Primary Sources "13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution: Abolition of Slavery (1865)." Our Documents. ourdocuments.org, n.d. Web.

22 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=40>. This is a primary source and is a copy of the 13th Amendment along with information about it. It helps in my timeline of how slavery was abolished, but yet African Americans were treated unequal. Bettmann. "The Nicholas Brothers in Sun Valley Serenade (1941)." Encyclopedia Britannica. Encyclopedia Britannica, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/art-94676>. This picture is a primary source. This is a picture of the Nicholas Brothers who were performers during the Harlem Renaissance. "Cab Calloway: Sketches." Dir. Gail Levin. Episode #2. American Masters. Prod. Susan Lacy. PBS. 27 Feb. 2012. American Masters. Web. 16 Feb. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/featured/cab-calloway-sketches-watch-thefull-documentary/1999/>. This is a documentary on Cab Calloway. It also talks about the impact of the Harlem Renaissance and the impact of Calloway, himself. It is a primary source. It contains interviews with Calloway himself along with other influential people of the Harlem Renaissance and relatives of Calloway. Cartwright, Phil, Dr., and Marc Lynn, Dr. "Audio Files." Harlem Renaissance Multimedia Resource. Harlem Renaissance Multimedia Resource, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.jcu.edu/harlem/Audio/Page_1.htm>. This is a primary source that contains the audio files of many Harlem Renaissance musicians. This source will be useful to provide audio samples in my project to show the types of music in the 1920s.

- - -. "Video Vault." Harlem Renaissance Multimedia Resource. Harlem Renaissance Multimedia Resource, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. This is a primary source. This website is filled with video clips of musicians of the 1920s. Daniel, Celia, C. In Motion: African American Great Migration. N.d. Library System. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://libguides.howard.edu/greatmigration>. This is a primary source from a library database comprised of documents from different databases. I used a picture from the Great Migration from this database. Duke Ellington- It Don't Mean a Thing. Youtube. Youtube, 3 Jan. 2008. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qDQpZT3GhDg>. This is a video that is a primary source of Duke Ellington and his orchestra playing in 1943. Ella Fitzgerald- Uplifting Voice. Bibliography.com. A+E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/ella-fitzgerald-9296210/videos>. This is a primary source. It is a documentary of the life of Ella Fitzgerald Gottlieb, Willia P. Portrait of Billie Holiday. Feb. 1947. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.gottlieb.04251/default.html>. This is a primary source that is a portrait taken of Billie Holiday Gottlieb, William, P. Portrait of Cab Calloway, Columbia Studio, New York, N.Y. 1940. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.music/gottlieb.00961>. This is a primary source from the Library of Congress that contains a portrait of Cab Calloway during the Harlem Renaissance. Gottlieb, William P. Portrait of Cab Calloway. Oct. 1946. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 13 Feb. 2013.

<http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.gottlieb.01021/default.html>. This is a primary source of a portrait of Cab Calloway - - -. Portrait of Duke Ellington. Nov. 1946. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/diglib/ihas/loc.natlib.gottlieb.02451/default.html>. This is a primary source of a portrait of Duke Ellington. Harlem Renaissance. Photograph. Britannica Online for Kids. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://kids.britannica.com/comptons/art-109679>. This is a primary source from The Encyclopedia Britannica Kids. It is a picture of Harlem during the Harlem Renaissance and shows the African American escape of poverty and search for a new life and jobs. Lange, Dorothea. Migrant Mother. Feb. 1936. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/fsa1998021539/PP/>. This is a primary source. It is a picture from the Great Depression. It is of a mother and her children who are struggling through the depression. "Louis Armstrong, Head-and-Shoulders Portrait, Facing Left, Playing Trumpet." Library of Congress. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/00652636/>. This is a primary source. It is a portrait of Luis Armstrong playing the trumpet, from the Library of Congress. Parks, Gordon. "New York, New York. Duke Ellington Playing at the Hurricane." Library of Congress. N.p., Apr. 1943. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/owi2001025226/PP/>. This is a primary source. It is a picture of Duke Ellington, a famous Harlem Renaissance musician playing the piano. It also shows the liveliness of the atmosphere.

