ana kuWuxiZe Ana Kuchukhidze

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi

(Sesavali politikur iurisprudenciaSi)

The Role of Judicial Branch in Regulating of Political Crisis

(Introduction to Political Jurisprudence)

gamomcemloba meridiani Verlag Meridiani Tbilisi, 2013, T b i l i s i .

UDC (uak)
ana kuWuxiZe sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi
winamdebare naSromi Seexeba iseT aqtualur Temas, rogoricaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi. es sakiTxi saqarTveloSi dRemde ar yofila specialurad Seswavlili. mocemuli wigni miznad isaxavs am xarvezis met-naklebad aRmofxvras da mkiTxvelisaTvis maqsimalurad amomwuravi, mravalmxrivi da mravalferovani informaciis miwodebas. am mizniT, wignis Sedgenisas gamoyenebulia rogorc saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi aqtebi da qarTvel avtorTa samecniero Sromebi, aseve saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi da ucxoel avtorTa naSromebi, saxelmZRvaneloebi. avtori ar Semoifargleba sakiTxebis mxolod iuridiuli mxaris SeswavliT da dasmuli problemis arsis ukeT gacnobierebis mizniT aqtiurad aris gamoyenebuli konfliqtologiis, fsiqologiis, socialuri fsiqologiis, politologiisa da mecnierebis sxva dargebis miRwevebi. wigni gankuTvnilia iuristebis, politologebis, sociologebisa da mocemuli sakiTxiT dainteresebul pirTa farTo wrisaTvis. politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis rolis Sesaxeb naSromis gamocema avtoris pirveli mcdelobaa, amdenad igi saqmian da sasargeblo SeniSvnebs siamobnebiT gaiTvaliswinebs.

Sinaarsi
SUMMARY - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7 winaTqma - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 10

Tavi I. politikuri iurisprudenciis cneba da kvlevis meTodebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 17 Tavi II. politikuri krizisebis arsi, warmoSobis mizezebi da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli maTi regulirebis saqmeSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 23
2.1 konfliqtis gamomwvevi mizezebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 25 2.1.1 SezRuduli resursebi da maTi ganawileba - - - - - - - - - - 26 2.1.2 gansxvaveba miznebSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 28 2.1.3 gansxvaveba meTodebSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 2.1.4 urTierTdamokidebuleba valdebulebaTa Sesrulebisas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 29 2.1.5 mcdari komunikacia - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 32 2.2 konfliqtis daregulirebis gzebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 34 2.2.1 konfliqtis mogvareba mxareTa mier - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -36 2.2.2 konfliqtis mogvareba mesame mxaris monawileobiT - - - - 39 2.3 sasamarTlos roli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi - - - 49

redaqtori iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, sruli profesori givi lobJaniZe recenzentebi: iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori aleqsandre kvaSilava iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori badri saluqvaZe

Tavi III. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis mier politikuri krizisebis regulirebis meqanizmebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 52
3.1 sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 53 3.1.1 uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen konstituciis uzenaesobis dacvas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 57 3.1.2 uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen pirTa konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebis dacvasa da ganmtkicebas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 70 3.1.3 uflebamosilebani, romlebic dakavSirebulia xelisuflebis danawilebis principis uzrunvelyofasTan - - - - - - 72 3.1.4 uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis qmedebebis konstituciurobis dadgenas da sxva konstituciuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 78

ISBN
saavtoro ufleba ana kuWuxiZe, 2013.
yvela ufleba daculia. am wignis arc erTi nawili (iqneba es teqsti, foto, ilustracia Tu sxva) aranairi formiT da saSualebiT (iqneba es eleqtronuli Tu meqanikuri), ar SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas gamomcemlis werilobiTi nebarTvis gareSe. saavtoro uflebebis darRveva isjeba kanoniT.

3.1.5 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis mokle mimoxilva - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 97 3.2 saerTo sasamarTloebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 103

SUMMARY Introduction. Nowadays despite the growing interest in political jurisprudence, political aspects of the judiciary have not yet been studied properly. The goal of this work is to more or less eliminate this defect. Accordingly, this work reviews a specific direction of political jurisprudence the role of the Judiciary in regulating political crisis. Chapter One: The Concept of Political Jurisprudence and Study Methods. This part of the thesis reflects on interrelationship between the judiciary and politics, to make the reasons for developing political jurisprudence as a scientific discipline clear and to justify and corroborate the necessity for development this scientific discipline. The work also analyses the existing circumstances in Georgian reality that has hindered development of this scientific discipline in our country. The work reviews European and American models of political jurisprudence differentiating from each other by research methods. Namely, in USA political aspects of judicial activities are as a rule studied at micro level, whereas, Europe employs a macro-level model. When political jurisprudence is studied at macro level, the subject of studies is a court, as a constituent element of a larger structure of the state government and a courts influence on the ongoing political processes within the country. Whereas, when a micro-level model is employed, studies focus on judges, their individual decisions and judicial decision-making processes. This work uses a macro-level model (European model) to study political aspects of judicial activities. Namely, having taken into account the autonomy of the politics and justice, the work analyses a courts as an independent branch of the governance in regulating political crisis. Chapter Two: The essence of political crisis, the causes of crisis, and a courts role in regulating political crisis. The second chapter of the work analyses the positive and negative sides of each of them, their effectiveness from the point of resolving political conflicts and finally comes to the following conclusions. Every means of resolving conflicts may be used by the parties with a view to overcoming the national political crisis; though, using violence as means of crisis settlement may result in great risks. As for the breaking off the 7

Tavi IV. sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebis winapirobebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 107

4.1 sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba da menejmenti - - - - - - - 111 4.1.1 xelmZRvaneloba da menejmenti - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 111 4.1.2 angariSvaldebuleba - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 112 4.1.3 sazogadoebasTan urTierToba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 113 4.2 sasamarTlos politika (kursi) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120 4.2.1 ganviTarebis pirveli safexuri - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120 4.2.2 ganviTarebis meore safexuri - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 120 4.2.3 ganviTarebis mesame safexuri - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125 4.3 sasamarTlos resursebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 125 4.3.1 adamianuri resursebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 126 4.3.2 materialuri resursebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 134 4.3.3 finansuri resursebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 134 4.4 sasamarTlo procedurebi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 137 4.5 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 153 4.5.1 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba - - - - - 154 4.5.2 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis sakanonmdeblo SezRudva - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 156 4.5.3 samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 159 4.6 momxmarebelTa kmayofileba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 160 4.7 sazogadoebrivi ndoba - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 165

gamoyenebuli literatura

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relations, this aspect is more or less possible in personal relations, but on the political arena the complete severance of relations is practically impossible. Therefore, the negotiations between the parties represent the most effective means of settlement of crises. Despite the aforesaid, sometimes effective negotiation may be very difficult to achieve for many reasons, e.g.: parties extremely hostile attitude to each other, essence of the conflict itself and others. In such case, the presence of the third party in the process of conflict settlement is important. There are three types of the third partys participation in the conflict settlement: arbitration, mediation and court. The role of a mediator in the process of resolution of national political crises is extremely significant. The arbitration is limited in its authorities and lacks the mechanisms of settlement of political crises. Therefore, the court is in a unique position when the process of settlement of the national political crises requires the presence of the third party. As for the international conflicts, the only difference is that the role of a mediator is significantly important in the process of settlement of political crises. Therefore, in case of failure of negotiations, the parties are given an opportunity to address the court or to settle the conflict with the help of a mediator. Given the object of the work to present the role of the judicial authority in the process of settlement of political crises, the present thesis analyses only the relation of the national courts towards political crises. Chapter Three: Political Crisis Regulation Mechanisms Exercised by the judicial bodies. The second chapter of the thesis substantiates the importance of the role of the Judiciary, as a constituent part of the united state structure, in regulating political crisis, although the work does not review what kinds of levers is used in regulating political crisis. Accordingly, the third chapter of the thesis analyses the mechanisms granted to the judiciary in accordance with the effective legislation of Georgia, enabling judicial bodies to regulate political crisis. Since the judiciary system of Georgia is comprised of general courts and constitutional courts, the thesis analysis the role played by each branch of the judiciary in regulating political crisis. Although the fact is that having taken 8

into consideration its functions a constitutional court is much more related to politics and political processes. Thus the thesis mainly accentuates on the authority granted to constitutional court. Chapter Four: Pre-conditions for Effective Functioning of the Court.It is a fact that the court performs the most significant role in the process of the settlement of political crises. Though, in order to implement the aforesaid functions successfully, the court should meet certain criteria. In particular, the court should recruit the most competent and professional personnel; it should be independent and impartial. In other words, the judicial authority should be strong and effective. At the same time, the judicial authority should enjoy peoples confidence that represents the necessary precondition for successful resolution of the conflict with the participation of the third party. Confidence is known to include two aspects: emotional and intellectual. Confidence may be obtained through exerting influence upon emotional features of a person, but, when it has no objective basis, on the expiry of certain period of time, it, by all means, will be replaced with distrust. This also includes the confidence towards the state bodies as well. Therefore, the state authorities end in itself should represent not the confidence obtaining, but creation of such objective basis, which will promote the growth of indicators of social confidence. This is vividly illustrated by the international plan for developing strong judicial system, which distinctly reflects the path the Court should follow with a view to obtaining the social confidence. The aforesaid plan is exactly that aspect, on the basis of which, Chapter 4 of the thesis covers such issues as court leadership and management, judicial policy (course), judicial resources, judicial procedures, access to justice and satisfaction of consumers. The work also considers the arrangements made in the frames of judicial reforms and develops concrete recommendations for the purpose of improving the obtained results.

winaTqma
sasamarTlo, iseve rogorc Tavad saxelmwifo, uZvelesi droidan arsebobs. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis istoria ganuyofelia saxelmwifos istoriisagan. maT erTad gaiares gza uZvelesi warsulidan Tanamedroveobamde. Tumca, sasamarTlo xelisuflebam Tavisi kuTvnili adgilis dakaveba mxolod XVIII saukunidan daiwyo, anu mas Semdeg, rac aSS-s 1789 wlis konstituciam pirvelad aRiara xelisuflebis danawilebis principi. xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoriam formireba jer kidev antikur periodSi daiwyo, Tumca igi klasikuri formiT Camoayaliba Sarl lui monteskiem (1689-1755w.w.) naSromSi kanonTa goni, sadac man ganacxada, rom idealuria is saxelmwifo, sadac sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo xelisufleba danawilebulia damoukidebel Stoebad da maT sxvadasxva organo axorcielebs. rodesac erT subieqtSi _ iqneba es pirovneba Tu organo _ SeTavsebulia sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba, Tavisuflebas adgili ara aqvs. Tavisufleba gansakuTrebiT izRudeba, roca sasamarTlo xelisufleba ar aris gamijnuli sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan. Tu igi xorcieldeba sakanonmdeblo organos mier, SesaZlebeli xdeba moqalaqeTa sicocxlisa da Tavisuflebis TviTneburi SezRudva, radgan mosamarTle TviTonve iqneba kanonmdebeli, xolo Tu sasamarTlo xelisufleba gaerTianebuli iqneba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan, mosamarTle SeiZleba mCagvreladac mogvevlinos1. rogorc vxedavT, xelisuflebis danawilebis Teoria klasikuri formiT pirvelad evropaSi Camoyalibda, Tumca iq didi xnis ganmavlobaSi am principis implementacia ar xdeboda. es, ZiriTadad, imiT iyo gamowveuli, rom evropaSi xelisuflebis danawilebis principis aRiarebas mohyveboda
1 melqaZe o. dvali b., sasamarTlo xelisufleba sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, Tbilisi, 2000

yovlisSemZle monarqis uflebebis Sekveca, rac samwuxarod, imdroindeli kontinenturi evropisaTvis tragediis tolfasi iqneboda.2 maSasadame, gazviadebuli ar iqneba iTqvas, rom xelisuflebis danawilebis principis popularizaciaSi da zogadad, msoflio konstitucionalizmis ganviTarebis istoriaSi aSS-is roli ganusazRvrelia. aSS-s konstitciis xelmoweris dRes franklinma TiTiT mianiSna konventis prezidentis skamis zurgze gamoxatul mzeze da Tqva: sxdomis msvlelobisas, me mravaljer Semixedavs am mzisaTvis prezidentis zurgs ukan, ise, rom ver gamerkvia amomavali iyo is Tu Camavali. magram axla, bolosdabolos, maqvs bedniereba vicode, rom is amomavali mzea da ara Camavali.3 franklini marTali iyo, amerikelma kanonmdeblebma kongresis _ rogorc sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis umaRlesi organos, prezidentis _ rogorc qveynisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris da uzenaesi sasamarTlos _ rogorc sasamarTlo xelisuflebis umaRlesi rgolis SeqmniT, srulad upasuxes amerikis samomavlo ganviTarebis gegmebs. ufro metic, SeiZleba sruli pasuxismgeblobiT iTqvas, rom amerikis konstituciiT aRiarebuli principebi da ideebi yoveli civilizebuli saxelmwifosaTvis amosaval wertilad iqca. 1789 wlis aSS-is konstituciiT xelisuflebis danawilebis principTan erTad pirvelad damkvidrda kontrolisa da balansis sistemac, romelic dResdReobiT ukve samar2 berekaSvili b., saubrebi amerikuli konstitucionalizmis zogierT sakiTxze, almanaxi, saxelmwifo samarTali (III) N16, Tbilisi 2001, gv.:168177 3 Sreideri r., narkvevebi amerikis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb.

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Tlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erT aucilebel niSans warmoadgens. aSS-s konstitucia kongress aZlevda uflebas brali waeyenebina da Tanamdebobidan gadaeyenebina Tanamdebobis pirebi, maT Soris mosamarTleebi da TviT prezidentic ki. prezidents eniWeboda vetos ufleba, Tumca ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom am daxlarTul sistemaSi uzenaesi sasamarTlos roli ar iyo dazustebuli.4 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, sasamarTlom aSS-Si xelisuflebis danawilebis principis damkvidrebis Sedegad moipova erTgvari damoukidebloba xelisuflebis sxva Stoebisagan, magram, meore mxriv, igi ar iyo CarTuli kontrolisa da balansis meqanizmSi, ramdenadac mas ar gaaCnda uflebamosileba, romelic saSualebas miscemda gaekontrolebina xelisuflebis sxva Stoebi. swored amitom, sasamarTlo xelisuflebam Tavisi kuTvnili adgili realurad mxolod mas Semdeg daimkvidra, rac aSS-Si sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebam saqmeze merberi medisonis winaaRmdeg sabolood daamkvidra precedenti, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlo konstituciuri zedamxedvelobis ganmaxorcielebeli umaRlesi instanciaa. unda aRiniSnos, rom am princips safuZveli pirvelad evropaSi merberis saqmemde sakmaod didi xniT adre Caeyara, rodesac ser edvard kukma 1610 wels bonhemis saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoitana. Tavisi mniSvnelobis gamo, mizanSewonilia SedarebiT vrclad visaubroT aRniSnul saqmeze. bonhemis saqmes Semdegi garemoebebi uZRoda win. londonis samefo koleji daarsda bonhemis saqmemde daaxloebiT 100 wliT adre, rodesac mefe henri VIII garkveuli droiT esturma italias. iq igi moixibla italieli eqimebis profesionalizmiT. inglisSi dabrunebisas ramdenime maTgani Tan wamoiyvana da samedicino sferoSi arsebuli situaciis gaumjobeseba daavala. ase daibada londonis medikosTa samefo koleji. igi gaxda licenziis gamcemi organo. mogvianebiT
4 Milestone Documents in the National Archives [Washington, DC: National Ar-

parlamentis mier damtkicebuli samefo aqtis safuZvelze ganisazRvra, rom licenziis gareSe arc erT pirs ar hqonda qalaqidan 7 milis radiusSi samedicino saqmianobis ufleba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi samefo kolejs SeeZlo daejarimebina da garkveul SemTxvevebSi daepatimrebina igi. daaxloebiT saukunis Semdeg, bonhemis periodSi samefo koleji CaerTo licenziis gacemaze monopoliisaTvis brZolaSi. swored am periodSi licenziis arqonis gamo daapatimra eqimi bonhemi da aukrZala samedicino praqtikis gagrZeleba. tomas bonhemi iyo kembrijis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli, romelsac 11 wliani swavlis Sedegad mopovebuli hqonda medicinis doqtoris wodeba. mas hqonda sakmarisi conda da praqtikuli gamocdileba. swored amitom, miuxedavad akrZalvisa, eqimi bonhemi mainc agrZelebda profesiul saqmianobas. am mizeziT igi daapatimres da meored daajarimes, ris Semdegac samefo kolejis winaSe bonhemi ukve Tavis advokatTan erTad warsdga. advokatis pozicia aseTi iyo: Cven ar gadavixdiT jarimas. samefo kolejis valdebulebaa daicvas sazogadoeba ucodinari da Sesabamisi gamocdilebis armqone eqimbaSebisagan. Cemi klienti aris medicinis doqtori, kembrijis universitetis kursdamTavrebuli da aqvs gacilebiT ufro meti praqtikuli gamocdileba, vidre Tavad samefo kolejis bevr wevrs. samefo koleji naklebad unda zrunavdes sakuTari monopoliis dacvaze da mets sazogadoebis interesebis dacvaze.5 amaze sapasuxod bonhems kidev ufro didi jarima daakisres da brZanes misi gadayvana niugeiTis cixeSi, saidanac maleve gaaTavisufles. magram saqme amiT ar dasrulebula. eqimma bonhemma da misma advokatma sarCeli Seitanes sasamarTloSi samefo kolejis winaaRmdeg da daadanaSaules igi Tavisuflebis ukanono aRkveTaSi. saqme gadaeca mosamarTle ser edvard kuks, romelmac 1610 wels gamoitana anglo-amerikuli
5 Jeffrey White, Esq., Dr. Bonham and Due Process for Doctors: Lessons from Long Ago, Journad of American phisicians and Surfeons, Volume 12, Number 1, Spring 2007 pp. 25-27.

chives and Records Administration, 1995] pp. 23-24.

