlkhf UwJ. mJ
Kiwahd fia kL fo xU Fl ms mit tsF xU lky.
Kg RWNH Fnfhis lToajhfnth myJ jLf
Toajhfnth Ufyh. g folkhdJ FHijf tsF
Cf_lnth myJ zfkw jikia cUthfnth, rhjfkhdjhfnth myJ
jLfToajhfnth UF.
FHijfSF thG czit ff Toa g folkhdJ ey
guhk kW kdF oj Rjkhd folkhf Uj mj Kjik
njitahF. g RWw Niy FHij ts kW Mnuha guhk
bgU gF twJ. Kg o kWg, oF gyhf Ugjy. ey
jhuhskhd ltrs fol, isahL ikjhd, kW fUf, gy tifahd
brafis brtjF, fgjF cjt Toajhf csJ. vdnt g fol,
mj Ul, totik, btr, fhnwhl vd midJ FHij
elijY, eyY, Ka gF twJ.
ey fol mogil njitf: xU ey Kg fol
mrfshtd :
1. RWw Niy 2. l mik

3. fol tiugl

1. RWw Niy: FHijf MnuhaY, kndh iyid tsgY

RWw Niy bgU gF twJ. g brikahf bragL mj
gfis iwntw g folij vF myJ Vnjh X lnyh fl KoahJ.
csa ahf KGikahd ey RWw FHijf fiy czit
Lt Ka Lnfhyhf csJ. Kg Ka Fnfhns
FHijfSF aifahd cl, cs, kd tsia VgLJtnj MF. g
folkhdJ ey rhjfkhd RWw Niy Uj ntL. Rfhjhukw
Niy FHijf clYF csF nfL isf Toajhf csJ.
265

Ugjfhj Niy neuoahf FHij cSzfis ghJ mtf

elij vkiw isfis VgLJwJ.
2. l mik
mik: Kg l mikig njbjLF nghJ ftf
ntoatiw nH tfgLsJ.
m) g mUfhik ( Vicinity):): gF mU cs RWw Jz
mf Toajhf Uf ntL. mU nja j gu, Fs, V, rf
kW Jehw yhjmikghf, bfhR, <f kW EUf yhkY
Uj ntL. ey j trl Uj ntL. fol cs ykhdJ
flthW Uj ntL.
efwij L rW j ikahd fhnwhl trl Uj
rhiyF mUfhik Uj
RLfhoF mU yhk Uj
bjhrhiy rj, , if, ff yhk Uj
u iya, ngUJ iyaij L rW j Uj ntL.
mlj kuf myJ bga folf mU Uj TlhJ.
M) k mik: g folij ukhf, ghJfhghdjhf, fgjF
Vwjhf mikg k KaJt thjjhf csJ. fol mik
lkhdJ,
caj nkguigilajhf
<ukwjhf, aifahd f trfSl kW njfyhkY
Uj ntL.
) mik KKf njhwK : wj g fol w mrfshtd
ey btr tujf tif Kw (verandah) xnu xU w kLnk
mikfgl ntL.
mj kWw kufis tsgJ btiy jLgnjhL folF
ghJfhig mF.
3. fol tiugl: Kg fol tiuglkhdJ e njitfis bghWJ
khWgL. xU ey kh tiugl Uf ntoa mrfshtd,
g folkhdJ foghf Rfhjhu fis g Rjkhd
RWwJlD, fhnwhlJlD ey Na btrij vyh miwfS
bgw Toa trlD, ikahd fhW vyh miwfSF bry Toa
tifY mikUj mta.
isahL miwfSfhd Fiwjgr njitid bra Toa
trlD, nghJkhd fgiwfS, fG lfS cilajhf Uj
ntL. xbthU FHijF Fiwjgr 1.5 rJu l jiu gugs Uf
ntL. vj xU isahL miw 9 lUF nk sKilajhfUj
TlhJ.

266

miwf: FHijf jf brafis jil brtjF rJukhd

miwfis l brtf tot miw VJthf UF.
nkghitLtjF vjhf xJFwkhd lyhk Uj ntL.
xbthU miwF cns bry btnaw jj tf Uj
ntL.
FHijf cfhJ, ng cw isahL isahLtjF Vw tif
miwf bgajhf Uj ntL.
ntiy br lkhdJ, VW bfhs Toajhf khaikf Toa
tifY, cnuhlJlD L nghynt mikj mta.
miw TiuahdJ ghJfhghd bghUsh mikfgl ntL. J gJ
nghwtiw jF.
Rtf: Rt mikghdJ ntiynfwjhf, gyjkhd ntiy brtjF
cjtToajhf Uj ntL.
glf khlgoUF gyif FHijf f ghitF Vw tif
bghUjkhd cauUf ntL.
#df kW fjf, yo nghLf kW fUgyiff
khLtjfhd ltria clhF tif mikfgoUf ntL.
Rtf Rf bghUjkhd tifY, v Rj braToa
tifY, rjij cGf Toa tifY Uj mta.
l mikig ey Kiw gagLjToa tif (efjToa) kh
mikf Toa Rtfis gagLdh gyjkhd ntiyfis brtjF
vjhf UF.
jiu : jiuahdJ vjhf Rj brtjF VwtifY guhkgjF
Rygkhdjhf Uj mta.
nyrhd sNLlD, Rjukhf isahLnghJ jiu jlhkY Ugij
cW brj mta.
#d kW fjf: fj kW #d uL FHijfSF fF
Niyia VgL bfhLgjhf Uf ntL.
FHijf gagLJtjF vjhf, mtf btna ghgjF Vw
tifY #df jhthdjhf Uf ntL.
#dfSF iuiyf, ghJfh ff myJ uL
mikfgoUf ntL.
FHijf gagLJtjF vjhd tif fjf vil Fiwthdjhf
Uj ntL.
fgiw trf : fgiw kW fG l trf btnaUJ,
cnsUJ brtjF Vw tif Uf ntL.
fgiw jiuf vjhf Rj braToatifY mnj neu mf
tGtGyhkY Uf ntL.
267

 if fG l (Sinks) kW fgiwf v Rj braToa

tifUj mta.
nrF l: FHijf jf isahL bghUf, JLf, jff,
gntLf kW f rhjdfis itgjF nghJkhd nrF l
mta.
mykhf nghJkhd GgiwfSlD nkY wj mykhfSlD
Ujh mjj gaghoF vjhf UF.
nrF l Rjkhdjhf xlil, f yhk fhnwhl trl
Uj ntL.
btw l:
FHijfSfhd isahL ikjhd mUfhikY bgajhf, Ujh
jh ghJfhghdjhf, Mt_Ltjhf UF.
xU FHijF Fiwjgr 2 rJu l guyhtJ isahLl Uj
mta.
isahLl ey Wa jiu Ujh jh rfuKs bghikfis
gagLj, gJfis vJ isahl Ko.
jiu gu isahl, Xl kW KuLjdkhf isahl cj.
ts uhf, njhlf, njhLj isahL nghwtF l
njit.
kz bjho kzgu isahoF, fyJ isahLtjF cjwJ.
isahL isahl j ltr njit.
isahL lkhdJ, Mf, ghwhff, cilj bghUf, TKidf,
fzho JLf nghwit Uf ntL.
4. Kgfhd fol: njitfis kd bfhL Kgfhd folij
Fiwjgr l mikig bfhL iwthf cUthfyh. g fol
totik kW mj gaf tU fhuzfis bfhL khwfis
bgwyh. mitahtd,
fLkhd Jiw VgLs bjhEg tsnfg bgha wikf,
fLkhd bghUf kW gfhd rhjdf khw
fol totik VgLs Muh kW nrhjid Kiwf.
r_f bghUshjhu fhuf kW gz tU tf, njitf Matiw
bghWJ g mik mik.
jnghija f KiwF bghUjkhd x, x rhjdf, mj
KaJt, mjnfwthW Jikahf kh mikj ntL.
g xU r_f ey ikakhf gagljf tif mjF KaJt mJ
fol mik Uj ntL.
Uif trf: a ehfhf bfhl jhthd nkirf FHijf
cauF VwthW Uj ntL. FHijf Mftkhd ntiyfis
268

brtjnfwthW jhthd nkirf Uf ntL. nkir ms 4X4 cau

6 Uf ntL. jff itgjF jf mykh njit. gh kW UJthd
fhbg nghwit FHijf ka gLF nghJ mfgl ntL.
rikF trf: FHijfSF ka cz mfglhnyh myJ
behWF bfhLfglhnyh, mtiw gnyna jah bragl ntL.
vdnt rikgjbfd jaiw nkY kif rhkhf, ghuf, wF kW
rikgjF njitahd bghUf itf j miw mta.
Kg ghJfh VgLJ tf:
FHijf ghJfhig cW brtJ FHij mogil njitahf
UwJ.
fjf nyrhdjhf, jhnd o bfhtjhf, CryhlhkY Uf
ntL.
vyh #dYF iuiyf kW ff bghUjgoUf ntL.
FHijfis jhF myJ MgJ VgLJ fUf, auf,
bgof FHijfSF vlhjthW itf ntL.
isahL lgu FHijF ghJfhig ju ntL. FHijf XL
nghJ, isahL nghJ fha Vglhk UFkhW l mik ntL.
fUf gJ VgLtij jf, nkhjiy VgLjjhf
mikfgoUjh jh FHijf Rjukhf isahl VJthUF.
eR fyj w myJ bgil isahL fUfSF gagLj
TlhJ.
Kg nghFtuJ rhjdf FHijfSF ghJfhghdjhf,
trahdjhf mikfgoUf ntL.
KjYj rhjd kW gid jLF fUf foghf Uj
ntL.
Kg btw NiyahdJ bgUks FHijf
Mnuhaij juij zwJ. Niyia ey t gagLJ
nghJ FHijfSF mJ mf ga}lToa tifYsJ. jfhy Mf
njitahd trf kW fUf UgJ Mnuha thifF cuthj
mgjhf TWwJ. KgYs trfis Kiwahd t
gagLJnghJ mJ FHijf fwYF mf rjg mgjhf csJ.
ewhf lL flgl miwf Tl rahf Rjkhf
guhkfgliyba FHijfSF ey gHf tHffis VgLj cjthJ.
vdnt RWNH guhk mf ftd brYJj mta. Vbd mitna
xU FHij cl, cs, r_f eyid VgLj bgJ cjwJ.
FHijf jf Mnuha kW ghJfh rhghf fwij neilahf
gagLJ nghJ mf <LghLl f wghf fwhf. FHijf jf
thifF njitahd ey gHffis fW bfht Kg fol
Ka gnfwJ.
xU kh Kg fol tiugl gl 9.1 bfhLfgLsJ.
269

gl 9.1 : Kg fol - tiugl

m
m

tF miw

isahLl

f
f

f
rikayiw
kW nrgiw

nt.

r.

+ + + + + +
bt

tF miw

btuhlh

bt

fGl

fgiw kW f
fGl
88888888

m
f

L njhl

Ff
l gugs

350 r.

btl gu

30 r.

btw l gu -

100 r.

f - fj

#-#d

bt-btonyl

m-mykh

nt.-ntiybr l

r.-rikF l

270

9.3. Kg f l - xU ehisa, xU thu, ghll mltiz

Kgfhd ghll mikF nghJ mj braKiwf
vjhdtUJ fodkhdtF, bjjUJ bjahjtF, v
J bfhs ToatUJ (Concrete) ahj xiw (Abstract) fFkhW
Uj ntL. xU FHij kd ik, m wDnfwthW Kg
ghll braf mika ntL. ghllkhdJ ehF Ka
fUJfis kd bfhnl jahfgl ntL. Rygkhf khw Toa tif
zfkhf, bghUjkhdjhf, ntiy brtjF vjhf kW jhf
xiw cUthfToajhf Uj ntL. ghll bragLJnghJ
FHij thif Kiw g bjhlila rffis myJ afis g
ftdkhf gf ntL.
rhL (1989) mtf TWgo FHij ghllfhd jiyfis
fltiw kd bfhL jahf ntL.
1. FHijfSF bghUjkhdjhf Uf ntL
2. wikfis gagLj th Uf ntL
3. ilF tsfis bghWJ Uf ntL
4. Ma Mt
5. tUl Fl ehfis bghWJ Uf ntL
j mogil ghllij mikjh FHijfSF gyjkhd
mDgtfis bfhLf Ko.
Kgfhd eLiyahd ghll mrf
Kgfhd xU ey ghllkhdJ r_f ezfij VgLj gy
rjgfis mwJ. vdnt ey wikahd m tsF mJ
cjwJ. mtfSF ilF mDgtfis bfhL jfSila
jdifia bgU bfhs, jid ga rhjfkhd fUij
cUthf KowJ.
FHijfSl x Uf Toa cldoahd xU ey Niy cUthf
Toajhf K g ghll mika ntL. FHijf
njitnfg mtfSF ilF Niyia KGikahf MuhJ
gagL bfhs Toa tif ghll mika ntL.
xU ey ghllkhdJ FHijfis jfis btgL bfhtjfhd
mf neuij, rjgij mj ntL. ngR, eld, ghl, ehlf
_ykhf kW fk, fhj, j, kz nghwtiwiw
gagLJtj _ykhf FHijf vzfis btgLj
thgwJ.
xU ey ghll FHijf cliy KGikahf gagL, gntW
ntiyfis brtj _y KGikahd ey tsia cUthf KowJ.
ghl, eld, ey cz, X, ffis btnaWj kW ey ukhd
isahL nghwit KGikahd Kiwahd cl tsF cfjjhf UF.
271

 xU ey ghll FHijf mDgtf Jiz bfhL mtfSila

njitfis, tanfg, brtjh, vfhy Kiwahd fwYF
lkhd mthuij mwJ.
xU ey ghll bgnwh njitfis kd bfhL bgnwh f
lij X mfkhf bfhLsjhf mikwJ.
K g bragL ff midJ K g ghllkhfnt
fUjgLwJ.
ghll Ka bfhiff: ghllij zF y mogil
bfhiff csd. Ma jid kd bfhL FHijfSfhd
ghllij mikf ntL. mit tUtd:
1. Kg Fnfhis mila cjtToajhf ghll mikj ntL.
2. FHijf ts njitia braToajhf ghll mika
ntL.
3. ghll Rju isahL brafSF ffh braYF rkkhd
ms braf mikfgL Uj ntL.
4. fodkhd RWRWghd braYF va braYF ilna nghJkhd
ilbtUj ntL.
5. FHijf jgl njitid FG njitid
braToajhf Uf ntL.
6. Mtij l Toa tif ghll mika ntL.
7. ghll braghL fjhf, bghUSilajhf UgJ f mta.
8. ghll mikg K gUt gia g efj egfSila
Mnyhrid ng mikfgl ntL.
9. ghll mikF nghJ njhZz iy, ilF l, FHijf
ft w, gfhd f rhjdf nghw midij kd bfhL
mikfgl ntL.
10. FHijfSF Muh bra, ajhf cUthf, fiywid
btgLj nghJkhd ms thgfToa tif ghll
mikfgl ntL.
11. jgl FHijf (khWwdhf) njitfis bra
Toajhf Uj ntL.
xU ey K g ghll FHijf ts tU
Fnfhfis iwntw Toajhf mikj ntL
jid g ey muha tsj.
m wid tsJ bfht u MtKilatfsh Uj.
bga kW a jirf ts.
Iyf ga z.
jfSila vzfis bghUf kW mirf _y btgLJ
w.
272

 bkhia nfL, cgnahJ tsf cjj.

Rju cz.
j taid xjtUl rkkhf, fyfyghf gHFj.
gy tifahd Kj mDgt _y mid tsj.
g kW fw Kiw rahd vzfis tsj.
Kgfhd fhy mltiz:
fhy mltiz jahF nghJ K g Fnfhis kd bfhL
jahfgl ntL. g ghl (fhy) mltizid ghj khunyna
mg f juij g bjthf ma Ko. mit Kakhf tUl
KGtJ mg Fnfhis iwntw cj brafis cslajhf
Uwjh vd ftdkhf gj ghll mikfgLwJ. Mdh thW
mikfgl ghll FHijf njitnfg Mtnfg
khaikf Toajhf Uj ntL.
ghy g braf cw kW btw isahoF, va kW
fod brafSF, j egUF kW FGdUF nghJkhd rkiy
UFkhW mikj ntL. m ts myJ bkh tsia kL
CFfhk, cl af ts, r_f kd vG ts, fiy ts, nghw
wfSF KaJt mfToa tif csjh vd Ma ftj
ntL. ghlfis lLnghJ ftf ntoa fUJfis gl 9.2
fhzyh.

273

gl 9.2
9.2:: ghllLjY, fUJfS
ghllLj

l fhy l

FWa fhyl
ghll

vzK
njit

gl ftf
ntoait

cz mF
l

FHijf ts njitf
neu
r
khaikf ToaJ
ey fUJf
thF jikilaJ
gyj
FHij njitf
Kj mDgtF cjj
ntiyahf
trf
KTona llToajhf Uj
ghll tiff: xU K g lfis rahf iwntw
lfhy FWa fhy myJ thu kW dr l xUJ xW kh
mikkhW mikj ntL.
lfhy l
J tUlhu l vd miHfgL. dr ghllF xU
njhwid bfhLf tUlhu ghll cjwJ. gfhd tu bry
l, ffhd rhjdf, njitahd bghUf, njitahd isahL
fUf, g bfhlhlgl ntoa Hhf, VghL bra ntoa
jsgazf, xbthU khjF bfhLfgl ntoa fUJ f nghw
braf xU tUlF Vwhngh llgLwJ. ij ju gythf
FfS nrJ bfhsgl ntL. mt nrJ bfhsgl ntoait,
274

 nrif braKiwf
ntiy ehf
bgnwhUl ntiy brj
gnth (ntiyahf) bghWf
flz zj
ghll thf kW a TLj njitf
njitahd fUf nghwit.
thf nkyhs itaidij vj neu (FHg) FsWgoyhk
lL nghJ uridf vjhf jfgLwd.
FWa fhy l: ghll mogil Ma KG tUlfhd
lij gF gFahf gy jf J 3 khjF myJ 4 khjF vd
lLwh. l mj braf xbthU khjY vthW
bragLwJ vgij g sfkhd Fig mwJ.

khjhu ghll
#] khj
r_f gHff: dr jtwhk gF tU Mtij FHijfl
VgLJj, FHijf jf bgnwh kW FLgYs egf
bgafis brhtjF, jf Ma kW jfSl xwhf
gogtfSF thJfis bjf fW bfhs cjj.
Mnuha gHff: ey Mnuhakhd gHffis fW bfhs j
Rjij VgLJ gHffshd rhLtjF KD D iffis
RjgLJj, ey cz gHffis VgLJj, ey ftiw gHff
kW Kiwahf F gHf KaJtij czj cjj.
bkhts: mtutf bga, bgnwh
gUFl nghwtiw brhy fj.

bga,

bga,

ghlf: Mnuhakhd thif kW g brtjnfw ghlfis fj.

fijf: ey, Rjkhd Mnuha gHffis ga fijf.
Mft ntiyf: fUgyif Wf brj, fk ntiy brj,
fhjfis kof fw nghwit.
thuhu ghll: khjhu ghllij bghWJ Maf thuF
bra ntoa brafis ll ntL.
xbthU thuF gyj fUJf vLJ bfhsgL mFl
thuF Fl ikafUJ njbjLfgL ll ntL. xU kh
thuhu ghll mltiz 9.1 bfhLfgLsJ.

275

mltiz 9.1
9.1: thuhu ghll
fUJ : fh
nj

taJ: 4-5 taJ

276

thughllfhd jiyf nH bfhLfgLsJ.

FLg
L

Jf
folf

iuf
kuf

etuh

Rjud

MnuhaK RfhjhuK

fhif

FoauR d

Luhf

Jk

njrjiytf

fhLyFf

ght

UZz b#a

gwitf

ehaf rJ

fhyf

gHf

kUJt

nghfhu

ijafhu

dr ghll: dr brafis FHijfSF fW bfhLF tz

lLtJ xU Ma Ka flikahF. jhf vd bra nghnwh
vgJ vGJtnjhL kLkyhk mij fgjF njitahd rhjdfis dr
jahj ntL. khztfSF fW jU nghJ vj VkhwK yhkUf
jdFjhnd xU Kiw gaJ bfhtJ dr ghll Ka _y
bghUshfUj ntL. xU kh dr ghll mltiz 9.2
bfhLfgLsJ.
277

mltiz 9.2
9.2: dr ghll
v.nf. / .nf.
tF

nj

bghWgha :

f mDgtfSF VghL brj: Kg ghll f mDgtfSF

Vg mikg tU fUJfis kd bfhs ntL.
X kW ntiy br f kh kh mikj ntL.
FHijf Xl cfhJ ntiy br neu f Fiwj ms
Uj ntL.
ka czF Kngh myJ ngh mf ukhd ntiyia mj
TlhJ.
xU fUJ kbwhF khWtJ tirukkhf mikjh jh
vjhf UF.
xbthU Kiw miw mikig khaikgij jj ntL.
ffis elJ nghJ ftf ntoa kw af
FHijf elij uridf.
bgnwh fF VghL brj.
MaUF, FHijfis vil, cau vLF nghJ cj j.
g miw cs rhjdfis Rjkhf dK mL itj.
278

 ghll khwUF nghJ Kdjhf mj.

vyh FHijfis xnu khahf ghj ntL, yUF j ftd
njitba mfiw brYj ntL.
ghll fUJsjhf, gyjkhf, fyhrhu mDgtfis
bfhLfToajhf Uj ntL.
ghllij kLj kLj vgJ vfhy lfis r
brtjF myJ brikahFtjF cjwJ. RakLj l mikg
ey mDgtfis mit VgLj cjwJ.
kLj _y tU tufis mayh.
khzt bga
nj
rhJs FG
thughll ikafUJ
braghLfSfhd bghWig Vgt
gagLa rhjdf
bragl braf
Ff
rj uridf
Kndwfhd gJiuf
xU FHij braiy kL bra Ma tU mrf mla
jhid gagLjyh.

Rju d Hh bfhlhl

279

Ma kL
khz bga:

fyJ bfhS FG

nj

thughl ika fUJ:

280

FHij braghLw
jiy wjJ
f eW
eW
ruhr
ruhrF Fiw
U iy
Ff
nj

Ma ifbahg

Kndwij ffhf cj braghnl kL vdgL. ko

thyhf l juij mj brawid ffhf Ko. bjthd
Fnfh U kL brj vjhf UF. Fnfhis mogilahf
bfhL l bt njhia khfyh. fw kL brj vgJ
FHij ts kW Kndw milt lYs Fnfhf kW
kf vthW cjwJ vgij bghWJ mikwJ.
9.4. ff cj rhjdf - jff, shZfhL, rhnghLf, shd
nghLf, khf, #bghUf, mLF filf
fF Kiwf - ghlf, fijf, ehlf, eld, cw kW btw
isahL
fj vgJ xU r_f Wtadiu njbjLfgl Niy
iuthf jhf thG cyf xJ nghtjfhd tf gaF
brayhF. Knda ehffkhd ekJ r_f xJ nghtjF kLkyhJ
vzf, braf kW elij Kndwkila Ka njitgLwJ.
J mtfSF jf Niy wghf bragl cj.
X Ma FHijfis ghlfis fj _y xwhf izf
KowJ.fgtU fgtU RWRWghf Uf Ko. fgt fjY
fgt fwY Kiwahd f kW Kiwrhuh f uL xbwhblhW
izJ bragL nghJ ey Kof Vgl rhjfkhf csJ.
fj Ka waf
fj vgJ brfisbfhLfToaJ.
FHij fwYF fhuzkhf UgJ fj.
fj xU FHij jDila NiyF bghUjkhd Kiw af
cjwJ.
fj xU FHij jDila NiyF xJnghf cjwJ.
FHijf aifahd ria tsf fj cjwJ.
281

 fj vgJ FHijfSF rahd braiy rahd Kiw rahd

neu ff cjjyhF.
fj FHijf m, kd tsF, cl, r_f, kd vG ts
Kndwij VgLj cjwJ.
fj bghJthd bfhiff
1. FHijfis jhdhfnt brayhw itF bfhif.
2. g lfis thifnahL bjhl gLJ bfhif.
3. FHijf Mtij L bfhif.
4. fjYF njitahd rahd rhjdfis njbjLF bfhif.
5. Ug brj myJ L L g brj .
rahd Kiw fj gf
FHijf ntiy brjtF crhfkf Toa nehfij bfhoUf
ntL.
gytifahd braKiw lfSF, Vida brafis bragy
rjgfis mFkhW Uf ntL.
bjthd (vzfis) jYF cjtToajhf Uf ntL.
gntW iyYs wik kW m wDnfwthW mika ntL.
fgtf kdiynfwthW UgnfwthW kh mikf
ntL.
Kg tU fF rhjdf gagLjgLwJ
jff: jff FHijfSF a cyfij fhLwd. mtf jf
fUJfis, mfiwl btgLj, RWwij ma, brafis
bjhlf, r_f cfis, Egfis ma kW bgatfSlD jf
taij xjtfSlD bjhl bfhs jff cjwJ.
Kg FHijfSF jff tUtdtF cjwJ
Kj mDgtfis tsgLJwJ myJ TLjyhFwJ.
rahd fUJfis cUthf KowJ.
a (vzfis) fUJfis LwJ.
r_f ezfij VgLJwJ.
aif mHid ghuhl KowJ.
kwtfSl ciuahLtj _y bkh tsia VgLJwJ.
goF gHfij CFwJ.
cW (TJ) nehfiy tsJ bfhs cjwJ.
fgid w kW Mfwid tsgjF jff cjwJ.
fijjff: Maf jffis ftfukhd Kiw fhF
itFnghJ mitf y FHijf Mtij LwJ. fij
TWtj _y jf KGwid btgLj KowJ.
282

fij jffis njbjLgjfhd tKiwf: fijjfkhdJ,

cikia TwToajhf UfntL. Vbd cikF bghF
ntWghL mahjthW Kg FHijf Ughf.
FHijfSF Mtij lToajhf Uf ntL.
tzkakhf ftfukhf Mragljf tifY Uf ntL.
rahd jftiy mgjhf Uj ntL.ryhj jft FHij
kdiyia ghF.
thijf kW xf Mt VgLJ tif Uf ntL.
va thijf thdjhf Uf ntL, njitaw Ff
jfgl ntL.
a jfkhf Uf ntL.
Phd gnrhjid: Phd gnrhjid vgJ FHij mogil
thifia fF Mug fhynyna bjhlFwJ. cikahf
brhYnthnkahdh xU FHij Muh tonyna fwJ. ff gHFwJ.
Phd vgJ UfToa cikahF, gnrhjid vgJ cikid
UjyhF. vdnt FHijfSF fF midij braKiw
gaJ ff br nghJ mtf id iyahf W bfhtjh
v kwgiy.
vLJfhlhf, btgkhdJ, FahdJ vw fUij fF nghJ
gfoia bjhL J FahdJ vW btiu bjhL J btgkhdJ
vW Twhk, FHijiana Fahd xiw btgkhd xiw
bjhLzu brtj _y fUij mtf vjhf fwhf.
Phd gnrhjidfsh VgL gaf
FHijf ff ntoa fUij vjhf ff cjwJ.
FHijf iyahf MHkhf fgjh vfhy fgjF mogilahf
mit cjwJ.
jff goJ fgij l braKiw g tahf fF nghJ mit
f kilajhf csJ vgJ xU Ufgl cikahF.
Phd mDgtf: jfhy ehff kj Phd braf cynyna
thwh. Kg FHijf gy ghlfis (nta, aa, jhtua)
TJ neh Phd fgjh mtf MtK lgLwJ. ma
rh fUJf va Kiw gytif Phd mDgtf _y mtfSF
ffgLwJ.
Phd mDgtdh FHijfSF VgL gaf
Kj mDgtfis bgWtjF cj brwJ.
mogil mit tsf njitahd mogil fUJfis VgLj
cjwJ.
TJ nehF wid mfwJ.
283

 gnrhjid fUf kW njitahd y bghUfis g ma

rjgij mwJ.
urid jiy ff cjwJ.
Muh br vzij Mtij LtjF cj brwJ.
isahL fUf: Kg f vgJ isaho _y fgjhF.
FHijf isahL braf _y fgjF CFgjh MtnjhL jf
Ug ngh fwd. isahL _ykhf fj fH ntLkhdh
foghf mF mfkhd isahL fUf Uj mta. ahb# vw
csa mP TWgo FHijf cikahd mDgt _y mf
fwd vwh. cikahd mDgtyhk v czuhk fF nghJ
FHijf jhf fw fUid vjhf J bfhs ayhJ. jifa
iyahd mDgtf FHijfSF isahL fUf _yK kw fhnf
rhjdfshd fij TWj, khf, tiuglf nghwt _yK
VgLjgLwJ. vdnt, Kg f isahL fUf Ka
Mjhukhd gid twJ.
KgF isahL fUfis
fUJfis kd bfhs ntL

njnjLF

nghJ

tU

FHijf midJ tsF cjtToajhf isahL bghUf

Uj ntL. gyjkhd braf <LgLj rjg mfToa
tif isahL bghUf Uf ntL. vdnt, gyjkhd isahL
bghUfis njbjLf ntL.
FHijf vifF VwthW isahL bghUf Uj ntL.
l ehfSF ciHfToajhf Uj mta.
isahL fUfis thFtjF vts gz csJ vgJ Kakhd
xU fhuzkhF.
gGjilj isahL fUfis JgjF njitahd trf csjh
vgij fU bfhs ntL.
btw isahL fUf: Kg uhkwnyh myJ efwnyh
vUD y isahL bghUf mahtakhd xwhf UwJ.
njitahd isahL bghUf nH bfhLfgLsd.
aikahj bghUf

UgjFj bghUf

-1

F fh

-1

Cr

-1

bk (m) ou igf

-2

_W rfu ir

-2

(CJ brtjF)

bga gJ

-2

bk nfh-u

-1

j CW o

-2

rWf gyif

-1

kz bjho (gyj mRf,

thf, lsf)

bryuhfSfhd TL - 1
-1

jhj kuisf
284

-1

njhl fUf

-1

rfu bghikf

-5

jS gyiff

-2

ML Fiuf

-3

cw isahL fUf: FHijf miw cns isahLtjF

gntW j lfis xJFtJ gntW isahLf isahLtjF trahf
UF. isahL fUfis jj lf tUkhW itfyh.
bghikfitFl: L isahL rhkhf, a rikayiw
ghuf, bjho _W myJ ehF bghikf, nj ghuf, xU j
bgo Mil myfhu bghUf, ifigf, aof, nghwit
njitahditahF. bga miw iu iyfsh bghikf itFlij
fyh.
filf itFl: mLF filf cw isahL bghUf f
KakhditahF. mit gntW brafis ff rjg mwJ.
filf, kudhnyh, bkhjkhd gyifdhnyh Mdjhf Ufyh. kujhyhd
filf kwtiwl f cWahf UF. filfis ey MHkhd
tzjh tz ryh. filf brtf tonyh myJ a brf
khnah, tisthdjhfnth, rJukhfnth, Knfhzkhfnth Ufyh.
filfnshL, kudh Md uf, jlthsf, GF bghikf
nghwtiw mfyh.
Mftkhd braYfhd l: l kuntiyf (bfhny{) fhj
JLfis bto xLj, tz Lj, xLj, Xa, ir
fUfis irj nghw brafSF lij xJfyh. Rf,
bkikahd filf, % oiut, msnfhf, ntiy bra cj gyif
nghw fUf njit. nkY sho fk, kGa ff, tz
Rf, URf, bfhyh{ ntiyF njitahd bghUfshd wFf, iy,
ijf, ku, vj Ff nghwtiw itJ Mftkhd
brafis brayh. ir fUfshf q, a kW bga ouf, fuh
nghwit FHijfSF mf kia bfhLF.
ma Mfhd l: jfzho, fhj, juhR gytifahd villD,
rf, fhg nghwtiw ma Mfhd l itfyh.
jff itgjfhd l: j l fij jff gl jffis
tirahf mykhf mLfyh. mkUtjF gh myJ jiu fis
gagLjyh.
cgnahfkw bghUfUJ isahL bghUfis jahj
gyjkhd isahL brafis cgnahfkw bghUfUJ
cUthfyh. Maf mtf wikid gagL isahL bghUfis
flthW brayh.
FsfUJ myJ efiu nrffgl fkiz FHijfSF
bfhLJ gy Mftkhd isahLfis isahl brayh.
285

 jiu ijf myJ jha tiff _y gytotfis cUthf

brhyyh.
j, btLj, klFj nghw brafSF zhd fhjij
bfhLfyh.
ijafhulUJ zhd JL Jfis bgW Jah Md gJ
kW bghikf bra gagLjyh.
ggir _oid bfhL tz mRfis brayh.
fhahd gl lghfD a ffis nghL YYig jahfyh.
isahL lgu - btw
1. KgJ FHijfSF Fiwjgr 15x 20 rJu l isahL lgu
Uf ntL.
2. FHijfSF ghJfhghd lkhf Uf ntL. mjhtJ FHijf
btna XolhjthW, MgJ kW fhaf VglhjthW jLf
Toajhf Uf ntL.
isahL lgu - cw
1. Fiwj gr 5x7 rJu l lgu mta.
2. miwf btrkhf fhnwhlkhf Uj ntL.
3. ghf kW Fiwthd vil jhthd nkirf Ujh 6 Kj 8
FHijf xwhf Mf ntiyid bra vjhf UF.
4. miw ms 5 x 9 rJu l myJ mjF nkUj eyJ.

tU mltiz 9.3 Kg FHijfSF njitahd cw btw

isahL fUfS kW ir fUf goa mwJ.
286

mltiz 9.3
9.3: isahL fUfS mt gafS

287

fUgyif: fUgyif rhjhuzkhf midtuhY gagLjgL xU fh

rhjdkhF. it tz gyif vd miHfgLtJ Vbd gywf
vGJtjF gyif gagLjgLwJ. m btik w rhFfofis
gagL bka myJ l mGj bfhLJ vGjyh.
fUgyif eikf
xnu xU ujh khztfSF ff UFnghJ fUgyif f
vjhf ilf Toa xU rhjd MF.
fUgyif Mtij LwJ.
ghlf eL Tl jid gagLjyh.
fwtiw L gf, ff rjg mwJ.
vLJfhLfSlD fLiufSlD jf vzfis btgLj
cjwJ.
fUgyif ikf
j nk vGJtjF g iyba fodkhf UF.
xU Kiw ghlfis vG mj wF L njit vwh vGj ntL.
fUgyif vGJgit Kiwahf bragLjgliy v it
fnghUF FHgij isF.
shd nghL: shd nghL fij brhtjF fj nghW kw ghlfis
fgjF cjwJ. glf myJ thijf cs milf w
xlToa j Uj ntL. iyba nghoUJ vjhf nH
G.
288

shd nghlh VgL eikf

1. milf KTona jahfgLtjh ghl fF neuij nrf KowJ.
2. gogoahf ff cjwJ.
3. xU Kiw jid jahJlh vfhyY njitglh gagLjyh.
4. Kiw fF nghJ fgJ eol Toajhf Ugjh, Mtij VgLJ.
5. FHijf ftdij jf itf KowJ.
shd ngho ikf
xU shd nghL kW mjF njitahdtiw jahgJ mf neuij
vLJ bfhwJ.
shd J vjhf ilgiy. mt iy rW mfkhf csJ.
shd ngho gaf: shd nghLf glfis fhf, gy gFfis
izf, gy fUJfis bghUfis ntWgLaa kW FG
thj Kofis shd nghLf _y mayh. gyjkhf jahj
f rhjdfis shd nghL _y btgLjyh.
shd nghil gagLJ Kiwf
shd nghL itgjfhd l mikig Kjnyna lLj ntL.
jdh sgu milf bghUjkhf jahgjF vjhf UF.
tFgiw gagLJtjF K gyid bra ntL.
fgjnfwthW mjid tirukkhf J itj ntL.
fngh ftdij ftu iy Wj cztkhf fj
ntL.
shd nghil mikgjfhd tf
xU rJu l mss giHa Rjkhd fg myJ fUw Jia
vLJ bfhs.
jid xU jodkhd kugyif nk itJ W M myJ gl
bfhL bra.
mj nk glf myJ gagLj ntoa brhf nghwtiw
mJ nk itJ bra.
shZ milf: shZ milf f vjhf Ujkhf xU a bria
iuthf ff cjwJ. shZ milf isahL Kiw atiw ff,
mj _y jf ngRwid tsf cjwJ.
vLJfhlhf, xU FHijF rhjhuzkhf ilfToa fhff
bgafis g fF nghJ fhf totnyna shZ milfis
gagLJ nghJ mj wnjhw fhf totnjhL bjhlilajhf
Ugjh vjhf ff KowJ. jifa milf fhff bgafis
mij bfhL bragl cz tiffis fla FHijfSF cjwJ.
thfdf rgjkhd milf, vLJfhlhf to, fg, yh, fh, Mfha
khd nghwit, yFf ruzhyaF bryhjtf Tl Uf fh
289

rhiyYs gy yFf bgafis ga shZ milf _y mayh.