Photograph of Billie Holiday. N.d. Primary Source Nexus. Primary Source Nexus. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://primarysourcenexus.org/2012/07/learning-from-the-source-capturingcharacter-on-camera/>. This is a primary source of portraits and videos of Billie Holiday. Picketers During Great Migration. 23 July 2010. Library of Congress. Library of Congress. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. This is a primary source. It is an exhibition from the Library of Congress about the Great Migration. From it, I used a picture of picketers who fought for equality. Reagon, Bernice Johnson. "Music in the Civil Rights Movement." Interview by Maria Daniels. American Experience. WGBH Educational Foundation, 23 Aug. 2006. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/eyesontheprize/reflect/r03_music.html>. This is a primary source and an interview of a Civil Rights musician, who speaks about how the Civil Rights musicians used the music from the Harlem Renaissance to help them continue to fight for justice. The lady being interviewed explained how the music gained from the Harlem Renaissance helped to motivate and propel the musicians and African Americans to continue to fight for justice and equality. Reiss, Winold. Interpretation of Harlem Jazz. 1915. Primary Source Nexus. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://primarysourcenexus.org/2012/02/featured-image-harlem-jazz/>. This is a primary source of a piece of art from the Harlem Renaissance. It is an example of how the music of the Harlem Renaissance influenced the art of the time. Sweet Georgia Brown. Composed by Cab Calloway. 1931. Jazz On-Line. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://jazz-on-line.com/artists/Cab_Calloway.htm>. This is a primary source of Cab Calloway singing his hit Sweet Georgia Brown

Secondary Sources

13th Amendment. Texas Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.laits.utexas.edu/txp_media/html/cons/features/0206_01/slide3.html>. This is a picture of an online creation of the 13th Amendment. I used it in my timeline. African American Great Migration. Auburn University. Africana Studies Program, 14 Feb. 2012. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.cla.auburn.edu/africanaStudies/media-resourcecenter/pan-african-history-and-thought/goin-to-chicago/>. This picture is from a scholarly report by Auburn University about the Great Migration. It shows that African Americans, during the Great Migration, completely packed up their lives to find a better place to live. Apollo Theater: Harlem Rensiassance. BET. BET Interactive, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.bet.com/shows/apollo-live/photos/apollo-theater-through-theyears.html?cid=facebook#!111412-shows-apollo-live-theater-opening-historic>. This picture is from a website that showed the Apollo Theater through the years. The Apollo Theater was one of the famous night clubs of Harlem. "Apollo Theater History." Apollo: Long Live the Music. Apollo Theater Foundation, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.apollotheater.org/about/history>. This is the Apollo Theater's official website. It not only provides information about what the theater is like today, but it contains its' entire history. It breaks the history and historical events to happen at the Apollo down by decade and event. Best of Duke Ellington. By Duke Ellington. iTunes. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/best-of-duke-ellington/id282777147>. This source is from iTunes. It is a place to hear and buy all of Duke Ellington's greatest hits.

"Bill 'Bojangles' Robinson." American Tap Dance Foundation. asd labs, 2002. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. <http://atdf.org/awards/bojangles.html>. This document provides a portrait of Bill Robinson and some information about him and his life "Billie Holiday." 2013. The Biography Channel website. Feb 15 2013, 10:27<http://www.biography.com/people/billie-holiday-9341902>. This source is a biography of Billie Holiday and contains pictures and videos of the famous jazz singer. Billie Holiday. Last.fm. Last.fm, 27 July 2008. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.last.fm/music/Billie+Holiday/+images/8460227>. This source is a website that provides pictures and music from artists. I got a picture of Billie Holiday from this source. Cab Calloway Dancing. Blog: The Robcat View. Blogspot.com, 29 Dec. 2009. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://robcatview.blogspot.com/2009_12_01_archive.html>. This picture is a picture of Cab Calloway, a famous, well-known Jazz performer of the Harlem Renaissance. Chambers, Veronica. The Harlem Renaissance. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 1998. Print. This book helps by providing information about how the culture before the Harlem Renaissance was filled with segregation and violence. It talks about how harlem and the music helped to liven the atmosphere and gave African Americans the feeling that they were something bigger then they ever imagined. It also talks about some important musicians that impacted the music of the 1920s. Come on Over (live). Perf. Christina Aguilera. Youtube. Youtube, 7 July 2009. Web. 22 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WXAySV2TDEg>. This is a live performance

of Christiana Aguilera. Her song is inspired by Jazz and contains all of the elements of Jazz. It shows that Jazz helped influence what we listen to today. Cotton Club. African American- Harlem Renaissance. Tangient, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://unityanddivision4.wikispaces.com/African+American-+Harlem+Renaissance>. This site provided a picture of the Cotton Club during the Harlem Renaissance. I used it as one of the banners for a tab. Dance of the Harlem Renaissance. Eventbrite. Eventbrite, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://aharlemswingdanceataharlemmansion-eorg.eventbrite.com>. This source is a picture I used and it shows not only the upbeat swing of life but also the styles of dance during the Harlem Renaissance. "Duke Ellington." 2013. The Biography Channel website. Feb 15 2013, 01:05<http://www.biography.com/people/duke-ellington-9286338>. This website provides information from childhood to death on Duke Ellington. It also provides pictures and documentary podcasts on him. Duke Ellington. The Revivalist. The Revivslist, 3 May 2012. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://revivalist.okayplayer.com/2012/05/03/essentially-ellington-concert-jalc/>. This website provides a portrait of Duke Ellington. Duke Ellington was one of the most famous musicians of the Harlem Renaissance. "Ella Fitzgerald." 2013. The Biography Channel website. Feb 15 2013, 10:57<http://www.biography.com/people/ella-fitzgerald-9296210>. This website provides pictures and videos of Ella Fitzgerald along with a fully detailed biography of her life starting from her birth.