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iurisprudenciis erTerTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba. Tavdapirvelad mosamarTle kukma gramatikulad ganmarta sadao aqtis Sinaarsi. am aqtis erTi nawili nebas rTavda kolejs daejarimebina pirebi, romlebic saqmianobdnen licenziis gareSe, xolo meore nawili uflebas aZlevda daepatimrebina is pirebi, romlebic eweodnen arasaTanado samedicino praqtikas. bonhemi ar iyo dadanaSaulebuli arasaTanado samedicino saqmianobaSi da Sesabamisad misi dapatimreba iyo aSkarad ukanono. wesiT kuki aq unda SeCerebuliyo, Tumca man detalurad Seiswavla saqme da daadgina: jarimebis naxevari, romelsac iRebda samefo koleji, gadaecemoda mis udidebulesobas, meore nawili ki Tavad samefo kolejs rCeboda. kukis azriT es ewinaaRmdegeboda CveulebiTi samarTlis umTavres princips: arc erTi piri ar SeiZleba iyos mosamarTle im saqmeze, sadac igi aris mxare. es vrceldeba im SemTxvevazec, rodesac mosamarTles gaaCnia finansuri daintereseba. samefo kolejma ganacxada: statuti Cven gvaniWebs uflebamosilebas moviTxovoT da avkrifoT jarima. vin xar Sen migviTiTo, rom parlamentis mier miRebuli aqti ar unda Sesruldes. mosamarTle kukis pasuxi am kiTxvaze aris yvelaze sakamaTo anglo-amerikul iurisprudenciaSi: CveulebiTi samarTali gaakontrolebs parlamentis mier miRebul aqtebs da Tu isini ewinaaRmdegeba CveulebiT samarTals an rodesac maTi Sesruleba SeuZlebelia, Zaladakargulad gamoacxadebs maT. Zlieri sityvebia! da es sityvebi ekuTvnis gavlenian figuras, romelic arsad ar yofila iseTi avtoritetuli, rogorc aSS-Si da miuxedavad imisa, rom kukis mosazreba konstituciuri kontrolis meqanizmis Sesaxeb inglisSi ver ganviTarda, man didi gavlena moaxdina amerikul samarTalze. ser edvard kukis gadawyvetilebas amerikis iuristebi 14

dResac xSirad ganixilaven. arc Tu didi xnis win aSS-s federalurma mosamarTlem saqme aRwera rogorc konstituciuri kontrolis doqtrinis pirvelwyaro6 da igi ar aris erTaderTi vinc ase miiCnevs. swored bonhemis saqmeze gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis gamo ser edvard kuks uwodes konstituciuri kontrolis mama. Tumca faqtia, sasamarTlos sazedamxedvelo funqcia pirvelad aSS-Si aRiares. igi warmoadgens amerikis konstituciuri samarTlis gansakuTrebul miRwevas. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa mosamarTle jon marSalma, romelmac saqmeze merberi medisonis winaaRmdeg (Marbury v. madison) Camoayaliba sasamarTlos zedamxedvelobis principi _ kontrolisa da balansis meqanizmis umniSvnelovanesi damateba.7 merberi medisonis winaaRmdeg saqmis ganxilvisas, marSalma ganacxada, rom arsebobda iseTi federaluri kanoni, romelic SeusabamobaSi modioda konstituciasTan da daumata, rom aseTi kanonebis arakonstituciurad gamocxadeba mxolod sasamarTlos prerogativa unda yofiliyo. swored marSalis am drouli gancxadebiT sasamarTlos sazedamxedvelo funqciis Sesaxeb, sasamarTlom daiwyo xelisuflebis StoebSi Tavisi kuTvnili _ aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis Tanaswori Zalauflebis mopoveba. ase damkvidrda msoflio praqtikaSi samarTlebrivi kontrolis forma, romelmac droTa ganmavlobaSi `daipyro msoflios umetesi nawili da saguldagulod damkvidrda mravali qveynis erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi konstituciuri zedamxedvelobis institutis saxiT. marTalia, Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa sasamarTlo sistemebi gansvavebulia erTmaneTisagan, rasac ganapirobebs is, rom xelisuflebis organoebis struqturis formirebaze gavlenas axdens saxelmwifosa da misi xalxis istoriuli gamocdileba, tradiciebi, qveynis
6 U.S. v. Davern, 970 F.2d 1490, 1509 (6th Cir. 1992 7 Milestone Documents in the National Archives [Washington, DC: National Archives and Records Administration, 1995] pp. 23-24

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teritoriuli mowyobisa Tu saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis formebi, Tumca erTi ram faqtia: Tanamedrove pirobebSi xelisuflebis danawilebis principis efeqtiani moqmedeba warmoudgenelia iurisdiqciuli _ sakontrolo saqmianobis gareSe, vinaidan, swored umaRlesi sasamarTlo iurisdiqciis organoebis daxmarebiT xdeba aRkveTa konfliqtebisa, romlebsac adgili aqvs xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs, kerZod aRmasrulebel da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas Soris.8 saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze damoukidebeli, samarTliani saxelmwifos mSenebloba myari samarTlebrivi garantiebis safuZvelze nagebi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gareSe warmoudgenelia. aravisTvis siaxles ar warmoadgens is faqti, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis daniSnuleba saxelmwifo xelisuflebaTa triadaSi gansakuTrebulia. igi, erTi mxriv, icavs adamians sxva pirebisa da saxelmwifos TviTnebobisagan da meore mxriv, wyvets davebs saxelmwifo struqturebs Soris, riTac xels uwyobs sxvadasxva saxisa Tu donis politikuri krizisebis Tavidan acilebasa da gadawyvetas. swored amitom, mniSvnelovania Seiqmnas naSromi, sadac met-naklebad warmoCindeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi. es aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom gaizardos politikuri davebis sasamarTloSi gadawyvetis precedentebi.

Tavi I. politikuri iurisprudenciis cneba da kvlevis meTodebi

ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze, rodesac saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi moqmedebs xelisuflebis danawilebis principi, saxelmwifo xelisufleba dayofilia sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebad. sasamarTlo xelisuflebas sxva Stoebisagan ganasxvavebs is, rom igi, erTi SexedviT, sruliad apolitikuria. Tu xelisuflebis samive Stos politikur procesTan mimarTebaSi ganvixilavT, aRmovaCenT, rom sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba pirdapir kavSirSia politikasTan. igi gansazRvravs politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebac uSualod monawileobs politikur peripetiebSi. sasamarTlo xelisufleba ki gamijnulia politikuri procesebisagan. igi ara mxolod uSualod ar ereva politikur cxovrebaSi, aramed ufro metic, sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze nebismieri saxis zewola, maT Soris politikuri zewola dauSvebelia da dasjad qmedebas warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinare, SesaZloa gaCndes iluzia, rom igi sruliad gamijnulia politikuri procesebisagan, Tumca realoba adasturebs, rom didi politika iyo, aris da darCeba sasamarTlos problemad. albaT, swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom XX saukuneSi Camoyalibda axali samecniero disciplina _ politikuri iurisprudencia. politikur iurisprudencias safuZveli aSS-Si Caeyara, sadac samarTlebrivi sistemebis politikur analizs didi xnis tradicia gaCnia. jer kidev 1835 wels aleqsis de tokvilma (Alexis de Tocqueville) Tavis naSromSi demokratia amerikaSi ori Tavi mTlianad miuZRvna sasamarTloebis politikuri mniSvnelobis ganxilvas.9 Tumca, politikuri iurisprudenciis Camoyalibebis mTavari biZgi mainc legaluri realizmis moZraobis ganviTareba iyo, romelmac aSS-Si gansakuTrebuli
9 Democracy in America by Alexis de Tocqueville, Translated by Henry Reeve, 2008

8 melqaZe o.,saubrebi qarTul konstituciaze, wigni III, gamomcemloba ufleba, Tbilisi 1996

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popularoba 1920-ian wlebSi moipova.10 am skolis mimdevrebi yuradRebas samarTlis, samarTlebrivi sistemisa da sazogadoebis urTierTkavSirze amaxvilebdnen. maTma midgomam sakiTxisadmi didi gavlena iqonia aSS-is mecnierebze da bevri mkvlevarisaTvis STagonebis wyarod iqca. Sedegad, 1950-ian wlebSi, aSS-Si politikuri iurisprudencia politikuri mecnierebis metad popularuli disciplina gaxda.11 aSS-sgan gansxvavebiT politikuri iurisprudencia evropaSi arcTu didi xania ganviTarda. am sakiTxebma evropeli mkvlevarebis yuradReba mxolod 1980-iani wlebidan miiqcia.12 Tumca, miuxedavad ukanasknel wlebSi politikuri marTlmsajulebis Sesaxeb kvlevebis SedarebiT gazrdili raodenobisa, faqtia, rom sasamarTloebis politikuri kuTxiT kvleva jer kidev ar aris saTanadod ganviTarebuli. amas adasturebs Tundac is faqti, rom am sakiTxs evropul politikur mecnierebaTa organizaciebSi yuradReba TiTqmis ar eqceva da maSin, rodesac, sasamarTlo da samarTali aris amerikis politikur mecnierebaTa asociaciis zomiT meoTxe udidesi ganyofileba13, politikuri kvlevebis evropul konsorciums msgavsi mcire struqturuli qvedanayofic ki ar gaaCnia. igive SeiZleba iTqvas politikuri mecnierebebiT dainteresebul bevr erovnul organizaciazec. es, rasakvirvelia, ar niSnavs imas, rom politikuri iurisprudenciis kvleva da ganviTareba evropaSi ar mimdinareobs,14 Tumca faqtia, rom
10 Rehder Britta What is Political about Jurisprudence? Courts, Politics and Political Science in Eurove and United States 2007, pg 11 11 Shapiro Martin, Law and Politics in the Supreme Court: New Approaches to Political Jurisprudence, London, free press, 1964

12 Rehder Britta What is Political about Jurisprudence? Courts, Politics and Political Science in Eurove and United States 2007, pg 16

13 amerikis politikur mecnierebaTa asociaciaSi sul aris 42 ganyofileba. dawvrilebiT ix. http://www.apsanet.org/content_4818.cfm ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 14 am mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia karen alteris (Karen J. Alter) saqmianoba, romelmac politikur iurisprudenciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs araerTi kvleva miuZRvna. maT Soris: 1) The European Courts Political Power Across Time and Space, Northwestern Law &

masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis Seswavlas dRemde qaosuri da araTanmimdevruli xasiaTi aqvs. analogiuri viTarebaa saqarTveloSic, sadac politikuri iurisprudenciis kuTxiT safuZvliani kvleva TiTqmis ar aris Catarebuli. es garkveulwilad ganpirobebulia ukanaskneli periodis istoriuli peripetiebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom politikis Seswavlas saqarTveloSi mravalsaukunovani tradicia gaaCnia, saqarTvelos gasabWoebam didi xniT Seaferxa qveyanaSi politikuri mecnierebebis ganviTareba. es sruliad logikuria, vinaidan arademokratiuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi msgavsi tipis kvlevebi an ar xorcieldeba, an mTlianad moqceulia saxelisuflo zewolisa da ideologiis qveS. swored amitom, saqarTveloSi politikis sferoSi samecniero kvlevebis warmoebis kuTxiT axali etapi damoukideblobis mopovebis Sedegad daiwyo. mas Semdeg ki, rac 1996 wels, 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis safuZvelze, saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebs Soris politikurad yvelaze mniSvnelovani organo _ saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Seiqmna politikuri iurisprudenciis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis ganviTarebis myari safuZveli. miuxedavad amisa, faqtia, rom am kuTxiT kvlevebis warmoebas saTanado yuradReba jer kidev ar eqceva, rac ganapirobebs imas, rom politikuri iurisprudencia, rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina, saqarTveloSi jer ar aris damkvidrebuli da saTanadod ganviTarebuli. swored amitom, mocemuli naSromis mizania mokrZalebuli wvlili Seitanos politikuri iurisprudenciis ganviTarebaSi. am mizniT naSromSi ganxiluli iqneba politikuri iurisprudenciis erTi konkretuli mimarTuleba _ sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis roli politikuri krizisebis reEcon Research Paper No. 09-03; 2) Agents or Trustees? International Courts in Their Political Context European Journal of International Relations 14 (1) 2008: 33-63; 3) Do International Courts Enhance Compliance with International Law? Asian and Pacific Studies, Vol. 25, 2003.

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gulirebis saqmeSi. Tumca, sanam uSualod aRniSnuli sakiTxebis ganxilvaze gadavalT, aucilebelia ganvsazRvroT politikuri iurisprudenciis kvlevis obieqti da meTodebi. politikuri iurisprudencia warmoadgens politikuri mecnierebis erT-erT disciplinas, romlis mizania iseTi sakiTxebis kvleva da analizi, rogoricaa: marTlmsajulebis, sasamarTlos (rogorc damoukidebeli institutis), mosamarTleebisa da iuridiul sferosTan dakavSirebuli sxva komponentebis gavlena saxelmwifos politikur cxovrebaze, iseT politikur institutebze, rogoricaa: politikuri partiebi, konstitucia, politikuri kultura da sxv., da piriqiT, politikis gavlena sasamarTlo xelisuflebaze. aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvleva SesaZloa ganxorcieldes or doneze _ makro da mikro doneze. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa moviyvanoT citata martin Sapiros 1964 wlis statiidan _ politikuri iurisprudencia, sadac igi acxadebs, rom politikuri iurisprudenciis mTavari arsi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sasamarTloebi ganixileba rogorc politikuri organoebi, xolo mosamarTleebi rogorc politikuri figurebi.15 aRniSnul citataSi saubaria politikuri iurisprudenciis kvlevis orive xerxze, imdenad, ramdenadac makro doneze sakiTxis Seswavlis obieqtia sasamarTlo, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis ufro farTo struqturis erT-erTi Semadgeneli elementi da misi gavlena qveyanaSi mimdinare politikur procesebze. sakiTxis mikro doneze ganxilvisas ki fokusirebas axdenen mosamarTleebze, maT individualur gadawyvetilebebze da gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesze. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi sasamarTlo ganixileba rogorc calkeul mosamarTleTa konglomerati. mikro doneze sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis saqmianobis politikuri aspeqtebis kvleva ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia aSS-Si. evropeli mkvlevarebi ki, umetes SemTxve15 Shapiro Martin, Political Jurisprudence, Kentucky Law Journal 52, 1964, pg.294-345

vaSi, makro doneze ikvleven sasamarTloebisa da politikis urTierTdamokidebulebas. es ganpirobebulia iseTi faqtorebiT, rogoricaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganviTarebis istoriuli aspeqtebi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organizaciis gansxvavebuli modelebi da sxv. gansxvavebuli midgoma sakiTxisadmi dakavSirebulia aseve imasTan, rom aSS-Si sasamarTlos da mosamarTlis, rogorc politikuri moTamaSis aRqma, farTodaa gavrcelebuli. amisgan gansxvavebiT, evropaSi samarTali da politika mkveTrad aris gamijnuli erTmaneTisagan (ix. sqema #1). sqema # 116

kvlevis saxe

mikro done
(amerikuli modeli)

makro done
(evropuli modeli)
sasamarTlo sasamarTlos saqmianobis efeqti politikaze samarTlebrivi sistema _ avtonomiuri sfero iuridifikacia: sasamarTlo iWreba politikis sferoSi, da/an aviwrovebs mas.

kvlevis mTavari subieqti kvlevis ganzomileba

mosamarTle sasamarTlos saqmianobis politikuroba samarTlebrivi sistema _ politikuri sistemis zegavlenas daqvemdebarebuli sfero politizacia: politika iWreba samarTlis sferoSi

samarTlebrivi sistemis aRqma

samarTlebrivi da politikuri sistemebis urTierTzemoqmedeba

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16 sqema SemuSavebulia reider britas naSromze dayrdnobiT: Rehder Britta What is Political about Jurisprudence? Courts, Politics and Political Science in Eurove and United States 2007, pg 17

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swored amitom, evropaSi xSirad fokusireba xdeba ara uSualod sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis saqmianobis politikuri aspeqtebis Seswavlaze, aramed im gavlenaze, rasac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi axdenen saxelmwifoTa politikur cxovrebaze. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es dayofa met-naklebad pirobiTia. arc aSS-Si da arc evropul saxelmwifoebSi ar xdeba sakiTxis mxolod calxazovani kvleva. aSS-Sic saubroben sasamarTlos saqmianobis politikur Sedegebze da evropul saxelmwifoebSic ganixilaven sasamarTlos, rogorc did politikas daqvemdebarebul organos. amdenad, politikuri iurisprudenciis kvlevis meTodebis evropul da amerikul modelebad dayofa gamoxatavs mxolod imas, rom evropul saxelmwifoebSi sasamarTlosa da politikis urTierTzegavlenis makro doneze kvlevis xvedriTi wili gacilebiT maRalia da, piriqiT, aSS-Si aRniSnuli sakiTxebis kvleva ZiriTadad mikro doneze xorcieldeba. mocemul naSromSi sasamarTlos saqmianobis politikuri aspeqtebi Seswavlili iqneba makro doneze (evropul modelze dayrdnobiT). kerZod, politikisa da samarTlis avtonomiurobis gaTvaliswinebiT gaanalizebuli iqneba sasamarTlos, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis damoukidebeli Stos roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi.

Tavi II. politikuri krizisebis arsi, warmoSobis mizezebi da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli maTi regulirebis saqmeSi
politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis rolis garkvevamde sasurvelia ganisazRvros Tu ra warmoSobs politikur krizisebs. politikuri krizisebis gamomwvevi faqtorebi mravalgvaria, Tumca, yvela maTgani SeiZleba gavaerTianoT erT sityvaSi _ `konfliqti. Tu Cven termins `konfliqti farTo mniSvnelobiT gamoviyenebT, aRmovaCenT, rom nebismieri politikuri krizisis mizezi aris konfliqti sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris, konfliqti saxelmwifo organoebs Soris, saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebi da sxv. swored amitom, Tavdapirvelad, saWiroa ganisazRvros, Tu ra aris konfliqti, ra iwvevs mas da rogoria misi buneba. mxolod aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Tundac zogadi ganxilvis Semdeg SesaZloa ganisazRvros sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli da mniSvneloba konfliqtebisa da maT safuZvelze warmoSobili politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi. marTalia dasmul kiTxvebze pasuxs iuridiuli disciplinebi ar iZleva, magram konfliqtebs da masTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs araerTi mecniereba Seiswavlis. kerZod: fsiqologia, filosofia, konfliqtologia, politologia da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom sxvadasxva dargis mecnierebebis mier Camoyalibebulia terminis _ `konfliqti araerTi ganmarteba, Tumca isini naSromSi Segnebulad ar iqneba warmodgenili, raTa mkiTxveli Tavidanve ar Semoifarglos winaswar gansazRvruli `receptiT da konfliqtis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebis, misi saxeebisa da gamomwvevi mizezebis warmoCenis Sedegad Tavadve gaakeTos daskvnebi. dasawyisSive unda ganimartos erTi ram: marTalia, adamianTa umravlesobaSi termini `konfliqti iwvevs usiamovno emociebs da asocirdeba iseT movlenebTan, rogoricaa: daZa23

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buloba, agresia, fizikuri dapirispireba, omebi da sxv., Tumca, realurad, calkeul SemTxvevebSi konfliqts SesaZloa dadebiTi efeqtic gaaCndes. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra saxis konfliqtTan gvaqvs saqme. fsiqologebi samarTlianad miuTiTeben, rom arsebobs konfliqtis ori saxe: destruqciuli da konstruqciuli. destruqciuli konfliqtis dros mxareebs gaaCniaT gansxvavebuli miznebi da interesebi da cdiloben TavianTi Sexedulebebis dasacavad ziani miayenon erTmaneTs an ufro metic, gaanadguron mowinaaRmdege. konstruqciuli konfliqtisas ki arsebobs ara mxolod imis moTxovnileba, rom mxareebma erTmaneTs raime ziani miayenon, aramed aseve miswrafeba, rom Seqmnan raRac axali da, rac mTavaria, am konfliqtSi mTavari swored siaxlis Seqmnis motivia. kidev erTi da SeiZleba iTqvas yvelaze mkafio gansxvaveba konstruqciulsa da destruqciul konfliqts Soris aris is, rom konstruqciuli konfliqtisas mxareebi moqmedeben dadgenili, SeTanxmebuli an Cveulebis ZaliT Camoyalibebuli proceduriT. konsruqciuli konfliqtis magaliTad SegviZlia davasaxeloT samecniero diskusia, sadac, marTalia monawileebi cdiloben gaabaTilon erTmaneTis argumentebi da mxolod TavianTi mosazrebis WeSmariteba daamtkicon, magram isini moqmedeben garkveuli normatiuli, CveulebiTi Tu moraluri normebis dacviT. amasTan, maTi mTavari mizani aris ara erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg `brZola, aramed mecnierebisaTvis, sazogadoebisaTvis da a.S., mniSvnelovani siaxleebis aRmoCena da damkvidreba. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, maT aqvT saerTo mizani. konstruqciuli konfliqtis magaliTs warmoadgens agreTve sportuli Sejibreba. sportuli orTabrZolisas, marTalia, mxareebi erTmaneTs fizikur zians ayeneben, magram orTabrZola mimdinareobs dadgenili wesebis dacviT. mxareTa umaRlesi mizani ki ara erTmaneTisTvis travmebis miyeneba, aramed gamarjvebis mopovebaa. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom Sejibrebisas mxareebi arkveven, vin ufro Zlieria, visi 24

teqnika an taqtikaa ufro efeqturi da daSvebuli Secdomebis gaanalizebis safuZvelze cdiloben gaaumjobeson momzadebis done. aRniSnulis gaTvaliswinebiT konfliqtebze saubrisas mudmivad mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT is faqti, rom mas dadebiTi mxareebic gaaCnia da sworad warmarTvis SemTxvevaSi sargeblis motanac SeuZlia. amitom, konfliqtis mogvarebis saSualebebisa da teqnikis Seswavlas aqvs udidesi mniSvneloba. mxolod maTi swori da drouli gamoyenebiT aris SesaZlebeli ara marto maqsimalurad SevamciroT konfliqtebis Tanmdevi uaryofiTi efeqti, aramed, aseve miviRoT pozitiuri Sedegebi. rasakvirvelia, konfliqtebi mxolod zemoxsenebul or saxed ar iyofa. maTi klasifikacia SesaZloa ganxorcieldes sxvadasxva safuZvliT, rogoricaa konfliqtis monawileTa Semadgenloba, maTi Sinaarsi, xangrZlivoba, mizezebi da sxv. mag.: konfliqtebi mxareTa mixedviT SesaZloa davyoT Semdeg saxeebad: Sidapirovnuli konfliqti; pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqti; konfliqti jgufebs Soris; Sidaorganizaciuli konfliqti; konfliqti pirovnebasa da organizacias Soris da sxv. Tumca maTze detalurad ar SevCerdebiT.

