CHAPTER 1 THE POWER SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW 1.1 INTRODUCTION ‘States was established in 1882 atthe Peart Street Station in New York City by Thomas Edison, The station supplied de po ting the lower Manhattan area. The power was generated by de2. 1 THROWER SYSTEM: ANOVERVIEW ‘The first single-phase ac system in the United States was at Oregon City where power was generated by two 300 np watervnees turbines and trans at 4 KV to Portland. Souther Califorma Edison Company mstalled the phase system at 2.3 KV in 1893, Many electric companies were developed trotgt- ‘out the county, In the beginning, individual compemes were operating at di throoghout the U.S.and Canada. Me tem, Transmission voitages have (EHV) in commercial use 18 765 KV, 1969. For transmitting power over very long distances t may be more economical to ‘convert the EHV ac to EHV cc, transmit the power over two lines, and invert tac at ine other end. Studies show that 1s advantegeous to consider de between the two ngid systems ac links, The main disedvantag requires filterng, and a large amount of reactive power compensation required &t both ends ofthe line. The first 400-KV dbo line mn the United States was tne Pacitic Inter, 850 miles tong between Oregon and Califorma built n 1970. ‘The entire continental called tne power grid. A smal ‘owned, but the bulk 1s privately owned. The system aphical regons called power pools. In an aterconnect {ors are required as a reserve for peak load ana spinning reserve. lion makes the energy generation and transmission more ezonor be cheaper for a company to buy bulk power from neighboring ullities than 10 ‘promice 11m one ofits older plants. 1.2. ELECTRIC INDUSTRY STRUCTURE “The bulk generation of electricity in tne Unites States 1s produced by untegrated investor-owned ules (TOU). A small portion of power generation 1s federally ‘ownea, such as the Tennessee Valley Authority and Bonnevilie Power Admnistra- tion, Two separate levels of regulation currently regulate the United States electric system: One 1s the Federal’ Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC), which reg- Fecent progress in techn Res and opportunt-41. THE POWER SYSTEM: AN OVERVIEW ‘aes for power systems research and open up new opportunities to young power engineers. 1.3 MODERN POWER SYSTEM ‘The power system of ogay is a complex interconnectee network as snown in Figure 1.1 (Page 7). A power system canbe subivided into four major pats: sion and Subtransmission '* Disuibuuon + Loads 13.1 GENERATION Generators — One of the essential components of power systems 18 the theee= hase ac generator known as syncnronous generator or alternator. Synchronous generators have two synchronously rotating fields: One field 1s produced by the rotor driven at synchronous speed and excited by de current The other file is pro- duced in the stator windings by the three-phase armator curtents, The de current 1 provided by excitation systems. In the ol ‘6c generators mounted on the same shaft, providing rushless excatation systems, The generator excita voltage and controls the reactive power flow. Because they lack the commutaror, tc generators can generate high power at high voltage, typically 30 kV. Ina power plant, te size of generators can vary from 50 MW to 1500 MW. ‘The source of the mechanical power, commonly known as the prme mover may be hydraulic turbines at waterfalls, steam turbines whose fe turbines, particularly With a low pressure, operate at ow speed. Their generators are usually as 'ype rotor with many poles. In a power station several generators aze operated parallel in the power grid to provide the total power needed: They are connected st ‘common pornt called a bus 12 MODERN POWER SYSTEM. 5 the average power of a 2815 W is equivalent co energy sources of alternate sources which are neing used to Hiydro and pumped si Gas Torbine possible