Ella Fitzgerald. Biography.com. A+E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.biography.com/people/ella-fitzgerald-9296210>. This website has a bibliography about Ella Fitzgerald, a famous singer of the Harlem Renaissance. I used a photograph from the website of Ella Fitzgerald. "The Freedom Riders and the Popular Music of the Civil Rights Movement." EDSITEment: The Best of the Humanities on the Web. National Endowment for the Humanities, 5 Apr. 2011. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/freedom-rides-and-rolepopular-music-civil-rights-movement>. This site is a lesson plan made for teachers to teach their students about music of the Civil Rights Movement. It contains background information and additional sources and resources about the Civil Rights Music and Freedom Riders. Garcia, Jesus. "Chapter 25: The Roaring Twenties." Creating America: A History of the United States. N.p.: McDougal Littell, 2007. 717-21. Print. This is a chapter from a textbook that talks about how daily life was in the twenties and how life was livelier than before. It helps me because it talks about how Jazz and the music helped spread the African American culture. Harlem, New York 1920s. Discovery. Discovery Communications, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://dsc.discovery.com/tv-shows/curiosity/topics/harlem-renaissance-pictures.htm>. This website provides a picture of Harlem, New York during the Harlem Renaissance. I used it in the places tab to show where the hub of African American life was. Harlem's Savoy Ballroom. Youtube. Youtube, 20 Sept. 2011. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Mqsc0dhoED0>. This video is about the Savoy

Ballroom. It contains testimonials and interviews with people and historians from the Harlem Renaissance. Haskins, Jim. The Harlem Renaissance. Connecticut: Millbrook Press, 1996. Print. This book talks about the different types of music in the 1920s and how they were all built from African American music from the times of slavery. It explains that Jazz influenced the other arts of the time period such as writing and art, and became a way for people to escape the daily struggles. Hilliard, Kenneth B. "The Impact of the Music of the Harlem Renaissance on Society." YaleNew Haven Teachers Institute. Yale-New Haven Teachers Institute, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.yale.edu/ynhti/curriculum/units/1989/1/89.01.05.x.html>. This source helps by providing information about how the community of Harlem was rooted in traditions and it became the cultural capital of Black america. It explains how as the culture shifted to a more prosperous culture, the music underwent a shift that ran parallel with that of the culture. It detailed how Jazz was a bled of all of the many types of music of the 1920s. Jazz Musician in Jazz Club. Harlem Renaissance. Blogger, 9 May 2011. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://currier5.blogspot.com/2011/05/harlem-renaissance.html>. This blog provides a picture that shows a musician performing in a Jazz club during the Harlem Renaissance. Jazz Musicians. The Harlem Renaissance. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. This website provided a picture of a Jazz band playing. "Jazz: Timeline." Jazz. PBS, 2005. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.pbs.org/jazz//kids/time/>. This source is a detailed timeline of the music during the 1900s. It shows the

development of music and what inspired certain types of music during each decade of the 1900s. It helps with showing the before and after of music and how it was a turning point. "Jazz Trumpeter." Cabofrio Jazz. WordPress, 31 Oct. 2012. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.cabofriojazz.com/history-of-jazz-music/>. This image is from a website. It adds a burst of energy through its color and portrays the liveliness of the Harlem Renaissance. "Jim Crow Laws." National Park Service. National Park Service, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nps.gov/malu/forteachers/jim_crow_laws.htm>. This source gives details about what the Jim Crow Laws were and entailed. The Jim Crow Laws affected the African Americans before and during the Harlem Renaissance. This source gives us insight of why African Americans wanted to find a new life. Kaubisch, Barret. "The Apollo Theatre." BlackPast.org. BlackPast.org, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/apollo-theatre-1913>. This source helped by providing information about one of Harlem's famous clubs, the Apollo Theatre. It detailed the history and the importance of the Theatre to the turning point in history. Miller, Ethan. Jennifer Hudson. Bleacher Report. Bleacher Report, 20 Jan. 2011. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://bleacherreport.com/articles/579930-michael-vick-australian-open-2011mike-tomlin-and-thursdays-late-sports-buzz/entry/43330-jennifer-hudson-should-she-besinging-the-national-anthem-in-chicago>. This picture is from an article on Jennifer Hudson. I used it in my timeline to show African Americans in music today. Morrison, Nick. "Songs of the Civil Rights Movement." NPR Music. NPR, 18 Jan. 2010. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://www.npr.org/2010/01/18/99315652/songs-of-the-civil-rightsmovement>. This source talks about how in a speech, Martin Luther King Jr. talks about