2.1 konfliqtis gamomwvevi mizezebi konfliqtze saubrisas albaT yvelaze saintereso im mizezebis mignebaa, rac am uTanxmoebas warmoSobs. konfliqtis warmoSobis mizezi uamravia, Tumca SesaZloa isini or ZiriTad jgufad davyoT: subieqturi da obieqturi mizezebi. subieqturi mizezebi adamianis gonebaSi, mis fsiqikaSi imaleba da xSirad yovelgvar realur safuZvelsaa moklebuli. magaliTad: marcxis, warumateblobis, Tavsdamtydari ubedurebis dros adamiani iwyebs damnaSavis Zebnas, romelsac yvela 25

Tavis warumateblobas gadaabralebs. am Ziebisas ki SesaZloa absoluturad udanaSaulo pirebi aRmoCndnen `damnaSaveebis rolSi. amasTan, subieqtur safuZvelze aRmocenebuli konfliqti, romelsac xSirad ararealur konfliqts uwodeben, warmoadgens ara saSualebas, aramed mizans. konfliqtis warmoSobis mTavari obieqturi mizezebi ki Semdegia: 1. SezRuduli resursebi da maTi ganawileba; 2. gansxvaveba miznebSi; 3. gansxvaveba meTodebSi; 4. urTierTdamokidebuleba valdebulebaTa Sesrulebisas; 5. mcdari komunikacia. mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. 2.1.1 SezRuduli resursebi da maTi ganawileba nebismieri sulieri arsebis mamoZravebeli Zala survilia, romelsac SesaZloa pirobiTad vuwodoT `me minda!. `me mindaSi igulisxmeba moTxovnilebebi, romlebic nebismieri sulieri arsebis qcevas udevs safuZvlad. nebismieri moqmedeba `me mindas niadagzea aRmocenebuli da SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mis produqts warmoadgens. nebismieri cocxali arseba swored Tavisi moTxovnilebebidan gamomdinare iZulebuli xdeba garkveuli urTierToba daamyaros garesamyarosTan. swored moTxovnilebebi aiZulebs cxovelebsa da frinvelebs gaafTrebulebma ibrZolon sakvebis mosapoveblad, daicvan nanadirevi, aagon budeebi, swored me mindas mizeziT adamianebi Sromoben, arRveven kanonebs, iwyeben omebs. faqtia, moTxovnilebebi gaaCniaT adamianebsac da cxovelebsac, am TvalsazrisiT gansxvaveba ar arsebobs, magram miuxedavad amisa gansxvaveba maT Soris mainc didia. saqme isaa, rom cxovelis moTxovnilebaTa buneba da wre erTxel da samudamod aris gansazRvruli: maT cocxali organizmis biologiuri Taviseburebebi udevs safuZvlad. sul sxva sakiTxia ada26

mianis moTxovnilebebi, romelic socialur urTierTobaTa ganviTarebis niadagze ganuwyveteli qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. Sedegi isaa, rom ara marto Zveli moTxovnebi icvleba, aramed ganuwyvetliv axali moTxovnilebebic Cndeba17. swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom Cven xSirad vismenT aseTi Sinaarsis SeniSvnebs: `Tqven arasdros xarT kmayofili, an `rac ufro meti gagaCnia, miT ufro meti ginda da sxv. marTlac faqtia, rom Tu sul ramdenime aTeuli wlis winaT avtomobilebi, telefonebi, televizorebi fufunebis sagnebad miiCneoda, romelTa SeZenac mxolod privilegirebul umciresobas SeeZlo, dResdReobiT es nivTebi faqtiurad, pirveladi aucileblobis sagnebad iTvleba18. Tumca teqnikuri progresis safuZvelze iqmneba kidev ufro saintereso da mimzidveli saSualebebi da Sesabamisad adamianebs uCndebaT axali moTxovnilebebi. maTSi kvlav da kvlav iRviZebs survili _ `me minda. swored es mudmivi mzardi moTxovnilebebi warmoadgens konfliqtebis warmoSobis winapirobas. adamianis moTxovnilebebs da maTi dakmayofilebis gzebs ara aqvT sazRvari, magram yovel mocemul momentSi resursebi, romlebic saWiroa maT dasakmayofileblad _ SezRudulia. sad aris gamosavali? SesaZloa iTqvas, rom es erTgvari mojadoebuli wrea. ra Tqma unda, droTa ganmavlobaSi, teqnikuri progresi SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs vawarmooT adamianebisaTvis aucilebeli sul ufro meti raodenobis saqoneli, magram problema isaa, rom Cveni moTxovnilebebi ufro swrafad izrdeba, vidre saqonlisa da momsaxurebis warmoebis gadidebis SesaZleblobebi. Sesabamisad, resursebis SezRuduloba mudmivi da saerTo problemaa, romelic damaxasiaTebelia nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis. resursebis SezRuduloba arsebobs yvela qveyanaSi, rogorc mdidarSi, ise RaribSi. Sesabamisad, nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs
17 uznaZe d. zogadi fsiqologia Tbilisi 2006 18 stenleiki j.f. ekonomiksi damwyebTaTvis Tbilisi 1995.

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konfliqtis gaRvivebis mudmivi kera da adamianTa jfugebi, organizaciebi, saxelmwifoebi, saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebebi, zustad iseve, rogorc calkeuli individebi, mudmivad ibrZvian, rom maqsimalurad daakmayofilon sakuTari da maTi wevrebis moTxovnilebebi. 2.1.2 gansxvaveba miznebSi rogorc wesi, sxvadasxva organizaciebSi maTi moculobisa da ganviTarebis donis Sesabamisad aucileblad mimdinareobs procesi, romlis Sedegadac organizacias emateba axali struqturuli erTeulebi, an ukve arsebuli danayofebi iyofa ufro viwro specializirebul ganyofilebebad, departamentebad, samsaxurebad da a.S. es zrdis organizaciaSi konfliqtebis gaRvivebis risks, ramdenadac es struqturuli qvedanayofebi Tavadve gansazRvraven TavianT miznebs da mTel Zalisxmevas swored dasaxuli miznebis Sesrulebisaken mimarTaven, romlebic SesaZloa ewinaaRmdegebodes sxva struqturuli qvedanayofebis an Tundac TviT organizaciis miznebs. magaliTisaTvis, gayidvebis departamenti SesaZloa daJinebiT moiTxovdes maqsimalurad mravalferovani produqciis warmoebas, ramdenadac es gazrdis sawarmos konkurentunarianobasa da gayidvebis moculobas. meore mxriv, finansuri departamentis miznis danaxarjebis Semcirebis miRweva gacilebiT advilia naklebad mravalferovani produqciis arsebobisas. aseTma gansxvavebulma miznebma SesaZloa warmoSvas konfliqti organizaciis SigniT. Tu Cven saxelmwifosac erT did organizaciad warmovidgenT, aSkara xdeba, rom aseTi safrTxis winaSe saxelmwifoc SeiZleba aRmoCndes. politikuri krizisebi SesaZloa gamoiwvios im faqtma, rom mosaxleobasa da xelisuflebas gansxvavebuli miznebi gaaCniaT. problema SesaZloa warmoiSvas maSinac, rodesac sxvaoba miznebs Soris gaaCniaT sxvadasxva saxelmwifo dawesebulebebs, romelTa koordinirebuli moqmedeba saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebis warmatebiT ganxor28

cielebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. Sesabamisad, aucilebelia arsebobdes efeqturi saSualebebi aseTi konfliqtebis gadasaWrelad, raTa Tavidan iqnes acilebuli politikuri krizisebi. 2.1.3 gansxvaveba meTodebSi Cven ganvixileT SemTxveva, rodesac konfliqtebis safuZvels jgufis wevrTa gansxvavebuli miznebi warmoadgenda, Tumca SesaZlebelia uTanxmoeba im subieqtebs Sorisac warmoiSvas, romelTa Sorisac amgvari interesTa konfliqti ar arsebobs. sakmaod xSirad, adamianebs, romelTac saerTo interesebi da saerTo miznebi aqvT, SesaZloa hqondeT gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi imis Taobaze, Tu ra gzebiT unda miaRwion saerTo mizans. amasTan, TiToeuli maTgani yovelTvis darwmunebulia, rom swored misi mosazrebaa WeSmariti. rogorc wesi, adamianebs axasiaTebT aRiqvan sakuTari Tvalsazrisi, rogorc obieqturi. Cven, adamianebs tendencia gvaqvs gavzardoT gansxvaveba Cvensa da sxvebis Tvalsazrisebs Soris da amdenad, gavzardoT interesebis konfliqti19. realoba adasturebs, rom swored saerTo miznebis miRwevis saSualebebze gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi xSirad xdeba saerTo interesebis mqone adamianebs, organizaciebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris warmoSobili konfliqtebis safuZveli. 2.1.4 urTierTdamokidebuleba valdebulebaTa Sesrulebisas konfliqtis warmoqmnis SesaZlebloba arsebobs yovelTvis, rodesac adamiani an adamianTa jgufi (organizacia, dawesebuleba da sxv.) maT winaSe mdgari amocanebis Sesrulebisas damokidebulni arian sxva adamianze an adamianTa jgufze. garkveul situaciebSi aseTi SesaZlebloba kidev ufro izrdeba. magaliTad, iseTi struqturis mqone organizaciebSi,
19 qvarcxava revaz, socialuri fsiqologia, tomi I, Tbilisi 2000

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sadac darRveulia erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis principi. rogorc vxedavT, erTpirovnuli mmarTvelobis pirobebSi aRniSnuli mizeziT konfliqtis warmoSobis SesaZlebloba SedarebiT mcirea. miuxedavad amisa, Tanamedrove msoflioSi iSviaTia saxelmwifoebi, sadac saxelmwifo xelisufleba erTi piris xelSia Tavmoyrili. Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa umravlesoba efuZneba xelisuflebis danawilebis princips, romelic yvelaze ukeT uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifoSi demokratiuli principebis ganviTarebasa da dacvas. magram ramdenadac, konfliqtebis mizezebis Seswavlisas gamoirkva, rom erTpirovnuli mmarTveloba amcirebs konfliqtebis warmoSobis risks, saintereso iqneba fsiqologiur mecnierebaze dayrdnobiT gavceT pasuxi SekiTxvas: xelisuflebis danawileba, xelisuflebis sxvadasva Stoebs Soris erTmaneTis winaSe pasuxismgeblobisa da erTmaneTTan TanamSromlobis aucileblobis gancda saxelmwifos funqcionirebaze dadebiTad aisaxeba, Tu uaryofiTad? sainteresoa amonaridi revaz qvarcxavas naSromidan socialuri fsiqologia met-naklebad pasuxobs dasmul kiTxvas: `jer kidev gasul saukuneSi norman triplitma SeamCnia, rom velomrbolelebi ukeTes dros aCvenebdnen rbolaSi Sejibrebis dros, vidre individualuri varjiSis dros. pirveli eqsperimentebi am problemaze albaT triplits ekuTvnis, roca laboratoriul pirobebSi man bavSvebs daavala Zafis daxveva rac SeiZleba swrafad, jer individualurad da Semdeg jgufSi. Sedegebi gansxvavebuli iyo. amis Semdeg uamravi gamokvleva mieZRvna am sakiTxs. kvleviTi Sedegebi zog SemTxvevaSi aCvenebdnen, rom sxvisi arseboba aumjobesebda individualur Sesrulebas. magram amis paralelurad miRebuli iqna sawinaaRmdego Sedegebic, sadac aSkara iyo, rom sxvisi Tandaswreba auaresebda individualur Sesrulebas. 1960-ian wlebSi am problemiT dainteresda robert zaionki (Zajonk, 1965) da scada am urTierTsawinaaRmdego Sedegebis urTierTSejereba da sabolood Semdeg Sedegamde mivida: 30

sxvisi arseboba xels Seuwyobs kargad daswavlili pasuxebis gamovlenas, magram xels SeuSlis qcevis jer kidev aradaostatebuli formebis Sesrulebas. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac individma zustad icis, Tu ra evaleba da aqvs sakmarisi SesaZlebloba da unarebi gaarTvas Tavi dakisrebul davalebas, `sxvisi arseboba aZlevs mas damatebiT stimuls, rom ukeT Seasrulos dakisrebuli valdebulebebi, rac sabolood dadebiTad aisaxeba Sedegebze, xolo, rodesac subieqtma zustad ar icis ra evaleba, an ar gaaCnia sakmarisi unarebi am valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad, maSin `sxvisi arseboba kidev ufro abnevs mas da sabolood miRebuli Sedegi arcTu kargia. am logikas Tu mivyvebiT, SesaZloa mivideT Semdeg daskvnamde: xelisuflebis dayofa aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad mogvcems realur dadebiT Sedegs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu xelisuflebis TiToeul Stos zustad eqneba gansazRvruli Tavisi funqciebi da eqneba sakmarisi SesaZleblobebi da resursebi (finansuri, sakadro da a.S.) am funqciebis Sesasruleblad. amrigad, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom, rodesac xelisuflebis TiToeuli Sto efeqturad asrulebs masze dakisrebul amocanebs, cxadia mcirdeba riski imisa, rom warmoiSvas konfliqti xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebs Soris da piriqiT, urTierTdamokidebuleba valdebulebaTa Sesrulebisas im subieqtebs Soris, romelTac kargad ar aqvT gacnobierebuli TavianTi roli, an ver arTmeven Tavs maTze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesrulebas, zrdis konfliqtebis warmoSobis risks. zemoTqmuli, rasakvirvelia, ar exeba mxolod saxelisuflebo Stoebs Soris urTierTobas. aRniSnuli midgoma vrceldeba nebismier SemTxvevaze, rodesac saxezea urTierTdamokidebuleba valdebulebaTa Sesrulebisas.

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2.1.5 mcdari komunikacia cnobili fsiqologis stegancevis naSromSi, romelic efeqtur komunikaciasa da konfliqtebs Seexeba, vkiTxulobT: `specnazis erTerTi ganyofilebis ufrosma erTxel aseTi ram Tqva: rodesac ori adamiani pirispir xvdeba erTmaneTs, orive maTganma absoluturad zustad icis, rom nebismier momentSi SesaZloa erTerTi maTganis sisxli daiRvaros. Tanamedrove fsiqologiuri gadmosaxedidan is absoluturad marTali iyo. adamianis aracnobieri, cxoveluri nawili jer kidev aRiqvams Tavisnair subieqtTan Sexvedras rogorc SesaZlo brZolas. xolo brZola _ es orazrovnad aris stresi. magram, amasTan, adamianis cnobier nawilsac kargad esmis, rom samyaroSi arsebobs Zaladoba, rom Tanamosaubre SesaZloa nebismier dros gamovides wyobidan, rom arsebobs iseTi SemTxveva, rogoricaa afeqti, romelic pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebis safuZvels warmoadgens iseTi danaSaulis Cadenis SemTxvevaSic ki, rogoric mkvlelobaa.20 swored amitom, adamianebma kargad ician, rom erTmaneTTan komunikaciisas maT unda daicvan garkveuli normebi da wesebi, raTa ar gaaRvivon konfliqti da uTanxmoeba. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom swori komunikaciis wesebi dResdReobiT aravisTvis saidumlos ar warmoadgens, faqtia, rom am wesebis realobaSi gamoyeneba xSirad ar xdeba da dResdReobiT, swored mcdari komunikacia konfliqtebis gamomwvevi erTerTi gavrcelebuli mizezia. am Temaze saubrisas xazgasasmelia Semdegi ram: mcdari komunikaciis Tavisebureba isaa, rom man SesaZloa gamoiwvios gabrazeba an gaRizianeba da gaxdes konfliqtis mizezi maSinac ki, rodesac mxareebs SesaZloa sruliadac ar hqondeT gansxvavebuli miznebi an gansxvavebuli interesebi.
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Tavis mxriv, is tipuri Secdomebi, romlebsac subieqtebi uSveben erTmaneTTan komunikaciisas, Semdegia: I. nivTobrivi midgoma _ masSi igulisxmeba partnioris poziciis ignorireba. es aris e.w. nivTobrivi midgoma, rodesac erTi mxare meore mxares epyroba rogorc obieqts, nivTs. iyenebs mas, rogorc saTamaSos, radios, erTi sityviT iyenebs mas ise, rogorc unda da ar aRiqvams mas rogorc partniors. aseT SemTxvevaSi warmoiqmneba situacia, rodesac qreba saerTo mizani da yalibdeba safuZveli mxareTa Soris konfliqtis warmoSobisaTvis. II. Tanxmobis imitacia es aris SeTanxmebis imitireba im mizniT, rom rac SeiZleba male damTavrdes SeTanxmebis damRleli da mtanjveli procesi. am SemTxvevaSi ar aris mizanSewonili CavTvaloT, rom molaparakeba Sedga. aseTi molaparakebebi iSviaTad sruldeba. rogorc wesi, aseT SemTxvevaSi partniori grZnobs da ganicdis imedgacruebas, ris gamoc igi an saerTod wyvets urTierTobas, an xdeba SemdgomSi ufro gamoxatuli konfliqtis iniciatori. III. distancia _ es aris mxareebis ganzidva, rodesac mxareebi erTmaneTTan urTierTobaSi xelovnurad qmnian garkveul distancias im mizniT, rom Seamciron ukve arsebuli konfliqtis `temperatura. aseTi TamaSi dasaSvebia, Tumca sarisko, radgan aucilebelia imis codna, rom metismeti distancia saerTod klavs komunikacias da SesaZloa konfliqtis gaRvivebis mizezad iqces21. es aris is tipuri Secdomebi, rac arcTu iSviaTia komunikaciisas. aseTi Secdomebi xSiria rogorc pirovnul urTierTobebSi, urTierTobebSi sazogadoebriv gaerTianebebsa da sxvadasxva korporaciebs Soris, aseve urTierTobebSi saxelmwifoebs Soris, saxelmwifo organoebs Soris,
21 ., - . - . , 2006

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saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebas Soris, da Sesabamisad, sruliad SesaZlebelia mcdari komunikacia gaxdes seriozuli politikuri krizisebis ganmapirobebelic. 2.2 konfliqtis daregulirebis gzebi konfliqtis gamomwvevi zemoCamoTvlili mizezebis detaluri ganxilva scildeba Cveni interesebis sferos. Tumca faqtia, rom, rogorc ar unda vecadoT maT aRmofxvras, isini yvela droisa Tu saxis sazogadoebaSi arsebobda, arsebobs da yovelTvis iarsebebs. Sesabamisad, yovelTvis aris konfliqtebis warmoqmnis saSiSroeba dawyebuli mcire pirovnebaTaSorisi konfliqtebidan, dasrulebuli saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtebiT. es realobaa, romlis Secvlac SeuZlebelia. faqtia, Znelad Tu moiZebneba Cvens Soris vinme, vinc arasodes gamxdara konfliqtis monawile. adamiani zogjer Tavad aris konfliqtis iniciatori, zogjer ki is CaTreuli xdeba masSi, calkeul SemTxvevebSi misi nebis sawinaaRmdegodac ki. ufro metic, xSirad adamiani nebiT, Tu uneblieT sxva pirebs Soris arsebuli konfliqtis monawile xdeba da asrulebs am konfliqtSi an miukerZoebeli mediatoris, an erT-erTi mxaris interesebis damcvelis rols. analogiurad, Znelad Tu moiZebneba saxelmwifo, sadac arasodes hqonia adgili mSvidobian Tu Zaladobriv konfliqtebs saxelmwifo xelisuflebasa da sazogadoebas Soris, an sazogadoebis sxvadasxva nawilebs Soris. aseve Znelad moiZebneba saxelmwifo, romelic arasodes yofila sxvadasxva saxis saxelmwifoTaSorisi dapirispirebis monawile. Sesabamisad, dabejiTebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom realur cxovrebaSi Cven mudmivad konfliqtebis garemocvaSi vimyofebiT. aseT pirobebSi umniSvnelovanesia imis garkveva, Tu rogor unda movagvaroT arsebuli konfliqtebi. arsebobs ramdenime gansxvavebuli midgoma am rTuli movlenisadmi: 34

erTni fiqroben, rom umjobesia Tavi aaridon nebismier konfliqts; meoreni Tvlian, rom konfliqti arsebobs yvelgan da yovelTvis da SeuZlebelia maTgan gaqceva, amitom unda Seeguo da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi SeebrZolo maT; mesameni ki miiCneven, rom konfliqtebs garkveuli sargeblis motanac SeuZliaT da amitom miaCniaT, rom aucilebelia misgan sargeblis miReba. ufro metic, am Sexedulebis mqone adamianebi xSirad Tavadve xdebian konfliqtis iniciatorebi.22 vin aris maT Soris marTali? upirveles yovlisa, es damokidebulia konkretul garemoebebze. Tumca, sruliad SesaZlebelia konfliqtis negatiuri Sedegebis Semcireba an ufro metic, konfliqtSi mxareTa mier Cadebuli uzarmazari energiis sworad gamoyeneba da dadebiTi Sedegebis miReba. amis miRweva SeiZleba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu droulad iqneba gamoyenebuli fsiqologiis, konfliqtologiis da sxva mecnierebebis mier SemuSavebuli meTodebi da Tanamedrove teqnologiebi. amisaTvis udidesi yuradReba unda daeTmos konfliqtis mogvarebis saSualebebisa da meTodebis Seswavlas. amitom, saintereso iqneba Tavdapirvelad mimovixiloT konfliqtis mogvarebis ra saSualebebi arsebobs da Semdgom gavaanalizoT, ra adgili ukavia maT Soris sasamarTlos. konfliqti SesaZloa mogvardes mxareebis mier yovelgvari daxmarebis gareSe an konfliqtSi mesame mxaris CarTvis Sedegad. am or SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia konfliqtis mogvarebis gzebic. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani.