FHijfSF xl TW nghJ xbthU y bgaiu rahf
fwhf.
khf: khf vgJ xU Kgkhz bghU. mJ cikahd bghU kW
gghf csJ. khf cikahd bghUis l ajhf UF
(vLJfhlhf) cikahd gghd nfhs tot ms ajhfnt
UF myJ mnj msUF, kj ja gntW ghffis FF
khf nghwit. khf cikahd bghU Kakhd mrfis kLnk
btgLJ vyhtiw TwhJ.
khfis khzanu jah br nghJ mJ f wj Kiw
ffgLwJ. kh br nghJ mtf jhf fw fUJfis
bjthf J bfhs id W itJ bfhs KowJ.
kh eikf
1. cik bghU kWgghf ff khf cjwd.
2. fodkhd xiw Tl khf va Kiw FHijfSF a itf
cjwJ.
3. khf jahf gagLJ bghUf Fiwthd iynyna ilwJ.
4. zhF bghUfshd kutf, Jf, lghf, fhjf, kugyiff,
sho fyf, fk, kzJff, eh bghUf nghw cq
RWw ilF bghUfis khf bra gagLjyh.
cikahd bghUf: cikahd bghUfshf yFf, jhtuf kW
ntW y fF rhjdf fF NHYnfg gagLJj. vLJfhlhf
jtisia g fF nghJ glYs jtisia l cikahd jtisia
fhJ fF nghJ fw vjhwJ.
cikahd bghUfis gagLJtjh VgL eikf
fgtfis CFgjF cikahd bghUf cj tnjhL fgij
vjhf brwJ.
fF nghJ xU y Ffis fUJfis bjthf fgjh fw
braw fjhwJ.
khztf jhf fwUJ, TJ nehaUJ brhj
fUJfis cUthf, fg Kndwkila cjwJ.
mLFfilf: sh myJ mLFfilf WFHijf jir kW
kd tsia mfF xU Ka fw fUahF. fwYF f
bghUjkhditahf mit csd. Kg mLFfilf _y
isahLtjh gy fUJfis wikfis ff vjhf cjtjh it
Wtf ghll aikahj xwhf csJ.
bghUSiu: mLFfilf gyj totf, wf jik Ugjh
Kg FHijf jf yf _y ff tiw gagLjyh.
Kg braf Mftkhf, fz ilfhQ tfis mLF
290

filf _y brayh. mLFfilf _y isahL nghJ mtf

totfis g, filfis vthW totikgJ (nk, , mU) vgJ g
mtiw vthW rkgLJtJ kW vQtJ vW mJ bfhs KowJ.
K fj mLF filf: fj wikia gy tf mLF filf
_y ffyh. mit jhf Muha fj cyf gy ndhjfis
fLof cjwJ.
filf tot, cUt, s, mfy kW caufSF Vwh ngh
jj.
gyjf mLF nghJ mj tirukij mJ bfhwd
(Kj, ulhtJ, W nghwit).
mLF filf msf cj X myfhf UwJ.
isaho _y fjij ff y va nff tUkhW,
mLF filfis v mjid Fj.
mjid msid msgjF (s, mfy) FHijfSF cj brj.
skhd filia msJ mj.
Filahdij fLoj.
3D mLF filf _y mt njhw, kW fz il
fLoj nghwtiw J bfhs Ko.
nuah bg bfhL mLF filf Xu tiuJ mj totij
m tiuayh. tiuj mLF filfis vLJL FHijfl
rahd l mjid bghUJkhW Twyh.
mLF filf _y ehlf isahL isahLj
ehlf isahil Mftkhd brafis xbwhL xW izJ
mLF filfis bfhL ffyh. vLJfhlhf jiu J filfis
FJ xU efiu cUthFkhW Twyh. rahdJ jtwhdJ vW xWiy.
efuij mikJ m bghikf tot kjf, fh, kuf nghwtiw
itF nghJ cikahdJ nghy njhW. efuij g fijf TWtj
_y isaho mf crhfij VgLj Ko. fhia cUthF nghJ
FHijfl mfkhd nff nfF nghJ mtf wid mff
br th csJ.
mLF filf _y vGJfis flj
jF vGJf iwj mLF filf njitgLwJ. Kg
FHijf jfbgagh bgUj cilatf. vdnt, vGJf cs
mLF filfis bgaUnfwthW mLF nghJ vGJfis fgnjhL jf
bgaiu fwhf. FHijf bgaiu bga vGJf jh vG
mjid bgyh jf ufis gagL mRfis vLf brhyyh.
mLF filf _y ghlid fw
xbthU FHijlJ xbthU filid bfhLJ mjid itJ
vthW x VgLwJ vW fW ju ntL. filfis Fl neuF
291

jL nghJ vthW xnu jkhf izahd x VgLJwJ vgij

ftFkhW TWj ntL. filfis c fhjjh njF nghJ
gyjkhd x VgLtij fhfyh.
mLF filfis itJ Kg gy vylfh brafis
ffyh. mit tFgiw Mftkhd t cUthf, gagLj
cjwJ. filf a kW bga jirf tsF cjj Ka
gnfwJ. FHijfSfhd ffis njbjLF nghJ vfhy
mjdh VgL isfis g ftj ntL. thwhf kufilf
Kg FHijfSF cl, cs, kW m tsF gytifY
gadf Toajhf csJ.
ghL: FHijf kd csij btgLj xU rjg tHf ntL.
gho _y mtf kd cs afis eKiw btgLjyh. cyf
KGtJ rj iwJsJ. ghlfis ghl fgJ ugJ eKila theh
KGtjF xU brhjhf UwJ.
ghLghLt KaJt
ghL FHijf kdiyia khaikJ gFtgLj jf
czfis btgLj cjwJ.
md vgo elwJ, fofhu rj vthW VgLwJ vgij TJ
neh ghF nghJ mtf jhf fw ghliy thif gw
cjwJ.
FHijf jf Fu RUia Tl, uhfnjhL ghl fW
bfhwhf.
zit uf wid mfgLJtj _y vj braiy
ewhf ftf fW bfhwhf.
Tr RghtKs FHijf Tl kw FHijfSl nrJ ghL rjg
ilj mtfis ffhJ ghjh mFHijf vj ga
brsfakhf Ugij fhz Ko.
Kgfhd
ghlfis
njnjLj:
xbthU
bkhY
FHijfSbfd gy ghlf csd. vnyhUF bghUjkhd xiw
njbjLf ntL.
ghlfis njbjLF nghJ ftf ntoa fUJf
fUJf:
bghU (bghUslf)

aifahd iz

brhf (m) thijf

ms

RU

braf nghwit.

ghlfis uF czid FHijfl VgLj tU fUJfis

kd bfhs ntL
ntL:
ghlfYs thijf bjjitahf, vjhf Uf ntL.
aifahd RUyanjhL Uf ntL.
ghl mj J bfhs Toajhf bjthf Uf ntL.
292

 ghl cs fUJf FHijfSnfw J bfhs Toa iyY

tFnfwhY Uf ntL.
njrg ghlf, uughlf, gwitf, yFf, bghikf ga
ghlf nghwit eyJ.
jeg ghill FHijf FGghlfisna mf Uwd.
FHijf khW kdiynfg, Mtnfg, a cfis
bfhl ghlfis kW Mj mid VgLj Toajhf Uj
ntL.
fijf: FHijf Ma ilna ewit VgLj mtfnshL x
nghf fij TWj xU Kakhd brayhf UwJ.
fij TWtj KaJt
FHijf kwtf czfis milahs fhz cjwJ.
gy ghlf mtf MtF miz nghl fij brhYj cjwJ.
jfSila eho gila kj fyhrhufis gaa cjwJ.
fUJfis fijf _y vjhf FHijfSF
gHfgLjyh.
fij TWtj _y FHijf jf kdf gfis
cUthFtnjhL, gy a brhfis, bkhia g mJ bfhs
KowJ.
fijfis nfL mjid L jhfshfnt TW nghJ a Kiw sf
KgLtjh mtf fF wD mfwJ.
fij Mug, Ko, mj eL csJ vd gy gFahf J fij
nfhitia J bfhwhf.
fij cs rgtf, fjhghuf bgafis id gL
TWtjh mtf Phgfw mff cjwJ.
ehlf eoj: FHijfSF crhfij VgLJtnjhL jdifia
VgLJ gy braf gnff J cjwJ. ehlf, rf, Tl, ehlf
eoJ ghj nghw braf <LgL nghJ FHijf Mtij Ug
bgw kW jf Ra kahijia tsf cjwJ. xU braiy g
thgjF ehlf Mug ahf csJ. FHijf ehlfUJ mj
mogil kW fjhghufUJ a ehlffis cUthFwhf.
vLJfhlhf id v ga ehlf, y khztf xwhf
tlkhf W xU FGid cUthFwhf. mj tl eL xUt vahf
eoJ eL g. FG, tl btna F xUtiu id ngh ghJ
isahL nghJ, id via Ju brtij ngh eoJ isahLwhf.
FG cWdf id via ogij jLwhf. thW eoJ isahL
nghJ via g idia g mtnjhL FG isahL g ff
thgwJ.
293

Kg FHijfSF ehlf tF VghL brj: Kg FHijf

uijl cW nehF Fz cilatf. midJ yfis gagL
vj braiy, vyh braiy ga brfis nrfg. mtf gy
brafis isahLf _yK kW ehlf _yK fwd. K g
FHijf wiu nghy ghrhF brJ isahLtij mf Uwhf. J
mtf Mtij iwntWtJl fgj nehfij iwntw
KowJ.
ehlf tF K g FHijfSF tU t cjwJ
Mftkhf ma MtYila FHijf kdF ehlf tahf
jf czfis fUJfis jfis Rs Niyia
g btgLj KowJ.
ehlf _y FHijf MafnshL fyJiuaho ntiy bra,
jf taij xjtfSlD vjhf x nghf cjwJ.
ehoa: xbthU kjD ehoa _y ffyh. xbthU FHij
eogjfhd rjgF jFilatf. WFHijf kW FWeil nghL
FHijfSF Kiwahd Mftkhd eld mirfis VgL bfhLF
nghJ aifahf, vjhf, jir kW af xUizf VgLwJ.
mogil eld VghL xU ey ghl rhj mDgtij bfhLf Ko. mirf,
ghlf, isahLf nghwt _y FHijf jir ts, r w,
m ts kW kd vG tsF cjwJ.
Jikahd Mftkhd eld:
Mftkhd eld FHijfSF Xl, isahl, rha, Ff, Ug nghw
gy braf brtjF rjg mwJ.
Jikahd eld thbkhahf ghlf kW isahLf _yK
eilbgWtjh a bkhid ff bkh tsF cjtnjhL,
crhfF ttFF.
gJ thu eld tFF brw Kg FHijf fwYF njitahd
mogil midij fgjh Mugg fF v jahuhwhf.
FHijfSF Jikahd vzfis F rKjha KndwF
cjt ff KowJ.
vj xU f KndghL brafY cWahd iy vgJ xU Ka
rhahf csJ.
vdnt,
FHijf
Jikahd
eld
iyahf
ftd
brYJthfnsahdh fUij J bfhL brhfis cUthFjYF nghJkhd
rjg mgjh brafis vjhf J bfhwhf.
Kg FHijfSF Mftkhd elddh VgL eikf
eikf:
j cliy ga xU z VgLtjh vjid vjhf, aifahd
uridnahL Vwhf.
294

 af xUizF, euf afwDF, vjhf tisJ

bfhLfToa jikia bgWwhf.
rKjha kW kdbtG tsF, KndwF cjwJ.
jid ga caj kig faij tsf KowJ.
bkh ts, ftJ cW nehF wD nkgLj cjwJ.
ghljff fj, nghwtiw ff, nghL ghf,
vGJfis J Tw, maiy J bfhs t brwJ.
gF njitahd tFgiw wikfshd, Ffis gWj,
ftj, gJ bfhSj, kwtfSl zfkhf Uj, mtf
njitf kW czfis J bfhs th csJ.
jeglK, FGdlK Mftkhd bghid cUthf
Mugiynyna cjwJ.
9.5. FHijf fhgf mikj (Creche)
FHijfSF Kj MW MLf tHF ngha ft gnk
mtf thif KaJt thjjhf csJ vgJ cyfsha cik.
Maf nkghit gahsfS izJ FHijF vd cUthF
xU ghJfhghd g cyfnk FHijf fhgf MF. xUizj gf neu
ft lkhdJ wjJ Kj 12 taJ tius FHijf f, rJz,
Mnuha, bghGJnghF kW kd njitfis ftJ br
lkhF. FHij fhgff, ViH va kf FHijfis FHij
bjhyhfshf khwhkY, r_f sFwthfshf khwhkY Ugjfhf
nghJkhd ghJfhig tHFlkhf csJ.
FHijf fhgf nehff
1.

Kiwahd g fF FHijfis jahuh xUizj tsia

mf cj gf neu ika.

2.

mtf ts Niy aw tiu Mnuhakhdjhf Uf

cjj.

3.

mtut aifahd RghtF, wiknfwthW y

bjhwikfis ff cjj.

4.

g jhkhf wjJ Kj 12 taJ tius FHijfis gf neu

ghJfhgJ guhkj.

5.

flhagL xU fLikahd NH yhk ghJfhghd mghd Ulij

VgL bfhLj.

6.

gf neuf ey rjhd czfis mF nghJ FHijf jf

bgnwh nghJkhd ftig juiybaY ikaf Mnuhakhf
tsu Niy VgLj.
295

7.

ghtho kW Mug f iy Kiw rhuh f _y mogil m

tsF cjj.

8.

FHijfSF nghJkhd bghGJnghF trfis brJ bfhLj.

9.

FHij gUtJ nehfis jf, f Mnuhakhf tsu

cjj.

10. FHijf bgnwhfSF FHij ft, ts, Mnuha, r_f

isf g fj.
FHij fhgffis lLj:
FHijf fhgffis lL fLghL, Mnuha, ghJfh kW
Vida trf juF VwthW Uwjh vd ftj ntL. FHijf
Ma j, UFl, kw trf, jiu mik, fhnwhl, Rj, cz,
ghJfh trf, X vLF tr kW isahLtjnfw l, Nu,
kW nkyhik trf nghwt rl fSF cgL Mug kW
vfhy bryfSF fLgLsjhf Uj ntL.
FHijf fhgf bjhlF nghJ gw ntoa tKiwf
mogil FHij ey mfiw bfhLstf tUkhW Uj
ntL.
KjYj ga Jiw g bgwtuhf
Uj.
fhgfD foghf bjhiyng
trUj.
mtru MgF cjtToa ms
ahnuD Uj.
FHij eyid g g bgwtuhf
Uj.
FHij fhgf elJnth FHijf
M fhL gajt.
FHijf bgnwhfSF Kija
gahsf kW bgnwhflUJ bgw ey fUJfis gJiu bra
Toatuhf Uj ntL.
FHij ey FG, FHij eyid ga g kW Tlf elF nghJ
miuia TwToatuhf, FHij eyDF njitahd mogil trf
kW gz tHFgtuhf Uj ntL.
FHijf fhgf gntW fUJfis gl 9.3 fhzyh.

296

gl 9.3 FHijf fhgf gntW fUJf

FH
ijf fhgf
FHijf

mogil
kW njit

isahnl
FHijf
fw Kiwahf
UgJ
xUtlUJ
xUt fW
bfhSj
bjhlahd
kLj
rha

FHijfis
ifahSj

Fnfh

KGikahd
tsia
mfgLJwJ.
fgjfhd

thf
ghJfhghd
RWNH

mfhu
kdghik
jirahf
bragLj
#dehaf Kiw

FHijfilna
cs elij
uridf
bghwhik, ga,
ftiy nghw
e l i j
uridfis
jj

gf neu ikafis elJj: FHij ey lf wjJ Kj _W taJ

tiu cs FHijfSF FHijf fhgfkhf, _W taJ Kj IJ
tius FHijfSF ghthoahf, 6 Kj 12 taJ tius FHijfSF
Kiw rhuh f tFfshf bragLwJ. fiy eanjhL, Mftkhf,
isahL KiwY, nkY f bjhlghd lfSF brYj _y f
fw bragLwJ.
FHijf Mnuha ftd brYJj, FHij wgjF KD,
D njitahd ft Kiwfis jhF mj.
rJz - gh, ka cz, ClFiwthd FHijfSF wghd
czf tHFj, kUJt miugo ghL jhF gh tHFj.
f gaz brYj, Hhf bfhlhLj, isahL Hh Ljyhd
isahL nghw braf _y FHijfSF nghJkhd bghGJnghF
trfis mj.
Kiwahd f KiwF FHijfis xUizJ jah brJ
kdiwnthL v bfhs, myJ bjhf gaf cjj.
rKjha ey lfshf xnu vzKila bgnwhfis izJ FHij
ey, Rfhjhu, rJz nghwt g bgw brj.
iy Fiwthd f rhjdfis jahf Mftkhd Tlfis mikJ
bfhLj.
297

 FHijfsh jah bragl Xaf, thJ milf, a igf,

ciwf nghwtiw ffh mikJ f brj, jdh
FHijfSF urid czid mfj.
FHij ey, FHij ts, kW Kiwrhuh fah nghJkhd
gaF lfis njitgLl elJ nghJ mgFYnsh
ij ga zl Ug.
FHijf fhgfUJ bghkyhl, iy Fiwthd f rhjdfis
jahF Kiwf, fhgf thf, nghwt g FHijfSF
gafgLwJ.
thwhf, bgnwhf yhj rka FHijfSF ghJfhghd L
nghw mikig, f tsia kW rJzit FHijf
fhgfkhdJ tHFwJ.

298

dhf
gF - m
I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1.

vgJ uhk wf bragL xU kh gahF.

m) er g

M) khorg

2. xU Kg tUlhu l
m) FWa fhyl

) ghtho
vd miHfgLwJ.

M) lfhy l

) khjhu l

3. xU Kg gntW jiyf

ghll

cgnahfgL.
m) khjhu

M) tUlhu

) thu

4. Kg FHijfSF Kj mDgtfis bfhLgJ

m) jff

M) braghLf

) jff kW braghLf

5. xU Kg KgJ FHijfSF njitahd btw lgu

m) 15 x 20 rJu l

M) 30 x 10 rJu l

6. xU Kg miw ms
m) 3 x 5 rJu l
7.

) 10 x 10 rJu l

Mf Uf ntL.
M) 5 x 9 rJu l

) 7 x 8 rJu l

vgJ X cw isahL fU
m) fW Cr

M) bgnghL

8. xUizj gf neu ft ika vgJ

m) FHijf fhgf

M) ghtho

9. ilfhQ wid
m) filfis vQj

MF.
) Kg

_y fWjuyh.
M) khf

10. glf myJ thijf cs milf

m) shd nghLf

) fW V

M) rhLf

) filf vQj
kW khf
_y ffgLwJ.
) fhj

M) XU thijf ila
ila:
1. VnjD ehF Kg tiffis vGJ.
2. er g vgj fUJ ahuh cUthfglJ?
3. xU Kg xbthU FHijF njitahd jiu gugsit FLf.
4. xU K g xU FHijF njitgL Fiwjgr isahL lms
vts?
5. Kg ghl lf uL tiff vd?
6. Kg FHijf uL Mft braghLfis vGJ.
7. Kg x thuhu braghLf uL jiyfis FLf.
8. btw isahofhd ehF Kakhd fUfis vGJ.
299

9. ma Mfhf njitgL VnjD uL fUfis FLf.

10. ghlfis njbjLF nghJ ftf ntoa VnjD ehF fUJfis
goaL.
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1.

Kg f VnjD ehF Fnfhfis FL.

2. ghtho - tiuaW.
3. xU Kg ghJfh vthW VgLjgLwJ?
4. Kg f mDgtfis vthW mikgh?
5. fij jffis njbjLgjfhd tKiwfis vGJ.
6. Phd mDgtdh VgL gafis FLf.
7. Phd mDgt _y VgL isf ahit?
8. bghikf itFlF njitahd fUfis vGJ.
9. shd nghil gagLJ Kiwfis vGJ.
10. khf gagLJj eikfis FLf.
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1.

Kg f mtaij t.

2. Kg f Fnfhfis tJ vGJ.
3. Kg fol kh tiugl xid tiu.
4. Kgfhd eLiyahd ghll mrfis t.
5. Kg ghll bfhiffis t.
6. ghl lLj, ga fUJfis sF.
7. xU Kg dr ghll vgJ vd?
8. fj Ka waf kW bghJthd bfhiffis t.
9. tU fF rhjdfis sF.
m) jff

M) shd gyiff

10. Phd mDgtf g th.

11. KgF njitahd cw kW btw isahL fUfis mj
gafis mltizgLJ.
12. Kg ghlf KaJtij sF.
13. xU Kg ehlf eoj g t.
14. FHijf fhgf gntW mrfis tiugl _y sF.
15. gfneu ikaf g F tiuf.
300

gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. Kg gntW tiffis g vGJ.
2. ey fol mogil mrf vd? thf vGJ.
3. xU Kg tUlhu ghllij mltizgLJ. y jiyfis
tirgLJ.
4. cw isahL fUf itFl g th.
5. Kg braghLf mLF filf vthW gagLjgLwJ vgij
t.

301

10. Kgf gf
10.1. gntLf (Registers)- tiff, guhkj
xU jgl FHij f njitia lLtY mtf
elijia tgLJtY gntLf Ka gfhWwJ. Kg f
Kiwf, mj isfis kl, gia nkY a cfis ifahL
nkikw brtjF gntLf cjwd. Kg gntLf xU
Ka fUahf csjh Kg wghf bragl cjwJ. gntLf mj
uju jikfhf bgJ klgLwJ. Kg jnghJ
Kakhditahf fUjgLgit vfhyF f gaDsitahf Uf
ntLbk mit g bragLj mta. fl gaf csjh
gyjkhd gntLf guhkfgLwJ.
gnto gaf
gaf:
Kg vthW bragLwJ vgij g xUt mtjF gntLf
bgJ cjwJ.
FHijf ts Kiwfis ma, jgl FHijfis ewhf J
bfhs gntLf cjwJ.
FHij elij uridfis g, ruhr FHijfis g J
bfhtjF midJ tufS mla TL gntL (cumulative record)
cjwJ. bgnwhfS jf FHij btlf vthW elJ
bfhwhf vW ma KowJ.
Mafsh guhkfgL TJ nehF gnto _y Fl
FHijfl cs elij uridf g mtjh mFHijf
jgl njitfis J bfhs cjwJ. vLJfhlhf, gifik jik
mfKs FHij mjid bghik _iy (Doll corner) bghikia mogj
_y btgLJwJ.
FHijf vjF jFahdtf vgij gntoYs tuf_y
mJ bfhsyh. Vbd TLgntL xbthU FHijF
guhkfgLtjh mFHij wikf, gydf, braf g ma
KowJ.

302

 KgYs gntLf _y Maf FHijf y f

rgjkhd elijia g K fJ Tw aY.
gntLf ghllij mikgjF MafSF cjwJ : FHijf
<LghL myJ gF xbthU braY vthW csJ vgij
gnto _y g brtjh FHijfsh vij bra Ko vij bra
KoahJ vd Mafsh fJ brhy Ko. mjnfwgo ghllij
mikf Ko.
gntLf MafSF gil gawJ : FHijfSl UF
nghJ Maf bjhlJ fwhf. Maf gyjkhd fj
Kiwfis gagL mt (gaid) Koid g brJ itfyh.
kLj : K g lfis brafis kL brtjF
gntLf cjwJ.
MuhfSF ntoa tufis gntL mwJ : Kg vgJ kj
cwfis g TW xU nrhjid TlkhF. kj ts kW kj
cwf ga tufis Mafsh itfgL gnto _y mayh.
Kg guhkfgL gntLf
KgUf Toa gytif gntLf kW F jff
tUtd MF.
nrif gntL (Admission Register):: gnto _y gYs
midJ FHijf vif, g nrj eh, taJ, ghd,
nghwtiw ma Ko. nkY FHij FLgij ga TLj
jftfshd bgnwh bga, Kft, kj, rh, ntiy, tUkhd, FLgYs
kw FHijf vif nghwtiw mayh.
tUif gntL ((Attendance Register):: tUif gntL MaUbfd,
khztfSfhf jjahf csJ. gnto _y tF cs
bkhj khztf vif, nkY mFHijf jtwhk gF
tUwhfsh vW, gia L w FHijf ga tu
nghwtiw tUif gnto _y mayh. nkY gnto _y
gF tUtjh VgL gadhf ga tu mayh. y K gf
ka cz cnghUbfd jgntL guhkfgLwJ.
dr brafSfhd gntL ((Daily Activities Record):: gnto _y
dr Kg eilbgW brafis g ma Ko. j _y
Maf vbjj (ff) brafis Jkhahd brafshf khwyh
vgij KobtLf cjwJ.
U gntL (Stock Register):: U gntL 3 tifgL. mitahtd, Kj
tif uju bghUfshd nkir, ehfh, nuh nghwit. ulh tif
gF uju bghUfshd gh, gbf, kW Rj br fUf. _wh
tif mofo cgnahfgLjToa bghUfshd tz bghof, bkGF
bgf, rhFfof nghwit. gntL bkhj bghUf
303

vif, mt iy, thfgl l nghwtiw ga tufis

gnrhJ ghgtfSF mF. nkY gntL MafSF khwgl
ntoa bghUf, r bragl ntoa bghUf, njitaw bghUf g
ma cjwJ.
Mnuha gntL (Health Record):: gnto xbthU FHijbfd
jj jhf csd. t FHijfis ga Mnuha Ff
mlF. FHijfSF Vgl nehf, jLf nghlgl tu, xbthU
khjY vil mfJsjh nghw tuf gnto
FfgoUF. gnto _y Kg FHijf
Mnuhaij rJz iyia msl KowJ.
TL mif gntL ((Cumulative Folders):: xbthU FHijbfd
jj ciwf FHij cl, cs, m, r_f kdbtG ts g
tir ukkhf FfgoUF. K gdh FHijf vjs
gadilJsd, vj gF mtf Kndw mfkhf csJ vW,
D vj gF TLj ftd njitgLwJ vd mtjF j
gntL ngUjahf csJ.
bgnwh Tl mif gntL ((Record of Parent Meeting):: bgnwh rf
Tl kW ghy g braf bgnwh gnf g gnto
_y mayh. g eilbgW gntW braf bgnwhf v
gnfwhf, vj j <LgLwhf kW vj ms mfkhd j
<LgLwhf vW gnto _y mayh.
kw gntLf: tiw ju bgnwh Ma rf g, Maf
FHijf y brW ghitl g, g g M g,
ghitahs Ff, dr ghll, nghw midij g gntLf
jjahf Kg guhkfgLwJ.
jgl FHijia ga gntL (Individual Child Record):: Ma
FHij tsia gntW nfhzf FLwh. cztkhd
ts, jgl, rKjha, bkh kW m ts, mtnwhL Ma
FHij jgl Ugf, wikf Mat FWL fhufis
nrhJ klgLthf. nkY mtDila jgl uridfis Ma
bjJ bfhs KowJ. Fl FHij ts iyia myJ Fl
njitahd cjia btgLJ mj FHij eltoiffis
ffhf MaUF rjg ilwJ.
thwhf gntLf Kg fia lLtY isfis
kLtjF cjwd. bgnwhfSF FHij eltoiffis g,
g mtf Kndwij g bjgjF gntLf
mtakhwd. FHijfis g Ma ewhf J bfhtjF
mtUF gF tU Maf FHijfis g bjJ bfhtjF
gntLf Kg Kakhdjhf fUjgLwJ.

304

10.2. Kg Ma waf, gf
mehisa rlfis zF kD TWgo Ma vgt
gilF fl ukhF xghdt. jFaw kUJt vthW nehah
cUF mghakhf Uwhnuh mijnghynt jFaw Ma ehonf nfL
iswh. Vbd tfsh sFHijf MSik kdJ mfkhf
ghfgLwJ.
wikahd Ma Ka gf tUtd
tUtd:
1. Fzf: Ma vgt caa gfis cilatuhf Uj ntL.
Vbd mtUila eiff, vzf, elij nghw Fzf
FHijfis mf ghwJ.
2 . csay: FHijf Kndw kW mtfSila uridf g
ewhf mJ mtiw jgjF mogilahd csay f mta,
iyba neu, r, kj ts nghwit frkhd ms zhF.
Vbd FHijf jah ntWghLfis g ma FHij csa g
Ma Xus fwjtuhf Uj ntL.
3 . uJ bfhS Kiw: Ma fF KiwahdJ rahd Kiw
UFnghJ mtUila fj f gadf Toajhf, Ugjf
isfis cilajhf UF.
4. FHijf jjikF kgj: vj FHijia (rhJthd)
Cikahd yid ngh elJj TlhJ. Vbd xbthU FHijF
xU jjikL. f ufank FHijfis (mf)
kgYsJ. vdnt, FHij vzfSF kgj ntL.
5 . ghugrkw KiwUj: xU Ma, xU y FHijfSF kL rYif
mgtuhf Uj TlhJ. vyh FHijfis xnu khahf ghj
ntL.
6 . bghWik: ifoas bghWik (fhy) mf ms _isia l gaDsJ (A
handful of patience is better than a bushel of brain) vgJ xU lR gHbkh. ey
gHf tHff xU eh VglhJ. FHijfis rahd tF bfhL
tu J fhy mtfhrK bghWik njitgLwJ. vdnt, Ma
bghWiklUj ntL.
7. Muh kdghik: gHikahd fUJf Kiwyhk, ed cfis
tFgiw gagLj ToatuhfUj ntL. jDila neuij
Jtifahd fj Kiwfis MuhJ nj bra Toatuhf Ma
Uj ntL.
8. cikahd Mf brYJgtuhf Uj ntL: FHijfSF
Fiwthd cjufisna wj ntL. Vbd mfkhf flisL
nghJ mjF gayhk nghwJ.
9. ftJ Fw rhLjY rahd KiwUj mta: ghuhLjY
Fw rhLjY uL Kakhd nghfU ngh, Ma mjid ftrkhf
305

gagL FHijfSF fj ntL. nkY ghugr mjid

gagLj ntL.
10. ghlf yik bgwt: jDila ghlf mf yik bgwtuhf
Uj mta. jDila g VnjD Fiw U khztf
Kiy mt kig FiwF. Ma xU bghahf Ujh jh
khztf kdij CFf Ko.
11. dr Ffis jah brj: Ma vts wikftuhf,
mDgtrhahf UD fjYF K Ffis jah brj mta.
12. jid jhnd kL brj: Ma jid g Ra kL brJ
jDila gydfis r brJ bfhs ntL. iug TWgo
Maiu bghWjtiu RakL brj vgJ xU Ka njitahd
fUahf bragLwJ.
13. eifRitz: Mauhdt aifahfnt eifRitzlD,
ey gfSlD UgJ Ka. it thifF Ka MjhukhF.
14. kd czf ujik cilatuhUj: Ma czf
iy jik khztfis ghwJ. kaW, kdnrh kW
mUila Ma jDila khztfis kahfnth, xJ nghf
Toatuhfnth Uf cjt KoahJ.
15. nf nfF wik kW Ma KDjhuzkh Uj: tFgiw
Ma btahdJ mt nf nfF wid bghWjJ. jtwhk nf
nfF Ma Fiwyhk fwh. Ma cjuLgtuhfnth ntiy
thFgtuhfnth yhk cj gtuhf tfhoahf Mnyhrid
TWgtuhf Uj ntL.
fw - fj wghf fH MaUfhd y gJiuf

bghUjkhd Ma khzt cwid VgLj.

tFYs FHijfSF Mtkf Toa tif Uj.
fnghl g fhj.
j ntiyia efJ mg czl ntiy brgtuhf Uj.
nghJkhd f fF rhjdfis gagLJj.
va, bjthd bkh fj, fij TWtjF bjUj.
ja khztl j ftd brYj Toatuhf Uj.
FHijfilna nf nfF Mtij Lgtuhf, nfF
bghUjkhd gyf Toatuhf Uj.

bghWikahf, eifRitz cilatuhf, eakhf mHfhf ngr

Toatuhf Uj.

kbgfis mg ahakhdtuhf, FHijflJ

kjhkhdftuh Maf Uj ntL.
fw fj VG mogilf: xU Mia j fjiy nkY bkUTl
tU fUJfis kd bfhs ntL.
306

ah fgJ?
ahUF fgJ?
V fj ntL?
vnf fj ntL?
vgo ff ntL?
vij ff ntL?
vbghGJ ff ntL?

togil fUJf MaUF fjiy nkY gadf Toa

tif Uf cj. g kLnk fF jhgdiy. rujhakhf yhk
o bgnwh, cl wjtf (mz, jif) nghnwhU, nrJ isahL
egfS, khzt rKjha nghwit tFgiwF btna fgjF cj
brwJ. g, oF Jizahf, L gF Jizahf UJ
fjYF cj j ntL.
Kg Maiu kLj: kLj vfhy ghllf
Kndw Vgl bra cjwJ. xU Kg Mia jDila f
ghllf _y FHijf vj ms ga milJshf vgij j
lfis vj ms iwntsh vW kL brayh.
tiuaiw: kLj vgJ xU r ghF brayhF. mJ nkY Knd
brtjF cjwJ. fw Fnfh vj ms milJsd vW mj
ju, brawid ffhf cjwJ. bjthd Fnfh U kL
brj vjhf UF. zfgl Fnfhis mogilahf bfhL
l btia myJ njhia khf Ko. xbthU Kg
MaU zj Fnfh _y FHijf vj msF ga
milJsd vW r ghj ntL.
kLj nehff: Kj iy kL brj y nffSF il
ilf brwJ.

f l Fnfhis mila Mia nkbfhS eltoif

Kndw vd?

Mia Fnfhf mila Toadth?

g ghll khw njitah?
kL br nghJ xU Mia, kbwhU Mial f juij
nkgLj xikgL ghfyh. xU jgl FHij nj mifia
bgnwh ftdF mD nghJ Kg g ey vz bghJ kfSF
VgLJwJ. nkY bghJ kfSF gia g ekig tsJ e iyia
VgLJ.
kLj Ka Fnfh, khztf Fl gHff
nghwtiw ma rahd ms nfhiy nj brJ, cUth, bragLJj
nghwit mj Ka gofshF.
307

Kg xbthU tUl KoY ghy g Ma

bfhLfgLs Ff bragLsjh vd jid jhnd
kL brJ bfhs ntL.

FHijah W jirfis xUizf Kowjh?

mj FHij gF bry jah iy csjh?

FHijah totfis btl, glfis tiua Kowjh?

vj msF bga jirf xUizig bra KowJ?
mtdh gij X Fl ir va Kowjh? mtid neh vagL
gij of Kowjh?
totfis mJ bfhLsjh?
gyj xfis ntWgL mwjh?
tzfis milahs fhwjh?
FHijah ruskhf J bfhL vzij btl Kowjh?
goF nghJ FHijah J bfhs Kowjh?
jid Rs Niy g FHijah mJ bfhs Kowjh?
KG Mo l braghil kWgo M brJ Mia kL bra
ntL.

lij kL bra Mia mtuJ gid ga y nffSF

g mJ mtnu kL fla ntL.

ghl Fnfhis mila Kowjh?

fw mDgtf vit Fj Mtij khztilna VgLaJ. V?
l vgF njhailjJ. V?
l VnjD khWj bragLsjh?
brafSbfd xJfgl neu cfjjhf csjh?

xbthU Kg Mia lij kL brJ FHijfSF

llthW bragl Kojjh iyah vW bjJ bfhs ntL. nkY
jdh khztf ga miljduh vW ma ntL.
10.3. braKiw l - jgltiu g mj (Case study),
), nf
gotf ((Questionnaire)) TJ nehFj ((Observation),), r_f bjhlfis
mj ((Sociometry)
braKiw
raKiw l njhw ((Origin of the Project Method):):
braKiw l vgJ kw Knghfhd Kiwfis ngh f l
jfhy jidahsf Ka gf MF. braKiw l khztfSF
mfkhd brafis bra thgwJ. l bra t fwiy
thif uridfis eilKiwF Vwhngh ifahs ttFwJ.
braKiw l vgJ jf kLnk bgwToa mF vuhd u l
MF. midJ jkhd brfis FHij kdghl brtUJ f vjhf
Co bfhLgUJ ghJfhwJ.
308

Kiw thd bjhlf Ugjh, it gy brafSfhd

braKiw lfis bfhLsJ. ehlf, khfis cUthFj, tiugl
kW gl tiuj, glf nrfj, brjhf btoa gFf xoa
jf (Scrap books), RWyh brYj nghw braf FHijfSF
mDgttkhf fwiy mfgLJwJ.
tiuaiw:
J.A. Otr TWgo, braKiw l vgJ fyhd braiy mj
aif NHYnfg vLJ brW KogjhF.
a gh TWgo, braKiw l vgJ Fl
nehfKs braiy KG kdJl, r_fNH eilKiwgLjgL brayhF.

braKiw l bfhiff:
1. nehfij mogilahf bfhlJ: nehfij mogilahf bfhl m
FHij jDila Fnfhis czJ bfhs CFwJ.V thW y
brafis brwh? vd FHijF xU vz Vglyh. mjyhj
brafsh Mtij VgLj KoahJ.
2. braiy mogilahf bfhlJ: FHijf aifahfnt RWRWghdtf.
vdnt mtf RWRWghf brafis brtjF Vw rjgfis VgL
bghUfis brJ ghgj _y mJ bfhs bra ntL. cl kW m
rgjkhd braf bfhLfgl ntL. brafis bra mtfis
mDkgnjhL, bra _y thH fW bfhLf ntL.
3. mDgtij mogilahf bfhlJ: mDgtnk ey Mrh. mDgt _y
FHijf a fUJfis mJ bfhs cj.
4. r_f mDgtfis mogilahf bfhlit: FHij r_f X
cUs mf. vdnt, r_f thifF Vwgo mtid/mtis jah bra
ntL. braKiw l Kiw, FHij FGfshf ntiy brt.
5. cikia mogilahf bfhlJ: thif X cik. vdnt, fW
bfhLF f mjKsjhf, cikahf Uf ntL.
cikahd thif thH FHijia mjnfwh ngh jah bra ntL.
309

braKiw l Kiw cikahd thif iyia jUwJ.