how Jazz helped change the life of African Americans and impacted music and society. It helps highlight why the music of the Harlem Renaissance was a turning point in history. Motley, Archibald John, Jr. Nightlife. 1943. E-Portfolio. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <https://depaul.digication.com/madeline_gordon/Work_Sample_2.1>. This website provides an oil canvas picture painted in the end of the Harlem Renaissance. It shows how Jazz livened up the atmosphere and people were upbeat instead of in poverty. Picture of Cotton Club during Harlem Renaissance. The Harlem Renaissance. N.p., n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://wdim.desplechin.com/imd110/studentwork_imd110/Jesse_Vargas/nightlife.htm>. This website provides a picture from the Harlem Renaissance of the Cotton Club. The Cotton Club is one of the most well known clubs from Harlem. Picture of the Apollo Theatre. Black Past: An Online Reference Guide to African American History. BlackPast.org, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.blackpast.org/?q=aah/apollo-theatre-1913>. This website contains a picture of the Apollo Theatre during the Harlem Renaissance. The Apollo Theatre was an important club in Harlem. Portrait of Duke Ellington. Sound Junciton. Associated Board of the Royal Schools of Music, n.d. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://www.soundjunction.org/dukeellingtonatthecottonclub.aspa>. This site provided a picture of Duke Ellington. I was used this picture in the musicians tab. Rowe, Abbie. "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom." National Parks Services. National Park Services, Aug. 1963. Web. 4 Mar. 2013.

<http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/civilrights/intro.htm>. This is a picture that shows African Americans fighting for rights and jobs during the Civil Rights movement. The Savoy Ballroom. Harlem Bespoke. Blogspot.com, 21 Mar. 2009. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://harlembespoke.blogspot.com/2009/03/remember-savoy-ballroom.html>. This blog contains a picture of the Savoy Ballroom which was one of Harlem's famous ballrooms. It is from a blog that is all about the Harlem Renaissance through a designer's point of view. "Savoy Ballroom." Jazz: A Film by Ken Burns. Macmillan, n.d. Web. 19 Feb. 2013. <http://www.pbs.org/jazz/places/spaces_savoy_ballroom.htm>. This website provided information about the Savoy Ballroom. It also had audio clips and short films on events or musicians at the ballroom. Scott, Robert. "Folk Music of the Machine Age." Jazz Music. 1920-30.com, 2005. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.1920-30.com/music/jazz-music.html>. This source contains a response from a jazz player responding to an article by an English critic who wrote about how Jazz was dead. This response helps by providing details on how lively and unique jazz and the music was. - - -. "Jazz, Ragtime and Broadway musicals were popular facets of 1920's music." 1920's Music. 1920-30.com, 2005. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.1920-30.com/music/>. This website goes into detail on the influences of jazz. It talks about how jazz influenced dance moves, expression, and composers.. Slaves Brought to America. Legends of America. LegendsofAmerica.com, July 2012. Web. 4 Mar. 2013. <http://www.legendsofamerica.com/ah-olddominion2.html>. This source is a

picture from a website. I used it in my timeline to show when the first slaves were brought to America. Stamp for the Jazz Club. The Harlem Renaissance- UTA. Blogger, 10 Mar. 2010. Web. 3 Mar. 2013. <http://utaoctober2010harlemrenaissance.blogspot.com/2010/11/era-of-music-anddance.html>. This blog provided a picture of a stamp that depicts the Jazz age. It is used in my website, and shows how Jazz impacted the rest of society. Ushistory.org. "The Harlem Renaissance." U.S. History: Pre-Columbian to the New Millennium. ushistory.org, n.d. Web. 6 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ushistory.org/us/46e.asp>. This source helped describe the push and pull factors that brought the people to Harlem; The Great Migration. It talks about how during the Great Migration the African Americans wanted to escape to the North, but the northerns did not accept them. Their escape was trough music, and with music, the whites could not turn their heads. Wright, Elizabeth. "Music of the Civil Rights Era, 1954-1968." Learning to Give. LearningToGive.org, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2013. <http://learningtogive.org/lessons/unit53/>. This source is a lesson plan of the Civil Rights Era and how it was affected by the music of the Harlem Renaissance.