22 konfliqtologia (fsiqologiis ZiriTadi principebi) a. s. karminis red., spb 1999 ( ( ) / . . .. ., 1999;)

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2.2.1 konfliqtis mogvareba mxareTa mier rodesac mxareebi cdiloben mesame mxaris monawileobis gareSe gadaWran maT Soris arsebuli sadavo sakiTxi, arsebobs konfliqtis gadaWris sami gza: 1. Zaladoba; 2. urTierTobebis gawyveta; 3. molaparakeba. mokled ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. Zaladoba. am SemTxvevaSi Zlieri imorCilebs susts, romelic iZulebuli xdeba Seasrulos masze Zlieris moTxovnebi. Zaladobis saSualebiT konfliqtebis mogvarebisken swrafvam SesaZloa iseT Sedegebamde migviyvanos rogoricaa: fizikuri dapirispireba, Zaladobrivi danaSaulebi, xolo im SemTxvevaSi ki, rodesac konfliqtis mxareebad didi socialuri jgufebi gvevlinebian, igi SesaZloa iqces revoluciebisa da erovnuli Tu saxelmwifoTaSorisi omebis mizezad. Zaladobis gziT konfliqtis gadawyveta xdeba Semdegi principiT: `Zlieri yovelTvis marTalia. amasTan, mxedvelobaSi, rasakvirvelia, mxolod fizikuri siZliere ar miiReba. Zaladoba SesaZloa ganxorcieldes administraciuli, samsaxurebrivi an samarTlebrivi Zalauflebis gamoyenebis gziTac23. Zaladobaze saubrisas aRsaniSnavia isic, rom Tavisi dadebiTi mxareebi masac gaaCnia. magaliTisTvis, zogjer am xerxis gamoyeneba konfliqtis gadawyvetis yvelaze swraf saSualebas warmoadgens. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom uTanxmoebis swrafad gadawyvetis SesaZlebloba Zaladobis, rogorc konfliqtis mogvarebis saSualebis erTaderTi dadebiTi mxare ar aris, konfliqtebis gadawyveta Zaladobis gziT mainc yovelTvis araefeqturia, vinaidan Zaladobas ar gaaCnia mi23 ancupovi a. i., Sipilovi a.i., konfliqtologia, saxelmZRvanelo, m:. iuniti 2000 ( .., .. . . .: , 2000.) wyaro: http://uchebalegko.ru/v1293/_..,__.._._-_.,_ ,_2000._-_551_. ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

Rweuli Sedegis SenarCunebis meqanizmi. amasTan, Zaladobas damorCilebuli mxare yovelTvis ukmayofiloa SedegiT, Tavmoyvareoba Selaxulia da daCagrulad grZnobs Tavs. es aiZulebs mas awarmoos faruli brZola, zogjer ki moawyos aSkara ajanyeba, romlis CasaxSobadac kvlav da kvlav Zaladobis gamoyeneba xdeba saWiro24. da mainc, kacobriobis istoria savsea konfliqtebis gadawyvetis mizniT Zalis gamoyenebis mravalferovani magaliTebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi araerTi tragediis safuZveli gamxdara, is mainc yovelTvis iarsebebs, radgan mas swored is Zalebi aniWeben upiratesobas, romelTa xelSic aris Zalaufleba. urTierTobis gawyveta. am SemTxvevaSi konfliqti wydeba mxareTa Soris urTierTobis gawyvetis gziT (mag.: meuRleTa ganqorwineba). udavoa, rom urTierTobis gawyveta srulad spobs konfliqts, magram xSirad es SeuZlebelia, mag.: yofil meuRleebs SesaZloa akavSirebdeT saerTo megobrebi, Svili da sxv. Tumca, Tu pirovnul urTierTobebSi urTierTobis gawyveta met-naklebad mainc dasaSvebia, sxvagvaradaa saqme politikuri konfliqtebis dros. SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo xelisuflebam sruliad gawyvitos urTierToba sazogadoebasTan. urTierTobis gawyveta SeuZlebelia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Stoebs Sorisac. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifoTa Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobebis gawyveta Tanamedrove msoflioSi arcTu iSviaTi movlenaa, saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobis sruli gawyvetac SeuZlebelia. amis naTeli magaliTia ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierToba. 2008 wlis agvistoSi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebuli farTomasStabiani samxdro agre24 ancupovi a. i., Sipilovi a.i., konfliqtologia, saxelmZRvanelo, m:. iuniti 2000 ( .., .. . . .: , 2000.) wyaro: http://uchebalegko.ru/v1293/_..,__.._._-_.,_ ,_2000._-_551_. ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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siis, saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilebis okupaciis, am teritoriebze ganxorcielebuli eTnikuri wmendisa da maTi damoukidebel respublikebad aRiarebis Semdeg, 2008 wlis 2 seqtembers saqarTvelom gawyvita diplomatiuri urTierToba ruseTis federaciasTan25, ris Semdegac, ruseTma TbilisSi daxura saelCo da sakonsulo. Tumca, faqtia, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos urTierToba amiT ar dasrulebula, vinaidan, ruseTis federaciul respublikaSi mcxovreb saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa raodenoba sakmaod didia, ruseTsa da saqarTvelos aqvT mWidro biznes da kulturuli urTierTobebi da sxv. garda ormxrivi urTierTobebisa, saxelmwifoebi xSir SemTxvevaSi arian erTi da imave mravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis monawileebi, saerTaSoriso organizaciis wevrebi da sxv., rac SeuZlebels xdis Tanamedrove samyaroSi ori saxelmwifos erTmaneTisagan srul izolacias. magaliTisaTvis, miuxedavad 2008 wels ruseTsa da saqarTvelos Soris diplomatiuri urTierTobis gawyvetisa, saqarTvelos Tanxmoba gaxda aucilebeli piroba imisaTvis, rom ruseTi gawevrianebuliyo msoflio savaWro organizaciaSi. molaparakeba. mxareebis mier, mesame piris monawileobis gareSe, konfliqtis daregulirebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens molaparakeba. rogorc wesi, konfliqtis mogvareba xdeba mxolod mxareebs Soris molaparakebebis Sedegad miRweuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. swored amitom, molaparakeba Tanamedrove politikuri cxovrebis ganuyofeli nawilia. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac politikuri konfliqtis xasiaTidan gamomdinare molaparakebis da davebis gadawyvetis sxva zemoT CamoTvlili saSualebebis gamoyeneba SeuZlebeli, an araefeqturia. am
25 saqarTvelos sagareo saqmeTa saministros oficialuri veb-gverdi http:// www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=351&lang_id=GEO ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

SemTxvevaSi aucilebeli xdeba mxareTa Soris urTierTobebSi mesame mxaris CarTva. 2.2.2 konfliqtis mogvareba mesame mxaris monawileobiT mxareTa Soris urTierTobaSi zemoT moyvanili saSualebebis (Zaladoba, urTierTobebis gawyveta, molaparakeba) garda, konfliqtis mogvarebis sxva gza ar arsebobs, Tumca mxareTa urTierToba SesaZloa sxva safexurze gadavides, Tu konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi mesame mxare CaerTveba. xSirad miiCneven, rom mesame mxaris monawileobiT uTanxmoebis mogvareba ar warmoadgens konfliqtis gadawyvetis calke saxes da igi mxolod molaparakebis gansakuTrebul formad unda miviCnioT. am sakiTxis gadawyvetas ara imdenad praqtikuli, ramdenadac Teoriuli mniSvneloba aqvs. mTavaria, rom Tanamedrove realobaSi arsebobs SesaZlebloba konfliqti mogvardes mesame mxaris monawileobiT, iseTi saSualebebis gamoyenebiT, rogoricaa: 1. mediacia; 2. arbitraJi; 3. sasamarTlo. mesame mxaris CarTvis gziT konfliqtis mogvarebis efeqturoba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra pozicias daikavebs igi. is SesaZloa or sxvadasxva rolSi mogvevlinos. mesame mxare SesaZloa gamovides: rogorc konfliqtis erTerTi mxaris interesebis damcveli, an rogorc neitraluri mxare. pirvel SemTxvevaSi Sedegi mainc Zaladobis an socialuri gavlenis gziT miiRweva. meore SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mesame mxares neitraluri pozicia ukavia, mniSvnelovnad izrdeba ara mxolod konfliqtis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebi, aramed aseve mcirdeba kamaTis destruqciulobis done. destruqciulobis Semcirebis Sedegad ki xSir SemTxvevaSi miiRweva konfliqtSi mesame mxaris monawileobis mTavari mizani _ SesaZlebeli xdeba konfliqtis pozitiuri mxareebis gamoyeneba. mokled ganvixiloT mesame mxaris daxmarebiT konfliqtis mogvarebis saxeebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mesame mxare gvevlineba ara rogorc damoukidebeli arbitri, aramed 39

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rogorc erTerTi mxaris interesebis damcveli, konfliqtebis mogvareba mainc Zaladobis Sedegad an socialuri gavlenis gziT miiRweva. Zaladoba mesame mxaris monawileobiT saSualebas iZleva dava gadawydes susti mxaris sasargeblod. (gansxvavebiT im SemTxvevebisgan, rodesac konfliqtSi mxolod ori mxare monawileobs). aRniSnulis sailustraciod konfliqtis mxareebi pirobiTad aRvniSnoT rogorc X da Y, xolo mesame mxare Z-iT. mesame mxaris monawileoba konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi mniSvnelovnad cvlis ZalTa Tanafardobas. Tu pirovnebaTaSoris konfliqtSi ereva mesame mxare Z, romelic keTilis msurvel axalgazrdebis jgufs warmoadgens, maSin ukve azrs kargavs is, Tu konfliqtis romeli mxarea fizikurad ufro Zlieri _ X Tu Y26. marTalia, kinofilmebi qmnian supergmirebis kults, romlebic martoni umklavdebian mtris mTel armias, magram realur cxovrebaSi erT adamians iSviaTad Seswevs Zala winaaRmdegoba gauwios mravalricxovan mowinaaRmdeges. swored amitom, mxare, romlis mizania Zaladobis gziT gadawyvitos konfliqti, xSirad ayalibebs mis mxardamWer jgufs an daxmarebisTvis mimarTavs mafiozur organizaciebs da sxv. Zalismieri mfarvelebis faqtori udides rols TamaSobs sxvadasxva donis socialuri konfliqtebis warmoSobaSi _ dawyebuli bavSvuri TamaSidan, damTavrebuli erTaSorisi omebiT. (rasakvirvelia, Zaladoba mesame mxaris daxmarebiT, iseve rogorc Zaladoba mxareebs Soris, mxolod fizikuri ZaladobiT ar Semoifargleba). rogorc vxedavT, konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi mikerZoebuli mesame mxaris Cabma xSirad ara Tu aumjobesebs situacias, aramed piriqiT, SesaZloa gaxdes axali konfliqtebis warmo26 ancupovi a. i., Sipilovi a.i., konfliqtologia, saxelmZRvanelo, m:. iuniti 2000 ( .., .. . . .: , 2000.) wyaro: http://uchebalegko.ru/v1293/_..,__.._._-_.,_ ,_2000._-_551_.

Sobis, an ukve arsebuli konfliqtis gaRvivebis mizezic. sxvagvari suraTi gvaqvs im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac mesame mxare ar warmoadgens konfliqtSi monawile romelime subieqtis interesebis damcvels da miukerZoebel, neitralur rgolad gvevlineba. CvenTvis swored es ukanaskneli SemTxvevaa saintereso. Sesabamisad, mesame mxaris monawileobiT davis gadawyvetis saSualebebis ganxilvisas mudmivad mxedvelobaSi unda viqonioT is, rom saubaria mxolod im SemTxvevaze, rodesac mesame mxare warmoadgens damoukidebel da miukerZoebel arbitrs. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT mesame mxaris monawileobiT davis gadawyvetis sami forma arsebobs: 1. mediacia; 2. arbitraJi; 3. sasamarTlo. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. mediacia. mediacia konfliqtebis mogvarebis meTodia, romlis drosac miukerZoebeli mxare (mediatori) modave mxareebs urTierTmisaRebi SeTanxmebis miRwevaSi exmareba. sadavo sakiTxebis mogvarebis mizniT mesame mxarisaTvis dasaxmareblad mimarTvis praqtika siaxles ar warmoadgens, Tumca ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mediaciis SesaZleblobebisadmi interesi mkveTrad gaizarda. kreselisa da pruitis Tanaxmad, am mxriv adgili aqvs namdvil `revolucias27. samediatoro praqtikis aseTma farTo gavrcelebam Sedegad moitana is, rom TandaTan moxda misi profesiul saqmianobad Camoyalibeba. aSS-Si 1973 wels daregistrirda profesional mediatorTa pirveli gaerTianeba28 dResdReobiT mediaciis sxva27 Kressel, Kenneth, and Dean G. Pruitt. 1985. Themes in the Mediation of Social Conflict. Journal of Social Issues 41(2):179 98; 28 griSina n. v., konfliqtis fsiqologia, meore gamocema, moskovi 2008 ( . . 2- , 2008) wyaro: http://www. scribd.com/doc/24044886/---- ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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dasxva aspeqtebis Seswavlis mizniT xorcieldeba mravalferovani samecniero kvlevebi, ewyoba diskusiebi, sesiebi da a.S. mediaciis aseTi farTo gavrceleba ganapiroba misma warmatebulma Sedegebma. mediatorobas, rogorc mxareebs Soris arsebuli uTanxmoebis daregulirebaSi mesame mxaris monawileobas, gaaCnia araerTi dadebiTi aspeqti: 1. molaparakebis procesSi mesame mxaris monawileoba amcirebs konfliqtis destruqciulobis dones; 2. mediaciis proceduruli Tavisebureba isaa, rom misi mizania organizacia gaukeTos mxareTa Soris efeqtur komunikacias, rac xels uwyobs konfliqtis mogvarebis procesSi Tavad mxareebis aqtiur monawileobas. es Tavis mxriv iwvevs mxareTa Soris TanamSromlobisa da urTierTobis aRdgenasa da gaRrmavebas; 3. iuridiuli procedurebisgan gansxvavebiT, mediaciis procesis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis didi procenti kompromisul gadawyvetilebebze modis da mxolod mcire procentia iseTi gadawyvetilebebisa, romlebsac pirobiTad SeiZleba vuwodoT an yvelaferi an araferi. am da sxva mizezebis gamo, mediaciis funqcionirebiTa da SedegebiT kmayofilia daaxloebiT momxmarebelTa 75% da meti29. es maSin, rodesac 2008 wlis ivnisSi sazogadoebrivi kvlevisa da marketingis institutis mier sasamarTlo administrirebis da menejmentis reformis proeqtis _ USAID JAMR-is dakveTiT Catarebuli gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom sasamarTlos saqmianobiT momxmarebelTa da advokatTa 54.6 procentia kmayofili30. amasTan, mediaciis momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis xarisxi
29 griSina n. v., konfliqtis fsiqologia, meore gamocema, moskovi 2008 ( . . 2- , 2008) wyaro: http://www. scribd.com/doc/24044886/---- ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 30 sasamarTlos saqmianobiT Cveulebriv moqalaqeTa da advokatTa 54.6%_ ia kmayofili, samecnieropraqtikuli, recenzirebuli Jurnali marTlmsajuleba # N3, 2008 w.

gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre sasamarTlos an arbitraJis SemTxvevaSi. am da sxva mizezebis gamo mediacia dResdReobiT sakmaod aqtiurad gamoiyeneba rogorc mcire masStabis (magaliTad ojaxuri, samsaxurebrivi da a.S.), aseve saerTaSoriso xasiaTis konfliqtebis mogvarebis mizniTac. Tumca, radganac CvenTvis sainteresoa, Tu ramdenad efeqturia konfliqtebis mogvarebis esa Tu is saSualeba politikuri krizisebis daregulirebis kuTxiT, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri konfliqtebis daregulirebis TvalsazrisiT mediaciis mniSvneloba SedarebiT mcirea. saerTaSoriso asparezze ki mediaciasa da ormxriv molaparakebebs damsaxurebulad uWiravT lideris poziciebi. es, rasakvirvelia, ar niSnavs imas, rom mediacia saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mowesrigebis unaklo saSualebaa. SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar mivapyroT SeniSvnas imis Taobaze, rom mesame mxaris Careva ormxriv urTierTobebSi garkveul safrTxeebs Seicavs. mesame mxares (miuxedavad misi neitralitetisa) SeiZleba konkretul situaciaSi sakuTari interesebi gaaCndes, mag.: dainteresebuli iyos Suamavlis funqciis SenarCunebiT. es SesaZloa gaxdes konfliqtis droSi gawelvis mizezi. amas garda, mesame mxaris mier gamoyenebuli berketebis safuZvelze mxareebma Tundac dadon SeTanxmeba, es iqneba garegani zemoqmedebis Sedegi da ara mxareTa Sinagani motivaciis gamoxatuleba, ramac SeiZleba uaryofiTi gavlena moaxdinos SeTanxmebis simtkiceze. da bolos, mediaciis teqnikis aradroul da araswor gamoyenebas SeuZlia kidev ufro gaamwvavos konfliqti31. garda zemoxsenebulisa, mediaciis fenomenis mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegad gamoikveTa iseTi SemTxvevebi da garemoebe31 griSina n. v., konfliqtis fsiqologia, meore gamocema, moskovi 2008 ( . . 2- , 2008) wyaro: http://www. scribd.com/doc/24044886/---- ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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bi, rodesac misi gamoyeneba naklebad efeqturia. mediaciis efeqturobis kriteriumi SesaZloa Semdegnairad CamovayaliboT: rac ufro cudia mxareTa Soris urTierToba, miT ufro pesimisturia perspeqtiva, rom mediacia warmatebuli iqneba.32 mediaciis efeqturobis mniSvnelovan faqtors warmoadgens aseve, mxareTa motivacia daareguliron konfliqti da miaRwion SeTanxmebas. Tu mxareTa motivs warmoadgens ara konfliqtis daregulireba, aramed meore mxaris dasja Cadenili qmedebebisTvis, cxadia, mediacia ver iqneba sasurveli Sedegis momtani. kidev erTi mniSvnelovani faqtori mediaciis warmatebisTvis aris mxareTa ndoba mediaciis procesis mimarT. ndobis faqtori mniSvnelovania aseve arbitraJisa da sasamarTlos SemTxvevaSic. SesaZloa darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom ndoba konfliqtis gadawyvetaSi mesame mxaris monawileobis warmatebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. mediaciis procesis warmatebaze gavlenas axdens, aseve, Tavad mediaciis procesis xasiaTi, mediatorTa qmedebebi, maTi praqtika. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas: mediaciis roli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis daregulirebis saqmeSi mcirea, magram igi warmoadgens saerTaSoriso politikuri krizisebis mogvarebisa da ufro metic, aseTi krizisebis Tavidan acilebis erT-erT yvelaze warmatebul saSualebas, Tumca calkeul SemTxvevebSi mediacia SesaZloa araefeqturi aRmoCndes da saWiro gaxdes davebis mogvarebis sxva saSualebebis gamoyenebac. arbitraJi. aseTi damoukidebeli organoebis arsebobas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba. gansakuTrebiT es exeba im
griSina n. v., konfliqtis fsiqologia, meore gamocema, moskovi 2008 ( . . 2- , 2008) wyaro: http://www. scribd.com/doc/24044886/---- ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011
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qveynebs, sadac sasamarTlosadmi mosaxleobis ndobis koeficienti arcTu maRalia. saxelmwifos stabilurobisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia is, rom am saxelmwifos moqalaqeebs hqondeT samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis SegrZneba. am mxriv ki xSirad arbitraJs sxva sasamarTlo organoebTan SedarebiT garkveuli upiratesobebi gaaCnia. vinaidan, arbitraJis wevrebs, anu im pirebs, romelTac unda ganixilon an gadawyviton mxareebs Soris arsebuli dava, Tavad mxareebi irCeven, an winaswar ician im arbitraJis Semadgenloba, romelsac miandes davis ganxilva. es, Tavis mxriv, zrdis ndobas arbitraJisa da mis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mimarT. Tumca, ramdenadac arbitraJi ganixilavs mxolod kerZo xasiaTis qonebriv davebs, politikuri krizisebis mogvarebis meqanizmi mas ar gaaCnia. sasamarTlo. sasamarTlos Seqmna civilzciis ganviTarebis umniSvnelovanesi safexuria, romelmac Sedegad moitana is, rom mniSvnelovnad Semcirda Zaladoba konfliqtis mxareebs Soris33. sasamarTlosTvis mimarTva warmoadgens konfliqtebis mogvarebis yvelaze sando saSualebas. amis mizezi mravalgvaria. konfliqtis gadawyvetisas sasamarTlo eyrdnoba ara konfliqtis monawileTa warmodgenas TavianT simarTleze an mxareTa Zlevamosilebas Tu sisustes, aramed kanonebs. sasamarTlo saqmeTa ganxilvisas moqmedebs Semdegi principiT: marTalia is, vis mxaresac dgas kanoni. kidev erTi gansakuTrebuli maxasiaTebeli aris is, rom sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi mxareebs SeuZliaT darwmunebulni iyvnen, rom gadawyvetileba sadavo sakiTxze aucileblad iqneba miRebuli. SedarebisaTvis SesaZloa iTqvas, rom Tu sasamarTlo gansaxilveli saqmeebis 100%ze
33 griSina n. v., konfliqtis fsiqologia, meore gamocema, moskovi 2008 ( . . 2- , 2008) wyaro: http://www. scribd.com/doc/24044886/---- ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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iRebs gadawyvetilebebs, mediaciis Sedegad gadawyvetili davebis maCvenebeli udavod mcirea. kreselisa da pruitis mier sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli monacemebis safuZvelze gamoikveTa, rom mediaciis gziT daregulirebuli davebis saerTo raodenoba daaxloebiT 50%-ia34. sasamarTlos warmatebebs ganapirobebs isic, rom igi aris individTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis samarTalmaregulirebeli, romlis Zalaufleba gamomdinareobs saxelmwifosagan da daculia saxelmwifos mier. miuxedavad yovelive zemoTqmulisa, konfliqtebis Sesaxeb literaturaSi, sadac sxva sakiTxebTan erTad saubaria sasamarTlos rolze konfliqtebis mogvarebis saqmeSi, im dadebiT mxareebTan erTad, rac sasamarTlos gaaCnia, xSirad miuTiTeben mis naklovanebebzec. yvelaze saintereso swored am naklovanebebze msjelobaa. sxvadasxva literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom arc erT kodeqss ar SeuZlia gaiTvaliswinos adamianuri urTierTobebis niuansebi. ama Tu im saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo valdebulia Semoifarglos garkveuli standartebiT. rasakvirvelia, sasamarTlosaTvis mniSvnelovania, upirveles yovlisa, faqtebi _ ra moxda, daarRvia Tu ara gansasjelma kanoni, miuZRvis Tu ara mas brali kanonis darRvevaSi da a.S. Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom aseTi midgoma sruliadac ar gamoricxavs sxvadasxva pirovnuli niuansis gaTvaliswinebas. piriqiT, rac ufro ganviTarebulia kanonmdebloba da rac ufro kvalificiuria mosamarTle, miT ufro srulyofilad xdeba gadawyvetilebis miRebisas gansasjelis pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da saqmisaTvis mniSvnelovani sxva garemoebebis gaTvaliswineba. magaliTad, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi ar iTvaliswinebs absoluturad gansazRvrul sanqciebs, radgan igi ar iZleva sasjelis individualizaciis SesaZleblobas
34 Kressel, Kenneth, and Dean G. Pruitt. 1985. Themes in the Mediation of Social Conflict. Journal of Social Issues 41(2):179 98.

danaSaulisa da damnaSavis pirovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT. saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mosamarTles yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi aZlevs pasuxismgeblobis zomis an ramdenime sasjelidan yvelaze misaRebi sasjelis SerCevis SesaZleblobas. ufro metic, saxelmwifos, sadac ar xdeba sasjelis personalizacia, verasodes eqneba pretenzia imaze, rom igi samarTlebriv saxelmwifos warmoadgens, vinaidan samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo Tavis TavSi moicavs samarTlianobis ideas. samarTlianobis idea moiTxovs samarTlianobisken swrafvas, magram ara zogadad, aramed yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi. es niSnavs, rom kanonebi samarTlian normebs unda Seicavdes, samarTlian wesebs unda adgendes da xelisuflebis an sasamarTlo organoebis mier am normaTa gamoyenebas yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi samarTlian, anu Sinaarsobrivad gamarTul gadawyvetilebamde da Sedegebamde unda mivyavdeT. Tu ra aris mocemul SemTxvevaSi samarTliani, amis Tqma SesaZlebelia mxolod yvela mniSvnelovani garemoebis gaTvaliswinebisa da Sefasebis Semdeg35. sasamarTlos uaryofiTi mxareebis ganxilvisas aseve xSirad aRniSnaven, rom sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis samarTlianoba damokidebulia ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo normebze, aramed imazec, Tu ramdenad Rrmad Seiswavla mosamarTlem saqmis arsi. konfliqtis gadawyvetisas mosamarTles moeTxoveba ara mxolod kanonebis codna, aramed aseve saqmisadmi SemoqmedebiTi midgoma da SesaZlebloba, Caswvdes adamianis qcevis mizezebsa da motivebs. realoba xSirad gvaZlevs iseTi daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas, rom mosamarTleebis garkveul nawils ar gaaCnia aseTi midgoma saqmisadmi da sasamarTlo Secdomebic arcTu iSviaTia36. rogorc vxedavT, saubaria sasamarTlo personalis kva35 kuWuxiZe a., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis Teoria, Tbilisi, 2007w. 36 ancupovi a. i., Sipilovi a.i., konfliqtologia, saxelmZRvanelo, m:. iuniti 2000 ( .., .. . . .: , 2000.) wyaro: http://uchebalegko.ru/v1293/_..,__.._._-_.,_ ,_2000._-_551_. ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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lificiurobis problemaze. profesionali mosamarTlis cneba Tavis TavSi moicavs yvela im Tvisebas, romelic ukve aRiniSna. faqtia, mocemuli sakiTxi met-naklebad mwvaved yvela qveynis sasamarTlo sistemis winaSe dgas, Tumca es aris problema, romelic saxelmwifos nebiTa da swori sakadro politikiT SesaZloa minimumamde iqnes dayvanili. da bolos, sasamarTlos naklovanebebze saubrisas xSirad miuTiTeben, rom sakanonmdeblo sistemaSi SesaZloa arsebobdes xarvezebi, e.w. Savi xvrelebi, romlebic saSualebas aZlevs TaRliTebs gaeqcnen marTlmsajulebas. da piriqiT, udanaSauloebi iqcnen damnaSaveebad. amasTan, arcTu iSviaTad adgili aqvs kolizias, romelic sasamarTlos winaSe mdgar amocanebs arTulebs da SesaZleblobas iZleva marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas adgili hqondes mikerZoebas. am argumentTan dakavSirebiT unda iTqvas, rom cxadia, aseTi `Savi xvrelebi yvela qveynis kanonmdeblobaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. Tumca, ramdenadac Zlieri da profesionaluria qveynis sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba, ramdenadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo efeqturad asrulebs masze dakisrebul funqciebs, imdenad klebulobs aseTi lafsusebis xvedriTi wili. rac Seexeba kolizias, am kuTxiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba sakmaod daxvewilia da warmoadgens imis garants, rom sakanonmdeblo xarvezi mosamarTleebis mier ar iqneba gamoyenebuli romelime mxaris sasargeblod. msjelobidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom rasakvirvelia, zemoxsenebuli naklovanebis 100%-iT aRmofxvra praqtikulad SeuZlebelia, Tumca Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatarebiT maTi uaryofiTi gavlena sasamarTlo xelisuflebis saqmianobaze SesaZloa minimumamde iqnes dayvanili.

2.3 sasamarTlos roli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi da saerTaSoriso politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi konfliqtebis daregulirebis saSualebebis zogadi mimoxilvis Semdeg, SesaZloa pasuxi gaeces mTavar kiTxvas: ra adgili ukavia sasamarTlos politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi? rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, arsebobs davebis gadawyvetis saSualebebi, romlebic did rols TamaSoben saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi, magram nakleb efeqts iZlevian Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze. swored amitom, saWirod migvaCnia damoukideblad ganvixiloT sasamarTlos roli Sidasaxelmwifoebriv da saerTaSoriso politikur krizisebTan mimarTebaSi. Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis gadawyvetis mizniT SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes davebis mogvarebis yvela xsenebuli saSualeba, Tumca iseTi saSualebis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa Zaladoba, metad did riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli. rac Seexeba urTierTobebis gawyvetas _ Tu pirovnul urTierTobebSi igi met-naklebad SesaZlebelia, politikur asparezze urTierTobebis sruli gawyveta faqtobrivad SeuZlebelia. Sesabamisad, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom Zaladoba da urTierTobis gawyveta ver CaiTvlebian Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis daregulirebis efeqtur saSualebebad. molaparakeba ki mxareTa Soris urTierTobis mogvarebis yvelaze efeqtur saSualebas warmoadgens. is did rols TamaSobs Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi. Tumca, calkeul SemTxvevebSi molaparakebebis warmoeba SeuZlebelia. amis mizezi SesaZloa mravali iyos, mag.: mxareTa ukiduresad mtruli ganwyoba erTmaneTis mimarT, Tavad konfliqtis Sinaarsi da sxv. aseT SemTxvevaSi, konfliqtis gasaneitraleblad, aucilebeli xdeba mesame mxaris monawileoba. 49

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mesame mxare SesaZloa mogvevlinos rogorc damoukidebeli mediatori, aseve rogorc erT-erTi mxaris interesebis damcveli. ukve aRiniSna, rom im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mesame mxare ar warmoadgens neitralur rgols, misi monawileoba konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi xSirad araTu dadebiT Sedegebs iZleva, aramed piriqiT, ufro arTulebs arsebul situacias. swored amitom, Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtebis daregulirebis mizniT, saqmeSi mesame mxaris monawileobaze saubrisas mxedvelobaSi unda miviRoT, rom igulisxmeba mxolod is SemTxvevebi, rodesac mesame mxare neitralur da damoukidebel arbitrad gvevlineba. aseTi formiT, rogorc ukve ganvixileT, mesame mxaris monawileobis sami saxe arsebobs: arbitraJi, mediacia da sasamarTlo. mediaciis roli Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis daregulirebis saqmeSi umniSvneloa. arbitraJs SezRuduli uflebamosileba gaaCnia (arbitraJi uflebamosilia ganixilos mxolod kerZosamarTlebrivi xasiaTis qonebrivi davebi) da ar aqvs politikuri krizisebis gadawyvetis meqanizmebi. Sesabamisad faqtia, rom, rodesac Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis mowesrigebisaTvis aucilebeli xdeba saqmeSi mesame mxaris CarTva, sasamarTlos am mxriv upirobo lideris pozicia ukavia. rac Seexeba saerTaSoriso konfliqtebs, am mxriv erTaderTi gansxvaveba aris is, rom saerTaSoriso politikuri krizisebis mogvarebis kuTxiT mniSvnelovnad didia mediaciis roli. Sesabamisad, rodesac molaparakebebis warmoeba ver xerxdeba, mxareebs eZlevaT arCevanis saSualeba mimarTon saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos, an konfliqti gadawyviton mediatoris daxmarebiT. da bolos, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri krizisebis gadawyvetis saqmeSi sasamarTlos roli metad didia. saerTaSoriso konfliqtebisas ki, miuxedavad imisa, rom Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi politikuri konfliqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, mesame mxaris monawileobiT saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi saerTaSoriso sasamarT50

lo upirobo liders ar warmoadgens, misi mniSvneloba mainc didia. Tumca, naSromis mizania warmoaCinos sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi. saerTaSoriso sasamarTloebi ki ar warmoadgenen sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebs, romlebic moqmedeben saxelmwifoSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis paralelurad. Sesabamisad, mocemul naSromSi gaanalizebuli iqneba mxolod erovnuli sasamarTloebis mimarTeba politikur krizisebTan. dasasruls, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi ram: konfliqtebis mowesrigebis saSualebebze saubrisas gamoikveTa, rom mesame mxaris, konkretulad ki sasamarTlos monawileoba konfliqtebis regulirebis saqmeSi warmatebuli rom iyos, aucilebelia Sesruldes minimum sami moTxovna. kerZod, aucilebelia: 1. arsebobdes ndoba sasamarTlo organoebis mimarT. araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom ndoba mesame mxaris (mediatoris, arbitraJis, sasamarTlos) mimarT konfliqtSi maTi monawileobis warmatebis aucilebeli winapirobaa; 2. sasamarTlo organoTa damoukideblobis maRali xarisxi. misi mniSvneloba udidesia, Tu es moTxovna ar iqneba dakmayofilebuli, maSin sasamarTlo iqceva ara konfliqtebis mogvarebis saSualebad, aramed Zaladobis iaraRad; 3. sasamarTlo xelisufleba dakompleqtebuli iyos profesionali kadrebiT. Tu sasamarTlo xelisufleba ver akmayofilebs mocemul pirobebs, misi SesaZleblobebi mkveTrad mcirdeba. swored amitom, naSromSi ganvixilavT saqarTvelos sasamarTlo xelisuflebasTan dakavSirebul iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa sasamarTlos damoukidebloba, sakadro politika da sxv. aseve SevexebiT sasamarTlosadmi ndobis Temas da, ramdenadac aRniSnul sferoebSi situaciis gaumjobeseba ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTveloSi mimdinare sasamarTlo reformis ZiriTad miznebs warmoadgenda, ganvixilavT aRniSnuli reformis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs, mis dadebiT da uaryofiT mxareebs. 51

Tavi III. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis mier politikuri krizisebis regulirebis meqanizmebi
naSromis meore TavSi ganvixileT sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, rogorc erTiani saxelmwifo struqturis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi, magram ar gvisaubria imaze, Tu ra berketebis gamoyenebiT axerxebs igi politikuri konfliqtebis mowesrigebas. Sesabamisad, naSromis mesame Tavi daeTmoba, saqarTvelos magaliTze, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebisaTvis kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli im meqanizmebis gaanalizebas, romelTa meSveobiTac sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebi aregulireben politikur krizisebs. Tumca, sanam am meqanizmebis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, aucilebelia, mokled davaxasiaToT saqarTvelos sasamarTlo organoTa sistema. saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo xelisufleba xorcieldeba sakonstitucio kontrolis, marTlmsajulebisa da kanoniT dadgenili sxva formebis meSveobiT. marTlmsajulebas axorcieleben saerTo sasamarTloebi. maT miekuTvneba: saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo, saapelacio sasamarTloebi da raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTloebi. raionuli sasamarTlos SemadgenlobaSi SeiZleba aseve Sediodnen magistrati mosamarTleebi. sakonstitucio kontrolis organos ki warmoadgens saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebi da sakonstitucio sasamarTlo qmnian iuridiuli kontrolis gansxvavebul sistemebs. isini erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdebian SemadgenlobiT, funqciebiTa da miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa SedegebiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gansakuTrebuli amocanaa kanonebis konstituciurobisa da maTi saerTaSoriso valdebulebebTan Sesabamisobis ganxilva, aseve konstituciiTa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli amocanebis Sesruleba. is ganixileba ara rogorc zemdgomi instancia, 52

romelic orientirebulia saerTo sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebaTa zogad gadasinjvaze, aramed, rogorc sasamarTlo, romlis uflebamosilebis sfero gansxvavdeba saerTo sasamarTloebis uflebamosilebis sferosagan. maTi rolebis specifikurobisa da procedurebTan dakavSirebuli aRniSnuli gansxvavebebis miuxedavad, orive sasamarTlos saerTo mizania im uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa garantireba, romlebic demokratiuli samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvelia37. Sesabamisad, TiToeul maTgans SeuZlia dadebiTi wvlili Seitanos politikuri krizisebis mowesrigebis saqmeSi. swored amitom, naSromSi gaanalizebuli iqneba rogorc sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, agreTve saerTo sasamarTloebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi. Tumca, faqtia, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tavisi funqciebiT ufro axlos dgas politikasTan da politikur procesebTan. Sesabamisad, naSromSi mTavari aqcenti swored sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebis ganxilvaze gakeTdeba. 3.1 sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi politikuri konfliqtebis gadawyvetis kuTxiT gansakuTrebulia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mniSvneloba. saqarTveloSi 1995 wlis konstituciiT dafuZnebuli sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sakonstitucio kontrolis specializebul organos warmoadgens, romlis mizania normatiuli aqtebis konstituciasTan Seusabamobis faqtebis aRmofxvra, xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris urTierTobebis daregulireba, adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacva
37 uzenaesi sasamarTlo da sakonsitucio sasamarTlo: rolis, uflebamosilebebisa da funqciebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol. i. sesiaSvili, m. menaRariSvili da sxv., Tb. 2001, gv.163

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da konstituciuri normebis aRsrulebisas warmoqmnili konfliqtebis gadawyveta. istoriulad sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis uflebamosileba Tavidan mxolod parlamentis mier miRebul kanonebze vrceldeboda da maTi konstituciurobis dadgenas emsaxureboda. Tumca, misi kompetencia TandaTan gafarTovda da dResdReobiT, saxelmwifoebSi moqmedi konstituciuri aqtebis analizidan irkveva, rom Tanamedrove sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcia sakiTxTa mravalferovan speqtrze vrceldeba38. aseTi farTo uflebamosileba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas aZlevs zegavlena moaxdinos qveynis politikur procesebze. SesaZloa darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavisi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebisas mudmivad aqvs Sexeba politikasTan da politikur procesebTan. amdenad, politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebis rolis ganxilvisas, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis analizs. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebi, upirveles yovlisa, gansazRvrulia saqarTvelos konstituciiT, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo kanoniT dadgenili wesiT: a) iRebs gadawyvetilebebs konstituciasTan, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, kanonis, prezidentis, mTavrobis, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxebze; (am CamonaTvals ganavrcobs, `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoni, romelic saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos damatebiT aniWebs uflebamosilebebs gadawyvi38 melqaZe o. dvali b., sasamarTlo xelisufleba sazRvargareTis qveynebSi, Tb. 2000, gv. 282