6 . Rjuij mogilahf bfhlJ: FHijF KG Rju ilgjh
jid KGtJkhf, Rjukhf btgLj KowJ. mt jDila brafis
njbjLf RjuK, mbra mtDila Mt, njit kW
wDnfwthW mikfgl ttFwJ.
7 . gagL Kiwia mogilahf bfhlJ: mit eilKiwF Vwh ngh
gagLdh jh mJ cgnahfkhdJ. gHikahd Kiw f mgj _y
Kiwahd kW th tahd brfis bfhLgnjhL Fiwj gaidna
bfhLwJ. braKiw l Kiw gntW vzfis, fUJ
kLfis cUthFwJ. it eilKiw ghF nghJ mf
KaJt bgWwJ.
braKiw l gof:
1. ntiyfhd NHiy mj:
xU bra Kiw lij vLj bfhs, Ma xU cikahd iyia
VgL bfhLf ntL. mit khztf m, cl, r_f, bghUshjhu
kW tuF cgL Uf ntL. braKiw l vgJ jahd myJ
FG braghLfshf Ufyh.
2. njbjLj kW nehf:
njbjLfgl braKiw l bjthd njit myJ nehfij
bfhljhf Uf ntL. nehf Koj ms tFYs midJ
khztfS VW bfhsjf tif Uf ntL. Ma xU tfhoahf
Uf ntLnkbaha, jDila fUJfis f TlhJ. FHijf
braKiw lij jhfns nj brtjhf idf bra ntL.
3. lLj:
bjthd ll ey Kofis bfhLF. xbthU FHij
jDila Mnyhridfis bfhLf CFfgl ntL. Ma xbthU
khzt bfhLfToa wf myJ tsfis ftd bfhs ntL.
Ma lLj bjhlghd brfSnfwgo y lfisKdnu jah
iy itUf ntL. vdnt, khztf ey Kiw uridia
ifahs it cj.
4. lij iwntWj:
jgo jh kwitfis l skhdJ. mf ntiyf csJ MF. KG
bra lK midJ khztf xJiH kW Kaah iwntwgl
ntL. braKiw l gntW braghLf tF cs ntWgl
FHijf Mt kW wid bghWJ J bfhLfgl ntL.
iy jh khztf gy braf <LgL cgnahfkhd gntW
mDgtfis fwhf. brfis nrfgJ, btntW bkhfis goj,
vGJj, fzFfis g brj, iyfis fzLj, tiuglij ghj,
btntW tifahd bghUf cUkhfis nrfj, lgu sij
msj, mfhof, Uf fh rhiyfis ghitl, tabtf kW
310

isr yfis brW ghj nghwt FHijf jfis RWRWl

<LgL bfht.
5. kLj:
ntiyf Kowl, Ug M bragl ntL. braKiw
l gntW gof elj jtWf magL ghlf fW bfhsgl
ntL. braKiw l _y vit fW bfhsgld vgij
khztf fla ntL.
6. g brj:
braKiw l bjhlila midJ braghLfis KGtJkhf
g bragl ntL.
braKiw l gaf:
1. fw fis mogilahf bfhlJ: it csa ahd fw
fis mogilahf bfhlJ.
fwYF jahuhF : go eKila kd mit bgWtjF
jahuhdl jh fw eilbgW.braKiw l khztfSF Vw
Niyia VgL mtf csij fgjF jahuhFwJ.
g : fw vgJ g _y jh brayhfgLjgLwJ.
braKiw l khztfSF Vw NHiy VgL mtf csij
jahuhFwJ.
:
is ga :go
fF iy Uahf, kahf
UF nghJ fw vgJ r thjjhf, gydf Toajhf
UF. khztf jf brafis jhfns kh mikF nghJ
mstw k milwhf.
2. thif bjhlilaJ: thifl beUa bjhlila mjKs kW
xU Fl nehfKs braf khztf <LgLjgL nghJ fw
cikahd mDgtkhwJ. thif cikahd uridfSl bjhl
bfhs FHijfSF xU ey th ilwJ.
3. midJ ghlfS xWbfhW bjhlilaJ: braKiw l
ghllJl xUizJ bragLwJ. cWahd nehfJl
bragLw brafSF fw xU JizbghUshf ilwJ.
4. #dehaf Kiwgo thH g mwJ: Kiw xU bghJthd
nehffhf khztf xWikahd ntiy bra nghJkhd gawJ.
5. Foikfhd gia mwJ: mogil gfshd r jik,
Rju, wj kdJl bragLj, wfis tsJ bfhSj
nghwtiw khztfl mfiwl fg g mwJ.
6. ntiy kid cWgLJwJ: ntiy kid caj
braKiw l _y fW bfhLfgLwJ. khztf jfSila
iffshnyna br nghJ ntiy brt xU ca gid fW bfht.
7. uridia rbrt KaJt bfhLwJ: kdghl brJ kd
iy WJ Kiwia bra Kiwl Kiw CFgiy. uridia
311

F Kiwia fW bfhLg ftd brYJwJ. khztf jid

(thinking) kW jf mid tsJwJ.
8. Ra kW r_f xGf: FHijf jhf njbjLj ntiy RWRWghf
bragLtjh FWjdf brtjfhd thf ilgiy.
Fiwf:
1. mtkhd ntiyfis jgJ: m rhj ntiyfis l ifntiyf
brtJ braKiw l mf. jid wdhthsf, FHijf
khfis cUthFtJ nghw ntiyf mfkhd <LgLjgLwd vd
thLwd.
2. Fl nehf yhjJ kW fj xWbfhW bjhl
yhk Uj: xU braKiw lnyna midJ ghlfis
bfhLtu KoahJ. Kiw _y gy jiyf fW bfhLf Koahj iy
csJ.
3. fhy mltizia ghf ToaJ: braKiw l Kiwf xU iyahd
khwyhj fhy mltizia gWtJ ayhj fha.
4. L L g br Kiwia wfwJ: Kiw g
mF Kiwia wfwJ. gy ghlf wid tsg cjtiy.
khztfSF fj goj, brhfis vGJ To brhYj, tiuj
nghwt jFj ms g Kiw ilgiy.
5. jFj ghl jff totikg f: braKiw lF Vw
ghljffis cUthFtJ vjhd fha iy. mJkLkyhk
braKiw lij eilKiwgLJtjF njitahd bghUf mf bry
bfhlJ. rhjhuz gfSF Kiw bghUjkhdiy.
6. bghWig jofgtUF, Tr Rght cilnahUF J Vwjy:
y khztf, bghWig VW eljhjtf dh UJ bfhL f
Fiwj msnt ntiy brt.
7. W FHijfl mf eifia VgLJwJ: FHijfmtf
UgnfwthW njbjLgJ cfjjy.
8. wiks Maf gwhFiw: Kiw btfukhf elf, mf
wDs, mwDs Mafs njitgLwd. Kiw MafSF
mf Rikia bghWig VgLJwJ.
braKiw l kW rhjhuz tFgiw fj:
Maf Kj kW Ka bghW vdbt khztf eilKiw
uridfis f jirahd Mtij VgLj Toa Fl NHiy
VgL bfhLf ntL.
khztf Mt, Ug, wik kW njitfis Maf fla
ntL.
gntW fhf glf khztfSF fhfglyh. RWw iyf
ga tuf nrffglyh.
braKiw lfhd fF l kW ntiy Mait HhfUJ
312

vLfglyh. Ma jFila NHUJ midJ tsfis bt

bfhzu ntL.
rhjhuz tFgiw fj csij l braKiw l Kiwf Ma
khztfilna f beUa bjhlid VgLJwJ.
jh kdghiks khztf jfSila w jikia btgLj
Ma Lnfhyhf Uf ntL. khztf jdFjhnd cj bra
Maf cjt ntL.
braKiw l #dehaf Kiwgo elFkhW Maf ghJ bfhs
ntL. Maf mf ms, MJ gofntL. Mafl
njitahd ms bghWik, w, m, kW neik Uf ntL.
jegiu g mj ((Case Study):):
jegiu g (case study) mj vgJ, xU mayhs myJ xU
Muhahs xU j eg elij kdbtGf, eif kW thif
tuyhW g f MHkhf Muhj MF. kh Mf eilKiw uridfis
flJ, rhjhuz elijUJ khWgl ToatfSF njitahd
iria, Mnyhridfis tHFtij Ka nehfkhf bfhLsJ.
j Kiw Kakhf jeg tuyhiw cslaJ. jegiu ga
tuyh FHij giHa kW a mDgtfsh VglToa Ka ghf
g flj MF. xU jgl FHij thif eilbgw Ka
ff midJ FfS mla gntL FHij giHa tuyhiw
ma bgJ cjwJ. j TL Ff mla gntL FHijia g
wghf mJ bfhs, csayhs FHijia nff nfL ir
bra cjwJ. jegiu g mj (case study) vgJ elij khWghL
cstf (deviants) g mJ bfhs cjtjh, ij xU kUJt Kiw
vnw miHfyh.
jft nrfgjfhd dh bjhF Kiw ((Questionnaire method):):
dhbjhF Kiw vgJ Muhfhd xU ghlid ga dhtir
MF. dh bjhF bgnwh, Maf, kwtf myJ jid gna
mJ bfhs MtKs FHijnf bfhLfglyh. dhf, mjj
a bjhlila egfsh uggl ntL. jft nrfgjfhd dh
bjhF Kiw uL tiff csd. xW tiuaWfglhj Ko bfhlit
(open-ended) kbwhW bjhluhk Ko bfhlit (close-ended). tiuaWfglhj
Ko bfhl dhbjhF Kiw ilagt jDila fUJfis
mtUila brhj thijfnyna vGjyh. bjhluhk Ko bfhl dh
bjhF Kiw (close-ended Questionnaire)- gf midJ
bfhLfgoUF. ilagt vjhf m Flh nghJkhdJ. Kiw
FHij ts Kiwia g mt Kakhd KiwahF. ey dhbjhF
Kiw, dhf bjthf, rahd Kiw thijf mikfgL
UF. dhf vjhf gyf Toajhf, f skhf UfhJ.
TJ nehFj ((Observaton):
midJ maY TJ nehFjiy mogilahf bfhlJ. FHij
313

ts KiwY cikfis nrff Kiw xU mogilahf

bfhsgLwJ. xU Fl fhyF FHijfis TJ nehdh
mtfis ga bjthd gfis mJ bfhsyh. Kija fhyf,
Phd fUf ilfhjjh TJ nehFgtf jbrayhd llglhj
TJ nehFjiy brJ mj gfis bjhlJ g brJsd. iwa
TJ nehFj braifahd fUfshd onah fhuh (video camera) kW nl
fhl (tape recorder) Matiw bfhL f bjthf brfis g brJ
bfhs Ko.
TJ nehFj vgJ xU eilKiwF cjtToa Muh MF. J
kf ts, bjhl kW elij ga brfis nrff xU kf
fUahF. FHij ga Muhf, rahd TJ nehFj wf
brfis g bra cjwJ. Jiw gy tif TJ nehF Kiwf
gagLwd. mitahtd:
aifahd NH TJ nehFj
gnfgt kW gnfgt yhj TJ nehFj
aifahd NH TJ nehFj ((Naturalistic observation):):
aifahd NH jeg elijia TJ nehFtnj KiwahF.
eh KGtJ xU FHij brafis TJ nehFtJ, bgnwhUF
FHijF ilna VglToa bjhl brafis TJ nehFtJ nghwit
aifahd NH TJ nehF KiwF y cjhuzfshF. TJ nehFgt
aifahd NH il FWlhk ghJ bfhs ntL. aifahd
NH TJ nehFj, Kiwgo mikfglhk myJ xU Fl flikf
yhk elf ToaJ. xU FHij brafis vj xU zfgl
FnfhS yhk Kiwgo yhk mgona g bragLwJ. aifahd
NH TJ nehFj kj Fzeyfis ga cikfis ma
cjwJ.
gnfgt kW gnfgt yhj TJ nehFj ((Participant and nonparticipant observation):
FHij elijia TJ neh g br nghJ, TJ nehFgt
FHijf braghLf fyJ bfhL, mnj rka FHij elijia
g brth. tif TJ nehFj gnfgt gF bgW TJ nehFj
(participant observation) vW bga. y rkaf, TJ nehFgt braghLf
fyJ bfhshk FHijfis ftJ, mtfSila brafis kL g
brth. Kiw gnfgt yhj TJ nehFj (non-participant observation)
vd miHfgLwJ.
vjtifahd TJ nehFjyhf UjhY rahd bghU sf
bfhLfgl ntL.
r_f bjhlfis mj ((sociometry))
nrhnahuh (Sociogram) vgJ xU FG egfSF ilna cs
bjhlid TWtJ. jDila nehf vdbt FG flikig
mtjhF. mjhtJ e Kiwf, is FG flik Mat mogil
314

tiyd g mtjhF. xU FG FHijF cs bjhl,

xUtUbfhUt cs bjhl nghw brfis nrhnahuh _y bgwyh.
nrhnahuh MaUF Mw f fUahf, xU FG elijia g
Ma eF J bfhs, mj _y FGit tf, ghllfis
jahf cjwJ.
10.4. jsgaz - Fnfhf, lLj, ftf ntoa Ff,
jsgaz brtjF Vw lf
jsgaz:
jsgazij lLtJ vgJ FHijfSF ey thfis
VgL jUwJ. K gfhd ghllfis kW braghLfis
cikahd eilKiw thif ghf Toa thid mwJ.
nehff
cW nehFj _y khztf thG NHYF Vw Kj mDgtfis
bgWwhf.
khztfis fwYF CFwJ. bghUfis MuhtjF, a
cfis bgw, ey thfis VgL jUwJ.
jsgazij lLj
lLj:
FHijf fw mDgtfis tFgiwF btna bfhL brtj
_y cikahd mDgtfis bgW mtfis Rs cyif J bfhs
t tFF. Kg js gaz btfukhf mika mf ftdJl
ll gl ntL. iyba ntoifahf bt brYj mghaij
FHgij VgLJ xwhL.
1. jsgazF nghf ntoa lid Ko brj
FHijfSF ojkhd lfis nj bra ntL. mnf,
FHijf ghF bghUf ytiw bjhLzu, MuhJ ghf tr
Uf ntL. FHijfSfhd bghUfh iya (Childrens museums), Uf
fh rhiy (Zoo), fhf kW fhaf (Aquarium) nghwit RWRWghd
K g FHijfis FGthf To bry fgidia L rahd
lfshF.
rahd neuF Kdjhfnt Ko brj lfSF brYtjh X
miw, x lf, cns kW btna brY tf nghwtiw mJ
bfhsyh. jsgazF njbjLfgl lfSF xU Kiw brW M
brtjh (previsit) tFgiw cs FHijfSF njitahd w
njitfis brJ ju VghL brayh. mnef lf bga FGfshf tu Toa
FHijf ghitl VJthf Uf ntL. vdnt Kg FHijf nghF
lF bry ntoa nj, l kW brW mila Toa neu Matiw
bjgJ egghF.

315

2. nghFtuJ vj vd Ko brj
jsgazF brY Kg FHijf midtU trahf mku
Toa tif thfd rahd ms Uf ntL.
3. bgnwhl mDk o njl ifbaGJ thf ntL.
jsgaz brtjF xW myJ uL thufSF Kdnu mDk
L oF mDggL bgnwhl ifbaGJ thfgoUf ntL. it
bgnwh brfis gof, gazF njitahd VjhtJ bryf Ujh
mjfhd VghLfis bra njitahd mtfhrij mF.
mDk o, brY l, jsgazF njitahd bry, wgL neu
kW U tu Toa neu Matiw tirgLUf ntL. FHijf
vj cil mJ tu ntL vw F bfhLfgoUf ntL. Kg
FHijfmidtU ufhrkhd wKila nkril, m FHij bga,
FHij guhk iya myJ g bjhiyng v bghfgl Ff
Ujh eyJ. Vbd xUntis FGlUJ J brwh FHijfis
fltJ vJ.
iwa iy bgnwhf Fj ntiy gSl Ugjh, mtf
jsgazij kwf nelyh. vdnt, FHijfSfhd jsgazfhd
mDk o njl ifbahg Ltjfhd KaJtij el
Phgf_lyh. tFgiwFns m gyif jsgazfhd
Phgf_L Ff xlglyh.
4. jirahf cj br bgnwhfis nrJ bfhsyh.
bghWghd y bgatfis FHijfSF ghJfhghf agjh
FHgkhd i VgL Mgid Fiwfyh. xbthU egU FHijf
W FGfis jsgaz KGJ bghWghf ftJ bfhs afglyh.
5. mtru fhyF njitahd rhkhf cs igia jahj
mtru fhyF njitahd rhkhf mla ig mfgoahd khW
Jf, f Rjkhd if JilF Jf (sanitizing hand wipes), ikahd
ngLf (cleansing pads), if ng (cellphone), Ka kUJt Ff, mtru
fhy bjhl bfhs ntoa vf, fhaf fL J (bandages) kW
bka J (gauze) Mait Uf ntL.
6. mtnghJ FHijfis vQtJ
W FHijf R bfhoUgij Uthf. vdnt, midtiu
vzhk xU lUJ kW lF bry TlhJ. midJ FHijfS
xnu l UjhY mtnghJ jiyfis v bfhStjh vj
FHij jt nghtUJ ghJfhf Ko. Kg jsgazf
ftdkhf, xGfhf lL nkbfhs glh Kg FHijf
ghlf tFgiwF mghgl fjiy bfhL tuyh.

316

Kgfhd btw jsgazf

btw jsgazf myJ aifahd NH elgJ nghwit
FHijfSfhd mHa btw braghLfis VgLJ. mnj rka Kg
FHijf a bghUfis ff vjhwJ.
FHijf kW khztfSF Vw jsgazf
fht iya (Police Station):: FHijf fhtyiu g bjJ bfhs
ttFF. r_f mtf ntiy, rlij eilKiwgLJtJ vthW
vgij mJ bfhthf.
aiz iya(
iya(Fire Service Station):: FHijf kW Kg FHijf
aiz gil uf, mtf ntiy gu g bjJ bfht. aiz
tofis g mJ bfht. vthW iu VWtJ, aiz uf vthW
e midtiu fhghWwhf vgij kW UJ ghJfhgJ vthW
vgij mJ bfhs Ko.
yf ((Library):: FHijf yf cs jffis mJ bfhthf.
yf KaJtij, yff br ntiyfis mJ bfhthf.
mij ju FHijf jf cs VnjD y fijfis gof
brayh.
Uf fh rhiy(
rhiy(Zoo):: Kg FHijf Uf fh rhiy vgJ vd
vW, fhghsf bra Toa ntiy, mtf vthW yFfis
guhkwhf vgij mJ bfhthf. gyjkhd yFf tiff,
jfSila brhj ehil nrjit kW kw ehLfUJ tjit g
mJ bfhwhf. mnj nghW kw tFd yFfshd gwitf, Ctd
kW ghLgit g mwhf.

njhlfSl Toa fh ((Garden park):: aif tdf y, njhlfiy,

btntW tifahd jhtuf, f kW FWbrof g mJ
bfhwhf. btntW wf kW RW NH Kjyhditfis g mJ
bfhwhf.
fhoF elJ brYj (aifia uJ elj): FHijf aifia
ma gHFwhf. aifia nfL, ghJ, thrid _y mwhf. iyf,
f, bfhilf kw bghUfis nrfj, tiw tFgiw
317

FHijfSfhd ma braghLf bgjh fhL fzho _y mij

Muha, VnjD fiy ga bra Kiw lij FHijfis bra itf
cjwJ.
u iya ((Railway Station):: Kg FHijf if toia bgJ
Ut. mtf if toia g ma, u iya ifto tUtJ
g mJ bfhs cj. rjij mJ bfhs, ifto
XLel ngr, ifto xU W RWyh bry cj.

khd iya ((Airport) : FHijf kW Kg whf khd iya

msit bghWJ a uf khdfis ghf Ko. th nghFtuJ, vthW
khdf gwwd, vthW bjhl bfhwhf vgij nghw brfis
FHijf mwhf. khd Xol ngr, kw gahsf ntiy
tuf g ma ey thgwJ.

gbghU mfho(
mfho(Grocery Store):: gntW tifahd czfis g FHijf
mJ bfht. cz bjhFf, cz bghUf vthW filfSF bfhL
tugLwJ kW Mnuhakhd czit njbjLj g mJ
bfhwhf.
Kg FHijf btw braghLfis jsgaz brafis
Ut. mtfis Rs bghUf J vbghGJ mf Mt bfhoUg.
mtf thG r_f gF bgW kjf g yFf, aif g
mJ bfhs Mt bfhoUg.
bjhlj ((Follow up)::
jsgazf bjhlj vgJ KftUF e bjF fojfS,
khztfis ju jsgaz btF fhuzkhdtfSF e
bjgjhF.
318

dhf
gF - m
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. Kg
bragl cjwJ.

xU Ka fUahf csjh Kg wghf

m) uJ

M) jff

2.

) gntLf

xbthU FHijbfd jj jhf bfhljhf csJ.

m) Mnuha gntL

M) TL mif gntL

) bgnwh Tl mif VL.

3.

vgt gilF fl ukhF xghdt vd kD TWwh.

m) Ma

4.

M) bgnwh

) eg

xU r ghF brayhF.
m) nkyhik

5.

M) lLj

) kLj

vgJ fyhd braiy mj aif NHYnfg vLJ

brW KogjhF.
m) RWyh

M) braKiw l

6. bra Kiw lbkgJ Fl

NH eilKiwgLjgL brayhF.
m) nehf

) jsgaz.

cs KGkdJl rKf

M) ga

) Fnfh

7. csa ahd fw tiff

m) 2

M) 3

) 4

8. j egiu g mj vgJ

cslaJ.

m) cau kW vil tu

M) neh tufis mj

) jeg tuyhW
9. midJ maY
m) fhuzfisaj
10.

mogilahf bfhlJ.
M) cWnehFj

) nefhz

vgJ xU FG cs egf bjhlid TWtJ.

m) bebth

M) nlhuh
gF - M

II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. bra Kiwl tiuaW.
2. gntL vwh vd.
3. dh bjhF tiuaW.
4. jegiu gaj vwh vd?
5. nrhnahuh (Sociogram) vwh vd?
319

) nrhahuh

6. TJ nehf Utiff ahit?

7. jsgaz vwh vd?
8. kLj gofis FLf.
9. vbkb# oYs bghUf ehif FLf.
10. aifia uJ elj vwh vd?
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. U gntL g vGJ.
2. fw - fj wghf fH njitahd gJiuf Iid FLf.
3. fw fj VG mogilf ahit?
4. kLj Kjikahd nehff ahit?
5. csa ahd fw f g FLf.
6. aifahd NH TJ nehFj g WF tiuf.
7. jsgazf nehff ahit?
8. jgl FHijia ga gntLfis g tiuaiw.
9. TL mif gntL vwh vd?
10. jsgazij vthW lLth?
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. wikahd Ma Fzgfis tirgLJf.
2. xU Kg Ma tUl Ko vthW jid jhnd kL brth?
3. bra Kiw l bfhiffis t.
4. braKiw l gofis, tFgiw mjid fjiy g t.
5. Kgnfw gJ btw jsgazfis g t.
gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. K g guhkfgL gntLfis t.
2. bra Kiw l eikfis, ikfis sF.
3. jsgaz vwh vd? mjid vthW lLth?
4. Kg cs gntLf gafis t.

320

11. nkyhik
11.1 neu, gz kW r thf
yafis iwntWt tsf Ka gF twJ.
yafis mila tsfis g eftJ mjid lLjY
mtakhwJ. eKila njitfis braToa bghUf kW kj
gfis tsf vnwh. tsf gadf Toaitahf UjhY
Fl msnt csjhF. nkY mit xbwhblhW bjhlilajhf csJ.
xU Fl nehfij mila neu, r kW gz itaidJ
aikahj tsfshF. mj tsf gydhdJ mij eKiw myJ
eKiw yhk gagLJtij bghWJ khWgL.
neu: vnyhUF rkkhf xUeh 24 k neu ilwJ. mj neuij vts
wDs tif tnwh vgJ jegiu bghWJ khWgL.
r: r vgJ xU ntiy brtjF ntoa w MF. mJ e cl jhF
rid, xU fodkhd ntiyia vj ms wikl xUizJ
bragLnnwh vgij bghWJ mikwJ. taJ, clTWghLf kW
jeg ntWghLfis bghWJ khWgLwJ. mJ xU viyFgl tskhF.
vdnt mjid njbjLJ bryLj mta.
gz : gzkhdJ neu, kW r nghyhk (viyaw) msyhk
UfToa xU tskhF. mj ga Niy nfwthW khWgL.
neu thf : xU y Fl bfhiff, mDgtf, wikf, fUf
nghw midij xUizJ ilF neu _y mf gadiltjhf
Ujh mJ thif juijna brikgLJ xU brayhF. neu
thfbkgJ iwa fhafis brJ Kogjy, rahd neu rahd
ntiyia brtjhF.
xU ey neu thf nkyhs Fiwthd neu, iwa ntiyfis vjj
fZlK yhk brJ KoJ j thifiana fLnfhlD
FnfhSlD brayhWgt Mth. neuij tg mf wikid
Fiwthf brayh nkyhd Koid bgWtUJ mayh. Vbd
njitaw ntiyia l KaJt thj rahd ntiyia brtJ mta.
tiuaiw : neu thf vgJ, KndghLl, xUizJ ntiyia
lL, mtutf neuij wikahd Kndw VglToa tif
brytF xU fiyahF.
neu thf vgJ midtUF Kakhd xwhF. khztf
Maf nghw midtUF mJ fodkhd xwhf csJ. ntiy kW L
bghWf midJ xnu Tiu brJ Kof jgl neu thfw
mta. neuij tg, xU y brafis xWgL, ytiw
jJ, ytiw xUizJ, ytiw njbjLJ brj ntL.
neu thf njbjLJ brayhWt tisJ bfhLfToajhf csJ. ey
nj ey Koid mfToajhf ryhj nj neu kW ria
zhf brwJ. neu thf wikia vnyhuhY wghf ff Ko.
Vbd jF mg, mDgtKnk njit.
321

neu thfnfw y tKiwf : neu thfnfw 15 va braKiw

tf nH bfhLfgLsd.
1. Ffis vGJj : neu thf f rhjhuzkhf VgL jtW
vdbt msF mfkhf xU y afis Phgf itj.
2. KaJtF VwthW tirgLJj : KaJtF VwthW
bra ntoa ntiyfis tirgLJnghJ Kakhd ntiyF kL mf
neuid gagL ftJ braKo.
3. xU thuF lLj: xbthU thu MugY neuij gaDs
tif brytf neuij xJFj ntL. thW lLnghJ eKilna
ntiyia rkiygL KndwF ttFf Toa neuij bryl,
l fhykhf Kof ntoa braKiw lfSF Fahd neuij xJf
cj.
4. nehL jfij vLJ brYj : vj lF brY nghJ a
nehL jfij vLJ brtJ eyJ. Vbd ey cfS myJ
mtkhd cSz nghwit Obud njhWtjh mrka nehL
jf FJ itjh kw VgLtjF e idU bfhs KowJ.
5. kWgjF fW bfhSj: gy kjf mf ntiy gSdhY mf
ntiyia x bfhStjhY mf ukFshwd. vdnt KaJt
myhj ntiyf myJ ntLnfhSF iy vW TWnghJ ekF mfkhd
neuij Ka ntiyfSF brytf KowJ.
6. brayhW K j ntL : ajhf xU fodkhd ntiyF
bghWngFnghJ J gyj mta. J ekJ mf ntiy gSid
jf cjwJ.
7. cfis bjhlJ gL bfhSf : eKila aifahd
wikfis Mwiy mfJ bfhtjF a brafis fgjF
neu xJFj ntL. eKila mit wid bjhlJ tsJ
bfhSnghJ eKila bjhwid nkgLj KowJ.
8. dr ntiyf ftd brYj vij Wj ntL vgijg
j ntL : eKila neuij vthW brytnwh vgJ FJ
xGfhf kL brj vgJ xU ey vzkhF. ekF gadfhj
brafis brahkUgJ, k f myJ gadf Toa brafis
brtjF neu xJFjY eik gaF brayhF.
9. neu thf mikig gagLJj : neu thf mikig eh br
xbthU braYF gWnghJ ekJ ntiyia xUizf,
KaJtF VwthW e ntiy <LgL Kndw lfis
gagL mjid Kofyh.
10. a gHffis milahs fhz: ekJ neuij vLF a gHffis
ga goa xiw jah brj ntL. Vbd it e Fnfhis
jfJ e btia jLf brwJ. a gHfij jf mjid y ey
gHff _y khw brj ntL.
322

11. kwt ntiyia brj ntlh : uu bra vbw kwt

ntiyia brtij l eKila ftdij eKila Fnfh bra
Kiwl brYJnghJ mjid brikahd Kiw brJKof aY.
12. Fnfh ga F jf itj: Fnfhis zf, mjid
kL bra neu xJFj ntL. xU F jf Fnfhis vG
mj xbthU ts iyg vGJj ntL. xbthU thuK jid
uo ghF nghJ, eh rahd t brnwh vgij cW brJ bfhsyh.
13. KGik bgwtuhf ((Perfectionist) Uj TlhJ : y ntiyfSF eKila
midJ wik njitiy. cjhuzkhf egUF mr _y xU
bria mDg y lfns nghJkhdJ. f ftdkhf bra ntoa
braYF, brJ Kojh nghJbkw braYFilna cs ntWghoid
flj ntL.
14. ntiyia njbjLJ brj : Kakhd y ntiyf ekfhf
fhUF nghJ, jf mykhia mLFtnjh myJ jhid nfhJ itgnjh
J ehfSF wF brayh. Vbd Kakhd ntiyfSF KaJt
mj mta.
15. mf wikl ntiyia Konw vW bfhSj TlhJ :
wikl ntiyia Kof ntLbkgJ gy juToajhf Uf
ntLbkgJ mtaiy. vdnt njityhj ntiy jiyL e
wikia zhf ntoaJ mtakiy.
neu l af :

neuij zj

tir ukkhd tif brj

fyJ bfhS egf vif kW nrif

braf ftd brYJj

X neuij gaDs tif ff lLj

j w ntiybfd neuij xJFj

neuij rahf fzLj

mtru njitbfd neuij xJFj.

btfukhd neu thfbkgJ eKila thifia czJ thtjfhd

mfkhd neuij xJL brjyhF. ey neu thfF Kakhf bra
ntoa ntiyf kW brafis FJ mltiz jah brj ntL.
vts ewhf loUjhY neu lij UghjY kL
brjY aikahjJ. Vbd mbghGJjh eKila Fnfhf
midJ midtUF Uaf Toa tif iwntsjh vd ma
Ko.
thf: thfbkgJ gzij tF xU fiyahF. tu
bry l, gzij t nrj kW t nghwit mlF.
thfbkgJ gzij wikl KjL brJ thf brtJ MF.
323

Kiw gzij gagL vj t KjL brjh mfkhd tuit

bfhLF Kiwia ma gz thf ttFwJ.
tiuaiw: jgl eg gzijnah myJ bjh KjoYs gzijnah
wgl tF xU fiyna thf vdgL. gz tunfg lL
mjid gagLJ rahd tia njbjLf tbrwJ.
xU jegUF kW bjh brgtUF tu bryid eKiw
fLgLJtjF thf cj brwJ. tu bryl _yK,
tUkhd kW iyid kL brJ ghj _yK iyid wgl
tfyh.
neu, kW r nghyhk gz vgJ msl Koahj e ifUF
xU tskhF. mij ekh czuKoa. Vbd jid %gh nehLfshf bjhL
czu ekh Ko. xU t neuij nghynt gzK xU viyFgl jhfnt
csjh mjid f ftdkhf brytf iyba iuakhL.
ey thfF cj Kakhd cf :

tu bryl r_f njitfSF clhF bryit jj

jid kwtf cathf idfntLbkW idJ br

bryfis jj

iy Fiwthf UjhY ga wDnfwthW njbjLj (a ms

Muj)

kw bghUfisl tUkhd tU bghUfSF mfkhf brytj

xbthU Kiw bry brnghJ mjdh clhF eik, ik,

gaik nghwtiw MuhJ mtut thif junfwthW
bragLj.

tif cfis filoF nghJ mit gzid tsgLj,

bgUf cj.
thf Ff : wikahd thf g fgj _y xUtUF
cjtnjhL kLkyhk mtUila kid bgU bfhs cjwJ.
y thf tKiwf nH bfhLfgLsd
1. thf Fnfhis mikj :
thfbkgJ Koit neh brYjyhF. eKila yaf
vjhf mila Toajhf mj Ko ga bjthd nehFlD Uj
ntL. vLJfhlhf kahf X fhyij ff Udh ey
thfF Ka yfhf fl milF (credit card) Fl khjF
brY flid KoFkhW Uj ntL.
2. el UgJ vd vW bjUj: eKila gz Uig bjthf
J bfhl dnu thfij Muj ntL. el UF U
gy tifY UF.

324

ifYs gz, tYs gz, fl Yit nghwit

eiff, Milf, jLKL rhkhf nghwt iy k

Vida brhJfshd thfdf, mir kW mirah brhJf

nghwit.

3. tUkhd tU tia mj : tUkhd tU tia ewhf mjhjh

jf Koahj flhd Niy neh fhyfY, g nrif
neufY vjhf rkhf Ko.
4. brytF Kiwia g mj : ekF xU tUth ilF nghJ mJ
vt brythwJ vgij mj ntL. eh brytF xbthU fhF
fzF vGJj ntL. xbthF brytJ uYs bjhiffis
milj, ffhj, tu, bry fl bfhLf ntoa bjhif nghw
midij g brj ntL.
thf gf: xU ey thfbkgJ tsfis rahd neu
rahd l gagLj cjt Toajhf Ugnj mj Ka gahF.
thf tu kW bryitg efJ fLghLF itUf
cjtjh vj bry VglhY mjid rkhf vbghGJnk gz jahuhf
ilF. vLJfhlhf Xa (Pension funds), gugu (mutual funds) kW,
xWgl brhid tj nghwit. vLJfhlhf, y jgl egUfhd
giz brhJ, Xa ia lL, bryLj, tu bry l
mikj nghwitalF.
thf gaf : thf xU FLgF tu bry l
mikJ njitfis brnghJ vjhd xwhf csJ. mnj rka
gntW thoifahs id Kiwahf KjL brJ mUJ mf
tUthia <l lLtJ fyhd xwhf UwJ. vtU uridfis
Muha, mJ bfhs cjtY mJ Kakhd gid VwJ. Vbd ey
thf bjhlahf VnjD xU brhUJ tUkhd tUtjF cj
brwJ. l fhy kW FWa fhy bghUshjhu yid lLtjF
thf cjwJ.
r thf: r thfbkgJ rid xGF Kiw gagLJtjhF.
mgJ ntiy br xU jegUF r thfbkgJ xU KGneu
flikahF. ahghu ria nrgJ, muR kW bghJ Jiw WtdfY,
oY, ria nrf r thf cjwJ.
r thf mta: r thfbkgJ xU Wtd ria nrf
Ka Mjhukhf sFwJ. ria nrgJ mj KaJtij cztJ
cyfs njitahf csJ.
ria zgY, btlgl bghUfSfhd yid mila,
itaidij rltkhf bragLJnghJ xU Wtd r
thfbkgJ cyfs njitahd xwhf csJ.

325

cyfs ria nrj mta : cyfs ria nrj vgJ

Kakhd xW Vbd

eKila (uf) F VgL mid jLf

ku rhj mjhtJ uhjd fhyJ yF myJ jhtu va

gFfUJ ilF vbghU Fiwthf ilgjh jid rhJ
Ujiy FiwjY MF.

tiuaiw: xU Wtd r thf vgJ rhjdJl, fLghLl

ria nrF xU brayhF.
r thf gofshtd :

r gaghL njitid msj kW njitahd tufis

nrfj.

ria nrF thfis mJ kL brJ xbthU rjgY

vts ria nrfyh vW mj.

ria nrF xU caa nehfnjhL mjfhd rjgij njbjLJ

xbthU rjgY vts nrf KowJ vd flj.

vLJfhlhf, dr ffis vthW kh mikgbjW, gayhj

fUia kh mikj nghwit j uo vJ wjJ vd
mthid Kj gagL bfhSj.

ria nrF Ka vj ms gadJsJ vgij mj

Kndwij ffhJ tufis Muh nghJ bjthf mayh.

nkTa ehF tKiwfS Ut gagLjgLwJ. mjhtJ, a

fUfis thFnghJ ria vjs nrf cjwJ vgij bghWJ
njbjLf myJ UF fUfis vthW khaikJ gagLjyh
vgij mj MF.
Wtd r njitid fLgLjY FiwjY
xU Wtd r thfbkgJ r njitid fLgL
Fiwthf bryLjyhF. Vbd mit tUtdtF cjwJ.
iyia Fiwj : J f Kakhdjhf csJ. Vbd jnghJ
r iy mfkh bfhoUwJ.
fhg btnawij Fiwj : RWw RfhjhuF mit
CWisgjhY, mj mf iyahY, fUJff RtLfis jJ
gRikahd iy cUthf cjwJ.
mghaid jj : mf ms ria gagLJnghJ mf ms
mghaij VgL r kig mfwJ myJ njitia bra
ayhk nghtjh ilF yhgij ghwJ myJ yhgnk ilfhk
nghwJ. jdh ahghu myJ Wtdij af Koahk nghwJ. r
thf _y vfhy tU mghaid Fiwf, rfhd eKila
njitia FiwJ bfhs, fLgLj aY.
326

r thfbkw brh kw gy JiwfY gagLjgLwJ.

ragtf , iyaF njitahd raf cuthj
mgJl kh mikfgl r Kiwfis gagLJtjh r
njitid bra KowJ.

xbthUt jgl r msid a (Kiwf) cf _y

nkgLj, fLgLj cjwJ.

thdC xLtjF bghUjkhdjhf fhzgLwJ. Vbd

wikid khd Xof VnjD t myJ Kiw fwd.

r thf RH: r thf RHahdJ khjhu RH khjhu msLf

kW tuf _y gagLa r msoid mjid gjF
jij FwJ. gagl rid jif brJ ghFnghJ
(xUtUlF xUKiw) mj Mug iyna Kokh xU RHia
clhFwJ.
ria jif
brj
(Energy Audit )

br (Do it)

l L
(Make Plan))

r thf RH
(Energy
Management
Circle)
nr

(Savings)
wjtiw flj
(Find out what best to do)
gaoid msj
(Measure consumption)

nghJkhd tuf yhk ria tf KoahJ. vdnt jif

brtjF K liu bghUJtJ mtakhwJ. vLJfhlhf j l
myJ l fol bghUdh xbthUtU gagLa msid
fzL bra aY.
Kj mQF Kiwahf ut bgnuha thid (LPG) msf msnfh
gagLJj myJ Kj gagLatF khWtjF ilgl
327

fhyij fzLj myJ gagLjgl Or msit iygoa Jiz

bfhL mj. khahd mso _y gagLjgl bghU ms g
bjthf mayh. J thfF Ka njitahf csJ. VnjD ytrkhf
ilFnghJ mjid f nkhrkhf gagLJtJ aifahd kj brayhf
csJ. vj ms eh gagL cnsh, mjfhf vts gz brYjgl
ntosJ vgij mj mjid tf fLgL gagLj
KowJ.
ij brtjfhd fhuzf :

gz brYJtJ fodkh Uj

RWwij ghJfhj

kw fhuzf

r thfbkgJ gzij nghynt ekJ njitia fLgL,

gagLj cjwJ.

11.2 W bjh Wtdf - Fnfhf, Wj, gid brj

(sgu brj, iy zj, gidia mfj)
W bjh Wtdf : W bjh ahghu vgJ vyh ehLfY Uf
ToaJ. ah nghw tsU ehLf Wbjh Jiw bjh flikf
Ka lid bgUwJ. e eho kjts mgjkhf csJ. Mdh
mjF izahd _yjd gwhFiwahf UwJ. W bjh ts,
gahsfis mfkhf rhJsJ. W bjh Jiw mgjkhd ts
rhakhtij kd bfhL a murhf Jiw tsia
CFwJ.
xU Wbjh gy btia mf ToaJ. vD Wbjh Mugij
rthyhf vLJ bra ntoa xU akhF. rahd bjh f, bghWik
kW cW Ma Fzeyf Wbjh brtjF mtakhdit MF. ehL
Ljiy MdUJ, ah bkhj L cgnahf bghUf (GDP - Gross
Domestic Product) cg Wbjh Jiw gF mf ms csJ.
ah a f tsF Wbjh Wtdf Ka gF tFwJ.
328

gHikahd Wbjh Wtdf mjF izahd a gkhzfUJ

gy j bjthf ntWgLwJ. bjhTlf cs giHa f cs
l fhyF K jahfgl auf kW f gHik thj cg
Kiwf Mait Fiwj cg wid jUwJ. mnj rka ed Wbjh
f Fiwj kj ria gagL braifahd fUf _y mf
cgia VgLj Ko. fh, ifj, gL tsj, ifid bghUf
kW njfh ehbghUf jahj Mait ah cs y W
bjhfshF. ed Wbjhf va bghUfshd dyhilf, Milf
kW njh bghUf nghwt MuJ gy tifbghUf
jahfgLwd. ahYs ed Wbjh Wtdf ug bghUf,
sho bghUf, nt bghUf, nkhlh thfd bghUf, isahoF
njitahd bghUf,
vGJ bghUf kW fofhuf nghwit
jahfgLwd.
Fnfhf :
ah cs Wbjh ahghuf Wt njitahd Ka
Fnfhf tUtd:
1. Fiwj _yjdJl cldoahf cgia mfgJl mf ms
ntiy thig VgLj.
2. ehoYs ntiyyh uridia mfWj
3. ehoYs a Cf, uhkf kW bghUshjhu js
gFf bjh Wtdf gut CFj
4. ja gFfis eho ts Ka nuhl bfhL tUj
5. ehL KGtJKs midJ gFfY uhd tsia VgLJj
6. eho tUkhd rkkhf gjfgl cuthj mj
7. eho gagLjglhj _yjdf kW kj tsfis gagL
ega mgjF CFj
8. ehoYs kf thif iyia caj.
tiuaiw : jahUF brhjkhd, Fiwj bjhyhsf vifl
Fiwj msnt gidfhd bghUfis cg brJ a tU bjhny W
bjh vW TwgLwJ.
iyahd brhJfshd au bjhF kW aufis Fjifnfh
myJ thlifF (Hire purchase) vLgj _ynkh 10 a %ghF fhk
KjL brayh. vgo UjhY mj au bjhF vj iyY
brhjkhfnth myJ ntW VnjD Wtd Jiz bjhFahfnth Uf
KoahJ.
ahYs Wbjh Wtdf tsia CFf a bjh
f _y jahF y Fl bghUfis murhf bgW bfhwJ.