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tos saqarTvelos parlamentis normatiuli dadgenilebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, agreTve saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebebis miRebis/gamocemis, xelmoweris, gamoqveynebisa da amoqmedebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxebi); b) ixilavs davas saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Sesaxeb; g) ixilavs moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis konstituciurobis sakiTxebs; d) ixilavs referendumisa da arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebis da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli an Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebul davas; e) ixilavs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis konstituciurobis sakiTxs; v) piris sarCelis safuZvelze ixilavs normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobas saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebuli adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan da TavisuflebebTan mimarTebiT; v1) ixilavs davas aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanonis darRvevis Taobaze; v2) TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiTi organos _ sakrebulos sarCelis safuZvelze ixilavs normatiuli aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxs konstituciis meSvide1 TavTan mimarTebiT; v3) iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wardginebis safuZvelze ixilavs normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobas konstituciis 82-e, 84-e, 86-e, 861, 87-e da 90-e muxlebTan. konstitucia adgens ra sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaTa nusxas, imavdroulad gansazRvravs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ,,axorcielebs saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da organuli kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva uflebamosilebebs (89-e muxlis pirveli nawilis ,,z 55

qvepunqti). aRniSnuli debulebis safuZvelze, ,,saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoni sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kidev oTx uflebamosilebas aniWebs. kerZod, konstituciurad ganmtkicebuli uflebamosilebebis garda, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos da gadawyvitos: 1) saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxi; 2) saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevris, saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomarisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebis mier saqarTvelos konstituciis darRvevis sakiTxi; 3) saqarTvelos konstituciasTan, `aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos konstituciur kanonTan, konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan da SeTanxmebebTan da saqarTvelos kanonebTan aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi; 4) saerTo sasamarTlos wardginebis safuZvelze im kanonis an sxva normatiuli aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, romelic gadawyvetilebis misaRebad unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlom konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas. saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis miniWebuli zemoCamoTvlili uflebamosilebebis analizis safuZvelze SesaZloa gamoiyos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis oTxi ZiriTadi jgufi: 1. uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofs konstituciis uzenaesobis dacvas; 2. uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofs adamianis konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebis dacvasa da 56

ganmtkicebas; 3. uflebamosilebani, romlebic dakavSirebulia xelisuflebis danawilebis principis uzrunvelyofasTan; 4. uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis mier konstituciis darRvevis faqtebis aRmofxvrasa da Tavidan acilebas da sxva konstituciuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas. imdenad, ramdenadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos yvela uflebamosileba mWidro kavSirSia saxelmwifos politikuri cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebTan, sasurvelia ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. 3.1.1 uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen konstituciis uzenaesobis dacvas konstituciiT dadgenil fuZemdeblur principTa Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania konstituciis uzenaesobis principi. aRniSnuli principi aRiarebulia konstituciis pirvelive TavSi, sadac vkiTxulobT: saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia. yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konstitucias. konstituciis uzenaesobis princips ganamtkicebs, aseve, normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, romelic adgens saqarTvelos samarTlebriv sistemaSi saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebis ierarqias da aRiarebs konstituciis uzenaesobas. saqarTvelos konstituciis uzenaesobis da imavdroulad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos bunebisa da daniSnulebis gamoxatulebaa aseve saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli fici, romelsac debs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos yvela wevri Tanamdebobis dakavebamde: RvTisa da eris winaSe vficav keTilsindisierad aRvasrulo saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris movaleoba da misi aRsrulebisas 57

davemorCilo mxolod saqarTvelos konstitucias, aravis da arafers sxvas, garda saqarTvelos konstituciisa. konstituciis aseT gansakuTrebulobas ganapirobebs misi xasiaTi. konstitucia ara mxolod sakanonmdeblo aqtia, aramed politikur Sinaarssac atarebs _ is gabatonebuli politikuri kursis da istebliSmentis (mmarTveli elitis) interesebis legalizaciis da legitimaciis saSualebacaa39. amasTan, konstituciuri procedurebi ZiriTadad aregulirebs iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: saxelisuflo organoTa urTierTdamokidebuleba, maTi iurisdiqcia, sazRvrebi, politikuri partiebis roli da sxv. aseTi saxis sakiTxebi, rogorc wesi, wminda iuridiul farglebs scildeba, politikur xasiaTsac atarebs da uSualo gavlenas axdens saxelmwifos politikur cxovrebaze. swored amitom, saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli marTlwesrigis dacvas da qveynis samarTlebriv sistemaSi moqmedi normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobas. normatiuli aqti konstituciuria, Tu igi Sinaarsobrivad Seesabameba qveynis uzenaes kanons, miRebulia uflebamosili subieqtis mier Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi, gamoqveynebulia da Sesulia ZalaSi Sesabamisi formisa da proceduris dacviT40. miuxedavad imisa, rom saxelmwifo organoebi mudmivad cdiloben TavianTi saqmianobiT ar xelyon konstituciis uzenaesobis principi, praqtika adasturebs, rom konstituciasTan Seusabamo samarTlebrvi aqtebis miReba arcTu iSviaTia. aseTma normebma ki SesaZloa warmoSvas sxvadasxva saxisa
39 kandelaki o., `konstitucionalizmis warmoSobis arsis da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, gv. 2, wyaro: http://www.parliament.ge/files/1055_16721_396846_Constitutionalism.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 40 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis angariSi, gv. 12 wyaro: http://www.article42.ge/cms/modules/publications/ docs/19/geo.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

da donis konfliqtebi, maT Soris politikuri konfliqtebi. cxadia, aravin gvikrZalavs aseT msjelobasac: aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba dae nu miaqcevs yuradRebas antikonstituciur kanons, mosamarTles ki SeuZlia ar gamoiyenos igi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba anarqia warmoiSvas, radgan aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas miecema SesaZlebloba nebismieri kanoni antikonstituciurad miiCnios. xolo, Tu mosamarTleebi ar gamoiyeneben kanons, samarTlebrivi usafrTxoeba kvlav eWvqveS dadgeba, radgan is, rac konstituciuria erT sasamarTloSi, meoreSi arakonstituciuri iqneba41. swored amitom, aucilebelia arsebobdes meqanizmi, romelic gamoasworebs aseT iuridiul koliziebs. aseT meqanizms, upirveles yovlisa, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmoadgens, romelsac gaaCnia uflebamosileba ganixilos da gadawyvitos normatiuli aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxi. amiT, erTi mxriv regulirdeba ukve warmoqmnili konfliqti, da meore mxriv, mcirdeba momavalSi aseTi davebis warmoqmnis safrTxe. vinaidan, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daakmayofilebs sarCels normatiuli aqtis an misi nawilis arakonstituciurad cnobis Taobaze, es gamoiwvevs arakonstituciurad cnobili normatiuli aqtis an misi nawilis Zaladakargulad cnobas sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis gamoqveynebis momentidan. es, rasakvirvelia, Tavidan agvacilebs SemdgomSi igive normis safuZvelze konfliqtebis warmoqmnas da xels Seuwyobs situaciis stabilizacias. swored amitom, ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT besarion zoiZis mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom ,,kanonmdebels sakonstitucio sasamarTloze ukeTesi TanaSemwe ara hyavs. marTalia, es sasamarTlo ar iRebs normebs, magram arakonstituciuri normebis gauqmebiT kanonmdebels exmareba swori sakanonmdeblo nebis Camoya41 adraS Saio, xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, Tb. 2003, gv. .276

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libebaSi. sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba ar aris marto kanonis kenWisyra da misi miReba, igi gacilebiT farTo procesia da monteskies sityvebi rom moviSvelioT, gulisxmobs kanonTa sulSi wvdomas. amis gareSe ver Camoyalibdeba iseTi sakanonmdeblo neba, romelic srulyofilad gaiTvaliswinebs kanonis sicocxlisunarianobisaTvis saWiro faqtorebs. kanonmdebeli Tavis Secdomebze izrdeba da am Secdomebze sakonstitucio sasamarTlo mianiSnebs, roca igi Seaxsenebs kanonmdebels, aseTi kanoni ki ar unda migeRo, aramed sxvagvario.42 cxadia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo nebismieri uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis dros swored konstituciis uzenaesobas icavs. Tumca, rodesac saubaria konstituciuri uzenaesobis dacvis uzrunvelyofasTan dakavSirebuli uflebamosilebebis jgufze, am SemTxveveaSi moiazreba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos is uflebamosilebani, romelTa safuZvelze sakonstitucio sasamarTlo axorcielebs abstraqtul normaTkontrols da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa konstituciurobis Semowmebas. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. abstraqtuli normaTkontroli. saqarTvelos knonmdebloba zustad gansazRvravs im normatiul aqtTa nusxas, romlebic SesaZloa daeqvemdebaros sakonstitucio kontrols. kerZod, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio kontrolis obieqti SesaZloa gaxdes: konstituciuri SeTanxmeba, kanoni, saqarTvelos parlamentis normatiuli dadgenilebebi, prezidentis, mTavrobis, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis xelisuflebaTa umaRlesi organoebis normatiuli aqtebi. rogorc vxedavT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos miniWebuli aqvs uflebamosileba sxva normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobasTan erTad ganixilos kanonebis kon42 zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tb. 2007, gv. 61

stituciurobis sakiTxi. es ukanaskneli mcire dazustebas saWiroebs. qarTuli samarTali erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs sami saxis kanons. esenia: a) konstituciuri kanoni, b) organuli kanoni, g) Cveulebrivi anu mimdinare kanoni. saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT ar aris dazustebuli, Tu romel maTganze SeiZleba konstituciuri kontrolis ganxorcieleba. cxadia, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos organuli da Cveulebrivi kanonis konstituciurobis sakiTxi, Tumca davas iwvevs is faqti, ramdenad Sedis mis kompetenciaSi konstituciuri kanonis konstituciurobis Sefaseba. avtorTa erTi nawili Tvlis, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi konstituciur kanonebze SesaZlebelia sakonstitucio kontrolis ganxorcieleba43, Tumca es mosazreba marTebulad ar unda CaiTvalos. amas adasturebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 dekembris #1/494 ganCineba44, sadac sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta Tavisi midgoma Semdeg sakiTxze _ warmoadgens Tu ara cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Semtani kanoni konstituciuri kontrolis damoukidebel obieqts. aRniSnul saqmeSi sasamarTlom daadgina: Tanamedrove konstituciuri marTlmsajuleba araerTgvarovania konstituciuri samarTalwarmoebis miznebisTvis cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Semtani kanonis Sefasebisas. zogierTi qveynis sasamarTlo amgvar kanons damoukidebeli Sinaarsis mqone normatiul aqtad ganixilavs. ... gansxvavebuli midgomis Tanaxmad, cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb kanoni materialuri SinaarsiT ar ganixileba damoukidebel normatiul aqtad da maT konstituciurobaze msjeloba xdeba ZiriTadi aqtis farglebSi.
43 kaxiani g., sakonstitucio kontroli saqarTveloSi, Tb. .2011, gv. 174 44 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 dekembris #1/494 ganCineba saqmeze saqarTvelos moqalaqe vladimer vaxania saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg

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`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-20 muxlis me-4 punqtis mixedviT, cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb kanoni im normatiuli aqtis (ZiriTadi kanonis) ganuyofeli nawilia, romelSic mas Seaqvs cvlileba an damateba. swored amgvari SinaarsiT unda iqnes igi ganxiluli konstituciis miznebisaTvis. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo miiCnevs, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Taobaze kanoni, formaluri TvalsazrisiT, warmoadgens ZiriTadi aqtis (romelSic cvlilebis Setana xdeba) TanabarmniSvnelovan aqts, vinaidan misi miReba xdeba im kanonis miRebisaTvis dadgenili proceduris Sesabamisad, romelSic mas cvlileba (an damateba) Seaqvs .... Tumca gansxvavebuli samarTlebrivi realoba iqmneba aseTi kanonis materialuri bunebis Sefasebisas. cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb kanonSi mocemuli regulirebebi samarTlebriv sivrceSi cvlilebebs iwvevs kanonis ZalaSi Sesvlis momentidan, ra droidanac igi ganixileba ZiriTadi kanonis Semadgenel nawilad. amdenad, SeuZlebelia cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb kanonSi mocemuli regulirebebis Sinaarsis damoukideblad, ZiriTad kanonSi arsebuli normebisagan izolirebulad ganxilva. masSi mocemuli regulirebebi ganxilul unda iqnes mxolod ZiriTad kanonSi integrirebulad, sistemurad da sxva normebTan konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sinaarsobrivi msjelobis sagani SeiZleba iyos ara cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Sesaxeb kanonis esa Tu is norma, aramed ZiriTadi (kodificirebuli) kanonis im normis moqmedi redaqcia, romelic Camoyalibda ganxorcielebuli cvlilebis Sedegad. amdenad, naTelia, rom konstituciuri kanoni ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes konstituciuri kontrolis damoukidebel obieqts, vinaidan konstituciuri kanoniT cvlileba Sedis saqarTvelos konstituciaSi. Sesabamisad, misi ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg konstituciuri kanoni warmoadgens 62

konstituciis ganuyofel nawils, romelic sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kontrolis obieqts ar warmoadgens. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom abstraqtuli normaTkontrolis farglebSi sasamarTlos SeuZlia imsjelos mxolod moqmedi normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobaze. magram, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs gamonakliss am zogadi wesidan. kerZod, ,,saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-19 muxlis ,,z qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos da gadawyvitos saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxi. am SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio kontrolis obieqtia parlamentis dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, rac Tavisi bunebiT individualur samarTlebriv aqts warmoadgens45. Tumca es aris erTaderTi gamonaklisi zogadi wesidan. yvela sxva SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo msjelobs mxolod normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobaze. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa konstituciurobis Semowmeba. `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba warmoadgens saqarTvelos normatiul aqts, Tumca misi konstituciurobis sakiTxis ganxilva sakonstitucio sasamarTlos calke uflebamosilebis saxiT aqvs mikuTvnebuli. amis mizezi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi da mniSvnelobaa. aRniSnuli sakiTxi Tavisi iuridiuli da politikuri mniSvnelobis gamo SedarebiT vrcel ganxilvas saWiroebs. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebas, romelic Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTlis mTavari wyaroa.
45 http://www.lrkt.lt/conference/Pranesimai/Questionnaire.GEO.DOC ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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igi umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs saxelmwifoTa cxovrebaSi, maT Soris maT politikur cxovrebaSi. swored aseTi gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis gamo saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb kanonis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba aRiarebulia saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis ganuyofel nawilad da eqvemdebareba keTilsindisierad Sesrulebas. amas garda, saqarTvelos konstitucia, iseve rogorc saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, ganamtkicebs saerTaSoriso samarTlis primats Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT da adgens, rom saqarTvelos xelSekrulebas, Tu igi ar ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur kanonsa da konstituciur SeTanxmebas, aqvs upiratesi iuridiuli Zala Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi normatiuli aqtebis mimarT. swored es erTi SexedviT umtkivneulo norma mniSvnelovan safrTxeebs Seicavs. kerZod, konstituciis uzenaesobis principsa da zemoxsenebul debulebaze dayrdnobiT SesaZloa iTqvas, rom baTilia saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba, Tu igi ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, konstituciur kanons, an konstituciur SeTanxmebas. aRniSnuli daskvnis gakeTebis saSualebas iZleva agreTve saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-19, 23-e da 38-e muxlebi. maTi analizi cxadyofs, rom kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul subieqtebs ufleba aqvT sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Seitanon konstituciuri sarCeli moqmedi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa Tu SeTanxmebebis an maTi calkeuli debulebebis konstituciurobis Taobaze. aseT SemTxvevaSi sarCelis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevs arakonstituciurad cnobili saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa Tu SeTanxmebis an maTi calkeuli nawilebis saqarTvelosTvis baTilad cnobas. es gadawyvetileba warmoqmnis mniSvnelovan iuridiul winaaRmdegobas, vinaidan saqarTvelos parlamentis mier 64

1995 wels ratificirebuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb venis 1969 wlis saerTaSoriso konvenciis 27-e muxlis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia daeyrdnos Tavisi Sida samarTlis debulebebs xelSekrulebis Seusruleblobis gasamarTleblad. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia uari Tqvas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis Sesrulebaze im motiviT, rom es ukanaskneli ewinaaRmdegeba mis erovnul kanonmdeblobas46. Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis arakonstituciurad cnoba avtomaturad ar moaxdens zegavlenas saerTaSoriso doneze saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis moqmedebaze47. mas eqneba mxolod Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi efeqti. msgavsi faqtebi ki qveynisaTvis Zalze saxifaToa, vinaidan warmoiqmneba situacia, rodesac saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba gauqmebulia Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze, magram igi kvlavindeburad savaldebuloa saxelmwifosaTvis saerTaSoriso doneze. Sesabamisad, misi Seusrulebloba gamoiwvevs qveynis saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis darRvevas. saxelmwifos mxridan nebismieri saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi valdebulebis darRveva ki, miuxedavad am valdebulebis safuZvlisa an xasiaTisa, warmoSobs saerTaSoriso pasuxismgeblobas48. cxadia, rom saxelmwifos saerTaSoriso saxelSekrulebo valdebulebas Seesabameba xelSekrulebis monawile sxva saxelmwifos/saxelmwifoTa ufleba. Sesabamisad, am valdebulebis darRveva xelyofs maT uflebebs, rac am saxelmwifos/saxelmwifoebs SesaZleblobas miscems aRZran
46 kaxiani g. sadisertacio naSromi, sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti da misi funqcionirebis problemebi saqarTveloSi: kanonmdeblobis da praqtikis analizi, Tbilisi .2008, gv.132 47 korkelia k., saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi Tb. 1998, gv..235 48 abazaZe T. saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso pasuxismgebloba saerTaSoriso samarTlis imperatiuli normis (jus cogens) darRvevisaTvis, gv.143

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valdebulebis damrRvevi saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. meore mxriv, Tu uflebadarRveuli mxare (mxareebi) ar gamoiyenebs kanoniT misTvis miniWebul am uflebas, saxelmwifo, romelmac daarRvia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebiT nakisri valdebuleba, SesaZloa dausjeli darCes. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba sruli pasuxismgeblobiT iTqvas, rom am SemTxvevaSic ki saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis darRvevis faqti udides zians ayenebs saxelmwifos, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis subieqts. saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa uxeSi darRveva uaryofiTad aisaxeba mis reputaciaze, saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso imijis formirebas ki Tanamedrove pirobebSi udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs. saerTaSoriso asparezze saTanado adgilis dasakaveblad aucilebelia, rom saxelmwifo iyos ara ubralod saerTaSoriso samarTlis cnobadi subieqti, aramed aseve saxelmwifo-brendi. ra aris saxelmwifo-brendi? marketingSi termini `brendi ganimarteba Semdegnairad _ momxmareblis gonebaSi produqtis aRqma49. saxelmwifo-brendi ki gulisxmobs Cvens gonebriv aRqmas, rac aerTianebs Cvens codnas, molodins da damokidebulebas konkretuli saxelmwifos mimarT. saxelmwifo-brendis Seqmnis mizans warmoadgens iseTi damokidebulebis Seqmna samizne jgufSi, rodesac SesaZlebeli xdeba saxelmwifos Sesaxeb codna gardaiqmnas saxelmwifos mimarT ndobad. ufro zustad, warmatebuli brendingis Sedegad saxelmwifo trade-mark unda gaxdes saxelmwifo trust-mark. es mentaluri aRqma asrulebs umniSvnelovanes fsiqologiur funqcias _ is amarcxebs gaurkvevlobis grZnobas da qmnis e.w. komfortis zonas im pirebSi (pirTa jgufebSi), romlebmac unda miiRon gadawyvetileba am saxelmwifosTan urTierTobis dawyebisa
49 makaraZe d., satelevizio dizaini: praqt. saxelmZRvanelo profesionalebisaTvis, Tb. fondi interniusi, 2001

da gaRrmavebis Sesaxeb50 myarad Camoyalibebuli brendi exmareba saxelmwifos hqondes warmatebuli ekonomikuri, samxedro-politikuri kavSirebi, daamyaros partnioruli urTierTobebi sxva saxelmwifoebTan, iqces saerTaSoriso organizaciis sasurvel wevrad. brendis ararseboba ki saxelmwifos problemebs uqmnis ara mxolod saerTaSoriso arenaze moqmed sxva moTamaSeebTan urTierTobisas, aramed aseve mihyavs qveyana konkretul finansur da politikur krizisebamde. swored amitom, udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba saxelmwifobrendis Camoyalibebas, rac sakmaod rTuli procesia. saxelmwifo brends iseTi elementebis erToblioba qmnis, rogoricaa: saxelmwifos lideri, politikuri wyoba, ekonomikuri sistemis saxe da sxv., Tumca brendis umniSvnelovanes elementad saxelmwifos reputacia 51 gvevlineba . politikuri reputaciis formirebis umniSvnelovanes safuZvels ki saxelmwifos warsuli qmedebebi warmoadgens. warsulis faqtori erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania imdenad, ramdenadac, saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli nabijebis safuZvelze msjeloben sxva saxelmwifoebi da saerTaSoriso samarTlis sxva subieqtebi konkretuli saxelmwifos xasiaTze. swored saxelmwifos reputaciaze dayrdnobiT (Tumca, rasakvirvelia, mxedvelobaSi sxva faqtorebic miiReba) keTdeba saxelmwifos momavali qmedebebis prognozi da miiReba konkretuli gadawyvetileba saxelmwifosTan politikuri, ekonomikuri, kulturuli da sxva saxis urTierTobis damyareba/ardamyarebis Sesaxeb (ix. sqema #2). faqtia, Tu saxelmwifos ar aqvs sando partnioris reputacia da cnobilia, rom igi xSirad arRvevs Tavis valdebule50 http://www.statebrand.ru/upload/files/doc_1237580742.doc ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 51 http://www.statebrand.ru/upload/files/doc_1237580742.doc ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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bebs, potenciuri partniori CaTvlis, rom arsebobs Sansi es kvlav ganmeordes. aseT prognozs mivyavarT daskvnamde, rom am saxelmwifosTan partnioruli urTierToba ar aris mizanSewonili. sxvagvari iqneboda daskvna, Tu am saxelmwifos eqneboda sando partnioris reputacia. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT nakisri valdebulebebis darRvevas, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu saxelmwifos ar daekisreba konkretuli sanqciebi, seriozuli uaryofiTi Sedegebis motana SeuZlia. aseTma faqtebma SesaZloa saxelmwifo politikur da ekonomikur CixSi Seiyvanos. sqema # 2

swored amitom, aucilebelia saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba an SeTanxmeba ZalaSi Sesvlis momentSive srul SesabamisobaSi iyos saxelmwifos kanonmdeblobasTan, upirveles yovlisa ki, ZiriTad kanonTan.52 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos am miznis misaRwevad sakmaod mZlavri meqanizmi gaaCnia. es aris saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebze winaswari kontrolis ganxorcielebis SesaZlebloba, e.w. prevenciuli kontrolis ufleba, rac gulisxmobs, rom samarTlebrivi aqtis konstituciurobis Semowmeba xdeba mis ZalaSi Sesvlamde. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaswari
52 kaxiani g. sadisertacio naSromi, sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti da misi funqcionirebis problemebi saqarTveloSi: kanonmdeblobis da praqtikis analizi, Tbilisi .2008, gv.132

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(prevenciuli) kontrolis ufleba eniWeba mxolod saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis mimarT. aRniSnuli ganpirobebulia saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobiTa da misi TaviseburebebiT. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 38-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ratificirebamde dasaSvebia konstituciuri wardginebis Setana im saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis an maT calkeul debulebaTa konstituciurobis Taobaze, romlebic eqvemdebareba ratificirebas. Sedegad, Tu sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT daadasturebs saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa Tu SeTanxmebis arakonstituciurobas, Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoebs eqnebaT Semdegi alternativa: a) ar moaxdinon xelSekrulebis ratifikacia, b) cvlileba Seitanon konstituciaSi saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebasTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanis mizniT, g) gaakeTon daTqma saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis im nawilze, romelic sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT cnobil iqna arakonstituciurad, an d) ganaaxlon molaparakebebi xelSekrulebaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze. ra gzac ar unda airCion Sesabamisma organoebma, nebismier SemTxvevaSi Tavidan iqneba acilebuli arakonstituciuri saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ratificireba. miuxedavad aseTi mZlavri meqanizmisa, mainc arsebobs arakonstituciuri saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis dadebis riski, vinaidan, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ganixilavs ara yvela im xelSekrulebis konstituciurobis sakiTxs, romelic eqvemdebareba ratificirebas, aramed mxolod imaT, romelTa Sesaxeb uflebamosilma pirma (organom) Seitana konstituciuri wardgineba. swored amitom SeuZlebelia ar daveTanxmoT mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier saqarTvelosaTvis ZalaSi Sesuli saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis arakonstituciurobis dadgenis SemTxvevaSi, sasurvelia damkvidrdes praqtika, romlis Tanaxmad saqarT69

velos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daavalebs saqarTvelos im saxelmwifo organos, romelmac gamoxata Tanxmoba saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis savaldebulod aRiarebis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisi procedurebis ganxorcielebas saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis denonsirebis mizniT53. am gziT Tavidan iqneba acilebuli is winaaRmdegoba erovnul da saerTaSoriso samarTals Soris, romelzec zemoT sakmaod vrclad visaubreT. 3.1.2 uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen pirTa konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebis dacvasa da ganmtkicebas gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeqmniT konstituciiT garantirebul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs iuridiuli mniSvneloba mieca. swored amitom, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom, dResdReobiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aRWurva pirTa konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvis uflebamosilebiT, samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos formirebis aucilebel elements warmoadgens. SeuZlebelia visaubroT saxelmwifos samarTlebriv xasiaTze da masSi demokratiuli principebis pativiscemaze, Tu iq ar aris saTanadod daculi fizikur da iuridiul pirTa uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi. swored amitom, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis pirvelive muxliT aRiarebulia, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uzrunvelyofs adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas. am mizniT saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb sxva fizikur pirebs da saqarTvelos iuridiul pirebs miniWebuli aqvT normatiuli aqtis an misi calkeuli normebis konstituciurobis Taobaze konstituciuri sarCelis Setanis ufleba, Tu maT miaCniaT, rom
53 korkelia k., saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba saerTaSoriso da Sidasaxelmwifoebriv samarTalSi Tb. 1998, gv.236

am aqtiT darRveulia an SesaZlebelia uSualod dairRves saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebuli maTi uflebani da Tavisuflebani; amas garda, organuli kanoni saxalxo damcvelsac aZlevs uflebas Seitanos konstituciuri sarCeli normis an misi nawilis konstituciurobis Taobaze, Tu miaCnia, rom darRveulia saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT aRiarebuli adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kidev erTi metad mniSvnelovani uflebiT aRWuravs54. kerZod, Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa is kanoni an sxva normatiuli aqti, romelic unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlom am saqmis gadawyvetisas, mTlianad an nawilobriv miCneuli iqnes konstituciasTan Seusabamod, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoni mas aniWebs uflebas SeaCeros saqmis ganxilva da sakiTxis gadasawyvetad mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. profesori a. demetraSvili am uflebamosilebas `moqalaqeTa uflebebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi dacvis irib proceduras uwodebs.55 amdenad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo aRWurvilia yvela im uflebamosilebiT, rac SesaZleblobas iZleva fizikurma da iuridiulma pirebma daicvan TavianTi konstituciuri uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, rac, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos erT-erT umniSvnelovanes funqcias warmoadgens. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis 1996-2010 wlis statistikur monacemebze dayrdnobiT sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Semosuli sarCelebisa da wardginebebis saerTo raodenobis daaxloebiT 93% saqarTve54 kaxiani g. sakonstitucio kontroli saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi 2011, gv.205 55 konstituciuri samarTali, red. a. demetraSvili, Tb.2005, gv.461

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los konstituciis meore Tavis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxs exeba.56 3.1.3 uflebamosilebani, romlebic dakavSirebulia xelisuflebis danawilebis principis uzrunvelyofasTan xelisuflebis danawilebis sakiTxi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi araerTi moazrovnis msjelobis sagani gamxdara, Tumca dResdReobiT faqtiurad aRaravin davobs imaze, rom igi saxelmwifos marTvis efeqturad ganxorcielebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. xelisuflebis mkacri danawileba sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebad aris erTgvari garanti imisa, rom saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi ar xelyofen sazogadoebis interesebs. Tumca, sazogadoebis politikur-istoriuli praqtika adasturebs, rom xelisuflebis danawilebis principi Tavis TavSi konfliqtebis warmoqmnis safrTxeebsac Seicavs.57 saxelmwifo organoebi (Tanamdebobis pirebi) zogjer uneblieT, zogjer ki gaazrebulad iWrebian sxva organoebis kompetenciaSi da xels uSlian maT sakuTari miznebis ganxorcielebaSi, an Tundac, Tavis Tavze iReben im funqciebis Sesrulebas, romelic maT ara aqvT dakisrebuli. es iwvevs saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciuri xasiaTis davebis warmoqmnas. aseTi ram SesaZloa moxdes xelisuflebis danawilebis rogorc horizontalur, aseve vertikalur doneze. kompetenciuri davebis warmoqmnis maprovocirebeli garemoebebis zusti gansazRvra Znelia, Tumca SesaZloa gamoiyos Semdegi ZiriTadi obieqturi mizezebi: 1. demokratiuli
56 statistikuri monacemebi efuZneba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze arsebul informacias. wyaro: http://constcourt.ge/files/statistic.doc ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 57 iuridiuli konfliqtologia, v. n. kudriavcevis red., moskovi 1995 gv. 143 ( , . . .. , , 1995 . . 143)

principebis nakleboba (Tumca istoria iZleva magaliTebsac, rodesac kompetenciuri davebi warmoiSoba ganviTarebul demokratiul saxelmwifoebSic); 2. politikuri sistemis ganuviTarebloba; 3. kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili iurisdiqciuli sazRvrebis darRvevis cudi tradicia da sxv. kompetenciuri saxis kanondarRvevebis mizezebis Ziebisas xSirad imasac miuTiTeben, rom xelisuflebis danawilebis principis xelyofis mTavari mizezi adamianis bunebaSi unda veZeboT. jer kidev Zv.w. V-IV saukuneSi moRvawe demokrite kanonebis Camoyalibebis mizezad adamianTa Soris Camovardnil mtrobas Tvlida. misi azriT, kanonebi zedmeti iqneboda, adamianebi Surianebi da borotebi rom ar yofiliyvnen.58 mogvianebiT ki aSS-s konstituciis erT-erTi avtori jeims medisoni werda: mTavrobis mier kanonis darRvevis Tavidan acilebis mizniT kontrolisa da balansis sistemis Camoyalibebis aucilebloba SeiZleba CaiTvalos undoblobad adamianis bunebis mimarT. adamianebi rom angelozebi iyvnen, mTavroba saWiro ar iqneboda; angelozebi rom marTavdnen, arc gare da arc Sida kontrolis daweseba mTavrobaze ar gaxdeboda saWiro.59 Tumca, rasakvirvelia, kompetenciuri davebis warmoSobis mizezad mxolod demokratiuli principebis naklebobas an adamianis bunebasa da mis ambiciur miswrafebebs ver miviCnevT. magaliTisaTvis, kompetenciuri darRvevebi SesaZloa gamowveuli iyos iseTi obieqturi mizeziT, rogoricaa bundovani da koliziuri kanonmdebloba, romliTac ar aris dazustebuli da mkafiod gamijnuli saxelmwifo organoebis valdebulebebi da uflebamosilebani, damokidebuleba centraluri xelisuflebis organoebs Soris, federaciasa da mis subieqtebs Soris, federaciis subieqtebs Soris da sxv. Tumca miuxedavad imisa, Tu ra mizezebiT aris ganpirobebuli
58 metreveli v., daviTaSvili g., politikur da samarTlebriv moZRvrebaTa istoria, Tb 2002, gv. 30 59 originaluri gamocemis avtoria Srederi r., gadasinjulia 1989wels naTan glikis mier, narkvevebi amerikis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb, gv.40

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konkretuli kompetenciuri davis warmoSoba, faqtia, rom igi seriozul politikur safrTxeebs Seicavs da aucilebelia misi drouli lokalizeba. am mxriv sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mniSvnelovani funqcia akisria, vinaidan, saqarTvelos konstitucia da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb kanoni mas aniWebs uflebamosilebas ganixilos dava saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Taobaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom kompetenciuri davebis ganxilvis kuTxiT saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba kidev ufro gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac 2010 wlis oqtombris konstituciuri cvlilebebis Sedegad saqarTvelos konstitucias daemata meSvide1 Tavi, romliTac dadginda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis zogadi principebi. am faqtma gavlena iqonia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebis farglebzec da mas damatebiT mieniWa TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiTi organos _ sakrebulos sarCelis safuZvelze konstituciis meSvide1 TavTan mimarTebiT normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxis ganxilvis uflebamosileba. es faqti udaod misasalmebelia, vinaidan, rogorc veneciis komisiam saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis 2010 wlis 11 maisis plenarul sxdomaze aRniSna, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba Tanamedrove demokratiis mniSvnelovani nawilia.60 rasakvirvelia, kompetenciuri davebis ganxilvis uflebamosileba mniSvnelovania rogorc unitarul saxelmwifoSi centrsa da administraciul-teritoriul erTeuls Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis dasaregulireblad, aseve fede60 veneciis komisia, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis 2010 wlis 11 maisis plenarul sxdomaze miRebuli sabaziso konstituciur kanonproeqtze saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb momuSave eqspertTa jgufis winaswari komentarebi (2010 wlis 5 ivlisis mdgomareobiT) wyaro http://constcommis.gov.ge/uploads/files/veneciis%20 comisia.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

raciul saxelmwifoSi. Tumca faqtia, rom am ukanasknelSi kompetenciuri davebis warmoqmnis safrTxe mniSvnelovnad matulobs. es dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom unitaruli saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebiT, federalur saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs xelisuflebis rogorc horizontaluri, aseve vertikaluri danawileba. Sesabamisad, kompetenciuri davebi SesaZloa warmoiSvas rogorc horizontalur (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebaTa organoebs Soris), aseve vertikalur (federalur xelisuflebasa da federaciis subieqtis xelisuflebas Soris) doneze. albaT, swored es aris mizezi imisa, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, marTalia, aniWebs kompetenciuri davebis ganxilvis uflebamosilebas, rac centrsa da aWaris avtonomiur respublikas Soris kompetenciuri davebis ganxilvasac iTvaliswinebs, Tumca damatebiT calkec adgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebs, romlebic uSualod centrsa da aWaris avtonomiur respublikas Soris sxvadasxva saxis sakiTxebis gadaWrasTanaa dakavSirebuli.61 kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos Semdegi ori sakiTxi: 1) saqarTvelos konstituciasTan, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos konstituciur kanonTan, konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan da SeTanxmebebTan da saqarTvelos kanonebTan aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi. 2) dava aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanonis darRvevis Taobaze. aRniSnuli konstituciuri kanoniT daregulirebulia sakiTxTa sakmaod farTo speqtri (aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis samarTlebrivi statusi, xelisuflebis ganxorcie61 kaxiani g. konstituciuri kontroli saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi 2011, gv.234

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lebis ZiriTadi formebi da principebi, uflebamosilebebi da maTi ganxorcielebis wesi da sxv.), rac iZleva safuZvels vivaraudoT, rom am konstituciuri kanonis darRveviT SesaZloa mravali saxis dava warmoSvas. Tumca, gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis 23-e muxlis me-8 punqtis Tanaxmad aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb konstituciuri kanonis darRvevis Taobaze sarCelis dakmayofileba iwvevs sadavo aqtis an misi nawilis Zaladakargulad cnobas, naTeli xdeba, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis v1 qvepunqtis safuZvelze, sakonstitucio kontrolis obieqti SesaZloa gaxdes mxolod samarTlebrivi aqti an misi nawili. e.i. mosarCeles ar SeuZlia idavos qmedebis kanonierebaze, mas ufleba aqvs idavos mxolod im faqtze, rom misi azriT, konkretuli samarTlebrivi aqtiT an misi nawiliT irRveva `aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mimarT aseTi yuradReba gamarTlebulia imdenad, ramdenadac centralur xelisuflebasa da federaciis subieqtis xelisuflebas Soris dapirispirebis uaryofiTi Sedegebi saqarTvelom araerTxel ganicada. amis erTerTi naTeli magaliTia aWaridan centralur biujetSi gadmouricxavi Tanxebis gamo mravalwliani dapirispireba saqarTvelos centralur xelisuflebasa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebas Soris. wlebis manZilze baTumi sabiujeto federalizmis srul ignorirebas axdenda da centraluri xazinis kuTvnil Tanxebs aWaraSi tovebda. ganviTarebis gardamaval etapze myofi saxelmwifo sruliad moumzadebeli Sexvda msgavs gamowvevas. stabiluri normatiuli bazis uqonlobam gamoiwvia is, rom biujetTaSorisi urTierTobebis evolucia gamovida sakanonmdeblo regulirebis CarCoebidan da man mTlianad politikur sibrtyeze gadainacvla. imis magivrad, rom problema samarTlebrivi berketebis gamoyenebiT, sasamarTlosaTvis 76

mimarTvis gziT gadawyvetiliyo, konfliqti mimdinareobda stiqiurad, politikuri dapirispirebebis da kompromisebis fonze. am faqtma Seqmna safrTxe, rom arsebuli dapirispireba ukiduresad garTuldeboda da saqarTvelos aWaris saxiT kidev erTi seriozuli problema Seeqmneboda. es udidesi dartyma iqneboda qveynisaTvis, romelsac `cxeli wertilebi isedac mravlad hqonda da dResac aqvs. faqtia, dResdReobiT e.w. samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze saqrTvelos iurisdiqcia aRar vrceldeba da erTaderTi, rasac am etapze miznad isaxavs Cveni kanonmdebloba aris is, rom Seqmnas iseTi samarTlebrivi baza, rac SesaZleblobas mogvcems SevinarCunoT am teritorebis dabrunebis Sansi. am fonze aucilebelia, kompetenciuri davebis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gaaCndes ara formalurad, aramed aseve gatardes yvela saWiro RonisZieba imisaTvis, rom man am saxis davebis arsebobisas realurad Seasrulos konfliqtis maregulireblis funqcia da gaxdes saxelmwifos stabilurobis erTgvari garanti. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom garda im aqtiuri rolisa, rac SesaZloa sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Seasrulos kompetenciuri davebis ganxilvisa da gadawyvetis mizniT, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom mas aseve gaaCnia potenciuri arbitris roli, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom saxelmwifoSi moqmedma politikurma Zalebma yoveli konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros kargad ician, rom, Tu isini gascdebian konstituciiT dadgenil sazRvrebs, sakiTxi SesaZloa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ganxilvis obieqtad iqces. meore mxriv, cxadia, politikuri cxovrebis yvela subieqti xvdeba, rom nebismieri politikuri dava, maT Soris isic, romelmac sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi SeaRwia, rogorc wesi, Tavis TavSi moicavs farul interess (mag. konfliqtis erT-erTi mxaris survils, daamtkicos, rom mowinaaRmdege naklebad kompetenturia gansaxilvel sakiTxSi da sxv.) da xSirad iuridiulTan erTad politikuri mniSvnelobis matarebelicaa. Tavis mxriv, kom77

petenciuri davebi udavod politikuri davebis kategorias miekuTvneba, vinaidan, politikur konfliqtebad ZiriTadad swored iseT davebs miiCneven, romlebic Seexeba politikuri partiebis rols, saxelmwifo organoTa iurisdiqciis sazRvrebs, maTi Zalauflebis farglebs da sxv.62 isic faqtia, rom mosarCelis mier saqmis mogeba iqneba seriozuli politikuri berketi mis xelSi, rac gauadvilebs mas wagebul mxaresTan politikur dapirispirebas. swored amitom, didi Sansia Tavad faqtma _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gamoyenebis SesaZleblobam _ Seakavos politikuri subieqtebi iseTi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisagan, an iseTi qmedebebis ganxorcielebisagan, romelic scildeba konstituciiT maTTvis miniWebuli uflebamosilebis farglebs.63 3.1.4 uflebamosilebani, romlebic uzrunvelyofen saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis qmedebebis konstituciurobis dadgenas da sxva konstituciuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxebis gadawyvetas rogorc gamoikveTa, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ZiriTadad ganixilavs saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxs, Tumca misi uflebamosileba mxolod normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis SefasebiT ar Semoifargleba. saqarTvelos konstitucia da `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoni mas aniWebs saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis qmedebebis konstituciurobisa da konstituciuri mniSvnelobis sxva sakiTxebis gadawyvetis uflebamosilebasac. am niSniT SesaZlebelia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebidan gamovyoT oTxi maTgani, kerZod: 1) saqarTvelos prezidentisa da zogierTi sxva Tanamdebobis piris mier saqarTvelos konstituciis darRvevis
62 iuridiuli konfliqtologia, v. n. kudriavcevis red., moskovi 1995 gv. 55 ( , . . .. , , 1995 . . 55) 63 iqve

sakiTxis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba; 2) saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxis konstituciurobis dadgenis uflebamosileba; 3) moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis konstituciurobis dadgenis uflebamosileba; 4) referendumisa an arCevnebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb davis ganxilvis uflebamosileba. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. saqarTvelos prezidentisa da zogierTi sxva Tanamdebobis piris mier saqarTvelos konstituciis darRvevis sakiTxis gadawyvetis uflebamosileba. saqarTvelos konstitucia, sxva qveynebis konstituciebis msgavsad, iTvaliswinebs prezidentisa da zogierTi sxva Tanamdebobis piris mier maTze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis darRvevisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis iseT formas, rogoricaa impiCmenti. impiCmenti aris umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis pasuxismgeblobis realizaciis gansakuTrebuli procedura, romlis Sedegadac xdeba Tanamdebobis piris gadayeneba.64 am proceduraSi sasamarTlo organoebis roli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebulia. saxelmwifoTa erT jgufSi braldebis wayenebis uflebamosileba aqvs parlaments, xolo saboloo gadawyvetilebas iRebs erT-erTi umaRlesi sasamarTlo (germaniaSi, italiasa da bulgareTSi _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlo; portugaliaSi, fineTsa da rumineTSi _ uzenaesi sasamarTlo; safrangeTSi _ marTlmsajulebis umaRlesi palata da a.S.).65 saxelmwifoTa meore jgufSi ki sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoebi mxolod daskvnebs iZlevian impiCmentis procedurasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. saqarTvelo saxelmwifoTa meore jgufs miekuTvneba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, impiCmenti aris konstituciis darRvevis, an danaSaulis CadenisaTvis
64 uridia s. da sxv., moxelis samagido leqsikoni, Tb. .2004 65 iqve