329

mnlhg 10, 2008 UJ, tU y jgl bghUf cg a kW

fa ahghu WtdfSfhf xJfgLsJ.

cz kW mjid rhj bjh Wtdf : CWfhf kW

rf,buho, fLF vbz, yfliy vbz.

ku kW kujahf: kurhkhf kW izf

fhj jahf: g jff kW gntLf

C _y mR cUthf: bjnkh sho bghUf

nt bghUf kW jahf: bkGF tf, yhl nrh, ghJfhghd

Ff, glhRf, mfgf.

fzho kW fh: fzho tisaf, fh glf.

W bjhiy Wj
MuF Kiw :
xU bjhrhiyia Muf Ko br bjhrhiy cikahs
(entrepreneur) eho bghUshjhu, mua kW rl Niyfis flha bjJ
itUf ntL. mNiy Ka gFf tUtd:

murhf KDikf kW bfhiff (policy)

btntW khy tHfgL cj kW trf

bjh KidnthUF cj gntW Wtdf

bjh bjhlf tHfgL Cf bjhiff

murhf nrgiwUJ thFtjfhd VghLf

mDk bgw, g brtjF njitahd trf

VWk, wFk kW gid t nghwtiw ga bfhiff kW

xGFKiwf.

tiw g mJ bfhll bjh bjhlF cikahs Wbjh

it Muf Toa bralfis Uf ntL. W bjh
Wtjfhd fha <LgL nghJ brantoa Kakhd gof tUtd:

braKiw lij njbjLj

bjh bjhlF l

braKiw l mif

cikahF iyia njbjLj (form of ownership)

bghWghdtfSl g brJ bfhSj

xU Fl fhy msfhd ia VghL brj

rltkhd mDkia bgWj kW vjj jil yhkUj

l kW folij brhjkhFj

_yjdF VghL brj

gahsfis aj

aufis Wj
330

_ybghUfis thFj

izf kW j trfhd VghL brj

cgia Muj

cg br bghUfis gid brj

Wbjh bjhlFtjF njitahd Kakhd gof tU gFf

s brhygLsJ.
1. braKiw lij flj ((Project Identification) :
bra Kiwlij flj vgJ a bjh EQffis
fl thfis mJ bfhtJ, KjL brtjfhd rahd thfis
Wahf njbjLf egjFj tufis nrfj, bjhFj kW
gFjh brj _y flayh. braKiw lij flj vgJ
Fnfhfis tiuaWj kW njbjLfgl braKiw l
afis ma njitgLwJ.
xbthU braKiw lK _W mogil gkhzf cilaJ. KjL
braglit (Input), cg (Output) r_f bryf kW gaf. KjL
braglit af braKiw lF njitgL _ybghUf,
r, kj r, kW Wtjfhd totik nghw afis
tiuaWwJ, braKiw l cg (output) vgJ cUthfgl bghU
jik, tHfgL Kiw, ntiyth, tUth nghwtiw tiuaWwJ. KjL
braglit kW cg MatnwhL xbthU braKiw lK
r_f nk mj isfis sFwJ. bfhLfgl braKiw
l _y r_f braToa ahf kW mJ r_fF VgLj Toa
gaf Matiw M brtJ mtakhwJ.
2. ttifia njbjLj ((Selection of an idea)
bjh btfukhf mika rij tuntf Toa ey bghUfis
cg br ia fltJ Ka.
Wbjh Mugjfhd f
oUJ ntiy brtij kf f Ut. vD izajs gid
(Network marketing) vgJ cyf KGJ ugykhdJ,
cz gid brj ((Catering) : cz gid brjiy a ms
oUjgona brayh. jF bga kW midJ fUfS bfhl
rikayiw Ujh wghf UF.
FHij ts : FHijfis UnthU, oUjgona ntiy bra
UnthU FHij guhk iyafis mikgJ wjjhF.
tiyjs totik : jirahf ntiy bra Toa tiyjs
totikghs mjFa wfis bgUjh oUjgona ntiy brayh.
ifglfiy : ifgl fiy J Ug cstfS, rahd fUia
itUgtfS Hh fhyfshd Ukz, UJf nghwtiw ifgl
331

vLF ntiyia brayh.

cwdf kW egf bt tuyhW
bjh rgjkhd rij kW ffh itfgl a cg bghUf
a ghtidf ga kf nghF g ma rijia M brj.
bjh f kW thf Matiw clhFtJ thfis
MuhJ myJ fLogJ (OSI - Opportunity Scanning and Identification) vd
miHfgLwJ. f clhdwF, mij kLtJ f KakhdJ. jdh
f bghUjkhd / thf Matiw njbjLf cj. Kiw
``braKiw mfgLtJ`` (Zeroing in process) vd miHfgLwJ. xU bghUis
jahf njbjLF nghJ tU mrf ftfgl ntL.

gid w

ngho ms

Vfdnt UfToa bghUfis l a tf mfms yhgij

juToaJ

ilfToa _ybghUf kW bjh Eg

Fl Jiw bjh brnthUF ilf Toa tsf kW

mDgtf

mu bfhiff kW fLghLf

gid brtjnfw bghUf

3. braKiw sf ((Project Formulation) / bjh lij vGJj :

bjhYfhd l vgJ btF ghij mikF. bra Kiw sf
vgJ braKiw t ltlkhd tsia FF. j gadhf KjL
Kofis vLf Ko. braKiw l tf gogoahd Muhj kW
tsia cslaJ. xU ey braKiw sf WtdfUJ
njitahd cjia bgw xU ey tfhoahf UwJ. braKiw sf
murhfUJ njitahd jilia mDk bgw cjahf UF. it
bghUshjhu kW bjh rgjkhd Fnfhfis mila t tFF.
xU ey bjh lkhdJ, bjhiy MuJ elj mta. bjh
flf myJ KjL brgtfl zF nghJ bjh lf
njitgLwJ. xU ey bjh l mj bjh Wtd Fnfhf,
mtiw mila Toa tf g thf sFwJ. muR kW muR rhuh
Wtdf zflUJ xU btfukhd bjhiy MugjF,
bgWtjF kW el bry njitahd Mnyhridf bgWtJ ey bjh
l mikf cj.
4. rgjkhd rha TWf
W bjhYF cj mf Toa lf gntW tiff csd.
xbthiw KGtJkhf flJ braKiw l tifnfg
wjij njbjLf ntL. muR cj bgW bghJ Wtdf, khy kW
332

cJiw murhff Wbjhiy MuJ, tsf thd tif cj

bra Toa lf eho csJ. lf Fiwj tol cs
flf, Jfukhd KjL lf, ma kW bghUshjhu ts
lfSfhd gz cjf nghwit mlF.
5. bjh rlmikfis mj
bjh MuF nghJ, cg braToa bghUis WtjF
njitahd iyia bjh br eg KobrJ bfhs ntL. bjh br
jikia bghWJ g braToa xGF bragl vGJ ntiyf, bjh
KjL rgjkhd jgl bghW kW t Mait za bragL. bjh
br eg jfhf muR cj bgW bghJJiw Wtdf (Federal) kW khy
bjh bghU g br mYtyf (State Business Entry Registration Office) Matiw
bjhl bfhs ntL. bghJthd bjh mikf g muR thd
brfis bfhLsJ.
KG cikst ((Sole proprietorship) : xU bjhiy brhjkhf jhnd t el
bry Toat bjh cs flf kW fLghLfSF bghWngf
flik gltuhwh.
gFjhuf ((Partnership) : uL myJ mjF mfkhd egfsh
eljglToa xU bjhyhF.
xnu Wtdkhf izfglit ((Corporation) : rlgo bghUf
gFjhufSF cikahfglJ.
TLw ((Co-operatives) : xU bjh myJ Wtd nritfis
gagLJnthnu mjF cikahsfshf, bjhiy el brgtuhf
Ug. TLw vgJ xU rl mik my.
6. bjh bgaiu g brtJ
bjh elJgt bga myJ bghU bganu rltkhdJ. bjh
KG cikahs KGbganu rltkhd bgafshF. rltkhd bjh
bganu midJ murhf mik gu (Tax IDs), ck (licence) kW mDk
(permits) Lf gagLjgLwJ.
7. t fLtjfhd milahs viz bgWj
midJ bjhfS muR cj bgW mikf, khy kW y
neuf cq tf nghwtF bryl ntosJ. midJ
bjhfS, khy kW cq tUkhd jhgdf, t fLtjfhd milahs
v myJ gahs milahs v (EIN- Employer Identification Number)
nghwtfhf g bra ntL. EIN- vgJ bghJ muR rgjgl Wtd
t milahs v kW bjh bghU milahsij fla cjwJ.
8. khy kW cq tfis fLtjfhf g brj
bjh tfSl bghJ muR rgjkhd (Federal) kW khy cq tf
fLtjfhf g brJ bryl ntL.

333

9. bjh rgjkhd ckf kW mDkia bgWj

xbthU bjhYF xW myJ mjF nkgl bghJ muR rgjkhd
mik (Federal) khy kW cq ckf kW bjh elj njitahd
mDk nghwit bgwgl ntL. ckf vgJ bjh elj njitahd
mogil ckfUJ f Fl ckf tiu bgWtjfhd mta
csJ. WtdfSfhd fLghLf khy kW cq lfSnfg
khWglJ. vdnt, itg mta mUf ntL. ck kW mDk
bgWjYfhd fLghLfSF xJ nghfiybawh mf brys
mguhjfis fl ntL. nkY bjhYF u fiy VgLJ.
10. gahsf bghWf
rahd Mfis njbjLgJ, ntiy sff g vGJtJ, Mfis
neuoahf njbjLgJ, ntiy nrjl Mfis rkhgJ nghw
brafis ma ey br Ff ilwd. it midJ Kakhd
brafshf UjhY bjh btF gahsf fLghL f
KakhdJ.
gid brj ((Marketing))
Wtdf jf bghUf kW nritf thoifahs ftdij
<F brafns gid brj vdgL (Marketing). gid EQff,
bjh bjhlf kW bjh ts nghw cghaf gid brj _y
magLwJ. cWahd thoifahsf cwf, thoifahsUF kW
bjh brnthUF kid VgLJj nghw xUizj brafis
bfhlJ. gid brj vgJ thoifahs ah vW bjJ bfhs.
thoifahsiu jf itJ bfhs, U bra gagLwJ.
braf ftd KGtJ thoifahsfgh csJ. Kothf, gid
nkyhik (marketing managment) vgJ bjh nkyhik Kakhd xU
gFahF.
gid brj vgJ Wtd Fnfhfis iyWJ Ka braiy
brwJ. vthbw rij Ka Fnfhfis, njitf kW
Ugfis Ufukhf iwntWwJ.
thoifahsUF Vwgo kh mikj (Customer Orientation) :
gy Wtdf jbghGJ thoifahsiu kd bfhL (myJ)
thoifahsUF Vwgo kh mikJ bragLwJ. vdnt Wtdf
brafS jahfgL bghUfS thoifahs njitnfg
xUKfgLjglij FwJ. bghJthf tF _W tf csd :
thoifahsiu rhJ mQFj (Customer driven approach) rij khwfis
milahs fhQj kW bghUfis flJ mQFj (Product innovation
approach).

334

gid fyit (Marketing Mix)) :

gid fyit 4Ps (The 4Ps of Marketing Mix)
Ka gid
tifgLjgLsJ.

nkyhik

cg bragL bghU (Product)

iy (Price)

l (Place)

nkgLJj (Promotion)

khdf

tU

gFfshf

khwToa itfns (4Ps of marketing) gid fyit (marketing mix) vd

miHfgLwJ. rij Fnfhfis mila thoifahsiu U bra
gid br nkyhsf nkny brhditfis fLgLJwhf.
l

cg bragL bghU
gid Fnfh

iy

nkgLJj
gid fyit

cg bragL bghU ((Product)

cg bragL bghU btgilahd bghUshf myJ
thoifahsUF bragL nrit Mf Ufyh. btgilahd bghUf
vgJ tHfgLj bragL nritf myJ trfis bfhLgjhF.
cg bragL bghUf khdf, mj ntiyf, njhw, fLfLj,
nrit, cjuthj nghwtiw bghWJ mikwJ.
iy ((Price)
yhgbjhiff (Profit margins) kW nghoahsfl vghf Toa
iyia bghWJ bghU iyia khf ntL. iy zj
vgJ iyfis goLj kLky. jSgo, kW Fjif nghw
kwtiw cslaJ.
l ((Place)
l (myJ mik) vgJ gabgwToa thoifahsfSF cg
bragl bghU brwiltjF Vw gjF tf rgjglJ.

335

gjF Kiwf vgJ ahghu eltoif, XlUJ knwh lF

vLJ brYj kW mJ bjhlghd CFF ntiyf, gjF
Kof vgJ rij KGtjF, gy Jiwf cs cWdfis nj
brtJ, l L l vLJ brYj kW nrit iyf nghwtiw
cslaJ.
nkgLJj ((Promotion)
nkgLJj
ga
Kof
vgJ
thfToa
rs
thoifahsfl f kW bjhl bfhtJ gajhF. ahghu
Kndwij VgLtjF sgu, kf bjhl, Clf tiff kW gyt
<Lgl ntL.
mltiz 11.1 gid fyit khdf, 4Ps ga xbthU
mrfS tirgLjgLsd.
mltiz 11.1 : gid fyit khdf

j 4P-f uridf Ujhnyh myJ ahghu it yhk

Ujhnyh bjhYF MgJ isF vd mayh. mJkLyhk kw
Wtdf mgF njhw MuJL. mnjhL cg bragl
bghUfis thF thoifahs vif FiwJL.
xUizJ mikj ((Orgainzational Orientation )
gid Jiw mikUJ tuToa brf Wtd kw
Jiwf brafSF xU tfhoahf UF. wF, cg br Jiw
bghUfis cg bra Muf, gid Jiw bghUfis nkY
336

nkgLj, gjf, iy za bra ftd brYj Ko. mnjhL

Wtd Jiwl, bghUf cg, kW nkgLJj Matiw
njitahd ms rahf mgJ, kW ga Mnyhj nghwit
eilbgW.
sgu brj ((Advertisement)
sgu brj vgJ kfSF xU t brfis vLJ
brtjhF. j _y jahj bghUf, Fnfhf myJ nritfis thf
kfis (ghgtf, gogtf myJ nfgtf) zf itgjhF. cg
bragl bghU bga myJ nrit, vthW mj bghU myJ nrit
kfSF eik braToaJ, gid yF zfgl gFdiu thf
LtJ Mait mlF. bghJthf FpL df (brands) iy
bfhLJ thfgLwJ myJ bghWnggtf (sponsors) _y fLof,
gntW tifahd Clff _y ghfgLwJ. mf vifyhd
kfSl xU fUij vLJ bry sgu brj cjwJ. xU Fl
braiy mtf eg bra J xU KaahF. brfis bfhL nrf gntW
tifahd Clff gagLjgLwd. gHikahd Clffshd brjh,
giff, bjhiyfh, thbdh, btw myJ neuoahd jgh myJ a
Clffshd tiyjsf (websites) kW br bjhFf (text messages) _y
sgu bragLwJ.

cyfsha sgu
iy zj ((Pricing)
iy zj vgJ cg bragl bghUfSF <lhf Wtd
vd khW gtjid brwJ vgij za br brayhF. iy
zj fhufshtd cg brtjfhd bry, rij l, ngho,
rij iy kW bghU ju MF. iy zj vgJ gid
fyitahd (Marketing mix) 4P-f xwhF. 4P-f iy (Price) vgJ jh
tUkhdij juToa gFahF, kwit midJ bryf ikafshF.
337

iy zj vgJ ehnk fzL braToaJ myJ jhnd

elfToa brayhF. vthbw thFtjnfw iyf kW gidfhd
njitfis (Sales orders) bragLJtjhF. it tU fhufis
mogilahf bfhlJ. zfgl ms cg bragL msf,
ilbt nkgLJj myJ gid eltoiff gF bfhSj. gy
thoifahs njitf cgia L brayhf khwglyh. vbghGJ
vwh thoifahs cg bragl bghUis iy bfhLJ thf Mt
kW mjfhd wid bgUF bghGJ. vdnt, iy zj vgJ
gid brj mKakhdJ.
rahd iy vgJ tU mrfis kd bfhL zfgoUf
ntL.

Wtd bjhlghd Fnfhfis milj (vLJfhlhf

yhg)

ahghu eilKiw ytuij mJ Uj

bghU gid iyia ewhf jf itj kW gid

fyit (marketing mix) kw gFfSl khWglhk Uj

iy vgJ gjF tf tif gagLJ j, nkgLJ

tf kW bghUf tifia bghWJ kh mikfgLwJ.

gidahsfis bghWjtiu, rahd iy vgJ thoifahs

mfms iy bfhLJ thf jahuhF iyF f mU Uf Toajhf
Uf ntL.
gidia nkgLJj ((Sales Promotion)
gidia nkgLJj vgJ xU Wtd jfSila bghUf myJ
nrit nrhjid Kaia myJ gidia mfgL nkgLj
vLfgL Kj Kaia (Mug iyia) FgjhF. gidia nkgLJtJ
338

vgJ khWgl jikilaJ. gid nkgLJj bjhlghd ugykhd y

tf nf bfhLfgLsd.

gidia nkgLJj
xW thdh kbwhW ytr Buy -One - Get- One - Free (BOGOF ): J xU
Rakhd bfhLf thfiy nkgLJ bra. vLJfhlhf, xU buho iy
% 20 Mf, mjDila cg bry %. 10 Mf UFkhdh mij %. 20F
wh xW ytrkhf UF - Kakhf gid mfF nghJ Jnt
Cf gidia nkgLJ t (Premium Sales Promotion tactics) vd
miHfgLwJ.
thoifahs bjhlghd thf braghLf : (Customer Relationshi p
Management (CRM):
nghd f (Bonus points) myJ gzij FiwF Tgf
nghwit Cf grhf bfhLfgLwJ. CRM-F gy vLJfhLfshf t
KjbfhL mfhof tiu csd.
a Clff ((New media ):
tiyjsf kW ifngf (mobile phones) _y gidia nkgLj
Ko.
ytr
ytr gRf kW iy jSgo :
nghwit y gidia nkgLJ tfshF.
ytr khf ((Free sam ples):
vLJfhlhf mfhof RitJ ghf ytrkhf bfhLfgL kh
cz kW ghdf.

339

 cjuthj Lf kW Tgf ((Vouchers and Cou pons):

brjhfY, giffY kW bghlyfY tiw
ghfyh.
nghof kW gRf ((Competitions and prizes):
brjhf, giff, bjhiyfh, thbdh, kW tiy
jsf mfis ghfyh.
thg ((Finance deals ):
vLJfhlhf xU njbjLfgl thfdF 0% .
nkTwgl gy vLJfhLf thoifahsiu ikagL bragLj
gLwJ. RUfkhf, gidia nkgLJj vgJ bghUis myJ mj
nrit gidia CfgLj tHfgL grhF.
Wbjh eikf :

xU Wbjh vgJ Fiwj bry mnj rka gF neu bjhyhf

Mufglyh. Wbjh vgJ tiybjhlf gid bra
rahd xU tahF.

Wbjh vgJ NiyF jfthW kh mikJ bfhs trahdJ.

gid rijF VwthW iuthf kh bfhs ToaJ.

Wbjh cikahsf, thoifahsUl beUa bjhlilatfshf

Ugjh
vjhf
g
brhgtfshf,
kWbkhia
bgwToatfshf Uwhf.

WbjhYF cik bfht KG Rju csJ. Rjukhf

bragLtJ vgJ Wbjh elJgtfSF xU grhf UwJ.

bghUshjhu kW RWw fhufsh jilf VgL nghJ Wbjh

cikahsf Kofis jhfns vLJ bfhS Uia
milwhf.

Wbjhf VgL uridf :

Wbjhf mjDila msid bghWJ gyjkhd uridfis

rf ntosJ. Fiwthd Kjo fhuzkhf fl flKoahj iy
vgJ mofo Vgl Toa uridahF. it bghUshjhu iyfisl,
rahd lLj yhjjh VglToajhF. WtdF ilfhj
iy Wtd fl KGJ mj cikahsiuna jh bfhS
iyF jsglyh.

W bjh cikahsf MuF nghJ jfSila bghUfSF

Fiwj iyia za brtjh mij uhfgJ fodkhwJ. bryit
Fiwj myJ iyia mfgLJj _y uridfis f
Ko.

W bjhfSF VgL bdhU urid vdbt bjh Jiw

cikahsf fgid (Entrepreneurial Myth) myJ E- myth. xU Fl
340

bjh Eg Jiw tYeuhf Ujh mtuh mJ bjhlghd bjhiy

elj Ko vw jtwhd fgidahF. bjh ewhf elf bjh Eg
wndhL thf wfS mta njitgL.
ck bgw bjhf ((Franchise businesses)
ck bgWtJ vgJ W bjh cikahsfSF yhg juToaJ. bga
bjh Wtdf _y (Franchisor) ck bgW bjh elJwd.
W bjh cikahsf bga Wtd ukhd FpL bgafis, bga
Wtdf thF wid benfhyhf gagL, mnj rka jhfsh
Koj ms KjL brJ gabgwyh.

341

dhf
gF - m
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ
vGJ:
1. neu, r, gz itaidJ nkyhikF aikahj
m) jkf

M) tsf

2. xU ey neu
m) nkyhs

) bghUf

Fiwthd neu iwa ntiyfis brJ Kogh.

M) gahs

3. cgwid
m) j

MF.

) cjahs

_y mffyh.
M) lLj

4. neu lLj Kj go
m) neuij zj

) vGJj
MF.

M) neuij xJFj

) neuij brytj
5.

xU tifahd tF brayhF.
m) tu bry l

M) neu

6. cyfsha njitahf
m) r

) r

nr sFwJ.
M)

) cley

7. mf ms r brytfgLnghJ r iy
m) mfF

M) Fiw

) iyahf UF

8. b#r nkho (C_y mR cUthf)

gagLjgLwJ.
m) bjnkh sho bghUf

brtjF

M) ngg bghUf

) izf
9. bga kW midJ fUfS bfhl rikayiw Ujh
cjahf UF.
m) cz gid brtjF

M) ls rikgjF

) Ofil itgjF
10.

vgJ bghJ muR rgjgl Wtd t milahs v kW

bjh bghU milahs v MF.
m) gahs milahs v (EIN)
M) t milahs v (Tax ID Number)
) tUkhd t fzF v (PAN NUMBER)
gF - M

II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. neu thf tiuaW.
2. Fnfhis mila cj aikahj tsfis tirgLJ.
342

3. ntiyia njbjLJ brj vwh vd?

4. gz thf tiuaW.
5. cyfs ria nrF mta ahJ?
6. G.D.P. vgij bjGJ.
7. W bjh tiuaW.
8. tiyjs totik vwh vd?
9. OSI vgij bjGJ.
10. KG cikahs vwh vd?
11. gahs milahs v (EIN) g vGJ.
12. gid brj tiuaW.
13. khbfo fyit (Marketing Mix) ehF P g vGJ.
14. Wbjhf g y cjhuzfis jUf.
15. tsf mta ahJ?
gF - M
II. IJ tf ila
ila:
1. rgjkhd rha TWf g vGJf.
2. gahs bghWfis TW.
3. khbfo (gid) fyit tiugl tiu.
4. thoifahsUF Vwgo khaikj vwh vd?
5. cik bgw bjhf g F vGJ.
6. ey thfF cj Kakhd cf ahit?
7. r thf ntbwbjj Jiwf gagLjgLwJ?
8. r thf mghaid vthW jf Ko?
9. a kW fa ahghu Wtdf jahfToa bghUfis
tirgLJf.
10. bjh Wtd bgaiu vthW g brth?
gF -
III. xU gfF fhk ila
ila:
1. neu l af ahit?
2. r thf RHia t.
3. W bjh ahghuf Wt njitahd Ka Fnfhf ahit?
4. W bjh Wtjfhd fha <LgLnghJ bra ntoa Ka gofis
vGJ.
5. iy zjiy t.
343

gF -<
IV. thd ila
ila:
1. neu thfnfw tKiwfis t.
2. thf tiuaW. thf cf, thf tKiwf, gafis t.
3. Wbjh bjhlFtjF njitahd cf, njbjLjiy t.
4. gidia nkgLJ tfis t.
5. Wbjh eikfis uridfis t.

344

totik
dhjh / gUtnj
ghl

: cz nkyhik FHij eyD

tF

: gbulh tF

neu

: 3 k

kbg

: 200

FnfhfSF bfhLfgl KaJt

dh mikF bfhLfgl KaJt

345

bghUslfF bfhLfgl KaJt

346

f o d iy
fod

10 %

ruhr

30 %

vjhdJ

60 %

F :
m.. -

m w

br.. -

braw

F :
be..

beLdh

..

thd dh

..

a dh

bfh.F..

bfhF dh

347

348

ghl
tF

cz nkyhik FHij eyD

gbulh tF

Kj iy got
kbg : 200
neu
: 3 k

F
F: mil FF Uf Toa v dhf vifia,
btna Uf Toait kbgfis FF.

njbjLF Kiw
be. -

beL dhfSF njbjLj

(4 x 20 = 80)

. -

thd dhfSF njbjLj

(5 x 10 = 50)

a dhfSF njbjLj

(10x 4 = 40)

349

kh dhjh
cz nkyhik FHij eyD
gbulh tF
neu : 3 k

kbg : 200
gF - m

F : midJ dhfSF ila

30 x 1 = 30

I. m) rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJ

vGJ:
1. urt Mdl Ruf Toa gh
m) KGikahd gh
2.

vW miHfgLwJ,

M) bfhyou

) KGikaw gh

ijf fLifngh Ugjh fLFl fygl bghUshf gagLwJ.

m) sF
M) Mnkh
) v

3. f u fu neh cstf
m) nuh

M ghfgLthf.

M) bAgilo

4. fhr nehia

) bAgho nfhkh

jL _y jfyh.

m) BCG

M) DPT

) MMR

5. Kil kr fUYs
m) by

nf fyitia FHghf cjwJ.

M) Fqbl

) mo

6. wg bgwtf
nrfgLshf.
m) nfhL Kiw

tif cztf thf Kiw

M) nenfhL Kiw ) nfhL kW gahs Kiw

7. gHnjh

jah gagLwJ.

m) #h

M) b#

8. Kg
bragl cjwJ.
m) uJ

) khknyL

xU Ka fUahf csjh Kg wghf

M) jff

9.

) gntLf

vgJ X cw isahL fU
m) fW Cr

M) bgnghL

10. cyfsha njitahf

m) r

nr sFwJ.
M)

) cley

11. nfhbl mbknla vgJ

m) cz rl

MF.

M) cz rij ) cz fLghL

12. neh nghJ VgL mf jhf

m) ghoah
13.

) fW V

M) ghah

vd miHfgLwJ.
) gh~ngah

vgJ bfhG nrfgl nfF X cjhuz

m) gL nf

M) Vr nf
350

) gh nf

14. tUdt xW o jahf Toa Jiz czthF.

m) mj

M) Ah

) nghlh

15. xUizj gf neu ft ika vgJ

m) FHijf fhgf

M) ghtho

MF.
) Kg

M) XU tf ila
ila:
16. WABA - bjGJ.
17. nf jahf gagL bghUfis tifgLJ.
18. tiyjs totik vwh vd?
19. L xLj vwh vd?
20. g (Pubs) vwh vd?
21. FH w j - tiuaW.
22. yij[ vwh vd?
23. TJ nehFj Utiff ahit?
24.cliw myid (BMI) vthW fzLth?
25.kknyL vgJ vd?
26. cQ Mt vwh vd?
27. b# Koiyia vthW mth?
28. aYF K mik vj ta fwJ?
29. Kg FHijf uL Mft braghLfis vGJ.
30. ca uj mGj vwh vd?
gF -M
II. IJ tf vGJ
vGJ. VnjD gJ dhfSF kL ila
ila:

10
4=40
10x4=40

31. Kg FHijfSfhd rj czid mltizgLJf.

32. cz xf brYJj - tiuaW.
33. Phd mDgtdh VgL gafis FLf.
34. ignuhuh vwh vd? gl tiu.
35. thoifahsUF Vwgo kh mikj vwh vd?
36. fhr tiffis vGJ.
37. bjhil milghd (oah) neh mFf ahit?
38. FHij mKJ Jiz cz cs cz bghUfis rJfis vGJ.
39. TL mif gntL vwh vd?
40. Vr nfif, gh nfif ntWgLJf.
42. ntghJfh bghUis tifgLJf.
351

gF -
III. F
F: xU gfF fhk vGJ
vGJ. VnjD IJ dhfSF kL
ila
5 x 10= 50
ila:
43. clgUk Vgl fhuzf ahit?
44. #h kW b#ia ntWgLJf.
45. eilKiw cs neh jL mltizia vGJ.
46. Kg fol kh tiugl xid tiu.
47. nf jah <ugjij clhFgit g t.
48. kh g sf tuij t.
49. fLrhjij lL nghJ ftf ntoa fUJfis tirgLJf.
gF - <
III. F
F: thd ila. VnjD ehF dhfSF kL
ila
ila:
4 x 20= 80
50. Kg gntW tiffis g vGJf.
51. cz thF Kiwfis t.
52. gidia nkgLJ tfis t.
53. neh cz l nkyhikia thf vGJ.
54. jukhd nf gfis thf vGJ.
55. fgfhy VgL uridfis FL. mtiw t.

352

Glossary
Appetizer

: A small portion of fruit juice, or savoury titbits, served as the

first course of the meal.

Aleurone layer

: The single layer of large cells between the bran coat and the
endosperm of cereal grains. Rich in protien, minerals and
vitamins.

Anorexia

: Loss of appetite

Antibody

: A protein substance produced in an organism as a response to

the presence of an antigen mainly as a defense mechanism.

Antigen

: Any substance such as bacteria or foreign protein that, as a

result of contact with tissues of the animal body, produces an
immune response.

Atrophy

: A wasting away of cell, tissue or organ resulting in the reduction

in size.

Brine

: Common salt solution.

Broth

: An unclarified thin soup

Caramel

: Burnt sugar (heating sugar)

Casein

: Milk protein

Cheilosis

: Lesions of the lips and angles of the mouth.

Caramelized sugar: Dry sugar heated and melted.

Currant

: The acidulous berry of a shrub, usually dried.

Custard

: A sweetened mixture of eggs and milk which is baked or cooked

over hot water.

Colostrum

: The thin yellow, milky fluid secreted by the mammary gland ,

prior to secretion of mature milk.

Dhokla

: A fermented steamed preparation made using channa flour or

rice flour, with spices and seasoning. Eaten as a snack.

353

Dumping syndrome : Disorder following food ingestion characterized by sweating

and weakness, due to rapid emptying of stomach contents into
the small intestine.
Emulsion

: A suspension of a light liquid like oil in a heaveir liquid like egg

such as mayonnaise, french dressing.

Emulsification

: The process of blending fat and water solution to a stable mixture

Egg wash

: A mixtuive of eggs and liquid used for smearing.

Enteric

: Pertaining to the intestine.

Dusting flour

: Distributing a film of flour or starch on pans or work bench

surfaces.

Fillings

: Sweet cream, jams etc placed between baked layers in cakes,

pastries etc.

Frosting

: Sugar icing used to cover cakes.

Fondant

: Sugar cooked to soft - boiled stage (112OC) and then taken to a

fudge like smoothness. It can be used in icing or sweet.

Glace

: Sugar so treated as to resemble ice.

Gliadin

: One of the two proteins of gluten which provides elasticity.

Gluten

: The elastic protein mass that is formed when the protein material
of the wheat flour is mixed with water.

Glutenin

: One of the two proteins comprising of gluten, which gives

strength.

Hypertension

: Increase in blood pressure above normal.

Hypoglycaemia

: A lower than normal level of glucose in the blood.

Hydrogenated oil : A natural oil that has been treated with hydrogen to convert
it to a hardened form.
Leavening

: Raising or lightening by air, steam or gas (Carbondioxide).

Levulose

: A simple sugar found in honey and fruits

354

Ketosis

: A condition resulting from incomplete oxidation of fatty acids and

the consequent accumulation of ketone bodies in blood.

Mayonnaise

: Oil in-water emulsion made from vegetable oil, vinegar, salt,

spices, emulisified with egg yolk and thickened.

Muffins

: Small, light, quick breads baked in muffin pans.

Molasses

: Light to dark brown syrup obtained in making canesugar.

Oedema

: Presence of abnormal amounts of fluids in intercellular space,

resulting in swelling.

Polyphagia

: Excessive eating

Rancid

: Smell that results from oxidative decomposition of fatty acids.

Stabilizers

: Used in meringue pie fillings and icings

Tarts

: Small pastries with heavy fruit filling or cream.

Vinegar

: A strongly acid liquid produced by fermentation. Commonly used

vinegar is cider,made from apple .

Whisk

: To beat cream or eggs till a stiff froth is obtained.

Yoghurt

: Curd, sour and .sweetened

355

REFERENCES
Adams, M.R. and Mors, MO, C., (1995), Food Microbiology, V.S., New Age
International (P) Limited, Publishers New Delhi.
Aggarwal, J.C., (1990), Methods and Materials of Nursery Education, Delhi.
Amirtha Gowri, R., (1983)Development During Pre school Years Avinashilingam
University for Women, Saradalaya Press, Coimbatore.
Andrews, S., (1980), Food and Beverage Service, Training Manual,.Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company Ltd.,New Delhi.
Andrews, S., (2008), Text book of Food and Beverage Management, Tata McGraw
Hill Publishing Company Ltd.,New Delhi.
Bernard, L., Even ,(2000),The Foundations of Management Excel, Department of
Agrcultural Economics, .Ohio State University, USA.
Bhoodev Singh, (2004), Pre school Education, APH Publishing Corporation, New
Delhi.
Charles, E., Skimmer,(2008), Child Psychology,
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Net References
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359

cz nkyhik
FHij eyD
brKiw I & II

bjhf
nkiy - ulh ML

jehL muR
ytr ghl tHF
l btlglJ
(gidF mW)

lhik xU ghtbra
lhik xU bgUFw
lhik kjjikaw bra

f rhiy, brid - 600 006.

 jehL muR
Kj g - 2011

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nguhia,
cz kW rJz Jiw,
mdhf fiy gfiy fHf,
nfha - 641 043.

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Kidt nt. rhujh uhkjh,
nguhia,
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bjhf Mia,
nfhit J tf rf muR kf nkiyg
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gbulh tF

brKiw I
#] :

ghll

1. cz ju

1.1

mkh, BIS, FPO jurhW bgw czfis flj

1.2

cz jahF K bra ntoait

1.3

y cz kL mltiz jahbr

2. jh, nr czl
2.1

f bgfSfhd czl

2.2

FH gUt czl (6-12 khjf)

2.3

neh jL mltiz

#]iy :

3. FHijfSfhd czl

3.1

KgUt g FHijfSfhd cz kW rJ njitf

3.2

uj fnyh FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l

3.3

crJ A FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l

3.4

uj nrhif cs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l

4. ir czf
4.1

fhryh ghfgltfSfhd cz l

4.2

dh ghfgl egUfhd cz l

4.3

cz l tYe gf kW Mnyhrid bghWf

MfL :

5. cz tHF Wtdf

5.1

xU cztf thf mik kh tiugl

5.2

cz nki#ia jah brj

5.3

cztfF njitahd rhjdf

brlg : 6. czdh VgL bjhWfS eR jik

6.1

cz bfLjiy Muhj

iii

7. cz ghJfhj
7.1

#h jahj

7.2

#h jahj Ko iyia zj

7.3

jfh rh jahj

7.4

Kisfoa gaW jahj

mnlhg : 8. mLkid jahf

8.1

nf jahj

8.2

nf myfhu brj

8.3

rfiu tiff

8.4

f jahj

etg :

9. Kg f

9.1

Kgfhd tiugl (lay out)

9.2

TjhL bghikf jahj

9.3

cw, btw isahL fUf

9.4

Mf ntiyf

10.Kg braghLf
10.1

org :

Kg FHijfSfhd ghlf

11. nkyhik

11.1

ria nrj

11.2

W bjh - cz bghUfis juLJjY, gkhW msid

fLgLJjY.

iv

gbulh tF

brKiw II
#] :

ghll

1.. cz ju

1.1

y _y cz juij mj

1.2

cz bghUfis njbjLj
2. jhnr czl

2.1

ghL jhfhd cz l

2.2

rij ilf Toa FHij czf

2.3

FHijfSfhd iz czf jahj

#]iy :

3. FHijfSfhd czl

3.1

g brY FHijfSfhd fLrhj

3.2

g ka cz l

3.3

FHijfl bghJthf fhzgL nehfS jF KiwfS

4. ir czf
4.1

tW cstfSfhd cz l

4.2

th t nuW fiur (O.R.S)

4.3

clgUk cstfSfhd cz l

Mf :

5. cz tHF Wtdf

5.1

W cztff braghLf

5.2

g cztffhd czl

5.3

cz tHF Wtdf ggtf g tuFf

(Job specification)

brlg : 6. czdh VgL bjhWfS, eR jik

6.1

cz bghUf Mfhyij mfj

6.2

cz bjhid jF Rfhjhu tKiwf

7.

cz ghJfhj

7.1

b# jahj

7.2

FthZ jahj

7.3

vYrgH fhoa jahj.

7.4

khfh CWfh jahj

7.5

gH lh jahj

mnlhg : 8. mLkid jahf

8.1.

nf juij kL brj.

8.2

Kilyhj nf jahj

8.3

ng jahj g braKiw sf

8.4

F jahj

etg
etg:

9. Kg f

9.1

thuhu ghll jahj

9.2

Phd mEgtf

9.3

kW kz isahL

9.4

Kg FHijfSnfw isahL bghUf, jffis

kL brj.
10. Kg braghLf

10.1

org

Kg FHijfSfhd fij
11. nkyhik

11.1

gidia nkgLJj

11.2

xU cztf iy mif
vi

bghUslf
brKiw I
gf

1. cz ju
1.1

mkh, BIS, FPO jurhW bgw czfis flj

1.2

cz jahF K bra ntoait

1.3

y cz kL mltiz

2. jh, nr czl
2.1

f bgfSfhd czl

2.2

FH gUt czl (6-12 khjf)

2.3

neh jL mltiz

11

3. FHijfSfhd czl
3.1

KgUt g FHijfSfhd cz kW
rJ njitf

3.2

13

uj fnyh FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa

cz l

3.3
3.4

15

crJ A FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa

cz l

17

uj nrhif cs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l

19

4. ir czf
4.1

fhryh ghfgltfSfhd cz l

21

4.2

dh ghfgl egUfhd cz l

23

4.3

cz l tYe gf kW bghWf

25

5. cz tHF Wtdf
5.1

xU cztf thf mik kh tiugl

26

5.2

cz nki#ia jah brj

28

5.3

cztfF njitahd rhjdf

30

vii

6. czdh VgL bjhWfS eR jik

6.1

cz bfLjiy Muhj

32

7. cz ghJfhj
7.1

#h jahj

34

7.2

#h jahj Ko iyia zj

36

7.3

jfh rh jahj

38

7.4

Kisfoa gaW jahj

40

8. mLkid jahf
8.1

nf jahj

42

8.2

nf myfhu brj

45

8.3

rfiu tiff

47

8.4

f jahj

49

9. Kg f
9.1

Kgfhd tiugl (lay out)

51

9.2

TjhL bghikf jahj

53

9.3

cw, btw isahL fUf

55

9.4

Mf ntiyf

58

10.Kg braghLf
10.1

Kg FHijfSfhd ghlf

60

11. nkyhik
11.1

ria nrj

61

11.2

W bjh - cz bghUfis jugLJjY, gkhW

msid fLgLJjY

62

dh t

63

Kj iy got

66
viii

brKiw II
gf

1.. cz ju
1.1

y _y cz juij mj

67

1.2

cz bghUfis njbjLj

68

2. jhnr czl
2.1

ghL jhfhd cz l

70

2.2

rij ilf Toa FHij czf

71

2.3

FHijfSfhd iz czf jahj

72

3. FHijfSfhd czl
3.1

g brY FHijfSfhd fLrhj

73

3.2

g ka cz l

75

3.3

FHijfl bghJthf fhzgL nehfS

jF KiwfS

76

4. ir czf
4.1

tW cstfSfhd cz l

78

4.2

th t nuW fiur (ORS)

80

4.3

clgUk cstfSfhd cz l

81

5. cz tHF Wtdf
5.1

W cztff braghLf

83

5.2

g cztffhd czl

85

5.3

cz tHF Wtdf ggtf

g tuFf (Job specification)

87

6. czdh VgL bjhWfS, eR jik

6.1

cz bghUf Mfhyij mfj

89

6.2

cz bjhid jF Rfhjhu tKiwf

91

ix

7.

cz ghJfhj

7.1

b# jahj

93

7.2

FthZ jahj

96

7.3

vYrgH fhoa jahj.

100

7.4

khfh CWfh jahj

101

7.5

gH lh jahj

102

8. mLkid jahf
8.1.

nf juij kL brj.

103

8.2

Kilyhj nf jahj

105

8.3

ng jahj g braKiw sf

106

8.4

F jahj

109

9. Kg f
9.1

thuhu ghll jahj

112

9.2

Phd mDgtf

115

9.3

kW kz isahL

116

9.4

Kg FHijfSnfw isahL bghUf,

jffis kL brj.

118

10. Kg braghLf
10.1

Kg FHijfSfhd fij

120

11. nkyhik
11.1

gidia nkgLJj

123

11.2

xU cztf iy mif

125

dh t

128

braKiw l - jiyf (Project Topics)

131

References

139

M
aUfhd Fiu
M

j braKiw g VL, cz nkyhik FHij eyD

MaUfhf. khzt eyDfhf cUthfgLsJ.
vikahd, ju zfgl cz jahf jugLsd. jf
g tr th kW neuF Vg cz jahfis kh
bfhsyh.
brKiwia bjhlF K njitahd bghUfis jah brJ bfhs.
MtfF khztf tU nghJ Vu, if JL, g VL kW
F Void (Observation Note) bfhL tUkhW tWj.
Mtf rikF nghJ rhjdfis ifahS nghJ ghJfhghd
NHiy cWgL bfhs.

khztUfhd miu

vyh iyfY, vyh lfY Rj mahtakhdJ.

cgnahF rhjdfS, ghufS ewhf Rj bragljhf

Uj mta.

cz Tl ntiyia bjhlF K iffis eF Rj bra.

cz bghUf Rjkhdjhf jukhdjhf csjh vd gnrhf

fhffis eF fG, Rj bra

bra ntoa brafis uhd Kiw fhy ua kW vbghU

zhFj nghwit xGF gLj

rikJ Kojl mlij Rj bra

czfis U ghj gkhw

ghufis eF JilJ, cy mjFa lf ghJfhf

rikj czit rahd btgiy mjFa ghu gkhw

MtfF tU nghJ Vu kW if JLl jtwhk tu ntL.

g ifnail vyh Mtf g tFfSF bfhL tu.

g Vo KGikahd g sf bfhLfgLsJ. mjid

g kw gfis bra.

bghik jahF nghJ, ffis jahF nghJ mtutf

jjik kW Jikahd fis cgnahfyh.

xi

br
Kiw I
br
1. cz ju
1.1. mkh, BIS, FPO jurhW bgw czfis flj
nehf: mkh, BIS, FPO jurhW bgw cz tiffis gaj.
braKiw: gbghU mfho kW cztffSF brW VnjD 5 cz
tiffis njbjLJ mj Kiujh kW tU brfis
nrff.

Ko kW fUJiu:

1.2. cz jahF K brantoait

nehf: cz jahF K bra ntoa Egkhd brafis g mj.
njitahd bghUf: ghuf, njh fU, f, eWF fU, eWF
gyif, fU, miuit au, khthL fU.
cz jahF K bra ntoait:
RjgLJj / fGj: rikaYF gagLJ cz bghUf Rjkhf
Uj f mta. Vbd cz bghUfis EQflUJ
ghJfhgjF Rjkhd _y bghUf njit. cyj bghUfshd jhaf, gU
tiff nghwt f, R kw njitaw bghUf Matiw mf
rikaYF gagLJj ntL.
njhYj: bgUghyhd gHfS, fhffS fodkhd bt njh
bfhLsJ. njh rikgjF f fodkhf myJ uzF ukkhf
Ugjh gHf, fhff njhYfgl ntL. xU y gHf kW
fhff fjfh, jfh, btilfh nghwt njh bkikahf
Ugjh mit njhYlndna rikfgLwJ.
btLj: bghJthfnt, vyhfhffS gHfS gagLJtjF K
btlgLwd. fhffis xnu khahf uhd Kiw btL nghJ rikgJ
vjhwJ.
miuj: cz bghUfis miuF nghJ mit f bkikahd Ea
iyF bfhL tugLwJ. cz bghUf krhyh bghof nghW cyj
iyY, j nrJ, r kW , njhir, til kh tiffis
jahfyh.
j: y cz tiffis nah myJ bghoahf W JLfshnah
rikaYF gagLJtJ vjhf UwJ. nkY rika a tifid
cUthf cjwJ. gro jahF nghJ fhff, kW gHtiffis
gagLjyh.
Cw itj: cz bghUfis Cw itF nghJ mit f
bkikailtjh rikgjF, miugjF vjhf csJ. cjhuzkhf
rikgjF K gU tiffis Cw itj, kW m cSj gU
nghwtiw kh miugjF K Cw itJ cgnahfyh.
sh ((Blanching):): Kiw cz bghUf Kj bfhF
m itfgL clnd Fj _f itfgLwJ. J cz
bfLtjF fhuzkhd behfis mJ czid ghJfhf cjwJ.
sh Kiw jfh njh kW y gH tiff njhid vjhf
mfw KowJ.

 khneo ((Marinating):): cz bghUfis krhyh bghUfSl nrJ Cw

itF nghJ cz kzK Rit TLtnjhL bkikahf cjwJ.
khne vgJ (Marinade) vbz, thrid bghUf kW y myf
Mait xwhf nrj xU fyitahF.
brKiw: xbthF 100 fhfia vLJ bfhL tU Kiw jah
bra.

Ko kW fUJiu:

1.3. y cz kL mltiz
nehf: y cz nrhjidfhd kL mltiz jahF wid
tsj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ghuf, eWF gyif, f, buhogyif, thz,
fuo, , z.
y cz nrhjid Ka
Jt: cz juid zf FG
KaJt:
_y y cz nrhjid brJ za brj.
y cz kLj vgJ cz msit msJ, kW MuhJ
Iyf _y ghJ, RitJ, czJ cz juij sFtjhF.
njhw, w, kz, kW thah czj (U) nghwit cz
Vjikia zwJ.
y cz kL, cz juij bfhLfgl kf zf,
KndwkiltjF, gy tifahf jahgjF, ahghu rij mt
iyid Muha cjwJ.
cz ll uth nfr
cz bghUf

msf

btis uit

200

rfiu

200

be

100

400 ..

Vygl

1 njfuo

bfhilf

(K, cyj uhir, ghjh, jh) :

30

nfr kr w

1 oif

brKiw:
js be bfhilf midij nrJ bghwkhf tWbjLf.
uitid J be bghwkhf tWf.
njitahd jiu vLJ bfhf itj mjDl uitia
fiuJ itj nfr gliu nrJ ntf itf.
jKs be, rfiu nrJ eF sw.
tWj bfhilfis nrJ s, mLUJ w Nlh gkhw.

2. nk rgh
(btjaiu rgh)
rgh
cz bghUf
msf
nfhJik kh
:
2 f
btja iu
:
fL
kr
:
njfuo
eWa btfha
:
f
sfh
:
nki#fuo
fu krhyh
:
njfuo
nrh
:
njfuo
vbz
:
njitahd ms
c
:
Ritnfg
brKiw:

nrh kW btfhaij tjf.

RjkhfgL eWfgl btja iul vyh krhyh gliu

nrJ J neu tjf.

nfhJik khl nkFl krhyhf midij nrJ eF irJ

kh jahf.

W cUil brJ njJ rghia njhir f L RblLf.

uth nfrfhd kL mltiz

nk rghfhd kL mltiz

Ko kW fUJiu:

2. jh nr czl
2.1. f bgfSfhd cz l
nehf: f bgfhd xU ehisa cz l jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ghuf, njhirf, f, fuo, f, eWF gyif,
bga fuof, Kil moF fU.
cz l bfhiff:

rJf brj czF mf KaJt bfhLfgl ntL.

dr cz 3 f gh flha nrfgl ntL.

VnjD xU mirt cz myJ KGikahd uj cs cz uL

gkhW msfS, xU ml kr wKs fhf kW Rit
iwj gHf
mf msfY nrfgl ntL.

Fiwj ms, Mdh mofo xU Fl ilntisf cz

cbfhS gHf Uf ntL.

cz cQj xU ehisF 5UJ 6 ntis tiu Ufyh.

U rJ mfKs cz bghUfshd KG jhaf, mt, cyj

gHf, kW gir fhff nrJ bfhsyh.

mf ms ut nrfgl ntL.

ehrJ mf iwj a gHf kW fhf rhyLfis mf ms

cz ntL.

cz l jahj btl Mby

cz bghUf

msf

Kil

JUa fhu

bghoahf eWfgl btfha :

gh

1 njfuo

jfh

bfhJk jiH

js

gir sfh (aJ)

Ritnfg

vbz

njitahd ms

brKiw:
1. xU njfuo gh Kilfis cilJ C moJ fyf.
2. btfha, jfh, gir sfh kW bfhJk jiHia bghoahf
eW bfhs.
3. fhuil JU bfhs.
4. midJ bghUfis mofgL fyfgl Kil, c nrJ
fyf.
5. njhirfiy NL g vbz l. njitahd ms Kil
fyitia Cw.
6. U gffis U nghL eF rikf. myff.
Ko kW fUJiu:

2.2.FH gUt czl (6-12 khjf)

nehf: s FHfhd xU ehisa cz lij jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: flh, ghuf, ff, fuof, njfuof
kW gy.
cz l tfho:

xU neu xnu xU a czit kL mKfgLj ntL. jhf

jahfgl czit mf ntL.

iz cz bfhLf MuF nghJ j jik cilajhf Uf

ntL.

Mug Fiwj ms l czthf Uf ntL. gogoahf msit

mff ntL.

bfhLfgL cz krhyh iwjjhf Uf TlhJ. bghj czf

jfgl ntL. gy tifahd czfis lL FHijfis
ftu Toajhf Uf ntL.

FHij, czid cL kahf UgjF jh bghWikahf ey

tKiwfis bjJ bfhL fLikahf Ugij jf ntL.

bkikahd flL, ntf itfgl Kil kr fU, ro, ,

kh bragl jhaf, m kh, mt, fh ~ns kW gh
Kjatiw gagL brj fia FHfSF bfhLfyh.

xU ehisa cz l (6 khjF nk cs FHF Vw cz)

FHf mj tsF njitahd czit uoUJ _W k
neu ilntis bfhLf ntL. jhgh bfhLfgLtjF Vwh ngh
kw cz bfhLF neuij lL bfhLf ntL. xU ehisfhd kh
cz l nH bfhLfgLsJ.
mfhiy 6 k

jhgh myJ braif cz

8 k

uh f (ghYl)

10 k

nghL Kil (xW)

ka 12 k

^ (stewed) M / ntfitJ kfgl fhu

2 k

jhgh myJ braif cz

khiy 4 k

MuR gHrhW (fglJ)

6 k

Jiz cz mj

u 8 k

ghYl nrJ

12 kUJ 3 k tiu:

jhgh myJ braif cz

cz ll mj (100)
cz bghUf

ms (uh)

nfhJik

38

bghLfliy

19

yfliy (tWjJ)

12

bfhG fgl nrhah kh

bty (bghofglJ)

25

brKiw:
1. Rj bragl nfhJik, bghLfliy kW yfliy Matiw
jkhd No jjahf tWbjLf.
2. bfhG fgl nrhah kh kW bty Matiw nrJ UJthf
bghof.
3. 15 uh bghofgl is vLJ bfhL foyhk fiuJ
njitahd ms C ntf itf.
Ko kW fUJiu:

10

2.3. neh jL mltiz

nehf: neh jL mltizia g mJ bfhSj.
neh jLghw: neh jLghw vD thij xU eg neh vF
jikia, nt bghUfis cbrYJtj _y mfgL, eRfSF
vuhf bragl Ltij FgjhF. vLJfhlhf, oah kW
tWnghF nghwit eRfsh Vgl ToaJ. eR bghU jikia
kh bfhLgj _y cl ey Fiwit jLfyh, mnjhL mj e
braghil Fiwfyh.
neh jL mltiz:
jbghGJ neh jL vgJ f ghJfhghdJ kW FHijf
Mnuhakhf Uf gagLwJ. a FHij kUJt fHfjh (Indian
Academy of Paediatrics - IAP) mffgl neh jL mltiz (2009)
tUkhW,

11

brhbwhl RUf ((Abbrevation)

BCG Bacillus Calmittee Guerin
MMR Mumps, Measles, Rubella (bghDF , jlik, b#k jlik)
DPT

oah, bg^ kW blld

OPV tht nghnah jL

Ko kW fUJiu:

12

3. FHijfSfhd czl
3.1. KgUt g FHijfSfhd cz kW rJ njitf
nehf: Kg FHijf cz kW Cl rJ njit FJ
mltiz jahj.
njitahd bghUf: rh ngg, ms nfh, bf ngdh.
cz l tfho :

FHijf czthdJ msY juY nghJkhd rJfisilajhf

Uj ntL. ghYl nrJ, FHijF ujrJ Fj czid
UKiw TLjyhf mj ntL.

cz l gy tifahd czit nrj ntL, Vbd

mbghGJ jh vyh cz bjhFUJ czit njbjLJ
cQt gHf clhF.

cz ftfukhf Mtij l Toa tifY Ujh,

FHijf ewhf rhl thsJ. vLJfhlhf, rgh kW
nghwit gy totf myJ jf jahJ mHfhd jLf
gkhWj.

iuf kW gHf, KG jha tiffis dr cz nrJ

bfhtj _y kyfiy jfyh.

r br xW Kj 1.2 .fnyhf Uj mta. jF TLjyhf

gh kW vbz cz nrJ bfhs ntL.

Kg FHijfhd gJiufgl xU ehisa cz njit

Mjhu : ICMR Dietary Guidelines for Indians - Manual NIN, 2005

13

Kg FHijfhd gJiufgl xU ehisa rJnjit

Mjhu : ICMR Dietary Guidelines for Indians - Manual NIN, 2005

F: nkny bfhLfgLs K g FHijfhd, cz kW Cl rJ

njitfis rho jah br.
Ko kW fUJiu:

14

3.2. uj fnyh FiwghLs ((PEM)) FHijfhd xU ehisa cz

l
nehf: uj fnyh FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l
jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mGj bfhfy, flh, ghuf, f,
fuof, ff kW gy.
uj fnyh FiwghL:
uj fnyh FiwghL vgJ e eho bghJ ey uridf Kakhd
xwhF. uj fnyh FiwghL vgJ, cz cs uj kW fnyh
Fiwghil FF. J xU nehay. Mdh cz gwhFiwah Vgl Toa
iyahF.
_W tiff csd.
1. nehrh (Marasmus) r (fhnghiAonu) kW uj FiwghL
2. rtiy (Kwashiorkar) uj FiwghL.
3. nehrh rtiy (Marasmic kwashiorkar) kuhk kW FthahfUF
ilgl iy.
kUJt mFf

cl KGJ njf (Oedema) Fghf t - ghid tW (pot belly)

yhKf

jir zhj

ts Fiw

bfhG goj fu bAgnlhbkf (hepatomegaly)

Ko w khw.

czl nkyhik
cz l vgJ,

cq ilfToa Kakhd czit bfhoUf ntL.

Fiwjgr 100.. ghyhtJ dr cz Uf ntL.

5 : 1 j jha kW gW fyit Uf ntL.

IJ cz bjhFfUJ, Fiwj iylD, vjhf uf

Toajhf Uf ntL.

vbz kW thiHgH nghwtiw nrJ bfhStjh

fnyhf msit mffyh. thiHgH cbfhStjh Fl
mirfis uh kyfiy jfyh.

cz cbfhS neufis mfgL xU eh KGJ uhf

gjfglh cz ms mfF.

15

uj fnyh FiwghLs FHijF xU ehisa cz l

cz neu

cz tiff

mfhiy

gh (Ah / rJ kh f)

fhiy

, yfliy r, thiHgH

Kgf

M n

ka

rhj, KUiffh rhgh, fhu bgha, Kil, j

khiy

ghgaW Rl, cilj nfhJik ghar

rgh gUl, MuR / thiHgH

cz ll cilj nfhJik ghar

cz bghUf

ms

cilj nfhJik

50

gh

200 .

rfiu

100

Vyfh bgho

njfuo

K kW cyj uhir

10

be

10

JUa njfh

10

brKiw:
1. ghYl j nrJ cilj nfhJikia ntf itf.
2. be bfhilfis bghwkhf tWbjLf.
3. JUa njfh, tWj bfhilf, cyj uhir, rfiu kW Vyfh
bgho nrf.
4. tWj bfhilfis bfhL myff.
fzLj
cilj nfhJik kW ghYs fnyhf kW uj msit
fzLf.

Ko kW fUJiu:

16

3.3. crJ A FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l

nehf: crJ A FiwghLs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l
jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mGjfy, ghuf, Kil moF fU,
fuof, f, fnlhf kW gy.
crJ A FiwghL:
cz nghJkhd ms crJ A myJ mj Kndho `lh fnuhO
yhj nghJ crJ A Fiw neh tu fhuzkhf mikwJ. f bgf
cz crJ A FiwghL VgL nghJ, wF FH fu nr
crJ A f Fiwthfnt UF.
kUJt mFf:
crJ A Fiwghodh ghfgl FHij mFf tUkhW:

khiy fneh

iglh f

btgly (f#oth) kW fUgly (fhah) Mat cyj

jik

b#uh~jhah

KGikahf ghit Hj (bfunlhknyah)

crJ A iwj czf:

, Kil, fu, gh, ggh, fhu, ghyiu, bfhJk jiH, dh
iy kW kr fhff.
cz
cz l nkyhik:

f bgf njitahd ms crJ A kW fnuhO mfKs

cz bghUfis cz nrJ bfhs ntL.

ghLj eF mika urt KoJ xU k neuF jh ghLj

bjhlfgl ntL.

FHfl crJ A nrig mfgLj jhgh cs bfhyou

cjwJ.

crJ A kW lh fnuhO mf iwj czfshd fhu, ggh,

r kW khgH nghwtiw dr vLJ bfhtJ eyJ.

17

xU ehisa cz l (crJ A iwj cz l)

cz neu

cz tiff

mfhiy

gh

fhiy

btl ro, njfh r, gH

Kgf

ggh gh n

ka

rhj, rfh rhgh, iu bgha, Kil, j

khiy

nfu mth, btfha gnfhlh

eh (Naan), ghy g (Palak Paneer), M

cz ll: ggh gh n
cz bghUf

ms

ggh

200

gh

200

rfiu

20

vbr

njitahd ms

brKiw:
1. bfhf itJ Mw itfgl gh rfiuia fyJ Ff.
2. gghia JLfshf bto bfhL miuJ THhf. ghYl
vbr nrJ miuf.
3. FJ gkhw.
fzLj:
ggh kW ghYs fnyh kW crJ A msid fzLf.

Ko kW fUJiu:

18

3.4. ujnrhif cs FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l

nehf: uj nrhifah ghfgl FHijfhd xU ehisa cz l
jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mGjfy, ghuf, fuof, W fuof.
ujnrhif:
ujnrhif vgJ cz UrJ FiwghL, myJ njitahd ms
U rJ crglhkY cgnahfglhkY UF iyahF. s
FHijf kW f bgf nehdh mf ghfgl Toatf.
fLikahd rJ FiwghL cs FHijf mofo u ujnrhifdh
ghfgLwd. mnjhL fnyh, uj, crJ kW jhJ cf
gwhFiwfhd mFf btgL.
kUJt mFf:
uj nrhiffhd mFfshtd:
bta njh
fuo tot eff myJ nfhnyhah (Koilonychia)
ehYs RitaUf mWj kW eh RH (Glossitis)
ikdhth (Angular stomatitis) kW gik (dysphagia)
RWRWik, ntiy bra Koahik.
cz Mjhu
ngrgH, cyj uhir, mt, uh, iu tiff, cyj Rilfh
kW fu.
cz l tfho
gaWf, iuf kW kw fhff cbfhtij mfgLj ntL.
sFHfhd iz czfSl UrJ mfKs czid
nrf ntL.
crJ C iwj czfshd bfhahgH, MuR,befh
nghwtiw dr cbfhStj _y UrJ crgLj
mfwJ.
ghdf nj kW nghwit UrJ cRjiy jil
brtjh tif czf cbfhsgLtij jf ntL.
xU ehisa cz l (UrJ mfKs czl)
cz neu

cz tiff

mfhiy

ngrgH u fyj gh

fhiy

uh njhir, dh r, ntfitj Kil

Kgf

miuiu N

ka

bfhjk rhj, % bgha, jrhj,khJis

khiy

fh~st, ngrgH mth

rgh, btl FUkh, gh

19

cz ll : ngrgH mth
cz bghUf

ms (uh)

ngrgH

200

gh

100

bty

20

vbr

njitahd ms

ghjh kW jh

20

be

50

brKiw:
1. bfhil fgl ngr gHfis ghYl miuf.
2. xU thz be C, bfhilfis bghwkhf tWbjLf.
3. miuj fyitia C bty nrJ Fiwj jz mofo sw.
4. mtbghGJ be nrf.
5. mth gj tU tiu ntf itf.
fzLj:
ngrgH kW btyfhd fnyh kW Ur msid
fzL.

Ko kW fUJiu:

20

4. ir czf
4.1. fhryh ghfgltfSfhd cz l
nehf: fhryh ghfgl egUF Vw cz l jahj.
njitahd bghUf: ghuf, fuo, njfuo, f.
fhr: btw kW cw fhufsh cl btgiy rhjhuz
iyUJ mfgJ fhr MF.
cw fhuf: Mo# - Mogho braf, fof (Tumors)
btw fhuf: ghOah myJ irf
tiff:

FWa fhy tuToa fhr r, lhiyo, Sarh kW

ilghL.

ukhd fhr vYU neh (TB)

ilgl iy VgL fhr knyah

mFf:
jiyt, twL Uk, mofo JKj, bjhil , Fl kW
iuig rgjkhd nehf mFf njhWj gik, jiyRw,
Fiwthd tWnghF, th kW tWjir o nghwit VgL.
czl bfhiff:
mf fnyh kW fhnghiAonu, bfhG Fiwj, mf uj iwjjhf
Uj ntL. TLjyhf crJ -A, C kW B - d crJ bfhLfgLj
ntL. nrhoa FnshiuL nghJkhd ms Uj ntL.
czl tfho:

mf uj iwj ghdf TLjyhf, dr czl tHFj.

mofo Fqnfh
mfgLjyh.

mf ut cz tiffis mj.

bfhG iwj czf, mf ehrJ iwj czf, mfkhd krhyh

bghUf iwj czfis ugJ fodkhf Ugjh jid
jj ntL.

2-3 k neu ilntis J jhf cz mj wjJ.

bfhLgj

_y

isnfh#

nrig

mDkfgl czf: Fqnfh fyj gHur ghdf, gh j,

n, f, FUiz f, N nghwit

21

fLgLjgl czf: btbz, be, sfh, krhyh bghUf,

vbz bghj czf kW ng.
fhrYfhd xU ehisa czl
cz neu

cz tiff

mfhiy

kh ghdf / Ah

fhiy

, r

Kgf

s/gHur/fhf N

ka

rhj, jfh ur, ntf itj fhff, j,

ntf itj Kil

khiy

f / buho, gh

X f, M

cz jah X f
cz bghUf

ms

100

gh

150

rfiu /c

njitnfg

brKiw:

ghYl 100 . j nrJ bfhf itf.

mjDl X nrJ 3 myJ 4 lf rikf.

rfiu myJ c nrJ Nlhf gkhw.

Ko kW fUJiu:

22

4.2. dh ghfgl egUfhd cz l

nehf: nehahfhd cz l jahJ mj.
njitahd bghUf: njhirf, fuo, ghuf, msF f, eWF
gyif, f.
neh: neh vgJ xU l fhy tsij khw FiwghL VgLtjh
Fqnfh gaghoid gFahfnth myJ KGikahfnth jLwJ. jdh
uj Fqnfh ml mfgjh fhnghiAonu, uj kW
bfhG tsij khw khwfis VgLJwJ. jF fhuz,
R cUtht, btgLj myJ bragho njh VgLtnjahF.
mFf:
iAgisah uj rfiu ms mfj.
rahd ms 80-100 / 100 uj.
neh VgL nghJ uj rfiu ms 140 /100 uj
Mf cawJ.

isnfhah W rfiu btgLj.

ut kW vynuhiyLf rkiyik.

ghoah mf jhf

ghah mofo W fj

ghngah mf g

vil Fiwj

njh m myJ f VgLj

f, fhaf bkJthf Fzkilj

cz l bfhiff:

xbthU cz neuF bfhLfgl ntoa cz fnyh rJ

rkkhdjhf J bfhLj ntL.

va fhnghiAonufshd rfiu, nj jfgl ntL.

mf ehrJ iwj fhf rhy, xbthU cz ntisY

nrfgLj ntL.

KGjhaf kW Kisfoa jhaf cz nrfgl ntL.

UJ, uj uil nehahf jj ntL.

nehahfSF mf uj mGjij jf cig fLgLj

ntL.

23

mDkfgl czf: iu tiff, thiHgH ju kw gHf, rhyf,

ghyhj fh myJ nj, bfhG fgl nkh, nfh iw, .
fLgLjgl czf: midJ va rfiuf (Fqnfh, nj,
f), cyj gHf, nf, lhf, bghj cz tiff, bty,
ghd gHurghdf, iw.
xU ehisa czl ( neh)
cz neu

cz tiff

mfhiy

rfiuyhj fh

fhiy

uh nrhah buho, jfh r

Kgf

miuiu N

ka

rhj, FH, bgha, fhf rhy

khiy

Rlfliy Rl, rfiuyhj nj

, bfhjk r, bfhG fgl rfiu

yhj gh

cz jah uh nrhah buho

njitahd bghUf

ms

uh kh

1 f

nrhah kh

eWa btfha

1 f

gir sfh

uf

1 njfuo

vbz

2 nkirfuo

Ritnfg

brKiw:

nkFLs bghUf midij njitahd j nrJ

bkikahf khthf.

njhirfid Nlh <ukhd ifah khit vLJ W tltotkhf

jl.

buhoia UKiw vbz L U 5 Kj 7 lf bus w

tU tiu Rl.

Nlhf rl gkhw.

Ko kW fUJiu:

24

4.3. czl tYe gf kW bghWf

nehf: czl tYe gf kW bghWf FJ sfgl
jahf mj.
cz l tYe:
cz l tYe vgt, rJz kW cz Cl (rlahf)
mffgl jFilatuhf, jgl egUnfh myJ FGnfh cz
tHF Kiwia mLt rJz maiy gagLJgtuhf mjdh
nehid jJ MnuhaF cjt Toatuhf Ug.
bghWf:
xU Wtd myJ kUJtkidYs cz l tYe
bghWf:

vyh cz tHF Kiwfis lL, jahJ, bragL

kLtJ.

a kW bga JiwfSfhd lfis LtJ.

lfSnfw brafis KiwgL tsfis fLgL,tu bry

lnfg mikgJ.

thf kW kUJt tfis xUizJ ey jukhd rJzid

mJ ftgJ.

cz jah, tHFtJ, Rj ghJfh kW ffhg ey juij

filogJ.

JiwFns, btna ey r_f bjhlid vGJ kW ngrhw

_y VgLJtJ.

cz lid jahJ mj kid (thoifahsf) gadhf

VFkhW brtJ.

ey cgfuzfis gagL czit bgW tHFt kdiwit

bgWtJ.

Mnuha JiwYs tYefl fyJ ciuaho nehahf rJz

ftig tYLtJ.

f rhjdfis clh, gagL, mjid nrhjid brtJ.

25

5. cz tHF Wtdf
5.1. xU cztf thf mik kh tiugl
nehf: xU cztf kh thf tiuglid jahj g mj.
Wtd tiugl:
xU Wtd tiugl vgJ nkiy ggtfSF,
mtfSF mLjLj iy UgtfSF ilna cs cwf kW
Wtd brafis khF mfhu bfhoUgtf tir
Matiw fhLtjhF. ntbwhU tif TWtbj, ahl ah g
gufis bjgJ vgjhF. mf ms wid bgL tif xGfhf
tirgLjgl gfis Fw ey flikid kh tiugl
fhL.

26

tuntgiw
cz bghUf thFj
cz jahj
cz tHFj
ghdf tHFj
miw miH nrit

bjhiyng
gRf F fil
JkfSF
bghWghd gahs

Ud
nritf

jifahs
gid
fzF tHFfis
sgu
ghitL Ca
gid
bga Ufhd
gid

gid brj /

ghJfhtyf

ghJfh

fzF ga

RWw fLghL
gGJghj kW
guhkj

bjhEg

brayhf mYtyf

cj aFe - bray

aFe - bray

eilKiw thf

xU cztf mik

cz, ghdf
tHFj

miwfisguhkj
miH nrit

miw bjhlghd
ntiyf

tuntgiw nki#
Kg br Ca

27

5.2. cz nki#ia jah brj

nehf: cz gkhWtjF nki#ia jah br Kiwia mJ bfhSj.
cz nki#ia jah brj: eilKiw cztffis bghWJ gyjkhd
nki# jahF Kiwf csd. Fl nritid braToa cztff
mjnf ca Fl tifahd cz tHFj Kiw gwgLwJ.
tiff xbthW xW bfhW ntWglJ. cz tHF Wtd
braKiw l mit WtgoUF l a mikid bghWJ
itf khWgL. btntW tifahd nki# gkhW Kiwf tUkhW bu Kiw, uZa Kiw, My Kiw, mbkf Kiw, g~ng (Buffet service) Kiw
kW gy.
bghJthd brKiw:
xU nki# xbthU thoifahsUFnk jahf fy, uhf kW
fzho rhkhf, Jf nghwit itgjF xJfgoUF lnk ft
(cover) vd miHfgL. l cztf tifia bghWJ, ilfToa
lid bghWJ mikwJ. rhjhuzkhf cztUJ nki# kW xU
ftUF njitgL l ms 60br. X 38 br. MF.
nki#ia jah brj:

nki# kW ehfhfis mj rahd lf itf.

nki#fis rahd Kiw gLj.

nki# J msid rghf.

nki# Jf nki# fhfis _LkhW mnj rka

nki#fSF il HhjthW Uf ntL.

nki# xWF nk xW gol nki#ia RY uhf

UFkhW mikf ntL.

vyh nki#fS xirthf Uf ntL.

f nghw bghUfS, jilahd bghUfS RjgLjgL

bkUnfwgoUf ntL. nki# jahj KoK Wahf xU Kiw
Rj bra ntL.

f nghw bghUf, kW jilahd bghUf nki# F

cUJ bttUkhW itj ntL.

f fgll kw mHF bghUf itfgl ntL.

f kW N fis ft tyJgfY, f mWF

KidahdJ lJgf neh Uj ntL.

Kfuoid (fork) ft lJ gf itj ntL.

bl[ kW Kfuoid ft nkw itf ntL.

gf fid a jo nk itJ ft lJ gf itf

ntL.
28

mUJ lsf, ft tyJ gfK, bga f KidF mUY

Uf ntL.

if JilF Jid (Napkin) ft eL myJ fhahd ls

c itf ntL.

c, sF itF brLf kW a ky myfhufis nkir

eL itf ntL.

gkhWj:
cz gkhWj midJ Ujhf lJ gfUJ gkhwgl
ntL.
khr cs jL myJ Kjikahd cz Ud Kdh neuoahf
gkhwgl ntL.
cz itUF ghuf midJ Ud tyJ gfUJ
mfwgl ntL.
ghdf midJ Ud tyJ gfUJ mfwgl ntL.
Ko kW fUJiu:

29

5.3. cztfF njitahd rhjdf

nehf: cztfF njitahd rhjdfis mJ bfhSj.
xU cztfF njitahd rhjdf:
rhjdf vgJ jLKL rhkhf, bghUf, bd, f nghw
cgfuzf, fh ghuf kW fzho ghuf. xbthU rhjdK
cztf il, ju kW jid ugwJ. rhjdfis thF
nghJ gy fhufis ftf ntL. mt y,

cztf ju

cz gkhW j

cztf myfhu kW ikafUJ

rhjd ciHF jik

rhjdij vjhf guhkF j

U jl ilf Toa iy

nrJ itF w

gyjf gaglToa j

iy bjhlghd fhuf

ju zfgljh vgij mtJ.

cz tHFjYF njitahd rhjdf tr cztf tHfgL

cz tiff, cz bghUf aif jik, cz jahf
njbjLfgl rika Kiw, tHF j, cikahsf, nkyhsf myJ
rikafhu jgl Ugf Matiw bghWJ ntWgLwJ. tU
rhjdf goa, lLgt ilf Toa rhjdfis kL
njbjLf, mtf Fl braKiwF Vwjh vd mJ bfhs
cj.
jLKL rhjdf: ehfhf, nki#f, mykhf, Tilf, jStof,
ghu fG fU (Dishwasher), kh miuF fU (grinder), Frhjd bgo
(refrigerator) Matiw itf Toa lhL (stand), cyJ jLf, cz
jahf njitgL nki#f.
cz jahf njitgL rhjdf: rhu fyit fU (mixer), kh
miuF fU (grinder), njh F fU (peeler), btL fU (cutter), gH
fU (juicer), kh fyF fU (Doughmaker).
rikayiw rhjdf: nki# bd, ehf, ff ( btL ff,
a ff, btbz btL ff), jilahd fUf (K fuo kW
fuof - forks and spoons), Ahnyh ghuf (Hollow ware) kw ghufshd
a zf (finger bowls), nj kW fh #Ff, rfiu zf
kW gy, irdh ghuf (bga jL, N jL, N f kW gy), fzho
ghuf (Fghdf FogjF).
30

cztfF njitahd rhjdf

Ko kW fUJiu

31

6. czdh VgL bjhWfS eR jik

6.1. cz bfLjiy Muhj
nehf: njbjLfgl cz bghUf bfLtij mJ ghj.
cz bfLj: bghJthf cz bghUf aa, nta kW ca
khwf VgLwd. it mz bghUf juij FiwJ Kothf
cz bfLtjF ttFF.
cz bfLtjfhd fhuzf
cz bfLj

fhuzf

EQf

behf

f kW v
nghwit

cz bfLtjfhd Ka fhuzf tUkhW,

EQf - itf ts kW bra

cz aifahf UfToa behf bra

f, vf kW xLf

cz gF bghUf nta khwf

btgiy, <ugj, fhW kW btr nghw RWw fhuf

fhy

nkTwgl fhuf cz juij ghwd. ghJfhF Kiwf

fhuf ghig Fiwf Ka nkbfhL cz nr
ujikia mfgL l ehfSF cz juij ghJfhwJ.
braKiw:
1. nkny Twgl fhufsh mGfToa cz bghUf (buho, gh, jfh,
CWfh) ytiw njbjLf.
2. njbjLfgl cz bghUf bfL nghF tiu itUf.
3. cz bghUf bfl MuF ehUJ VglToa khwfis TJ
nehf.

32

njbjLfgl cz bghUf bfL nghtJ ga tuf

Ko kW fUJiu:

33

7. cz ghJfhj
7.1. #h jahj
nehf: gytifahd gHfis fyJ #h jahgJ g mj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mofdkhd ghu, f, jLf, fuo, btL
gyif, msF zf kW fuof.
#h:
#h vgJ xU tifahd gH myJ uL tifahd gHf myJ
gytif gHfis xwhf gagL jahgjhF. gH jirgF myJ
eRfgl gHUJ #h jahfgLwJ. it nlh, rgh kW
buho nk jlt gagLwJ. t my nrfgLtjh Rit kzK
TlgLwJ. a gHf, gH jirgF kW JLf gh liy
rfiu nrfgL wj bfo bfhf itfgLwJ. b#yhf khW
fhuf, lh u kW lhlh myJ my nrfgLwJ.
bfoahF tiu bjhlJ s bfoahdl #h jahfgLwJ.
gytif gHf fyJ jahfgl #h ((Mixed Fruit Jam)
cz bghUf

ms

ggh

rnghlh

12

thiHgH

12

mdhgH

fU uhir

rfiu

my

6 njfuo

nrhoa bgnrhnt

1 njfuo

brKiw:

midJ gHf jirgFfis vLf ntL.

tofoal ntf itf.

rikfgl jirgFl mnj vil ms cs rfiu nrJ

njitahd gj tU tiu mL itJ sw.

fiufgl 6 njfuo myij mLUJ vLfgL 10

lfSF K nrf. #h jahuhdij gnrhf uhbg t
w, uhbg vb[ myJ igdh vb[ kW nrhoa
bgnrhnt nrf.

#h jahuhdl cldoahf gho nrf.

ilF ms: 200uh mss 12 ghof.

34

K vrif eltoiff:
1. #h uhd ljikl Uf jirgFia tofl ntL.
2. #h jahF Mug my nrfTlhJ. Vbd rfiu
nt khwf fHTL.
3. #h ghof #h uggL nghJ mtiw kugyiff itf ntL.
4. gho jiygF btl yhJ uggl ntL.
5. #h Mal ghoiy _o l ntL.
6. f gGj gHfis #h jahf gagLj TlhJ. Vbd mit xo
bfhS girsjhf khL.
kL mltiz

Ko kW fUJiu:

35

7.2. #h jahj Ko iyia zj

nehf: #h jahj Ko iyia zF gnrhjidfis mj.
njitahd cgfuzf: jLf, Kfuo, rhgh, btL gyif, f,
ghuf kW gy.
Ko iy:
xnu uhd jukhd #hik jahf xU rahd ms gHf kW rfiu
gagLjgl ntL. rikfgLj rahd Kiw mika ntL. #h
jahuhlj Koiyia ma tU nrhjidf bragl ntL.
1. FjL nrhjid ((Cold plate Test))
Frhjd bgo ciwa itF miw J neu jil itf.
jo nk bfhF #hik J nghL joid bkJthf Ug. jahf
J tuhk #h bkhjkhf nH tJ g totij clhdh #h jauhdij
FF.
2. Kfuo nrhjid ((Fork Test))
Kfuoia #h myJ b# cns l. #h rahd ms
gjUjh Kfuo ilna jh ngh cUthF.
3. nrhjid ((Sheet Test)
#h fyitia Fj bga fuo myJ kufuodh vLJ J
Jahf l ntL. nyrhf FfgL H bragL nghJ u
uL jj Jfshf cUthfhk jh nghW njhdh #h jahuhdij
FF.
4. F nrhjid ((Bubble Test))
Ko iy milJ lh #h fyit bga bga Ff cUthF.
M #h ((Apple Jam)
cz bghUf

ms

1 .

rfiu

1 .

my

8 - 10

bghlha bklh ig rng

36

brKiw
Mis njh eW bfhs. J C bkikahd gHTHhF
tiu bfhf l.
rfiuia nrJ mf ms jz ntf itf. moofhk Uf
mtnghJ eF sw.
uhd gjij miljl mLUJ vLf. #h Ko iy bja
nkny TwgLs VnjD xU nrhjidia bra.
ghJfh bghU, w kW vbr nrf.
Rffgl #hof Nlhf ug.
kL mltiz

Ko kW fUJiu:

37

7.3. jfh rh jahj

nehf: jfh rh jahj g mJ bfhSj.
njitahd cgfuzf: rhgh, rhu fyit fU (mixie), njfuo,
bga fuof, btL gyif, ff kW gy.
jfh rh KaJt:

a jfhf Jzia bfhLgjhf rhl Ltjhf

UF. crJ C mf ms csJ.

jfhia gagL rhf kW bfrf mf ms

jahfgLwJ. Wbjhyhf it jahfgL ugykh csJ.

e eho jfh tUl KGJ mf ms ilgjh jfh _y

gytif bghUfis bra bjhrhiyfis cUthf mf thsJ.

jfhUJ jahfgL bghUf mjDila w mlid

bghWJ julgLwJ. bronyna gGj t jfhfis
gagLJtJ eyJ.

cz jah ll - jfh rh
cz bghUf

ms

jfh

: 1 .

: 5

btfha

: 1 0

t sfh

: 5

my

: 2

Ritnfg

bghlha bklh igr~ng : 1

uh

: 3

gil

: 3

sF (fU)

: 5

nrhoa bgnrhnt

: 1

rfiu

: 40

38

braKiw:
jfhfis fG, eW ntf l.
eWfgl btfha kW oid nrf. bkikahF tiu
bfhfl,
tofo bfoahd gHTHhf, krhyh bghUfis miuJ jsthd ig
fo l.
igid gHT nghL bfhfl.
rfiu kW cid J jhf nrf.
krhyh bghUf cs igid mtbghGJ mG mjDila kzij
bt bfhzu.
Ko iy tU tiu ntfl.
mLUJ vLJ gjgLJ bghUf kW myij nrf.
Nlhf UF nghJ gho Cw.
MwitJ cyj iy nrf.
kL mltiz

Ko kW fUJiu:

39

7.4. Kisfoa gaW jahj

nehf: Kisfoa gaW jahF Kiw g mJ bfhSj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ghuf, k J, f kW gy.
KisLj ((Germination):
KisfLj gaWf rJf kig mfwJ.
crJ C Fiwdh VgL f neh tuhk jLf Kislgl
gaWf gagLjgLwd.
gaWf cs iungh~ns, eah, nfh, gaho kW ~ngh
my msfis mfgLJwJ,
Kisfoa gaWf rhyLf jahf myJ mgona rhl
gagLjgLwJ, KisfL Kiw mnef gaWtiff cs rJf
myhj bghUf kW eR jiks bghUf braghil
FiwF myJ F.
bfhS, ghgaW kW Rlfliy nghwtiw Kisf itJ br
jahf Ritahf UF.
Kisf brtjh rikF neu FiwwJ, gaWf lkhd btw
ciw Kis L nghJ cila bragL gaW bkikahwJ. j
fhuzkhf rikfgL nghJ gaWf vjhf cns brYjgLwJ.
braKiw:
ghgaW 100 uh vLJ bfhL u KGJ Cw itf.
jiu toJ vLf.
Cw itfgl gaWfis k Jdh (jsthf beagl J) fo
bjhf l.
uL myJ _W Kiw jiu bjf.
xW myJ uL ehf Kisl bjhlF.
F: <ugj kW btJbtJghd Niy Kis LjYF mtakhd xW.
KisLj Ffhyij l btgfhyf Fiwthd neu Kisfo
L. Rlfliy kW fhj glh nghwtiw Kisl brayh.

40

cz ll - Kisfoa ghgaW Rl
cz bghUf

ms

Kisfoa ghgaW

100

JUa fhu

50

jhf eWfgl btfha

50

gir sfh

vYrgH

_o

njitahd ms

bfhjk jiH

js

braKiw:
nkny bfhLfgl midJ bghUfis c kW vYr gHrhWl
fyf.
bfhJk jiHia jhf eW gkhWtjF K gkhw.
Ko kW fUJiu:

41

8. mLkid jahf
8.1. nf jahj
nehf: nf jahgjfhd wid bgWj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mt (Oven), f, fyF fU (blender), ghuf,
fuo, msF ff, Kil moF fU kW gy.
nfFf:
nf vgit X mLkid jah. ikjh khl btbz myJ
kh#iu nrJ bkikahfgL Kil, rfiu kW byt bghUshf
ng gl nrfgL nf jahfgLwJ. bfhG nrfglhj nfFf
(Unshortened cakes) bfhG nrfgLtiy. thrid bghUfshd btyh,
krhyh bghUf kW braifahd thrid bghUf nf jahj js
gagLjgLwJ. thridL kW Ritfhf nrfgL bghUfshtd
nfhnfh (Cocoa), rhny, gHrhWf kW gHf ntW iyf.
nf jahj gw ntoa y Ff
nf vgJ bkikahf, gh nghW Uf ntL. nf
fyit fhiw fl tf cbrYJtj _y nf bkikahwJ.
btbz kW rfiuia brtj _y
Kilia mogj _y kW
khit rgj _y
1. nfid ng (bake) brtjF K fltiw gw ntL.
rahd nf jahfis mogilahf bfhs ntL.
njitahd cgfuzfis jahuhf itJ bfhs ntL.
njitahd bghUfis rahd ms vil ghJ msJ itJ bfhs
ntL.
mtid (oven) Kdnu NLgL (Pre-heat) jah iy itf ntL.
cyj bghUfshd kh,ng gl, nfhnfh gl nghwtiw uL
myJ _W Kiw rf.
nf o myJ ng joid tGtGghf cUfgl btbz myJ
kh#iuid (dalda) bfhL nyrhf jl (brush) l. khid
uhfgut nf jil jl. njitF mfkhd kh joid
fgj _y lyh.
2. btbz kW rfiuia kufuo _y fy nyrhf, gR nghW
UJthF tiu bra.
3. Kilfis Kil fyF fU _y Eiu nghW tU tiu moJ fyf.
4. Kilfis bragl fyit cldoahf nrfglh, fyit jahuh
L. jahuhF iy Vglh, rika F brhygl khit js nrJ
koJ fy Kilfis mof.
42

5. nf mo cyj gHf jFtij jf, xU nki#fuo

gHfis cau nghL nf fyit nrf.
6. ng (baking) nghJ nfFf f iu u w Mdh, ng nghJ
o nkwij %~ fhj (grease proof paper) myJ mYa
jh (~gh) _y _o l.
7. rikF Mug iy Xt (oven) fjid wf TlhJ.
8. ng neu Ko neu nf uhf btJ ljh vgij ma xU
Kfuoia itJ ghf.
9. nkny vGgToa nf tif rahd vGgToa fhuf kW mt
msfis rahd ms cgnahf.
10. nfF njitahdtiw rahd msf fyJ bfhs. mfkhf cyj
iy csit nfid fodkh L. mfkhd <ugj csit
gHfis mo jf brJL. mj jik ghfgL myJ nf
tot khL.
gh nf ((Sponge cake)
cz bghUf

ms

ikjh kh

: 100

rfiu

: 100

btbz

50

lhlh

50

Kil

vbr

yJf

ng gl

njfuo

nj

1 njfuo

brKiw:
1. bfhG kW rfiuia fyJ nyrhf, gR nghW UJthF tiu
bra.
2. Kilia moJ vbr nrf.
3. bragl fyitl moJ fyfgl Kilia J jhf
nrJ eF fyf.
4. ng glUl khid uL Kiw rf.
5. kh nrJ koJ fy njid nrJ fyf.
6. a nf ff nf fyitia C 350F- 20UJ 30 lfSF
ng bra.

43

~% nf ((Fruit cake))
cz bghUf

ms

jahfgl gHf

550

btbz

250

rfiu

250

kh

250

Kil

nfuk bragl rfiu

4 njfuo

krhyh bgho fyit

1 njfuo

khkny (Marmalade)

1 njfuo

ng gl

1 njfuo

btyh vbr

1 njfuo

Mk vbr (ghjh)

njfuo

1 njfuo

gHfis jahf
RjgLjgL ghahfgl

: 250

eWa br

: 100

eWa KgU

: 50

eWa ngrgH

: 100

: 50

braKiw:
1. midJ gHfis fyJ 2 nki#fuo uik C Fiwj gr
24 k neuF Cw itf.
2. btbzia, rfiuia bra.
3. ng glUl khit rJ bfhs. koJ fyf.
4. jahfgl gHf, krhyhbgho, nfuk bragl rfiu, khknyL
(marmalade) kW vbr nrf.
5. Kil btis fUit koJ fy, iwghd ms tU tiu
moJ fyf.
6. uik nrJ, jahfgl nkhLf C xU k neuF 350C-
ng bra.
Ko kW fUJiu:

44

8.2. nf myfhu brj

nehf: nf myfhu Kiwfis mJ bfhSj.
njitahd cgfuzf: nf myff gagL ig of (Piping tubes),
gntWgl totf (assorted designs), msL njfuof, nf nkhLf.
nfid myfj - IFf (gTk)
I vgit nkir rhjhuz myJ gy tz tiff
brayh. rfiu jh Ka bghUshf gagLjgLwJ. I
jahj nghJ gagLjgL bghUf kW vj Kiw fyfgLwJ
vgij bghWJ I tif khWgL. Iif uL Kiw fyh. mit
nH bfhLfgLsJ.
1. jilahd IFf Kakhf ~ghl (Fondant) btggLjgl
FfgL lkhd btw ciwahf cUthF.
2. mf ms fhnwwgl IFf bfhG, rfiu (confectioners sugar),
j, c, thrid bghU, Kil kW gh gl nrfgL I
bragLwJ.
gl I ((Butter Icing))
cz bghUf
ms
btbz
: 250
I rfiu
: 500
btyh
: 1 njfuo
w
: njitnfg
braKiw:
bkikahd ms tU tiu btbzia bra.
Kl J jhf I rfiuia nrJ fyf.
filahf btyh vbr kW njitahd wij nrf.
F: nf KGJ jltjF I bkikahf, ig (Piping) brtjF I
iwghf Uf ntL.

45

uha I ((Royal Icing)

cz bghUf
ms
Kil btisfU
:
2
I rfiu
:
450
M~ lhlh (Cream of tartar) :
njfuo
w kW thrid bghU
:
njitnfg
M~ lhlhiu Kil btisfUl J jhf nrJ
moJ fyf.
xU nki# fuo I rfiu nrJ bjhlJ moJ fyf.
njitahd w kW thridia nrf.
Iif gu nghJ mj jik bkikahf, FH tahf ig (Piping)
br nghJ mj jik iwghf Uf ntL.
ghJfh tf:
1. Kil btis fU KGtJkhf fgl ntL. Vbd a J
ms Kil krfU UjhY Iif ghHh L.
2. cgnahfgL midJ fUfS js Tl vbz R
cyj iy Uf ntL.
3. Kil btis fU Fgjd bgoUJ vLfgoUjh
cgnahfgLtjF K J neu (3-4 kneu) itfgoUf
ntL.
Ko kW fUJiu:

46

8.3. rfiu tiff

nehf: gntW rfiufis flj.
rfiu tiff: cz jahf rfiu gntW iyf
gagLjgLwJ. t ytiff gof nghw liyY kwit ghF
(syrup) nghw utiyY csd.
gntW tifahd liy cs rfiuf ((Granulated sugar))
1. FUiz nghw rfiu: cz jahf it mf ms
gagLjgLwJ. t Rit, w kW fiu jik nghw
Fzfsh it mf ms gagLwJ. FUizf tot gntW
msf ilwJ.
2. shfgl rfiu ((Powdered sugar):): FUiz rfiuia shFtj
_y shfgl rfiu ilwJ. it cz nkwfis _l
gagLjgLwJ.
3. I rfiu ((Icing sugar):): tif rfiu, rfiu FUizfis
czjFj lhRlndh myJ mit yhknyh eF bghogjhF. lh
nrfglh <ugjij c shfgl rfiu foHhk ghJfhF.
4. uh rfiu ((Rock sugar):): it cilfgl iynyh myJ KGghsfshf
(slab) myJ rkkhd a rJufshf ilwJ. it bghJthf Hh
fhyf, yL nghw jahf gagLwJ.
5. bty ((Jaggery):): it fU, gid, ngr kW njfhUJ
vLfgLwJ. fU rhW brhubrhughd mo jfToa mRjfUJ
RjgLjgL wj ghuf bfhf itfgLwJ. btg
gLjgL nghJ fhf kW bjLfgl ntbghUf (Chemical
extracts) Mait nrfgLwd. it bfhyhl (Colloidal) ffis
gotkhFwJ. rhW bjthfgL 115-117C btgiy eF bfhf
itfgLwJ. lkhd Tkw (semisolid) ilf bjhlJ sw ntL.
it FfgL lkhfgL bty ilwJ. rfiuF khwhf
it gagLwJ. Vbd t UrJ csnjhL, ey wij,
unaf kzij bfhLftyJ.
6. nrhsu ((Corn syrup):): t 75% fhnghiAonu kW 25% j csJ.
nrhslh uh gFfgl myK, mf btgiy brYjgLwJ.
Ko ilfToa fhnghiAonuo 10 UJ 36% Fqnfh, 9UJ 20%
khnlh kW jUgt rfiu, bloD (dextrin) csJ. y
Fl cz tiff, nrhs u goffshtij jLwJ. it mLkid
jahf gagLjgLwJ. tiw mLjgoahf my uhgFfgL
nghJ Fqnfhi[ jUwJ.

47

rfiu gf kW mj gaf
nH bfhLfgLs mlitz gntW tifahd rfiu
gfS mj gafS bfhLfgLsd.

F: gntW tifahd rfiufis flJ, mj gfis gafis

vGJj.

48

8.4. f jahj
nehf: f jahF Kiwfis fW bfhSj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ng XtmyJ mLkid mL (Baking oven),
ng, ng , f, rghgyif kW fil.
f: it nfhJik jahf KakhdjhF. it eho
uhkwf Tl mffgl xU jahghF. kh (5 gFf) kW gh
(ut iy) ms (xU gF) j KakhdjhF. kw cz bghUf
ng gl, bfhG kW c MF. kw cyj bghUf fyfgL
rfgLwJ. khfyitl bfhG nrfgLwJ. l bfhGF gyhf
jhtu vbz nrfglyh.
cz ll - ytfgil f ((Cinnamon Biscuit)
cz bghUf

ms (uh)

ikjh kh

1000

bfhG

550

rfiu

550

KG Kil

300

a gh

njitahd ms

gil

10

rfiu FUiz

100

btyh vbr

10

braKiw
1. ikjh khit rf.
2. khl bfhGig njJ fyf. buho is nghy Uf ntL.
3. Kilia btyh vbr-cl moJ fyf. mj khl
nrJ fyf.
4. njitglh js gh nrJ UJthd iy tU tiu ira. f
kh gjF tU tiu ira. mfkhf irtJ jfgl ntL.
5. rJu totF bkajhf njJ gu bfhs.
6. gh kh fyitia Kill nrJ rfiu FUizl gil
is fyf.
7. fyitia mjDl ewhf nrJ ira.
8. fLfis rahd totf bto ng jo itf.
9. gidJ lfSF, 350F - btgiy ng (bake) bra.

49

2. bko bkhk ((Melting Moments))

cz bghUf

ms (uh)

ikjh kh

1000

rfiu

650

bfhG

750

KG Kil

160

ng gl

10

btyh vbr

10

fh ~ns

200

braKiw:
1. khl ng gliu fyJ rf.
2. bfhG kW rfiuia bra.
3. btyh vbr[]l Kilia moJ bfhL bragl
fyitl nrJ fyf.
4. khit nrJ bkJthd kh fyit tU tiu bkikahf ira.
5. d d gFfshf vLJ bfhL (the msf) cyj
njfh JUt myJ behWa fh ~ns uo vLf.
6. ng o nk xU mFy ilbt L f cUilfis
itf.
7. gidJ lfSF 375F- Rl.
F: kh fyit aifahfnt, xL jik cilajh, a msfshf
fgL nghJ, iffis vbz jl bfhs.
Ko kW fUJiu:

50

9. Kg f
9.1. Kgfhd tiugl
nehf: ghtho fol tiugl jahgJ g mj.
Kg f: Kg vgJ tsU FHijfSfhd xU thGlkhf csJ.
FHijf uridnfw tif thG fiyia fgJ jh Kg
f Ka nehfnk ju Kiwahd tHfkhd f Kiw mF a
m wid tsgjfy. Kg Niy xU tif FHijfSF
Fnfhis mila cjtToajhf myJ Fnfhis miltij jLgjhf
csJ.
ey g fol njitf: xU ey Kg folF njitahdJ
vdbt,
1. fol tiugl
2. lmik
3. RWNH.
g fol tiugl: Kg fol tiugl lkhdJ njitfis
bghWJ khWgL.
ey Kj iy got ((Blue print)) jahgjF njitahd Mnyhridf
g folkhdJ foghf Rfhjhu fis g Rjkhd
RWwJlD, fhnwhlJlD, ey Na btrij vyh miwfS
bgw Toa trlD Uf ntL. ikahd fhW folYs vyh
miwfSF bryToa tif mikUj mta.
isahL miwfSfhd Fiwjgr njitid bra Toa
trlD, nghJkhd fgiwfS flK cilajhf Uj ntL.
xbthU FHijF Fiwjgr 1.5 r. jiu gugs Uf ntL. vj
xU isahL miw skhdJ 9 lUF nk Uf ntL.
nkFl njitfis kd bfhL mjid iwntW tif
Kg folij Fiwj gr lid bfhL ll.

51

kh Kg ltiugl nH bfhLfgLsJ.
Kg ltiugl

totik :
aikahjJ - miwf nr tr, MafSfhd miw, fhF itj,
fUgyif, khW wdhfSfhd xJL.
UgjfJ - jiu w, Rt myfhu.
l mik :
aikahjJ - ms, tot, fhnwhl tr, btr, btuhlh, MaUfhd
miw, fgiwf
UgjfJ - x fhkUj, g l, rikayiw.
tiugl l :
aikahjJ - Kjik l, bghJthd l tiugl, fgiw kW Fo
UFl
UgjfJ - rikayiw, ghtho, wjbt, njhl mik, viyf, kiH
nrf, Na x r Matfhd l.
Ko kW fUJiu :

52

9.2. TjhL bghikf jahj

nehf: TjhL bghikf jahF j gaj
njitahd bghUf: fhj sho f, bghik, uh, giHa ifiw,
fhjig, zhd fhj, J, F myJ a U f.
isaho gaf: FHijf ts isahL yhk VglhJ.
xbthU Mnuhakhd FHij xU eh bgU gFia isahonyna
fwJ. FHij thif isahL xU Ka gFahf csJ.
FHijf isahL nghJ, kdYs jid czf, muhaf kd
wJ aifahf btgLJtjfhd thid bfhLwJ.
TjhL bghikf: bghJthf FHijf bghikfis f Uthf.
mit vjhdjhf, MtijLtjhf, nehjkhf csJ. bghikf
cikahdjhf iy vD mit #khd cUstiw nghy mirwd,
ngRwd.
TjhL bghik vgJ xU kjid ngh myJ yid ngh myJ
xU bghUis nghy mir, ngR xwhF. TjhL bghik vgJ gHfhy fiy
totkhdjhF. mit VnjD xiw kwtfSF vLJ brhtjF cj
bghkyhlkhF. iu iyF dh cs xU Jis myJ Xil _ykhf
bghikf MLfgLwd.
gytifahd bghikf jah Kiwf
I.. J FF bghik
njitahd bghUf: fhj myJ sho f, uh, bghik.
brKiw:
fhj myJ sho f xU Jis bra.
uhid fhj JisD Fj.
xU a bghikid myJ Kf nghw mikid xU
gD F mjid uhl izf. mnghJjh
uhid mirFnghJ bghik J FF.
nkY gy tf jid jahfyh.
II.. J FF bghik (kbwhU tif)
njitahd bghUf:
1. fhj ig
2. fhj RUf myJ mij nghw wbghU
3. giHa Jf
4. U f myJ F

53

brKiw:
fhj ig xid vLJ mjD fhj RUf myJ giHa Jfis
bfhL ug.
mj ig nkw Kf nghW tiuJ myJ Kf nghw mikid
xo itf.
gagLjgl bghUf cWahdjhf ey ml wJlD Uf
ntL.
migD U f myJ Fid mjD brY mj Kid
gFid Wfkhf fL nghJ F mYs bghUfS Hhk
ghJfhf Ko. bghGJ bghik jah.
III. gJ bghik
njitahd bghUf
1. giHa ug gJ
2. giHa J myJ fhj ua Jig
3. njfh bjho
4. sho gho
brKiw:
giHa gid vLJ bfhL mj nk Kf nghw mikid tiua.
g eL xU JisL mjD U fia brYj.
mj bghik cilngh ijJ mjid ig nkw xl
itf.
mjD j U fia F Kfid mj nk itJ fl.
F: bghikfis FHijf fgidnfg totikfyh.

Ko kW fUJiu:
54

9.3. cw, btw isahL fUf

nehf: cw kW btw isahL fUf g mit FHijf
ts kW KndwF vthW cjwJ vwj.
isaho KaJt: isahLtJ thifF mogilahf sFwJ.
xU ey ntiyah wikahf ntiy bra bghUjkhd fUf cjtJ nghy
FHijf taJ, w, Mtnfg isahL fUf njitgLwJ.
Vbd FHijf cl, m, r_f kd kW fiy tsia VgLJt
it KaJt thjitahf csJ.
isahL fUdh VgL gaf: bghikf FHijfSF
egdhf fF rhjdkhf UwJ. FHijf isahL fUf
_y fltiw bjJ bfhs KowJ.
1. xU bghU tot, ms, w, jik, vif kW mj gf
gaa cjwJ.
2. Muh bra, nrff, xU bghUis ga brfis ma / m ts
VgLj isahil ju kw vjdhY mila KoahJ.
3. xU bghUis ifahtjF mjid khaikf KowJ.
4. bkhia fW bfhs kwtfSl fyJiuahl KowJ.
5. gyjkhd vzfis jidfis ma Muha cjwJ.
6. TJ nehf, xU bghUis fLzu cjwJ.
7. bga kW a jirfis gagLj j if xUizJ ntiy
brtjF cjwJ.
8. mfgoahd ria btgLj cjwJ.
9. e cl KGtjF cl gaf KowJ.
10. j rf taJila FHijfSlD bgatflK mDrJ nghf
thgwJ.
11. kwtfSF bfhLJ, gkh, xJzlD r jiklD Uf
cjwJ.
12. jf kd czid btgLj thgwJ.
13. btyfJlD, bghUSlD bjhlgLj cjwJ.
14. bghWz kW jiyik bghWid czu cjwJ.
3-5 tajhd FHijfhd isahL fUf
FHijf 3 Kj 5 ta jf bkikahd jirfis fLgLj
Muwhf. bga jirf D ts mila Toa iyYsJ. taJ
FHijf kwtflK mf MtKilatfshf, oUJ btna brW
isahl mf Uthf.
55

mtfSF njitahd isahL bghUf nH bfhLfgLsd

bfhLfgLsd..

isahL: FHij gUtij ga fahsf FHijfSF

anyna nk mf Ug csij cznj tFgiw bragL
Ka braf xwhf isahil nrJ, jkhd bt btw
isahil CFjhf vW ily (1991) TWwh.
isaho a kW KaJt

cgnahfkhd isahoF xU Kakhd _y bghUshf UwJ. kz,

fk, mLF filf nghy FHijf iu cgnahfKs isahoF
gagLjyh. Mdh Fl Kiw jh isahl ntL vW
mtfis tWJj TlhJ.

isahL l ((water play corner) ::FHijf fol ga fUJfis

ff, bkh ts kW r_f tsia CFf cjwJ.

FHij cliy, kdiy, taJ, bkh, d Mat ghFghoyhk

midtUF isahL f bghUjkhdjhf csJ.

mf neu isahL FHijfSF isahL iwit kd

MWjiy mf Toajhf csJ.

56

 isahL KndwK: isahL tU tf cjwJ vW

Muhahsf TWwhf.

isahL _y fjij fw: fj ghlij vthW fW

bfhLfyh vgJ nH bfhLfgLsJ.
btl / KGik

ml / bka

MH / MHkw

iwa / y

ifahd / Fiwthd

xnu khahdJ/ntWgl

K/

fod/bkik

f mfs / f as

vQtJ, sij msgJ, utid msgJ, msid gLj.

isahL _y ma fw: ntf, r, ut jikf iyf,

nkw btw mGj, khRgLj, ut kW RWNH gaj.

cl ts myJ wikid isahL _y VgLJj

isahLisahL nghJ bga kW a jirf gaghLfSF,
kW f, if, xJiHig VgLJtjF mit cjwJ.

r_f wikid tsJ bfhs isahL cjwJ.

jahf isahodhY myJ kwtnuhL nrJ isahodhY FG
nehfij miltjfhf xWgL Uf thgwJ. FHijf
isahL njitia bghWJ, isaho tif khWgL.

Ko kW fUJiu:

57

9.4. Mf ntiyf
nehf: Mf ntiy g mj gaf, tiff g mj
Mf ntiy: Mfw vgJ ajhf xiw cUthFtJ myJ a
fUid cUthFtJ. Mdh mj fUJf mjid cUtha egUnf
mKfyhk mahj xwhf csJ.
Mf ntiy mrf:

Mf ntiy xU nehjkhd fgid brayhF.

a tKiwfis, fis, Kija mDgtf isthf VgL

mDgtf Ma midJ izj fyitahF.

zhf fhy fF fgid xU nehfij myJ yif

bfhljhF.

mJ xU fiy uridahd brayhF. MdhY Phd mDgtij

aifahd bra Kiwia mwJ.

Mf ntiy - y cjhuzf: Mf jid ntiyfshtd, tiuj kW

tz Lj, ku ntiyfbrj, bghUfis nrfj, nuah tz, f
k bfhL bghUfis brj, nrh , fhj bfhL ntiy brj, nkY
bgf, tz L iff, nfhf, fnfhf, Ra, JisL
fUf, nghw fUfis Mf ntiy bra FHijf gagLJwhf.
filf mLFj, tz Lj, ghLj, brj, bghUfis
nrfj, khfis cUthFj, bghikf brj, bfhyh{, Jf tz
Lj, ff, kf, r, gR, ku, wFf, Kil XL, bg a bgho,
cy , rhby jh bfhL glfis uj nghwtiw br nghJ
FHij f Mf jidnahL bragLwJ.
Mf jidia tsgjfhd y Mnyhridf nH bfhLfgLsd.
1. fUid btgLJ Rjuij FHijF bfhLfgl ntL.
2. FHijf jJtij bfhLtu (Originality) CfgLj ntL.
3. FHijfisna uridfSF fhgjF kh mikf
mDkf ntL.
4. FHijf Mtij, ghr, uf kW bghWik Matwh
UgLj ntL.
5. FHijf vF jFilatuhf Uwdnuh mF FHijfis af
ntL.
6. Mf jidia tsJ bfhS j FHijfSF ghll
totikfgl ntL.
7. khztfSF xgilf (assignments) Mf jidia tsF
j tHfgl ntL.
58

8. Mftkhf thgjF kW vGJtjfhd rjg jU tif

ghllY nj KiwY KaJt bfhLf ntL.
9. Mf jidF mtakhd lhKa, jrh, jdif, ciH, guj
jid, eg, tisJ bfhLF jik, kW jjik Matiw
bgWtjF FHijfSF cja ntL.
10. fiy kW ma kW bjh rhj Mf t ntiyf ikakhd
bghUfh rhiy, mUfhaf, Matiw ghitLtjfhd
thid FHijfSF mf ntL.
11. fiyPf, ma tYdf, kW Mf jid bfhltf Mf
jidia tsg mDgt g tzidfhf gF miHfglyh.
12. MafS, bgnwhfS FHijfSF Mf jidia tsf K
khahf sf ntL.
Ko kW fUJiu:

59

10. Kg braghLf
10.1. Kg FHijfSfhd ghlf
nehf: Kg FHijfSfhd ghl xW fW jUj.
njitahd bghUf: ghl jf, glf, rh.
ghlf KaJt: FHijf jf czia btgLj xU tofh
njitgLwJ. FHijf jf ml itj czfis bghUjkhd ey
t btgLj ghlf xU wj fUahf UwJ. theh KGtJ
ghlfis uf fyhuridl Uf ttFwJ. thijfmidJ
rjJl fhzgL. ftF wDs FHijF mirahj f Tl xU eakhd
iria juToajhf csJ.
ghlfis njbjLF nghJ ftf ntoa fUJf
FHijfSbfd gy ghlf xbthU bkhY UwJ. gntW
ghlf rkiy Uf ntL.
ghlfis nj brtjfhd fUJf
1. bghU mlf: FHijf ghJ gHfgl bghUfshd bghikf,
Uff, fh, u, glFf kW mtf Uggl lf bjhlghd
ghLfshf Uj eyJ.
2. thij: jhbkhYs ghoY J thijfshUjh mij sFj
ntL. w bkhYs gho xbthU thijia tf ntL.
3. uhf: gy tif uhf, mf, Fiwthd x khWghLl Toa msfY nkY
Gkhf kh UgJ eyJ.
4. j: y ntfkhd, y bkJthd, y rkkhd, y mrhjhuz, y XGfhd L eil
nghLtJ nghy midJ bjthf fLof Toa tif
mikfgoUf ntL.
5. rj: mf x, bkikahf kh v kiwahf khWtJ ngh Uf ntL.
6. briff: y ghLf mYs braiy bghWJ thijf mika bgW
cfhnjh nwh, efnjh, ghLtjnfwhngh UgJ eyJ.
ghlfis fg Ma gF: xU Ma Kakhd g
vdbt FHij Kndw iyia flJ mtfSF
gadfToa mDgtfis njbjLJ tHFj ntL. Ma,
FHij Mt, wikf, fUJfis flJ mjnfwthW ffis
ll ntL. ghlfis kw brafSl cbrYJj ntL. ehlf
ishaL, Rju isahL myJ Wo cQ neuf mtfilna
Jikahd Mtij vzfis cUthFj ntL.
F : khzf K gUt g FHijfSnfw ey ghliy njbjLJ
ffyh.
Ko kW fUJiu:
60

11. nkyhik
11.1. ria nrj
nehf: ria nrf cj tf gaj.
vbghUis nrgj KaJt
vbghUis njbjLg mtkhf UgJ kW mt (oven)
gagLJtJ xU yju neu kW ria nrgY, FLg
bghUshjhuij nkgLJtY Ka gfhWwJ. btgij juToa g
v bghUf v bghU vdgL. mit jU btg msit bghWJ v
bghU jutirgLjgLwJ. vj xU bjhrhiynah myJ FLgnkh
vbghU yhkUf KoahJ. xU ey vbghU vgJ,

mf btgij btgLJtjhf

iy Fiwthdjhf

nrJ itgjF vLJ brtjF vjhf kW

vJ Koj vstiw vjhf mwgLj Toajhf Uj

ntL.

L cgnahfF fgl bgnuha ththdJ U lf

milfgL, nf mLF gagLjgLwJ. nf l rikgJ
gaDsjhf, vjhf csJ. Vbd btgij vjhf fLgLj KowJ.
ria nrgjfhd y va tf tUtd MF.

mGj bfhfyid gagLJtJ vbghUis neuij

rgLJwJ. nkY gy jkhd tiff rikgJ xnu neu
fwJ.

cz bghUfis njitahd j nrJ rikF nghJ vbghUis

nrf KowJ.

Cw itj rika Kiwia vjhFwJ.

_o itJ rikF nghJ vbghU nrf cjwJ.

khneo (marinades) vgJ czid krhyh bghUSl nrJ Cw

itF nghJ czF ey thrid jUtnjhL bkikahFwJ. vdnt
khneo rikF neuij FiwwJ.

rikF Kiwfshd eWFj, rj nghwit Jjkhf rikf cjwJ.

jdh vbghU zhj jfgLwJ.

eLjukhd () btg rikF bghGJ cz xnu uhf

rikfgLwJ. v bghUis nrf KowJ.

Frhjd bgoUJ czid vLJ miw btg iyF tjl

(Thawing) czid NlhFtJ vbghUis nrf cjwJ.

Ko kW fUJiu:
61

11.2. W bjh - cz bghUfis jugLJjY gkhW msid

fLgLJjY
nehf
nehf: W bjh _y jahj xU cldo fyit bghUSF jugLJ kW
gkhW msid flj.
njitahd bghUf
bghUf: flh, fuof, cyu itf njitahd ghu.
jugLJj: jugLjgl cz jah vgJ cz tHF braKiwf
gy Kiw KaW gadf Toa tif jahfgl xU cz jahghF.
xnu khahd braKiwia gagL, xnu j fUfis msit, jukhd
bghUfis bfhL xbthU Kiw jahF nghJ xnu jkhd ey jukhd
jahig gyid jUwJ.
W bjh _y jugLjgl czit jahF nghJ mJ Fj
gaidaf Toajhf csJ. Vbd mit jukhd czit, vghgl
isid, iyid fLgLj KowJ. fuyhg bgWtjF xbthU
thoifahsUF tHfgL cz msid ftf fLgLJj myJ
gkhW msit fLgLJj f KakhdJ.
cz jah - bgho
njitahd bghUf
ms
fU cSj gU
:
200
btis cSj gU
:
25
Jtu gU
:
100
fliy gU
:
100
fhj sfh
:
50
btis v
:
25
fntiy
:
njitnfg
bgUfha
:
njfuo
f c
:
njitnfg
braKiw:
vyh bghUfis jjahf tWJ bt cyj.
fufughf miuJ bghly fl.
50 uh ms bfhlbghlyfshf jahf.
F : jahj bgho bkhj msit fzl.
gagLjgl bghUf msit fzl.
50uh ms bfhl bghlyf iyia zf.
bkhj ms vts 50uh gkhW mss ghbf csJ
vgij ma.
njitahd cz bghUf bkhjiy
100
=
= 5.00
gkhW msf
20
xU ghbfo iy
= %. 5.00
Ko kW fUJiu:
62

gbulh tFfhd dh t
brKiw - I
kbg: 150

63

64

65

gbulh tF

Kj iy got
bkhj kbgf

200

A. mf kL

50

B. w kL

150

A.. mf kL

50

brKiw gntL + Mg

15

xgil (Assignment)

10

uhb#

10

khzt tUif

njf

10

B.. w kL

150

bra Kiw (vGJ gF)

75

jahj

50

fhF itj

25

66

br
Kiw II
br
1. cz ju
1.1. y _y cz juij mj
nehf: cz gy Ritfis g m wid fw.
njitahd bghUf: lsf, njfuo, ghuf, fuof.
y _y cz juij mj : cz junk cz VilikF
Ka FnfhshF. cz juij y cz _ykhf, fUf _yK
klyh. czid njbjLJ cQtjF gy y czid
gagL juid mayh.
cz njhw, kz, w, Rit nghwit cz V jikia
zwJ. F cz kw gfis l cz yDz <gjF mf
KaJt jugLwJ.
nrhF Kiwf: y _y czid gnrhjid bra gytif y cz
nrhjidf csd. mt uL nrhjidfshd rkkhd bghUfis xL
ghF nrhjid (Paired Comparison Test) kW Knfhz nrhjid (Triangle Test)
Mat tuf nH bfhLfgLsd.
1. xnu khahd bghUfis xL ghF nrhjid ((Paired Comp arison
Test)) : gytifahd rkkhd bghUfis vLJ bfhsgLwJ. t xnu
khahd bghUfS Ufyh. khfSF FpL v tHfgLwJ. gy
khf xbthU n#hofY bfhLfgLwJ. Mdh mt br myJ
Fzhaf kwUJ khWgL UF. vLJfhlhf Rit myJ
fr Rit nghwit.
xbthU n#hoUJ mf myJ Fiwj Ritila khf
njbjLfgL J itfgLwJ.
brKiw :
1. U lsiu vLJ bfhL m x xU njfuo rfiu
kbwh uL njfuo rfiu nrJ fyf.
2. lsUF FpL v tHf (1,2)
3. mf rfius ls vJ vW njbjLf.
Ko
Ko:
2. Knfhz nrhjid ( Triangle Test) : nrhjid Kiw 3 khf FG
cWdl bfhLfgL. uL xnu khahf, kbwhW ntWgljhf
UF. it midJ xnu neu bfhLfgL t vJ khWgl xW
vW nrhjid brJ ghf ntL. CJ TdhY rahd khia fL
of brhYj ntL.
brKiw :
1. 3 lsf iwJ vLJ bfhL mt uo 1 njfuo
rfiu, x 2 njfuo rfiuia fyf ntL.
2. lsUF FpL v (1,2,3) tHf ntL.
3. ntWgl xiw fLof.
Ko kW fUJiu :

67

1 :2 cz bghUfis njbjLj
nehf: cz bghUfis cz bjhFUJ njbjLF Kiwid
mj.
njbjLj : cz bghUfis njbjLFnghJ ftf ntoa y
bghJ f.

cz bghU iyia rkhf mjj gUt fhyf ilfToa

bghUfis njbjLfyh. Vbd Fl bghU mjj gUt
adthf iykthf ilF.

fhff kW gHtiff ikahf, moglhkY Uj ntL.

cz bghUf iy Fiwthf ilgijna gagLjyh.

vLJfhlhf buho nuh (Bread rolls) rhjhuz buhoia l iy mfkhf
UF.

mLkid jahfshd nf, ng, ig (pie) [h (pizza), kW CWfh,

FthZ, , nghwitf o jahgijl filf thFnghJ
iy mfkhf UF.

Ka mahtakhd cz bghUfshd m, nfhJik, Jtu gU,

rfiu, bty nghwtiw tUl KGtjF ntoatiw bkhjkhf
Fl gUt fhyf th nrfyh.

bghUfis thf ntLbkw flhafhf thFjiy jj

mta. njitUjh kLnk thfyh.

xU khjF njitahd cz bghUfis jukhd gbghU mfho

myJ Ng g#h thFnghJ mj ju, vil, nghwit ahakhdjhf
rahd iyY ilF.

cz bghUfis thF nghJ ftf ntoa Ff g mJ

bfhSj
cz bjhFUJ njbjLfgl y cz bghUfshtd nfhJik (jhaf), Jtu gU (gU tiff), iu tiff, fhff kW
gHf.
cz bghUfis njbjLFnghJ fl Kiwfis
gagLj.
1. jha tiff (v.fh.) nfhJik kh : fl Ffgo nfhJik
khid njbjLj ntL.
w
nfhJik kh

kz
Fl jah (Brand)
jik
f yhk Uj
68

2. gU tiff (v.fh) Jtu gU: fl tif njbjLj ntL.

Jtu gU

w
fygl bghUf
KGikahf Uj
Fl jah (Brand)

3. iu tiff: iu tiffis nj br nghJ ghf ntoait.

aJ, brghdJ
iuf

, Gf yhik
mGfhk Uj
srhf Uj

4. fhff (v.fh) : fhff nj br nghJ ftf ntoaJ.

w
fhff

aJ
srhf Uj
f yhkUj

5. gHf: gHfis thF bghGJ fltiw ftj ntL.

aJ
gHf

mGfhkUj
moglhkUj
w
gGj iy

6. Kil: mkh Kiul Kil tiff Ng khbfo ilwd.

fl Kiw Kilfis njbjLj ntL.

Kil

Kil Xo aifahd w
Kil kr fU UF iy
j _Fj
btr KilYs fhW brfis
ghj (a Kil fhW brf
Fiwthf UF).

F: VnjD xU gbghU mfhoF brW nkTa fUJfis kd

bfhL bghUfis njbjLJ mif jah br.
69

2. jh nr czl
2 :1 ghL jhfhd cz l
nehf: ghL jhfhd xU ehisa czl jahgij g mj.
njitahd bghUf: ghuf, f, njfuo, fuof.
cz bfhiff: njitia br tif rkuhd rj czthf
Uj ntL. cz ntisia mffyh.

cz nfyhnlhfh nghw jhgh Rujiy L czf jugl

ntL. L, gh, ghjh kW fhl uh ij (Garden cress seeds)
nghwit mf gh RugjF cjwJ.

cl msF Vwhngh vilUj ntL.

fgfhy kyfiy jf ntf itj kW gir gHtiff,

fhff, KG jhaf, nghJkhd ms j tiw mwhl cz
nrJ bfhs ntL.
kh czl
neu

cz tiff

mfhiy

kh ghdf

fhiy

bghf, njfh r, til, O

Kgf

fhf N, m tlf

ka

rhj, iu ka, bgha, ur, j, Kil

Mby, thiHgH.

khiy

ghjh , Kisfoa girgW Rl

rgh, fhf FUkh

gLF K

gh

cz jah - bghf
njitahd bghUf

ms

100

gh gU

50

be

2 nki# fuo

1 a JL

K gU

10

sF, uf, fUntiy

jhf

Ritnfg.

brKiw : m gU uil CwitJ c nrJ mGj bfhfy

ntf itf.

beia Nlh m jhf eWa , cilj K gU, sF,

uf, kW fUntiy nrJ tjf.

fyitia rhjJl eF fyJ rl Nlhf gkhw.

Ko kW fUJiu :

70

2 : 2 rij ilfToa FHij czf

nehf :
rij ilfToa gyj FHij czf g flj
brKiw :
mUYs gbghU mfho / cz rijF brW ilfToa
FHijfSfhd czf g mJ nH cs tufis nrfj.

Ko kW fUJiu :

71

2 : 3 FHijfSfhd iz czf jahj

nehf : FHijfSfhd iz czf gaj
njitahd bghUf:ghuf, tlro, f, fuof, .
iz czf : jhghYl nrJ mfgL czf iz czf
vdgL.
iz czf tiff
1. ut iz czf : gh, gHur, N
2. l ut, czf : ntfitfgL kj fhffshd cUisHF,
fhu, iu tiff
3. l czf : , rhj, gU, rgh
njbjLfgl y Jiz czfshtd: fhf N, ntfitj M,
Kil, cUis HF nghwit jahj.
cz jah - I. fhf N
njitahd bghUf

ms ()

btfha

100

fhu

100

gir glh

100

btbz

nrhs kh

10

fhst f

100

gh

200 ml

c, sF

Ritnfg.

brKiw: gir glhia ju vyh fhffis rJukhf btl.

mGj bfhfy msthd j nrJ ntfitJ mlahd lhif
tofo vLf.

ghuij Nlh btbzia cUf

m eWa btfha, gir glhia tjf

mjDl nrhskh, ghiy nrf.

fhf toj iu mjDl nrJ y lf ntfitf

Nl c, sF nrJ Nlhf gkhw.

II. ^ M ((Stewed Apple)): J xU Mis bkikahf ntfitF Kiw

MF. Mis Wfkhd _ol Toa ghu Fiwthd ms
rikjyhF.
III.. nghL Kil ((Poached)): ntfitgjfhd Kill c myJ f
nrJ bfhf itf. J uj ciw btgiyia FiwwJ.
IV.. ntfitj cUisHF: cUisHif eW j _f brJ
cUisHF bkikahF tiu ntfitf.
Ko kW fUJiu :

72

3 : 1 FHijfSfhd czl
3.1 g brY FHijfSfhd fLrhj
nehf : g brY FHijfSfhd fL rhj czid jahF
jid g mj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mGj bfhfy, ghuf, njhirf, fuof,
ff, njfuof.
g brY FHij : g brY gUt vgJ kiwKfkhd tsia
cslajhF. ts ntf FiwtJl, cl khwf gogoahf
eilbgW.
cz l tfho : ClrJ njitf FHijf mfgoahd
braf kW tsia iw brtjhf Uf ntL.

FHijf fhiy neu gF s mtru Ug. vdnt,

jahj cz tiff iuthf cz Toajhf, mnj rka rj
njitfis brtjhf Uf ntL.

cz tiff w, jik, Rit kW kz gyjfshf Uf

ntL.

bt fhyf mf ms utf kW c bfhLfgl ntL.

FHij czid VW bfhS tiu uhd ilbtf cz

bfhLfgl ntL.

FHijf U btWfSF VwthW cz Uf ntL.

vLJfhlhf rh cz tiffSl rhy nghwit nrfglyh.

fL rhj: il L btlfSF brYnghJ FHijfsh czgL

lghf milfgl ka cznt fLrhj vdgL.
fL rhj lL nghJ ftf ntoa Ff

FHij fLrhj cz dr fnyh kW ujnjit _ xU

gif iw brtjhf Uf ntL.

fLrhj czfis mogil I cs cz bghUfis bfhL

jah bra ntL.

xU gkhW ms gir iy fhff nrF bghGJ _ xU gF

njitahd crJf kW jhJ cfis iw brtjhf UF.

gh myJ gh bghUfshd j nghw ey jukhd uj jhtu ujij

nkgLJ.

ka cz Ritfjhf Uf, KGgH myJ xU gho nkh myJ

gh ft nghwtiw bfhLjDgyh.

xnu khahd czid jf ntL.

fLrhjF cz rahd jik Uf ntL.

73

gJiufgl y fLrhj czf

btl yh, ntfitfgl Kil, jfh gro kW MuR gH.

cUisHF fhu itJ l~ (stuffed) bragl rgh, nk rgh

l bfoahd jfh myJ bfhJk r

rhgh rhj, miuiu bgha / ma / jrhj

bfhjk rhj, cUisHF .

cz jah ll - bfhjk rhj

cz bghUf

ms

100

bfhj kjiH

fL

bga btfha

20

gir sfh

, L GJ

1 njfuo

JUa njfh

2 njfuo

be

3 njfuo

nrh, gil uh, Vyfh :

jhgjF

brKiw :

xU ghu (pan) beid Nnl nrh, uh, gil, Vyfh kW

L Gid nrf.

bfhj kjiH, JUa njfh kW gir sfh nghwtiw

miuJ bfhs.

miuj Gid ghuYs fyitl nrJ eF sw.

mia CwitJ tofl. fyitl mia nrJ

njitahd ms ntf itf.

rikfgl bfhj k rhjij MwitJ lghf milJ fL

fl.

Ko kW fUJiu :

74

3.2 g ka cz l
nehf: g ka cz lid ga tufis nrfj
ka cz l Fnfhf

rJ FiwghLs FHijF ka czit mJ g FHijf

ClrJ iyid KndWj.

g FHijf nrifid, tUifia mfj.

ey cz gHffis VgLJj

ghll xU gFahf rJz fia Fj

khztf f fF wid KndWj

cq ilF
CfgLJj

KGikahd tsF njitahd trfis mj

rJf

iwj

bghUfis

gagLj

braKiw
g bragL ka cz lid TJ nehFj:
cDila g ka cz lid TJ neh fl
got brfis Ff.
:
g bga
ka czid cQ
FHijf vif :
xU thufhd cz goa : 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
xU FHijF xJL
bragl

gagLjgL vbghU
tif ilf Toa trf

rika, fGj, nr,

gkhWj) cj br
egf vif
rikafhu

:
-

cj rikafhu cjahs
guhkfgL gntLf

Ko kW fUJiu :
75

3.3 FHijfl bghJthf fhzgL nehfS jF KiwfS

nehf : FHijfl fhzgL bghJthd nehfS mjid jF
tfis mj.
braKiw :VnjD IJ bghJthd nehfis njbjLJ mj mFfis,
jF tfis mltizgLJ.

76

Ko kW fUJiu :

77

4. ir czf
4.1 tW cstfSfhd cz l
nehf : tW zh ghfgl xU nehahfhd cz lid
jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: mGj bfhfy, ghuf, Kil moF fU,
f D gy.
tW ((Ulcer)) :
cz FHhY, tY tW clhwJ. cz FHh vj
l tW UjhY mjdh cUthF mFf xnu khahf
UF. vdnt cz FHh kly VgL tW fhd l cz
ir xnu khahdJ.
mFf :

tWt, bebrr

t nkgF mbrsfa kW tW bghUk (flatulence)

ujnghF tW mFahF

vil Fiwj kW U rJ FiwghL nehahd uj nrhif

cz l bfhif :

jeg njit kW czit VW bfhS jikia bghWJ, mt

MWtjF, Mnuhakhd Rfis guhkf mf ms rJf
iwj cz bfhLfgl ntL.

krhyhbghUf, nj, fh kW MfAh nghw myij Ruf br

czf (secretogogues) jfgLtJ f KakhdJ.

cz l tfho :

eLju ms jhjf mDkfglyh

cz ilntisf uhf UgJ mtakhdJ. bfhrkhf kW mofo

cz cbfhSj nehahF eyJ

xnuaoahf mfgoahd cz cbfhSj jfgl ntL

czit bkJthf eF bkW rhl ntL.

mikahd NH cz mUj ntL.

cz ilbtf, uj mf iwj czid vLJ bfhs

ntL.

cz tiffshd gh, , btbz kW gh nghwit

gJiufgLwJ.

mDkfgl czf : midJ gh ghdf, ofh Fiwj nj, O,

jhaf, Kil (bghfhjJ), M ntf itfgl , ntf itfgl
fhff, flLf, kh ghdf.

78

fLgLjgl czf :
MfAh, fLikahd ofh cs nj, (O), FH (gravies), CWfh,
krhyh bghUf, sfh, krhyh TL (curries), thrid bghUf, bghfgl
czf, ngf, mth nghw mf s f, g~ nghwit.
xU ehisa cz l

cz jah ll: M ntfitfgl flL (Steamed custard)

cz bghUf

ms

gh

rfiu

1 nki#fuo

Kil

btyh vbr

1/4 njfuo

brKiw :

vyh bghUfis fyf

mGjfy (pressure pan) M ntf itf

Mal gkhw.

Ko kW fUJiu :

79

4 : 2 tht nuW fiur (ORS)

nehf: tht iu <LfL cfiuriy jahf njitahd bghUf
g, jahF Kiwid mj.
tht <LfL fiurYfhd mta : tWnghF mf ehf
fhzgLnghJ cl tnghtij mjl FHijF tht
<LfL fiuriy mgJ mtakhwJ.
tht <LfL ir : tht <LfL irahdJ uj
vynuhiyil Ug bgWtjF myJ <LfLtjfhf, ut to rahd
czid tHFtjh kW vynuhiyL msid rkgL vaKiw
cid fhj MF. ut to nuWnghJ gz lgL, cz
mfgLtjh vil uhf mfwJ.
fiurYs bghUf msf :
cyf Rfhjhu Wtd (WHO) / brdh (UNICEF) fiur jahf
gJiufgl ms nuW fyitYs bghUfshtd:
nrhoa FnshiuL

3.5

nrhoa igfhgnd

2.5

bghlha FnshiuL

1.5

FSnfh

20.0

1 l

jahF Kiw: xU l bfhf itJ Ma 20 uh FSnfh myJ

40 uh FSnfh myJ xU l j 50 uh m kh (2 njfuo
mkh) nrJ 4 Kj 5 lf tiu bfhf itJ mjDl
(rhjuz c) nrhoa FnshiuL

njfuo

nrhoa ig fhgndL

njfuo

bghlha FnshiuL

1/4 njfuo myJ js

vYr gHur.

fiuriy xU ehisF 4-6 ls j bfhLf ntL.

m kh gagL brj fiuriy miw btgiy 5-6 kneuF
myJ Frhjd bgo 24 k neu itJ gagLjyh. J tW
nghid jf cj xU wj tahF.

80

4 : 3 clgUk cstfSfhd cz l
nehf: cl gUkDstfSF xU ehisa l czid jahj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ghuf, f, fuof, , ghu.
clgUk: xU kj j ghd, taJ, caunfg UF ruhr vilia
l 20 rjj mfkhf vill Ugij clgUk Mdt vnwh. ey
jiroghd clYF bfhG gotjh clhF mfgoahd vilF cs
ntWghoid g mUj ntL.
clgUkDfhd fhuzf :
1. ku fhuf
2. r_f, fyhrhu fhuf
3. kd vG fhuf
4. tsij khwdh clhF khWjf.
cz l tfho :

fnyhid mj mtfSF njitgL ms rial

Fiwjjhf Uf ntL.

uj ms rhjhuz msUj

xU ehisF 4 njfuo ms bfhG vLJ bfhSj

cbfhS fhnghiAnu _y fnyhr ms 70 rjjF nk

yhk bfhLf ntL

mf ehrJ iwj cz cbfhS nghJ KGik bgw cz

VgLtjh Fiwthd fnyh kLnk ilwJ.

va fhnghiAnu czfshd rfiu, #h, FthZ, u, kW gHur

nghwit jfgl ntL. Vbd mit mf fnyhfis mwJ.

bfhG rJ jfgl ntL.

dr njfg f mahtakhdJ.

mDkfgl czf: gir fhff, crJ A iwj fhff,

nkh, bjj N, , bfhGyhj Moiw, nfhJik, m, f, nrhs, uh,
MuR, rhJFo, bfhahgH, uhir, jrgH.
fLgLjglntoa czf : f, bty, #h, b#, lhf,
nf, f, ngf, g, bghfgl czf bfhG iwj iw,
MfAh nrfgl ghdf, be, tdg, kW vbz ou.

81

kh cz l

cz jah ll - ghgU nlhsh

cz bghUf

ms

ghgU

1 f

fliy kh

1 nki# fuo

1/4 f

gir sfh GJ

2 njfuo

uf

1 njfuo

JUa fhu

1 njfuo

Ritnfg

braKiw :

ghgaiw CwitJ fufughf miuJ bfhs.

fliy kh, j, gir sfh GJ, fhu, uf kW Ritnfg

cid nrf.

fyitia eF fyJ jLf C M ntf itf.

Nlhf gkhw.
Ko kW fUJiu :

82

5. cz tHF Wtdf
5 : 1 W cztff braghLf
nehf: cz Wtdf thf mikid gaj.
thf flik: xU Wtd brikahf bra gl mj thf flik
eKiw Uj ntL. thf flik vgJ gahsUF
thfF ey bjhlid VgL fUJ gkhwF cj mogil
fUahf csJ.
W cztff bragLj: nkyhs/cikahsf KG bghW vyh
ntiyfis neuo fLghoF csJ.
xU W cztff aF j nH bfhLfgLsJ.
cztf Wtd braghLfis sF mil
cikahs / nkyhs

jiyik
rikafhu

ghu
Rj
brgt

cj
rikafhu

jiyik
gahs

fhrhs

jiyik
gahs

cjahs

brantoa ntiy
gF mUYs VnjD W cztffSF brW fhQ
tufis nrfJ mif jah brf.
1. Wtd mik

2. bkhj gahs vif

3. cz tiffirt/mirt,
Jj cz tiff/ir/tl a
czf/rh tiff, ngftiff,
I gh/ gHur

:
83

4. cz bghUf iy :

5. ilF trf miwf vif/

F%lgl F%lglhjh/FLg miw
jaiw/ Oy miw/ fhWj tr

6. l (Ul)

7. thoifahs tif (j)

8. ntW VjhtJ njitgL tuf

F: ilj tufis bfhL mif jah bra.

84

5 : 2. g cztffhd czl
nehf: gYs (cztfF) nfODF jahF fiyia mj.
njitahd bghUf: jth, ghuf, fuo, WjLf, u Ff, mL.
cztf (nfO): nfo cz nrit Wtdkhf, gyUF ntiyaF
xU Jiwahf csJ. bghJthf J gYs khztfSF
czitawJ. cl Mnuhaij iyWj cjwJ. gYs
cztff Kakhf tsU FHijf rJz njitia
braToa rjhd Mnuhakhd czid tHFwJ.
brKiw :
braf: Kgf neu Wo, ka cz, kW khiy neu Wo tiffis
lLtJ g mj.
Kgf Wo tiff: rhy, Kisfoa Rl, fh, fhu , fhf
N, krhyh fliy, bu[h, vYir gHur nghwit.
ka cz : fhsh ah, bfhjk rhj, jfh rhj, rgh + FUkh,
j rhj.
khiy neu cz: ng, rnkhrh, nf, f, F, g gnfhlh, uh gnfhlh,
iu til, iu nghlh.

85

cz ll - fhsh ah
njitahd bghUf

msf

ah m

500

fhsh

250

njfh gh

250

bga btfha

gil, uh, Vyfh

4 (xbthW)

bfhJk

2 nki# fuo

, L GJ

1 nki# fuo

gir sfh

fr frh

njfuo

nrh

njfuo

be

1 njfuo

vbz

1 nkirfuo

Ritnfg.

brKiw: mia ewhf fG k neu Cw itf.

bfhJ k , L, gir sfh, nrh, fr frh, gil, uh

Vyfh nghwtiw mikf.

u ng be, vbz nrJ Nlh eWa btfhaij tjf

fhshid Rj brJ ghahf eWf.

tja btfhaJl krhyhf kW fhshid nrJ tjf.

njfh ghYl njitahd j nrJ mjDl fyf.

mJ ewhf bfh tjl mia nrJ 10 lf rikf

u ngid wJ bfhJk jiH, kW tWj K gU nrJ

myfJ gkhw.

Ko kW fUJiu :

86

5 .3 cz tHF Wtdf ggtf g tu Ff

((Job s pecification))
nehf: cztf nkyhs g tu Ffis jahj.
nehf
g tuf: midJ WtdfSF g tuf Kakhdit. it
Fl g thd tuf mlajhF. j _y xU gahs
jlUJ vd vghfgLwJ vgij bjthf mJ bfhs Ko.
g Ff (Job s pecification)) : it njitahd f kW mDgt mnjhL
njitahd TLj bjhEg g kW rhj g twJ.
g tu Ffsh VglToa gaf :

g sgufis cUthf it cjwJ.

nefhz nghJ gF bgW egf jFid rghF goayhf

bragLwJ.

xU ntiyia brtjF njitahd w kW elij juid

zwJ.

xU gahs jlUJ vd vghfgLwJ vgij bjthf

mJ bfhs KowJ.

cztf nkyhs g Ff
:
g bga
cztf nkyhs
gF tjij
bjagLJj

1. cz, ghdfSfhd nkyhs

2. bghJ nkyhs

g bjhF
(Job specification)

gahs FGdiu tel brtj _y tu

bry l kW Fnfhfis miltJ jgl
Kiw Udiu ftJ jukhd nritia
tHFj.

g kW bghWf

tu bry lij ffhgJ, gJiugJ kW tUl

KGtjFkhd lij jahgJ.

gahs FGid tel brtJ, g bfhLgJ kW

CfgLJtJ.

dr elf Toa f RUfij nkbfhtJ, mt uL

tf fUJ gkhw g l bfhiff ga br
mta Uf ntL.

myfJ itj RWw lij, cz cQ lij jah

brjij rghj

cztff bryfis fLgLJj

87

cz tiff, cz bghUf, gidfhd bghUf juid

caJtJ nghw gy a tf cztff gidia
KndWtJ

Udfis tuntW cgrgJ kW mtf jgl gufis

mtjdh oj Mjuit cWgL bfhsyh.

cztff ghJfh kW Rfhjhuid cWgLj ntL.

xGFKiwia filogJ kW gahsfis kLtJ.

tHfgL cz tiffY, mj jahfY jiyik rikafhuUl

xJiHgJ.
nkghitLj : jiyik rikafhu, Udiu cgrF bg,
gkhWgtf, cj br Wtf, kW ntiy fW bfhgtf.

mfhu tu ((Limits of authority)

gahsf ntiyfis kLtJ

gahsf xGF Kiwia ftgJ

gadw ffhig jgJ

xJiH : rikayiw - cz jahF af, rikayiw cz

ffh, Rjkhd cz tHFtJ.
miwfis guhkj myfgjfhf tHFtJ.

Rj

kW

f,

bd

nghwtiw

fzF goa : tu gidia it itgJ.

bjh Eg : guhk kW ghJfh gf
ghJfh: Mgjhd fhyf ghJfh gf
gid brj: gid kW mjid mfj tf
nrF miwf : MfAh, ghdf kW g elgjF njitahd
bghUfis tHFtJ
Fiwj ms go jF: cztf nkyhik gl go
mDgt : cztf nkyhik Fiwj ms 2 tUlf myJ cztf
nkghitahsuhf 3 tUlf.
wf kW jF :

cz kW ghdf tHFj kW nkyhik KGikahd mthw.

Myyik ntW VnjD btehL bkhf bjJ itUgJ

UgjfJ

wf g bgUj

Udfis ifahSt w

Ko kW fUJiu :

88

6. czdh VgL bjhWfS, eR jik

6.1 cz bghUf Mfhyij mfj
nehf : cz bghUf Mfhyij mff br nrF
tKiwfis mJ bfhSj.
nr : oF bfhL tugL cz bghUf F isF
EQf yhk UgJ cikjh. vD cz bghUfYs
behf, f, xLf, btgiy, <ugj, M# kW fhW
nghwit cz bghUf bfl fhuzkhwJ. o thW eilbgWtij
jgjF czid ghJfhf, Rfhjhu juf vyh tfY gwgl
ntL. j Rj kW rikayiw Rfhjhu gHff guhkfgl ntL.
nrF Mfhyij ghF fhuf :

Rthj kW tsij khw

EQf jhf.

Mfhyij mfF fhuf :

Fiwj fhafSl, eF Kj mWtil brj

rahd Rfhjhu Kiwfis gagLJj.

cz bghUf midJ gid gofY mDTykhd nr

iyia mila bghUf btgiy, <ugj, nr btgiy
Matiw KndWtJ.
F: fl bghUf Mfhyij TJ ft.

thiHgH / M

rfiuia gH l.
rfiu fiur itf.
nj itf.

glh

njhYl Frhjd bgo itj

njhyhk Frhjd bgo itj
miw btgiyY, ciw miwY njhYl
kW njhyhkY itj.

bfhjk iyf

ciwyhk / gh igf / oZjh /

sho ghu / mYajh gagL
Frhjd bgo itj.

nfFf

gG w fhj RwglJ /
mYa jh RwglJ /
oZjh RwglJ /
sho lgh itfglJ.
nkTathW miwbtgiyY Frhjd
bgoY itj.
89

F : nkFl bghUfis TJ ftJ mj Mfhyij of vJ

wj t vdfla kbg mil nH bfhLfgLsJ.
gagLa bghUfis fl kbg mil _y kL brj

Mfhyij cWnehFj

90

6.2 cz bjhid jF Rfhjhu tKiwf

nehf: czdh VgL bjhWfis jf cj Rfhjhu tKiwfis
mj.
czdh VgL bjhWfis cz khj nghwtiw jf
tU Rfhjhu Kiwfis gw.
j Rj

r, bjhil, q fhr myJ KfgUf, Kf kW iff

bfhsf cstf cl FzkhF tiu czid ifahs TlhJ.

czid ifahS nghJ iff, ueff, Ko kW Mil

nghwtiw Rjkhf itUf ntL.

fgiwF brW tjl vbghGJ iffis eF fGt ntL.

czid ifahS nghJ jiyia myJ cl kw ghffis brhtJ
myJ _if JtJ TlhJ.

rikfglhj cz kW ffis btnaa iffis eF fGt

ntL.

czid vLf L kW fyf, gkhw njfuoia if

vLgij jf ntL.

czF mU UJ JKtij jf ntL. JK nghJ _if,

thia _o bfhs ntL.

czid Ritf gagLJ njfuo myJ _of nghwtiw

rikayiw nkil itUjh mtiw fGthk gagLj TlhJ.

rikf MugjF K iffis ewhf fGt ntL.

effis fjJ Rjkhf guhkf ntL.

jiyKoia bfhil nghLtj _y cz Ko HhjthW ghJ

bfhsyh. rikayiw ntiy br nghJ jiy fh~ myJ
bjh myJ Ko nk nghL tiy (hairnet) nghwtiw gagLjyh.

rikayiw mRjkhd fhfnshL /brUfnshL/ JfnshL brtij

jf ntL. Vbd t _y czid ghgila br
a fz cs ghOahf czig ghJ cz bfLL.

xU eg cl eyyhk UF nghJ cz rikgij jf ntL.

cl eyyhjtf czid ifahStjh kw FLg
cWdfSF nehia gug fhuzkhwh.

czid njbjLF nghJ, mjid nrF nghJ gw ntoa

Rfhjhu Kiwf

ey jukhd Rfhjhu Kiwia gw Toa mfhofUJ czid

njbjLf ntL.

L kW mfhofYs cz bghUfis <f, f, v nghwit

myJ Rfhjhukw ifahSj (JKj myJ UKj) nghwtUJ
ghJfhf ntL.
91

jhaf, kh tiff, gU tiff, rfiu kW cyj cz

bghUfis miw btgiy _lgl lghf nrf ntL.

Fgjd bgo cz bghUfSF ilna njitahd ms

fhnwhl UFkhW ghf ntL.

ciwiy cs bghUfis xU thuF gagLj ntL.

czid ifahS nghJ, rhjdfis ifahS nghJ gw

ntoa Rfhjhu Kiwf

xbthU Kiw gagLa wF rikayiw rhjdfis RjgLj

ntL.

ghu cghf kW btghfij eF RjgLa jh

czid m itf ntL.

ghuf c/bt ghfij fG nghJ btJbtJghd iu, ey

nrh is gagLj ntL. ewhf fG, my cyu itf
ntL.

rhjdfis miw itFnghJ f kW v tuhk ghJfhf

ntL.

rikayiw Rj :

rikayiwia, o fhzgL f, v, <f, fugh f, bfhR

nghwit tuhk Rjkhf itUf ntL.

rikayiw ey btr Uf ntL. mbghGJ jh mGF myJ

f Ugij mayh.

Kojtiu, rikayiw Na btrij ghJ Ujh mj <uK

cyJL. mYs ik isF EQfS mJ L.

ffis mfW rahd tofh tr Uf ntL. tofh vbghGJ

mil yhkY, njfhkY ghJ bfhs ntL.

rikayiw xU _oa Fig Til itfgoUf ntL. dK

m cs Figfis mfWtJ KakhdJ.

rikayiw gagLjgL Jf kW, RjgLj gagL

fUf nghwit Rjkhf Uf ntL. RLj, rahd nrh
bfhL fGt ntL.

F : czdh gu nehfis jf cj Rfhjhu Kiwf g xU

ifnail (booklet) jah br.

92

7. cz ghJfhj
7.1 b# jahj
nehf: b# jahj w bgWj
njitahd cgfuzf : mo fdkhd ghuf, ff, tofo, b#l,
Kfuo, fuo, jLf, kW gy.
b# :

gHij jnyh myJ jahfnth ntf itgj _y b#

jahfgLwJ. TiH tofo, mjDila bjj utJl rfiu
nrJ fyitia bjthd b# gj tU tiu bfhf itf.

rahd b# vgJ x CLUt Toajhf, ey lkhf, mnj rka

iw jik yhk, gH aif kz khwhkY Uf ntL.

ftahd wJl jDila totij Ug bgw Toajhf

bjj nkguig cilajhf Uf ntL.

b# jahfhf bfhahgH, ghd M, s, shgH,

(woodapple), ggh, uhir, befh nghwit gagLjgLwJ.

b# jahF bgo, my, rfiu (65%) kW nghw ehF

Kakhd bghUf njitgLwJ.

ey jukhd b#F b# Ko iyia zgJ, khgJ

kW bgo nrhjid f KakhdJ.

braKiw
gH
(lkhd, Mdh mf gGfhjJ)
fGj
bka Jlfshf btLj
bfhf itj
(gH vilia l xwiu klF mf ms Ul 20-30 lf)
myij nrJ bfhf Lj
(xbthU nyhuh gH vilF 2 uh my)
Tid tofLj
bgo nrhjid
rfiuia nrj
93

bfhf itj
Ko iyia zj
(/uh/ btgiyia nrhj)
nkny cs Mil myJ Eiuia mfWj
(js rika vbz)
w kW jKs myij nrf
Rffgl ghof Nlhf uj
bkGLj (ghu~ bkGF)
_o itj
rahd btgiy ghJfhj
cz jah ll: gH b# (bfhah)
cz bghU

ms

gHrhW

1f

rfiu

3/4 f (bgo msit bghWJ)

my

xbthU nyhuh gHF

2 uh vw msF

MfAh

1 njfuo

braKiw :
1. gHf midij eF fG bga JLfshf btl.
2. mofdkhd ghu nghL gHJLf _F tiu l.
3. mL itJ bfhf l.
4. 20 lf bfhj wF ghuij mirfhk UJ mfw.
5. gHJLf mirahk gHrhid k Jah tofl.
6. tofoa gF MfAh go Kiw (alcohol precipitation test) myJ b#l
nrhjid _ynkh mj bgo ms magLwJ.
gHrh bgo msid mj - bgoid bjLgjfhf gH fh
bfhf itfgLnghJ, jirgF, bfhilf kW njhyhj gHrhW xU
njfuo vLfgL xU ls Cwgl ntL. FJ ls
gf bkJthf 3 njfuo ij MfAh (methl alcohol) l. lsiu
bkJthf mirJ mjid bkJthf gHrhWl fyf bra. fyitia y
94

lfSF itf. gHrh bgo mfUjh, b# nghw jiks

xU xfToa cUil cUthF. eLju msila bgo ms Ujh fo
Fiwj lkhf JLfshf UF. Fiwj ms bgo UFkhdh
a JQF nghw fof vzw ms UF.
bgo nrhjid Kojl, mj msF Vwhngh rfiu nrfgl
ntL.
m. xU f gHrhF (extract) 1/4 f rfiu nrf. (a bkikahd
JLfUjh)
M. xU f gHrhF f rfiu nrf (2 fofshf bgo Ujh)
7. gHrhWl rfiu nrfgL kWgo tof.
8. fyitia njitahd gj tU tiu 15-20 lfSF bfhf l.
9. filahf myij nrf
10. bfhF b# Ko iyia ma fl nrhjidf VnjD
xid brayh.
m. Fj jL nrhjid ((Cold plate test ) : bfhF ut ghuUJ
vLfgL xU jo nghlgL iuthf FfgLwJ. b# cUth
lij, ufsh jo cs gFia jS nghJ RUFtj _y mJ
bfhsyh.
M. myJ t nrhjid ((Sheet or flake test)): jL nrhjidia l nrhjid
egfkhdJ. b# xU a gFia bga fuo myJ kufoah vLJ
nyrhf FJ H bra ntL. fyit jilahf nghnwh myJ
t nghynth fuoUJ Gjh b# Ko iy miljjhf mJ
bfhsyh.
11. go jahuhd b# Rjkhfgl #hof myJ ghof milfgl
ntL.
( F : b# jahjYF bfhah gHF gyhf fUuhir gH
gagLjyh).
Ko kW fUJiu :

95

7.2 FthZ jahj

nehf: FthZ jahjiy g mj.
njitahd cgfuzf :ghuf, ff, rhu fyit fU, tofo,
ghof, gho milgh fU (Bottling machine) _oia L au.
FthZ
tif gHghdf 25 rj gHrhW, kW 40-50 rj rfiu csJ.
my kW nrhoa bgnrhnt myJ bghlha bklh
igr~ng (nta ghJfh bghU) nrfgLwJ.
it toflgl rhW, eLju mss gH jirgF kW
fhf rfiu (canesugar) nrfgLwJ. khgH, MuR, mdhgH kW
vYrgH FthZ jahf gagLwJ.
braKiw
gHf
fGj
uhFj
btLj myJ JUj
gHrhid bjLj
tofLj
rhid msLj
ghF jahj (rfiu + + my, fiutjfhf NLgLjgLwJ)
tofLj
rhWl fyj
ghJfh bghUis nrj
(0.6 bghlha bklh igr~ig (KMS) myJ 1.0 uh nrhoa
bgnrhna / l)

96

gho uj
_oLj
nrJ itj
FthZf fl jf jahfgLwJ

KMS: bghlha bklh igr~ig

SB: nrhoa bgnrhna
1. MuR FthZ ((Orange Squash)
njitahd bghUf

ms

MuRrhW

rfiu

1.75

my

20

2.5

bghlha bklh
igr~ig

97

brKiw :

MuR gHfis uL ghfshf bto J rhbwLf.

rhid tofl.

rfiu ghF fhr. mjDl my nrf. tofo

Ff.

gHrhid rfiu ghif fyf. k J tofl.

njitba NLgLj.

bghlha bklh igr~igil fiuJ bfhs. ewhf fyJ

gho nrf.

2. uhir FthZ ((Grape Squash)

njitahd bghUf

ms

uhir rhW

rfiu

my

15

700

igr~ig
nrhoa bgnrhnt
brKiw :

ewhf gGj uhirfis fGt

js C bkikahF tiu ntfl.

miuJ bfhL tofo rhid bjLf.

rfiuia u brJ my nrf. tofo Ff

uig gHrhWl fyJ bghlha bklhig-r~igil ( fiujJ)

nrf

Rffgl gho nrf.

3. mdhgH FthZ ((Pineapple Squash)

njitahd bghUf

ms

mdh rhW

rfiu

1.75

my

20

1.9

bghlha bklh
igr~ig

98

brKiw

lkhd, eF gGj gHfis fGt

njhid, Kfis mf jirgFia jna vLf.

miuJ bfhL tofl.

rfiuia ghF jahJ my nrf. tofo Ff.

gHrhWl rfiu ghif fyf. k J _y tofo

fiuj bghlha bklhigr~igil nrf.

Rffgl ghof nrf.

4. khgH FthZ ((Mango Sq uash)

njitahd bghUf

ms

khgH rijgF

rfiu

1.75

my

20

2.5

bghlha bklh
igr~ig
brKiw :

mdh FthZ jahF Kiwia gw.

khgH njhiy bfhilia rijgFia vLgjF K mfw.

Ko kW fUJiu :

99

7.3 vYr gH fhoa jahj

nehf
nehf: vYr gH fhoa jahgij g mj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ff, tofo, vil ghF fU, fzho fyf,
ghuf kW gy.
fhoa: gsgsbtw, bjthd ghd gHrhW fhoa MF. t fiuahj
bghUf kW jirgF KGtJkhf fgLwJ. 30-40 rj rfiu, 33 rj
gHrhW nghwit UF.
vYr gHrhW fhoa
njitahd bghUf

ms

vYir rhW

rfiu

1.25

bghlha bklh
igr~ig
braKiw

gHfis fG uL JLfshf btl

rhid bjLJ tofl

ghJfh bghUshd bghlha bklhigr~ig nrf (1 uh / xU

l gHrhF)

fzho bfhfy bjtiltjfhf 10-15 ehf nrJ itf.

(lbghUf nH jL).

btw jwtiw toFHh tahf toJ bjthd gHrhiw

vLf.

tofo msl.

rfiughF jahf

ghid tofo gHrhWl fyf

nta ghJfh bghUis nrf (0.6 uh/ xbthU l fyitF)

_o itJ gho nrf.

FSikahd l nrf.

Ko kW fUJiu :

100

7.4 khfh CWfh jahj

nehf: khfh CWfh jahj w bgWj
njitahd cgfuzf : vil nghL fU, msL ff, rikF
ghuf, ff, fzho #hof kwW gy.
CWfhf :
ah KGtJ kW cy gy gFfY gntW tifahd CWfhf
ilwd. ah ghuga CWfhf khfh, vYrgH, fh~st,
befh nghwtUJ jahfglit gntW ehLf ugykhdJ.
CWfhf mf ms jahfgL kw ehLfSF VWk bragLwJ.
a CWfhf vbz, fLF, btja kW ebybz bghJthf
gagLjgLwJ. ytif CWfhf vYir rhnyh myJ fnyh
bragLwJ.
cz jah ll : khfh CWfh ((Mango P ickle)
njitahd bghUf

ms

khfh JLf

150

btja (bghofglJ) :

25

kr bgho

15

sfh bgho

10

bgUfha

ebybz

350 (JLfis _f itgjF nghJkhd)

braKiw

eF Kj girw khfhfis fG vLJ bfhs.

bfhilf UF gFia mf khfhia JLfshf eWf.

gHf gG wkhf khwhk ghJfhf 2 rj c fiur nghL _f

itf.

iu toJ fhfis H y k neufSF cyj.

flh vbzia Nlh fLF nghL khfh JLfis nrJ

fyf.

bghofis xw xwhf nrJ ewhf fyf. 5 lfSF

wF mLUJ wf.

#ho u, jKs vbzia C, #hoia Jdh _o fo

l.

Na x cyu itJ vLJ itf. rahd ilbtL Na

x itf.

Ko kW fUJiu :

101

7.5 gHlh jahj

nehf: gHlh jahF Kiwia mj.
njitahd cgfuzf: thz f, fuof, ghuf.
gHlh :

gH rfiu kW Fqnfh nrJ tskhfgL toflgL

cyjgLwJ. Jnt gHlh vd miHfgLwJ.

gHlh bka x CLU jiks rfiuah rgL

_lgLwJ. jdh it fzho nghW njhwkF. it
gsgsghd lh (glaced candy) vd miHfgLwJ.

gH lh rfiu goffsh rglhnyh, eF bghoahfgl

rfiu cUlgnlh myJ mlahd ghF u, bragl rfiu
gofff nkny gotjhnyh cUthF lhf gF gHlh vd
miHfgLwJ.

ggh, thiHgH kW khgH nghw gHf r (Preserves) kW

lhf jahf cjwJ.
cz jah ll : ggh lh ((Papaya Candy )

njitahd bghUf

ms

ggh gHT

rfiu

750

Fqnfh

100

bfhG fgl gh gl

150

btbz

200

rhby gl

1 njfuo

braKiw

gHfis fG mYs njh kW bfhilfis WW

JLfshf btl.

miuJ tofl.

gHTiH xU thz rfiu nrJ NLgLj.

rfiu fiujl Fqnfh nrf.

btJbtJghd ghgliu fofyhk fiuf. gHTGl

nrf.

rhby gl nrJ ghas btbz nrf.

bfoahdl, jKs btbz nrJ xlhk tU tiu sw.

mLUJ w btbz jltgl jo Cw. Fjl

btl. iyba, cUilahf brJ gl jh Rw.

rhby glUF gyhf vbr gagLjyh.

Ko kW fUJiu :

102

8. mLkid jahf
8.1 nf juij kL brj
nehf: nf juij kL brj vthW vgij mj.
njitahd cgfuzf : ng Xt (Baking oven), Kil moF fU,
ghuf, ff, fuo nf juij kL brj.
xU nfif mtkhf kl, klhs xU rahd nf glij
j kd itJ bfhL mjDila FzfSl nffhf rahf kl
bja ntL.

103

Ko kW fUJiu :

104

8.2 Kilyhj nf jahj

nehf: Kilyhj nfid jahf mj.
njitahd cgfuzf: ghuf, ng Xt (Baking Oven), ff, fuo.
Kilyhj nf
njitahd bghUf

ms

ikjh kh

100

nrhs kh (Cornflour)

10

btbz

60

rfiu

15

ghgl

15

ng gl

1.5

70

0.5

25

btyh myJ nuh

vbr
Vyfh
cyj uhir gH
(Raisins)
braKiw
1. btbzia, rfiuia nyrhf, EiunghW UJthF tiu
bra.
2. kh, nrhskh, ghgl kW ng gliu uL Kiw rf.
3. rj kh kW thrid fhufis bragl fyitl
bkikahf fyf.
4. iu nrJ fyJ nf kh gjF bfhL tu.
5. RjgLjgl cyj uhir gHf kh fyitl nrfgl
ntL.
6. fhj ff fyitia C 375 0F btgiy 20 lfSF
RblLf.
F :
1. ms kh tifia bghWJ khWgL. ftd bfhs ntoa
Kakhd fUJ vdbt kh gj xU jukhd nf khgjF
rahdjhf Uf ntL.
2. eLju ms ghf khfyit RblLfgl ntL. Mdh nfid
ghUJ vLF nghJ ftdkhf Uf ntL. Vbd mJ Nlhf
UF nghJ bkikahf UF.
Ko kW fUJiu :
105

8.3 ng jahj g braKiw sf

nehf
nehf:
ng jahj g braKiw sf
njitahd cgfuzf :
njF gyif, R, ghuf, ng Xt (baking oven), ng eWF
au.
ngf ((Pastries):

g~ ng vgJ xU Rwgl ng, m bfhG mLFf kh

fyit mLFfSF ilna brhUfgL csJ. j fhuzkhf
RlgL nghJ wj tiy nghw bkhW bkhWghd t nghw mik
cUthwJ.

ng gagL Ka bghUf kh, bfhG, c kW MF.

xU ruhr g~ ng (puff pastry) kh fyit kh kW bfhG rkkhd

ms fyfgoUF. Fiwj ms bfhG gagLjglh,
jahfgL bghUf fodkhf UF.

ey jukhd ngfis jahf kh fyit kW bfhG uLnk xnu

gj Uf ntL.

ng jahj Kakhd Ff :

jahj nghJ Kojtiu midJ bghUfis Fahd iy

itf ntL. jdh nyrhd ng ilF.

ng njitgL vifia Kjnyna fzLtj _y

zhtij jLfyh. mnj rka ngia xU KiwF nk vLgij
jfyh.

ngia Fiwj msnt ifahs ntL. mfkhd ms ifahsglh

ng btJ btJgh fodkhL.

g~ ng ((Puff p astry) bra Kiw sf

njitahd bghUf

ms

kh (ikjh)

200

120

bfhG

20

120

bfhG (kof
gLtjfhf)
brKiw :
1. khit rf. cig fiuJ Jdh tofl.
2. kh, c kW id fyf. 10 rj bfhGig nrJ ira. kh
fyit bkikahf Uf ntL.
106

3. 20 lfSF kh fyitia <u Jdh _o itf.

4. khid brtf tot jfL nghW fdkhf njf ntL. uL
rrkkhd gFfshf sth UFkhW Ff ntL.
5. bfhGid 3 rrkkhd gFfshf J bfhs ntL. bfhG
bkikahf go jiklD Uf ntL.
6. njJ gu itJs kh gu nk, ehF Kidf l L
kw lf bfhG xU gFid gug.
7. B nk C , C nk A khf kh fyitia koF nghJ 3
mLFfshf bfhG UF. (A,B kW C vgit khfyit 3
Lfis FF). 1234567890123451234567890123456
123456789012345
1234567890123456
123456789012345
1234567890123456
123456789012345
1234567890123456
C
123456789012345
1234567890123456
A
B
123456789012345
1234567890123456
123456789012345
1234567890123456
123456789012345
1234567890123456
123456789012345
bfhG 1234567890123456
bfhG
123456789012345
1234567890123456
123456789012345
1234567890123456

bfhG
iy

8. 20 lfSF mgona itf. <uJdh _l.

9. Ug njf. UKiw koJ 20 lfSF itUJ
njf.
10. bfhGid gughk njnghW _W Kiw kof.
11. khid xU k neuF <uJdh _o itf.
12. 2 .l jokDF gu 10 br. rJuF njf.
13. Knfhz tot rJuij kof.
14. Knfhz cUJ 1 brF btl, Knfhz kw uL
gFfY thnw brJ f.
15. rJuij <ugL a, b ia, c,d ia rFkhW kof.
tiw cWahf mGj.
16. miuk neuF mgona itUf.
17. Kildh l
18. Rlgl ngfis FJ fhf ~Ff (vegetable fillings) myJ
#hdh njitnfwgo ug.

107

btl ~ (Vegetable fillings )

cz bghUf

ms

cUis HF

2 (bgaJ)

btfha

2 (bgaJ)

gir sfh

(bghoahf eWfglJ)

fUntiy kW bfhjkjiH :

js

krhyh bgho

10

1 njfuo

vbz

2 njfuo

fLF

njfuo

vYir rhW

1 njfuo

brKiw :
1. cUisHif ntfitJ njhYf.
2. vbz fLF jhJ eWa btfha, gir sfh, ,
fUntiy kW bfhjk jiH nrJ sw.
3. krhyh bgho nrJ sw.
4. c, cfgl cUis Hid nrJ fyf.
5. mLUJ w vYir rhW /f J C s ~Ffshf
gagLj.
Ko kW fUJiu :

108

8.4 F jahj
nehf
nehf: F jahj w bgWj.
njitahd cgfuzf : ng Xt (Baking oven) fuo, msF ff
Kil moF fU, ff Kjait.
F
Ff vgJ a nfFf vd miHfgLwJ. ey jukhd
cz bghUfis bfhL rahd Kiw jahfgl jahf jukhd
Ffis cUthFwJ. F kh fyitia jahf cj bghJthd
braKiw rfiu, bfhG, c kW thrid bghUis bra.
Kil, kW khid nrf. F khfyit cs cz bghUf
xj gFfshf Xusnt fyfgLwJ.
F RLnghJ ftf ntoa Ff :
1. mLkid mL (Oven) f Nlhf Ujh F gutjF th
VgLtjF Kdnu jahuhL.
2. mLkid mL (Oven) f Fahf Ujh, F mfkhf gu
L. mkhd ng neu, thridia FiwgnjhL, <ugj mfkhf
FiwwJ.
3. F J bkikahdl mLkid mLUJ vLfgl ntL.
Vbd bjhlJ Nlhd jo Ujh ng bjhlJ bfhnl UF.
4. ng br jo Ffis itF nghJ njitahd ilbt L
ng bra. Vbd F khfyit gu xW bfhW xo
bfhs thsJ.
5. ng jLfis vbz jl Ffis ng brnghJ mfkhf
F til. mfkhf tiltij jLf vbz jlajF nk
khdh t.
6. Kilf gagLj gLtjF K miw btgiyF bfhL tugl
ntL.
7. F nk bfhLfgL Kil R mfkhd ms bfhLfglh
F gutJ jLfgLwJ. xU gF Kil xU gF ghY, Kil
R jahgjF gagLjgl ntL.
8. ng gl KW nj (expiry date) rghfgl ntL.
9. cyj uhir gHf (raisins) kW cyj uhir (currants) nghwit
F nkny itF myfhu bghUshf (toppings) gagLjgLwd.
it kh fiur CwitfgL gagLjgLwJ. kh fiur
vgJ xU gF khLl 10 gFf fygjhF.
10. F vgJ vbghGJ fhW fhj fyf nrJ itfgl ntL.
nrfgLtjF K tiyjLf Ff KGJ Mw itfgl
ntL.
109

11. F jahf njitgL kh fyit jahgjF Kdnu Fahd

l nrfglh mit bfoahL. vdnt Fi[ ng
brtjF K bkikahfgl ntL. kh cs kh fyitf
vjhf ifahsgLtJl, jahj FfS f bkikahf UF.
F jahF Ff
1. njfh F ((Coconut cookies )
njitahd bghUf

ms

ikjh kh

120

rfiu

60

btbz

40

lhlh

40

vbr

W Jf

xU oif

20

1/4 njfuo

njfh JUtf
(cyjJ)
(dessicated coconut)
nggl
brKiw :
1. ng glUl khid uL Kiw rf. cid nrf.
2. bfhG kW rfiuia nyrhdjhf, EiunghW bkikahF tiu
bra.
3. khid nrJ koJ bfhL bkikahd kh fyit Mf.
4. W W cUilfshf brJ cyj njfh JUt cUo vLf.
5. xbthU F nk br Jil itf.
6. 20 lfSF 3500 F - RblLf.

110

2. y Ah ((Milan Heart )
njitahd bghUf

ms

ikjh kh

100

rfiu

50

btbz

30

lhlh

30

vbr

y Jf

Kil

xU oif

5 njfuo

rfiu goff
brKiw :

1. khid U Kiw rJ bfhL cid nrf.

2. bfhGid nrJ njJ bfhL rfiuia nrf.
3. Kilia moJ bfhL fyitl nrJ bkikahd kh
fyitahf ira.
4. khid gu ja nghw tot cs f fl _y btl.
5. xbthU F nk mofgl Kilia rfiu goffis
t.
6. 15 lfSF 3500 F - RblLf.
Ko kW fUJiu :

111

9. Kg f
9.1 thuhu ghll jahj
nehf
nehf: Kg FHijfSfhd thuhu ghll jahF Kiwia
mj.
njitahd cgfuzf : ngg, bg.
thuhu ghll KaJt :
xU ey Kg f l FHij thifnahL bgUks
bjhlilajhf Ugjh njbjLfgL ikafUJ myJ fUbghUis
ftdkhf nj brj ntL.
fUbghUis njbjLFnghJ ftf ntoa f :
bghUjkhdjhf Uj

wikfis btgLJ rjgij jUj

ilf Toa tsfis gagLJj

Ma Mt

tUl cs fhyF VwthW jahj

thW mikF nghJ FHijfSF gyjkhd mDgtfis VgL

bfhLf Ko.
K gfhd eLiyahd ghll mrf

K gfhd xU ey ghllkhdJ r_f ezfij VgLj gy

rjgfis mwJ kW ey wikahd m tsF cjwJ.
mtfSF ilF mDgtfis bfhL jfSila
jdifia bgU bfhs, jid ga rhjfkhd fUij
cUthf KowJ.

ghll Rju isahL brafSF ffh braYF

rkkhd ms braf mikfgL Uj ntL.

fodkhd RWRWghd braYF va braYF kh kh ilna nghJkhd

ilbt Uj ntL.

FHijf jgl njitid FG njitid bra

Toajhf Uf ntL.

112

thuhu ghll
taJ :4-5 taJ

fUJ: f
nj :

113

*thu ghllfhd fUJf nH bfhLfgLsJ.

FLg

Luhf

fhL yFf

gwitf

RWw Rj, Rfhjhu

Ko kW fUJiu :

114

gHf

9 :2
2 Phd mEgtf
nehf: Kg FHijfSF Vw Phd mEgtfis mj.
nehf
njitahd cgfuzf: gfof, bjho, mLF filf, ff.
Phd mEgt KaJt: jfhy ehff kj Phd braf
cynyna thwh. Kg FHijf gy ghlfis (nta, bgsfa,
aa, jhtua) TJ neh Phd fgjh mtf MtK
lgLwJ. ma rh fUJfis va Kiw gytif Phd
mEgtf _y mtfSF bja itfyh.
Phd mEgtdh FHijfSF VgL eikfshtd
eikfshtd:

Kj mEgtfis bgWtjF cjbrwJ.

TJ nehF wid mfwJ.

mogil mit tsf mogil fUJfis ga mid

nkgLj cjwJ.

gnrhjid fUf kW njitahd ybghUfis ga rjg

mwJ.

urid gjfhd tia ff cjwJ.

Muh br vzij kW Mtij LtjF cj

brwJ.

Kgnfw va Phd mEgtf

mEgtf:
FHijF btg, F vw fUij fF nghJ gfoia
bjhL J FahdJ vW btiu bjhL J btgkhdJ vW Twhk,
Fahd xiw btgkhd xiw FHijfisna bjhLuzu brtj
_y fUij mtf vjhf fwhf.
vil Fiwthd bghUf kW jF bghUf, fdkhd bghUf g
ma fl gnrhjidia brJ fhfyh: FHijl xU nfhig
j, xU sho f, xU so k nghwtiw bfhLJ
mituil xw xwhf j nghL TJ nehf bra
ntL. mbghGJ f vil mfkhf Ugjh _F, sho k vil
FiwthfUgjh jF vW mtf f bjthf mJ bfht.
Ko kW fUJiu :

115

9 :3
3 kW kz isahL
nehf
nehf: kW kz isahL Kiwia gaj.
njitahd cgfuzf: lghf, mLFfilf, fk, j fzho.
isaho gaf: FHijfSF yfij g czu isahL xU
<L izaw tahf UwJ. mJ FHijf thif gy njitfis
bra tU tf cjwJ.
cl (ts) rh kf
kf: clYWfSF njfgahf, uj
XlF, y cz xUizF, cl rkiyF cjwJ. nkY
isahL clYs mfgoahd ria btgLj cjwJ.
r_f kf
kf: jidg r_fij gaa, j cikid iy
ehl, r jik, uf cz, xJiH, kW gJ bfhSj
nghwtiw VgLj cjwJ.
kdvG kf
kf: ghJfh czit, jid fLgL bfhs, Ra
CFF, jiy btghoF, fiy eaij VgLj cjwJ.
mrh kf
kf: jhf xiw bra, fLogjF, ft,
Phgfr, xUizj, kW fUJfis gJ bfhs, jf itJ
bfhs cjwJ.
ey be fUJf ga kf
kf: r kW jtiw ntWgL ma,
eyJ aJ ga zl Uj, kw kjfis VW bfhS kd
iyUjYF cjwJ.
kW kz isahL
isahL: kz kW isahL uLnk < ir ga
mDgtfis FHijfSF VgLJt f gaDsjhf vjhdjhf
UwJ.
isahL
isahL: isahL vd xnu mss fhlghfis vLJ bfhL
m gntW tot gntW msf JisLj ntL. x f
bgajhf x UJisf gntW msY, kbwhU lgh gy a
JisfS bra ntL. JisL nghJ lghf VgL nrjij jf
lghD giHa fhj myJ Jdh u Rdh jo JisLj
ntL.
FHijf jD jiu C gy tf, jf
btnaWtij ghJ uJ isahLwd. ij ju jiu ntfkhf
CWnghJ VgL rj. kw bghU nk jiu CWnghJ VgL rj,
lghf gy msf jiu oJ kuF, mLF filf,
njfuo nghwt _y mjid jLnghJ VgL rjid ftf
brayh.
kz isahL
isahL: mLF filf myJ mLF filf flik
(Ff, Tiu ) nghwtiw kz nk itJ mj H mik gy irfY
gy j s mfy msf btr kW unfwthW vthW kh kh
GwJ vW FHijfis ghf brayh.
116

kz isahoF njitahdit
njitahdit:
mogil fU - fyf, filf F kzbjho, fodkhd sho
Xufis cila kubgof kW sho r Fs.
kz - flfiu cs kz nghUj, Rjkhf Uj.
Jiz bghUfis nrfJ itF lghf - a tif cUt
mikf, d, fyf, fuof nghwit.
mikfgL l : btw l myJ bk jiuf kzid bfho
mikFnghJ gh VglhkUj ntL.
FHijfl kz isahLnghJ bgjh fhL fzhoia
bfhLFnghJ kzYs gy tif gof ffis mtf MuhJ ghghf.
kz gy j _yfUJ ilgjh (MW kz, FsJ kz, fl
kz) mt jikia FHijf MuhJ ghfyh.
FHijfl kglF, k gy bghUfis brkhW TWj.

Ko kW fUJiu :

117

9 :4
4 Kg FHijfSnfw isahL bghUf, jffis
kL brj
nehf
nehf: K g FHijfSfhd isahL bghUf kW jffis
kL brtij gaj.
njitahd bghUf : Kg gUtdUnfwgo njbjLfgl
bghikf kW jff.
kL brj mta : kL brj vgJ KndwF cj xU
rghF brayhF. xU bra myJ bghU btfukhf / njhahf miktJ
mbra Fnfhfis myJ Koid vj msF iwntWwJ vgij
bghWJ mik. fJiw kL brj vgJ ghl l myJ
nehfij, Fnfhis milt FHijf ts kW Kndw
cjwjh vW kL brj _y mayh.
Kg gUtdUfhd bghikf: bghikf kW isahL fUf
uL isaho Ka fUahf csJ kW FHij gUtnk isahL
gUtkhF. FHijfSF fgjF VwthW isahL bghUfis ftdkhf
nj bragl ntL.
isahL bghUfis njbjLF nghJ ftf ntoait
ntoait:

isahL bghUf iyF Vwhnghy l ehfSF ciHf

Toajhf isahL gadf Toa tifY Uj ntL.

FHijf tanfwthW K jiknfwthW Uj

ntL.
isahL bghUf jukhdjhf cWahdjhf Uj ntL.

isahL bghUf ms FHijfsh gagL fLF

itgjnfwthW, ghJfhF cfjjhf Uj KakhdJ.

kL brtjfhd mltiz
mltiz:
isahL bghikf flthW kL brj ntL.
1. isahL bghU iy

- iy mf/thf Toatif

2. tanfwthW bghUjkhdjh - fyhdJ/gagLj vjhf

3. ciHF w

- ciHfToaJ / cilaToaJ

4. ghJfh jik

- ghJfhghdJ / ghJfhgwJ

5. isahL bghUf jik- gyjf

gaglToaJ
6. isahL bghUf tif - fgid w
fiywid

xnu xU isahL
kL isahl cj
fgid wDF
mghgL fhzgLj

lToaJ
7. J bfhS kW bghUJ
jik

- tanfwhngh / bghUjkwJ
118

8. w kW ms

- mogil wf xnu khahd myJ

bghtw wf

9. jirf xUiz

- bga kW a

VnjD xU

jirf

jir

xUiz

xUiz

10. isahL bghUfis

jahf gagLa bghU

- ku / J

jff : jff FHijfSF xU a cyfij fhLwJ. mtf

jf vzfis bjagLj, jf mfiwia btgLj, RWNH
gaa, brafis mfgLj, r_f ezf kW jf taij
xjtUl ey bjhlid VgLj jff cjwJ.
jff tU tif cjwJ.

Kj mEgtF cj brwJ.

a fUJfis cUthFtjF Ljyhf csJ.

rahd (vzf) fUid cUthf cjwJ.

aif kW fiy mHid uf t tFwJ.

jf goF ey gHfij tswJ.

kL brj mrf:K g gUtdUfhd jfid fl

tif kL brj ntL.
1. fUJf

- rahdit/ FHgkhdkhdit

2. l

- a vzf/ giHa fUJfis cilaJ.

3. mEgt

- a mEgt ilwJ

a mEgtf
mgiy

4. uj kW
ghuhLj

- aif uf Toajhf iy
mHF

5. L nfhyhf
Uj

- jf goF
vzij cUthFj

6. cW nehf

- cWnehF fUij

rahd Kiw
yhkUj
rhjhuzkhf csJ

cUthFwJ
7. fgidw

- fgidw tswJ /fgid w iy

8. thbkh bjhl

- mfgLJwJ / FiwwJ

(ngRw)
9. r_f cwf

- VgLj cjj/ jf KaYj

10. ftahf gof

-Mtij VgLJj / Mtik kW

ntL

RWRWghf Uj

vw Mtij
Ltz

119

10. Kg braghLf
10.1 Kg FHijfSfhd fij
nehf
nehf: Kg FHijfSF fij brhY Kiwid g fW
bfhSj.
njitahd bghUf: rh ngg, tz glf, shd nghL kW gy.
KaJt: FHijfSF MaUF ilna zfkhd
fij TWtj KaJt
eYwid VgLj fij TWtJ Kakhd fUahf bragLwJ.
fij TWtj _y MaUF xU braiy lL mjid
bragLJtjfhd ey mEgtid VgLj cjwJ.

gntW ghlfYs Mtij fijf TWt _y magLwJ.

wuJ cz gaa kW J bfhs cjwJ.

FHijf jfSila eho gghL, kj nghwtiw fijf _y

mtjh mjid btehodUF mKfgLJwd.

bghJthd gy ey fUJfis fijf bghUnshL izJ TWnghJ

FHijf vjhf ey fUJfis fwd.

a thijfis fW bfhtjh ey bkh ngR wid nkgLj

Ko.

fij tU ff kW egf g tJ TWtjh Phgfwid

nkgL bfhs KowJ.

fijid njbjLF nghJ ftf ntoa mrf

mrf:
fij TWtj _y KGikahd gaid miltjF fijid
njbjLF nghJ fl fUJfis kd bfhs ntL.
fij fUbghUshdJ
cikia Tw Toajhf Uj ntL. Vbd Kg gUt
cikF bghF ntWghL mahj gUtkhF.
FHijfSF Mtij l Toajhf Uj ntL.

gy tzglf UjY, fij Mra juToa rgtfS

Uj ntL.

rahd fUJfis bfhljhf Uj ntL. Vbd jtwhd

fUJf FHijf s kdid ghgila br.

FHijfSF Kj mEgtfis VgL bfhLF tifUjh

FHijf fF Mtij mfF.

FHijfSF Mt_lToa tifUjh jh mtf yif

mDgJ Muha fwd. fij thijf rjf myJ
isahL FHijfSF Mtij mfF.

W fijfshf Uj ntL.

FHijfSF a Toa tif vjhf, njityhj sff

120

Kiwahd bkhia gagLJj ntL.

fij TwgLs vLJfhLf fij fUgFF Vw

tifUj ntL.

fij TW Kiw : FHijfis FGthfnth myJ tirahfnth Ma K

mku brj ntL. Ma jhthd ehfh mkjhjh gf cs
FHijf Tl Ma Kfij fhz Ko. fij TW nghJs Niy
rhjhuzkhf aifahd iyUj mta. fij TW nghJ FHijf
Mal beUfkhd aghd iyUgJ eyJ. Vbd fijTWtJ
xUtif ehlffiyna, iriff, Fu Vwjhf, Fu khwf, rj
khwf, Fiwthd bjhUJ mfkhd iyF kh brY, cz xnu
khahf yhk fijF VwthW iuJ bkJthf TWj ntL. fij
TWnghJ Kakhf ftf ntoaJ xbthU FHijia neh
mUUJ ukhf ghitia brY, ty UJ lJ tiu brYj ntL.
vj xU FHij jh uhffgLnsh vw vz tuTlhJ. fij
TWgt kW fij nfgtUF ilna beUfkhd cwid VgLjgLtJ
KakhdJ MF.

121

tF cs midtUF nrJ y neuf fij brhgt thW

TWtjh mtfsJ vzfis m KaJt thj gFfis
nkgLj ntoatiw vLJ Tw fwhf. Jnghy fLoJ
njitawij jJ kd W bfhs ntoa fUJf vgit kj
vz braghLf mogil fUJf MF. braghil FHijf
fijbrhtj _y fW bfhwd. J thijf fW bfhtj _y
FHijf bkhwid tsf fij TWnghJ xbthU thijiaa
sfkhf Tw fwhf.
F : jnfwhngh fijid njbjLj ntL.
Ko kW fUJiu :

122

11. nkyhik
11.1
11.1: gidia nkgLJj
nehf
nehf: gidia nkgLJt gagLjgL gntW cf g mj.
gidia nkgLJj : gidia nkgLJj vgJ xU jah
gid myJ nritia CFf bfhLfgL FWa fhy Cf bjhif
MF. gidia nkgLJj vgJ xU Wtd mjDila gid myJ
gagLJ Kiw myJ gnrhjidfSfhf bragL Ka Mugiy
MF.
gidia nkgLJtj tf : itah cikahdJ kW
MftkhdJ. vdnt it ga thd goa ilwJ
ugykhd y gidia nkgLJ tf nH bfhLfgLsd.
xW thdh kbwhW ytr (Buy One Get One Free BOGOF) : J xU
eakhd bfhLf thfiy nkgLJ tahF. Jnt Cf gidia
nkgLJ t (Permium Sales Promotion Tactics) vd miHfgLwJ,
thoifahs bj
bjhhlghd thf braghLf ((Consumer Relationship Management
CRM) : nghd f (Bonus points) myJ gzij FiwF Tgf
Cfgrhf bfhLfgLwJ. it tf Kj mfhof tiu csd.
gidfhd bghUf (Merchandising)) : gidahfgl bghUfSF
nghd f kW jahf braKiw sf.
ytr gRf ((Free Gifts ) : xU nyh tiff thdh nyh r
ytrkhf bgw gR Tg jUtJ.
iy jSgo ((Discounted prices ) : nfhilfhyf b# khd nrit
jfSila thoifahsfSF Fiwj iy khd gaz Lfis
mgJ, myJ a khd nrit Jtf nghJ myJ a lfSF
khd nrit MufgL nghJ jSgo mgJ nghwit.
Wtdf xWbfhW izJ gidia nkgLJj (Joint promotions) :
xU Wtd cs btntW tifahd bjhdfis
bfhltF ilna myJ kw Wtd bjhdfSl izJ
gidia nkgLJtJ MF. vLJfhlhf, Jj czf tHF cz
Wtd bghikfis ytrkhf bfhLgJ, xU Fl iugl
btlgLnghJ czid tHFtJ.
ytr khf (Free Samples) : khf bfhLfgLwd. vLJfhlhf,
mfhof RitJ ghgjfhf tHfgL ytr kh czf kW
ghdf thu kW khj giffSl tHfgL ytr h ghbfLf.
cjuthj Lf kW Tgf (Vouchers and Coupons)
brjhf, giff kW bghlyfY tiw ghfyh.
nghof kW gRf ((Competitions and P rize draws ):
br jhf, giff, bjhiyfh, thbdh, tiy jsf
(interest) kW bghlyfY mfgL nghof kW gRf.
123

 fhuz rhj myJ ahakhd gid (Cause - related and fair related ) :
mwiyafSfhf, Fiwj tUkhd cila trhfSfh
bghUf gid bragLtJ ugykilJ tUwJ.
thg ((Finance deals)
vLJfhlhf 3 tUlfSF njbjLfgl thfdfSF 0% .
nkny cs gy vLJfhLf thoifahsiu ikakhf itJ
TwgLsJ. nkgLJj vgJ bkhj gid kW tHFj nghwtiw
Fnfhshf bfhLsJ. it tf gid nkgLJj (Trade Sales Promotion) vd miHfgLwJ.
vLJ fhlhf, jahghsUF, nahfjUFilna cs TL
gid, gid nkgLJj bjhlghd ifnaLf kW kw bghUf (T-
nghwit), gid br nahf brgtUF, yiw ahghfSF Cf
bjhif tHFj nghwit MF.
bra ntoa ntiy :
mfho xF brW VnjD uL bghUfSF jahghsf
gagLa gidia nkgLJ tfis fLo.

124

11.2 xU cztf iy mif

nehf
nehf: xU cztf gntW tifahd iy mifid mj.
iy mif ((Budget)) : iy mif vgJ midJ bryf kW
tufis lL, goalgLtJ MF. J nrgjF, bry brtjF
lLtjhF.
1. Kjik iy mif ((Master budget)) : cztf lf bkhj
mif. it zfgl gid yF, jah, nahf kW fhd
braf zfgl yF Matiw bfhlJ. iy mif,
vfhy lf kW mtiw brayhFt bkhj btghnl MF.
2. gid iy mif ((Sales budget)) : gid iy mif vgJ
iy miffhd fhy msF vghfgl gidia fhL
thd mltiz MF. Jakhd gid mif vgJ KGikahd
iy mifF xU wnfh nghwJ. it xnwhblhW rhJs
iy mif (Interdependent budget) vd miHf gLwJ.
3. jahfhd iy mif (Production budget):
xbthU iy mif fhy msF cs gid njitfis
bghWJ jahfgL bghUf gF msf vifia
tirgLJtjhF.
4. neuoahd bjhyhs iy mif (Direct labour budget): jahfhd
iy mifUJ it cUthfgLwJ. neuoahd bjhyhs njitf
fzlgl ntL. mjdh Wtd mjDila iy mif jah
njitfis mila njitahd fhy msit zf cjwJ.
5. gzfhd iy mif ( Cash budget):
it gz ilf bgW Mjhuf, kW Fl fhy msF mit
gagLjgL j Mait ga thd l MF.
gzfhd iy mif ehF Ka f csd.
m. uJ (receipt section)
M. gz gLthlh brtjfhd (Disbursement section)
. gz mfkhf myJ gwhFiwfhd (Cash excess or deficiency section)
6. KjL iy mif ((Capital budget)) : it Wtd brhJ kW
mit fl ntoa fl nghwtiw FgJ gaJ vLJfhlhf rhjdf,
Wtd f kW gzfhf flgL bjhif.
7. mwhl njitfhd iy mif ( Operating budget)) : Wtd
mwhl tUth kW bry MatfhdJ. t gid, gid iy,
bjhyhs, guhk, jiyik mYtyf bryf Mait mlF.
xU cztf bragLtjfhd iy mif tu

125

xU cztf bragLtjfhd iy mif tu

iy
bral

gid
bral

cz
bral

braghofhd
iy mif
cz kW
ghdf gid
cz kW
ghdf iy
xbthU egUFkhd bry

mogil bral
Wtd kW bjhFthahd
yhgij zj myJ
muR cj iy
Jiw thahd yhg myJ
muR cj iy
mwhl braf eilbgw
njitahdbraghL
tKiwf.

KjL iy
mif
iyahd/fdkhd
fU
a bjhF

Kjik iy
mif
tf fzF
yhg eZl fzF
ghy
(Balance sheet)

126

iyia
fLgLJj
bjhYfhd braghL
lfSfhd iy
mifiaWt
njitahdit.

iy mifia fLgLJtJ vgJ braghL lfSnfg

lLj, kW juij tiuaWgjhF. it cikahd Kof iwntajh
vd msf cjwJ.
iy mif gof
1. lLj go
2. fLgLJ go
3. kLj go
iy mif jahj gaf :

vfhy tfhLjYF KndwF ttFwJ.

a Fnfhfis mikwJ.

giHa bryfis FiwJ vfhy gzxJoF mogil mikJ

bfhLwJ.

J xU fLgLJ fU kW KDik bfhLF brafis

goaLwJ.

iy mif jahj cs dilf

J tisJ bfhLfhjit kW neuij GFgit.

it jahf ey wD mfkhd F wD njitgLwJ.

Wtd cstfilna fUJ ntWghL, uridf tuTL.

bjhyhsf Mju yhk lij bragLj KoahJ.

bra ntoa ntiy: W cz Wtd iy mifia lL.

(c trnfg msit Ko brayh).
fltfhf iyia xJL bra.
1. cz
2. ntiyahf
3. fUf
4. braghofhd ntiy
5. guhk bry

127

gbulh tFfhd dh t
brKiw - II
kbg : 150

128

129

130

braKiw l jiyf
I.

rJz lfis gaj.

II.

neh kW clgUk nehahfSfhd Mnyhrid tHF

sfgl jahj

III.

FkugUtJ uridf

IV.

ghtho/ Kg xid ghitL mif jah brj.

V.

mLkid myJ mfhoF brW ghitLj.

VI.

bgfsh eljgL W bjh ikafis g fzbfL brj

(kf Ra cj FGf).

131

braKiw l jiyf ((Project Topics)

I. rJz lf gaj

xUizj FHijf ts l (ICDS) ga KDiu

mUYs mftho myJ Mug Rfhjhu iyaF brW

tufis nrf.

nrfj tufis myJ Ffis bfhL mif jahf

kh got
1. xUizj FHijf ts l Fnfhf
2. gadhf tif vif
3. bfhLfgL iz czf tiff
4. nghlgL jLf tiff
5. l bragL fhy ms
6. bfhLfgL bghUfSfhd Mjhu.
7. gadhf vbfhS uidf
8. ntiy br gahsf ga tuf.
II.. neh kW clgUk nehahfSfhd Mnyhrid tHF
sfgl jahj
neh - tiuaiwf, fhuzf, uridf kW cz l khwf
clgUk
jgl egiuga gu kW mif jah br.
(kh nrhjid tuf ( neh, clgUk cstfSF) nH
bfhLfgLsd. jnfwhngh egiu njbjLJ tufis nrfj
mta).
A. eg ga tu - clgUk cs eg
I.

ghd

bg

taJ

42 tUl

cau

5`3``

vil

84 nyh uh

ntiy

FLg jiy (va ntiy)

mFf

neh, kW J ca uj mGj.

kw tuf

vyhtif f kW mirt czid

U cQj.

tUfhd cz kW thif Kiw bra ntoa khwf g

cfSila miu vd?

132

II.

ghd

bg

taJ

21 tUl

cau

5`8``

vil

85 nyh uh

ntiy

bkbghU fbg x ggt. (Fiwthd

cl ciH bfhlJ).

jnghija cz gHfkiwa tuf -

bfhGrJ iwj cz tiff

mf Jj czfis cQ gHfKilat
(v.fh) [h, gf, cUisHF .

1. tUF vtif l czid gJiu brth?

2. mthW gJiu bragLtjfhd fhuzij t?
B.. nehah ghfgl eg (M, bg)
I.

ghd

bg

taJ

49 tUl

cau

5`3``

vil

65 nyh uh

braf

va ntiy

mFf

mf jhfkilj, (ghoah)
mofo W fj (ghah)

ir

kUJtuh gJiufgl khiuf

neh tu

fhiy cz cbfhS K uj
FSnfh ms - 130 /bl

cz cl 1 k neu fj
FSnfh ms - 200 /bl

uj cs bfhG ms - 255/bl

l cz bfhiffSnfg cz l xiw jah br.

II.

ghd

taJ

60 tUl

cau

5`8``

vil

55 nyh uh

braf

va ntiy
mf jhf vLj (ghoah), mf ms W
fj ghah kafkilj.

1. tUnfw lcz tfho vd?

2. vtif cz rJfSF mf KaJt mfgl ntL?

133

III. FkugUtJ uridf

Fku gUtdUF gy r_f uridf tss gUt VgLwJ.
jfhd fhuzf cl kW cla braghL rhj csa khwfis
J bfhshikah VgLwJ.
mtf f vjhf fLzj _ykhf Vida braf _ykhf
tUtdt _ykhf khwfis milwd.

jtwhf telJ, Kndhoahf cs bgnwh/Ma/egf/

clwnjh rnfhju/ rnfhjf

bgatfis (mya brj) jj

jtwhd myJ miuFiwahf bjj tufis bfhL bragLj

iuglf, bjhiyfh kW sguf - jtwhd brid

gunghJ mjgh <fgLwd.

Fku gUtJ uridfis flthW tifgLjyh

clTW _ykhf (Morphological)

csa ahf (Psychological)

r_f thyhf (Sociological)

f _ykhf (Educational)
c g gY FkugUtdUfhd uridfis flf.

kh dhjh got
1. khz bga
2. taJ

3. clwnjh vif

4. cau (br.)

5. vil (.)

134

6. FkugUtJ uridf :

7. jF tfhd gJiuf:

135

IV.ghtho/
.ghtho/ Kg xid ghitL mif jah brj
ghtho / Kg xDF brYj
bfhLfgl gotij bfhL tufis nrfj
mifid jah brj.
tufis nrfF kh got
:
1. g bga
2. mikJs l

3. bkhjKs FHijf
vif

4. bkhj Ma vif

5. g Vida gahs
vif

6. bkhj miwf vif :

7. fol mik trf

: fh
Xodh
Mbglh
Tiu
MdJ
Tiu
cL
iy
:
:
:
:

j / RWw Rj
cztUJ ltr
fgiw
trf
Fl
njhl
isahL l tr
:
nghFtuJ trf
:
8. isahL fUf (tirgLJ)
(tirgLJ):
cw isahL

btw isahL

fUf

fUf

1.
2.
3.
4.

1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

5.

9. ff cj rhjdf (tirgLJ)
(tirgLJ):
fh rhjdf

nf rhjdf

fhnf rhjdf

10. dr ghll

khghll gaj.

F
F: gia TJ neh Muhj jf gJiuia FL
mif jah bra.
136

V. mLkid myJ mfhoF brW ghitLj

mUYs mLkid/ mfhoF brYj

tufis nrfj

mjid gagL MuhJ mif jahj.

khgot
1. mLkiz / fil bga

2. mikJs l

3. bkhj gahs vif

(Wtd kh tiugl)
4. mikJs fUf vif

(goaL)
jahgjF njitahdit

nrF njitahdit

fLfLtjF njitahdit

:
:

5. jahF / ntiy br l
nfF brtjfhd l
f, F brtjF l
buho brtjF l
ng brtjF l
6. gidF jahuhF tiff

7. ffis kWRH brj

8. ffis mwgLJj

tufis nrfJ mif jahf.

137

cL / iy

VI. bgfsh eljgL W bjh ikafis g fzbfL brj

(v.fh. kf Ra cjFGf)
1. W bjh bga

2. mikJs l

3. Wbjhiy elJgt
Ka bghWf

4. FGYs bkhj egf

vif

5. Muj tUl

6. jahfgL bghUf
tu

7. gid Kiwf

8. fUf /Jiz bghUf

jahgjF njitahd bghUf nrF njitahdit

gjF njitahdit

9. fhd Mjhu

10. bkhjkhf tha fl

11. gzij Ug brYJ tKiw

12. flDfhd to j

13. cz kW Vida bghUf

bfhKj tu

gz brYJj

fhnrhiy mj

jtiz Kiwf

14. yhg j

15. bragLjgLnghJ rF
uridf

16. vfhy j lf

138

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