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saqarTvelos prezidentis, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, mTavrobis wevrebis, kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomarisa da erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis wesi. impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan piris gadayenebis sakiTxis aRZvris ufleba aqvs parlaments. ufro zustad, sakiTxi aRZrulad CaiTvleba, Tu Tanamdebobis piris gadayenebis sakiTxis aRZvris werilobiT moTxovnas xels moawers parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb erTi mesamedi. werilobiT moTxovnaSi Camoyalibebuli unda iyos konkretuli braldebebis saxe, braldebis Sinaarsi, agreTve Sesabamisi argumentebi da arsebuli masalebi. Semdeg etapze sakiTxi daskvnisaTvis gadaecema uzenaes sasamarTlos an sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, ris Semdegac sasamarTlo ganixilavs dasmul sakiTxs da saqarTvelos parlaments daskvnas warudgens sakiTxis daskvnisaTvis miRebidan 30 dRis vadaSi. Tu saqarTvelos uzenaesma sasamarTlom Tavisi daskvniT daadastura Tanamdebobis piris qmedebaSi danaSaulis niSnebis arseboba, an sakonstitucio sasamarTlom _ konstituciis darRveva, maSin impiCmentis procedura Semdegnairad gagrZeldeba: Tu sakiTxi aRZruli iyo impiCmentis wesiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, mTavrobis wevrebis, kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomarisa da erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebis gadayenebis moTxovniT, daskvnis miRebis Semdeg parlamenti uflebamosili iqneba Tanamdebobidan gadaayenos aRniSnuli Tanamdebobis pirebi. impiCmentis wesiT saqarTvelos prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis procedura SedarebiT garTulebulia. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedi redaqciis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos dadebiTi daskvnis miRebis Semdeg parlamentma Tavdapirvelad sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT unda miiRos gadawyvetileba impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan prezidentis gadayenebis sakiTxis kenWisyraze gatanis Sesaxeb da sabolood, Tu kenWisyraze daisva sakiTxi, prezidenti 80

impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan gadayenebulad CaiTvleba, Tu am gadawyvetilebas mxars dauWers parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mesamedi. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom 2010 wlis oqtombris cvlilebebis Sedegad, erTi mxriv gamartivda saqarTvelos prezidentis impiCmentis procedura (ix. sqema #3) da meore mxriv, gaizarda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli saqarTvelos prezidentisa da konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli sxva Tanamdebobis pirebis impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis procesSi. sqema # 3

kerZod, rogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedi redaqciisa da `impiCmentis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Tanaxmad, Tu impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobis piris gadayenebis sakiTxis aRZvris moTxovnis safuZvelia Tanamdebobis piris mier saxelmwifos Ralatis an sisxlis samarTlis sxva danaSaulis Cadena, sakiTxi daskvnisaTvis gadaecema saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTlos, xolo Tu impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan piris gadayenebis 81

sakiTxis aRZvris safuZvelia Tanamdebobis piris mier konstituciis darRveva, sakiTxi daskvnisaTvis gadaecema sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. 2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan aseTi diferenciacia aRar imoqmedebs da imis miuxedavad, Tu ra iqneba impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobis piris gadayenebis sakiTxis aRZvris safuZveli, sakiTxi daskvnisaTvis gadaecema mxolod sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. amdenad, msoflios mravali saxelmwifos msgavsad, saqarTveloSic impiCmentis proceduris erT-erTi monawile subieqti, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloa. mas, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, Tanamdebobis piris Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miReba ar SeuZlia. mis kompetenciaSi Sedis mxolod saqarTvelos prezidentisa da kanoniT dadgenili sxva Tanamdebobis pirebis qmedebis konstituciurobaze (2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan ki Tanamdebobis piris qmedebaSi danaSaulis niSnebis arsebobis Taobazec) daskvnis miReba. miuxedavad amisa, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos roli impiCmentis proceduraSi mainc mniSvnelovania, vinaidan, Tu sasamarTlom Tavisi daskvniT ar daadastura Tanamdebobis piris qmedebaSi danaSaulis niSnebis arseboba an konstituciis darRveva, maSin am Tanamdebobis piris mimarT wydeba impiCmentis procedura. da bolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom impiCmentis proceduris, gansakuTrebiT ki qveynis meTauris impiCmentis proceduris didi politikuri mniSvneloba eWvs ar iwvevs. realoba adasturebs, rom xSirad korufciuli midrekilebebisa da sakuTari interesebis dakmayofilebisaken ltolvas saxelmwifo da zogjer mTeli saerTaSoriso sazogadoebac ki umwvaves politikur krizisebamde mihyavs. ufro metic, tiranebma da despotebma imdeni ubedureba moutanes kacobriobas, rom 82

zogierTi mkvlevari, saerTo jamSi, xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebas ufro sazianod miiCnevs, vidre susti xelisuflebiT gamowveul anarqiasa da qaoss.66 amdenad, aucilebelia arsebobdes meqanizmi, romelic saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebs ar miscems xelisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas. am mxriv impiCmentis proceduras gansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia, Tumca, mis mniSvnelobas amcirebs is faqti, rom misi realizeba samarTlebrivi Tu politikuri mizezebis gamo metad rTulia. amis dasturia is, rom evropaSi prezidentis impiCmentis (Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis) mxolod erTi SemTxvevaa dafiqsirebuli. kerZod, 2004 wlis 6 aprils konstituciis uxeSi darRvevisaTvis Tanamdebobidan iqna gadayenebuli litvis prezidenti.67 miuxedavad amisa, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aRWurvas aRniSnuli uflebamosilebiT didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Tundac imitom, rom qveynis meTaurs iseve, rogorc sxva Tanamdebobis pirebs, mudmivad eqnebaT mxedvelobaSi, rom maT mier konstituciis darRveva, Tu sxva saxis danaSaulis Cadena SesaZloa efeqturad gamoiyenon politikurma metoqeebma da maT winaaRmdeg daiwyon impiCmentis procedura. aseTi saSiSroebis arsebobam SesaZloa aiZulos saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebi daicvan konstitucia da samarTliT ganmtkicebuli marTlwesrigi. saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxis konstituciurobis dadgenis uflebamosileba. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis z qvepunqti saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aniWebs saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb parlamentis dadgenilebis konstituciurobis Semowmebis uflebas. rogorc ukve
66 kandelaki o. :konstitucionalizmis warmoSobis arsis da ganviTarebis Sesaxeb, gv.12 wyaro: http://www.parliament.ge/files/1055_16721_396846_Constitutionalism.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 67 kaxiani g., `sakonstitucio kontroli saqarTveloSi, Tb. 2011, gv. 259

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aRvniSneT, es aris erTaderTi SemTxveva, rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ufleba aqvs ganixilos individualursamarTlebrivi aqtis konstituciuroba. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo zemoxsenebuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisas axdens konstituciuri uzenaesobis dacvis funqciis realizacias. Tumca, imdenad ramdenadac xSir SemTxvevaSi, parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnoba/arcnoba, aseve vadamde Sewyveta/arSewyveta mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli iseT sakiTxebTan, rogoricaa: saqarTvelos moqalaqis mier saxelisuflo uflebamosilebis aralegitimurad miTvisebis Tavidan acileba, parlamentis wevris mier nakisri valdebulebebis Sesrulebis kontroli, warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTvelobis uzrunvelyofa da sxv, sasurvelia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis z qvepunqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosilebis ganxilva sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaTa mocemul jgufSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxi. am normis Sinaarsidan Cans, rom sasamarTlos gansjadi SesaZloa gaxdes, erTi mxriv, dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis/arcnobis Sesaxeb da meore mxriv, dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis/ arSewyvetis Sesaxeb. parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnoba mis parlamentis wevrad aRiarebas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli sakiTxi pirdapir kavSirSia amomrCevelTa nebis realizaciasTan. saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis Tanaxmad, parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis sakiTxs wyvets parlamenti. aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetencias ar ganekuTvneba. saqarTvelos 84

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos mxolod parlamentis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebaTa konstituciurobis sakiTxi. Tavis mxriv parlaments aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT SeuZlia miiRos: a) dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis Sesaxeb, an b) dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis arcnobis Sesaxeb. orive maTgani SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakonstitucio sarCelis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevs im dadgenilebis (an misi nawilis) Zaladakargulad cnobas, romliTac parlamentma cno parlamentis wevris uflebamosileba. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, konstituciuri sarCelis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamisi dadgenilebis Zaladakargulad cnobas da moqalaqis, rogorc parlamentis wevris, uflebamosilebis cnobas. parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyveta niSnavs parlamentis wevrisaTvis uflebamosilebis CamorTmevas da yvela im uflebisa da privilegiis gauqmebas, rac parlamentis wevris statuss ukavSirdeba. saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba zustad gansazRvravs im SemTxvevebs, rodesac parlamentis wevrs SesaZloa vadamde Seuwydes uflebamosileba. saqarTvelos konstituciisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis Tanaxmad, parlamentis wevrs uflebamosileba Seuwydeba, Tu a) uflebamosileba moexsna piradi gancxadebiT; b) mis mimarT kanonier ZalaSi Sevida sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni; g) sasamarTlom cno qmeduunarod, ugzo-ukvlod dakargulad an gardacvlilad; d) daikava parlamentis wevris statusTan SeuTavsebeli Tanamdeboba; e) dakarga saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba; v) arasapatio mizeziT 4 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ar monawileobda parlamentis muSaobaSi; z) gardaicvala. Tu saxezea CamoTvlili garemoebebi, maSin saqarTvelos parlamenti reglamentiT dadgenili proceduris dacviT kenWs uyris parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxs. unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamen85

tis me-7 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, Tu dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ar iqna miRebuli, maSin kenWisyris gareSe formdeba dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb. unda vivaraudoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi reglamentis teqstSi daSvebulia teqstobrivi uzustoba da kanonmdebels surda ganesazRvra, rom Tu parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb ar iqna miRebuli, maSin kenWisyris gareSe formdeba dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde arSewyvetis Sesaxeb. aRniSnul pozicias amyarebs is faqtic, rom amave muxlis Tanaxmad, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ar iqna miRebuli dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis Sesaxeb, maSin kenWisyris gareSe formdeba dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis arcnobis Sesaxeb. cxadia, Tu parlamentma ar dauWira mxari parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobas, es avtomaturad niSnavs, rom man mxari dauWira gadawyvetilebas parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis arcnobis Sesaxeb. analogiurad, Tu parlamentma mxari ar dauWira parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxs, es niSnavs, rom man mxari dauWira parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde arSewyvetas. Sesabamisad, am SemTxvevaSi unda gamoices dadgenileba ara parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, aramed dadgenileba parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde arSewyvetis Sesaxeb. Tavis mxriv, parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis rogorc vadamde Sewyvetis, aseve vadamde arSewyvetis Sesaxeb dadgenileba, warmoadgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kontrolis obieqts, razec metyvelebs `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoni, romlis 23-e muxlis me-6 punqtis a da g qvepunqtebis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier sarCelis dakmayofileba iwvevs Sesabamisi dadgenilebis Zaladakargulad cnobas da parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis aRdgenas, Tu 86

parlamentma mas vadamde Seuwyvita uflebamosileba; xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gasaCivrebuli iyo dadgenileba parlamentis wevrisaTvis uflebamosilebis arSewyvetis Sesaxeb, sarCelis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevs Sesabamisi dadgenilebis Zaladakargulad cnobas da parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetas. moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis konstituciurobis dadgenis uflebamosileba. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianeba _ partia, aris saerTo msoflmxedvelobriv da organizaciul safuZvelze Seqmnili moqalaqeTa nebayoflobiTi damoukidebeli gaerTianeba, romelic Tavisufali demokratiuli sazogadoebis aucilebeli konstituciursamarTlebrivi nawilia. nebismieri qveynis demokratiuli ganviTareba da partiaTa sistemis mSeneblobis problemebi mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan. cnobili frangi mecnieri seileri Tavis wignSi _ `politikur partiaTa SedarebisaTvis _ aRniSnavs: demokratiuli arseboba partiebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. demokratiis kvdomisas politikuri asparezidan umalve qrebian partiebic da Tu romelime qveyanaSi kvlav ibadeba demokratia, Cven mravalpartiuli sistemis ayvavebis mowmeni vxdebiT.68 politikuri partia warmomadgenlobiTi demokratiis aucilebeli elementia. moqalaqeTa politikuri nebis formireba da misi Tavisufali gamoxatva ZiriTadad swored partiebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba.69 politikur partiaTa aseTi gansakuTrebuli rolis gamo, sxva sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebisagan gansxvavebiT, romelTa akrZalvis sakiTxsac saerTo sasamarTloebi ixilaven,
68 cagareli d., saqarTvelos politikuri partiebi da partiaTa sistema demokratiuli transformaciis periodSi, samecniero sazogadoebrivi Jurnali Tanamedrove politika. wyaro http://politscience.ge/index10.html ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 69 kublaSvili k. ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcemloba jisiai, Tb. 2003, gv.314

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`moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad partiis akrZalva SeiZleba mxolod saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT. saqarTvelos konstituciis 89-e muxlis g qvepunqtisa da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis me-19 muxlis g qvepunqtis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia ganixilos moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis konstituciurobis sakiTxi. aRniSnuli normiT dadgenilia sakonstitucio kontrolis ori damoukidebeli obieqti. kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobis sagani SesaZloa gaxdes: a) moqalaqeTa politikuri partiis Seqmnis da b) moqalaqeTa politikuri partiis saqmianobis konstituciurobis sakiTxi. politikuri partiis Seqmna. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs ufleba aqvT organuli kanonis Sesabamisad Seqmnan politikuri partia, an sxva politikuri gaerTianeba. politikuri partiis Seqmnis wesi ganisazRvreba moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT. politikur partiaTa registracias axorcielebs saqarTvelos iusticiis saministros samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofis, registraciisa da notariatis departamenti, romelsac partiis damfuZnebeli yrilobis Catarebidan erTi kviris vadaSi waredgineba kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli saregistracio dokumentebi, ris Semdegac saqarTvelos iusticiis saministro amowmebs wardgenili dokumentebis siswores da maTi wardgenidan erTi Tvis vadaSi iRebs erT-erT Semdeg gadawyvetilebas: a) registrirebul iqnes; b) uari eTqvas registraciaze. unda daveTanxmoT mosazrebas imis Taobaze, rom registraciaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi partias eniWeba ufleba gaasaCivros uari saerTo sasamarTloebisaTvis mimarTvis 88

gziT. konstituciuri sarCelis Setana ki SesaZlebelia mxolod iusticiis saministros mier politikuri partiis daregistrirebis SemTxvevaSi. amaze miuTiTebs saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanonis 23-e muxlis me-3 punqtis Sinaarsi, romlis Tanaxmadac, konstituciuri sarCelis dakmayofileba iwvevs politikuri gaerTianebis registraciis aqtis gauqmebas.70 Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi ganmcxadebels SeuZlia idavos mxolod im faqtze, rom politikuri partiis daregistrirebiT dairRva konstituciis moTxovnebi. kerZod, saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia iseTi politikuri gaerTianebebis Seqmna, romlis mizania saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxoba an ZaladobiT Secvla, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa da teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, an, romelic eweva omis an Zaladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul, kuTxur, religiur an socialur SuRls. xazi unda gaesvas im faqts, rom politikuri gaerTianebis registraciaze uaris TqmisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli politikur gaerTianebas ukve ganxorcielebuli hqondes CamoTvlili kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebi (qmedeba) an damdgari iyos raime mavne Sedegi. politikuri gaerTianebisaTvis registraciaze uaris TqmisaTvis sakmarisia aseTi miznis arsebobis faqti. moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos iusticiis saministroSi politikuri gaerTianebis registraciisaTvis warsadgen dokumentebs Soris erT-erTia wesdeba, romelSic sxva monacemebTan erTad unda aRiniSnos partiis saqmianobis miznebi (amocanebi) da maTi ganxorcielebis formebi. amdenad, politikuri gaerTianebis registraciis etapze SesaZlebelia swored sazogadoebis wesdebaSi miTiTebuli miznis arakonstituciuroba gaxdes politikuri partiis registraciaze uaris Tqmis sa70 kaxiani g., `sakonstitucio kontroli saqarTveloSi, Tb. 2011, gv. 267-268

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fuZveli. cxadia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba, gaauqmos politikuri gaerTianebis registraciis aqti, saxelmwifoSi krizisuli situaciebis warmoqmnis Tavidan acilebis metad mniSvnelovan berkets warmoadgens, vinaidan is SesaZleblobas iZleva safuZvelSive aRmoifxvras politikuri, samxedro Tu sxva saxis konfliqtebis gaRvivebis safrTxeebi. politikuri partiis saqmianoba. yvelaze mZime da radikalur Carevas saerTod sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis, konkretulad ki politikuri partiis Seqmnisa da mis saqmianobaSi monawileobis ZiriTad uflebaSi warmoadgens maTi akrZalva.71 swored amitom, konstituciiT mkafiod da amomwuravad aris gansazRvruli, Tu ra SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba politikuri partiis saqmianobis akrZalva. saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia mxolod iseTi politikuri gaerTianebis saqmianoba, romlis mizania saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis damxoba an ZaladobiT Secvla, qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa da teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, an, romelic eweva omis an Zaladobis propagandas, aRvivebs erovnul, kuTxur, religiur an socialur SuRls. aseve dauSvebelia sazogadoebriv da politikur gaerTianebaTa mier SeiaraRebuli formirebis Seqmna. unda aRiniSnos isic, rom am SemTxvevaSic politikuri partiis saqmianobis akrZalvisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli dadges mZime Sedegi. politikuri partiis saqmianobis akrZalvisaTvis sakmarisia is faqti, rom igi axorcielebs konstituciiT akrZalul saqmianobas. aseTi midgoma sakiTxisadmi ganpirobebulia imiT, rom politikuri partiis mxridan zemoCamoTvlili arakonstituciuri qmedebebis ganxorcielebam SesaZloa saxelmwifo urTules mdgomareobamde miiyvanos. amitom, marTalia poli71 kublaSvili k. ZiriTadi uflebebi, gamomcemloba jisiai, Tb. 2003, gv.316

tikuri partiebis Seqmnisa da saqmianobis Tavisuflebis principi damokratiuli saxelmwifos aucilebeli elementia, magram es ar niSnavs, rom es Tavisufleba usazRvro unda iyos. faqtia, rom im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac politikuri partia eweva iseT saqmianobas, riTac seriozuli safrTxe eqmneba saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis sasicocxlo interesebs, aucilebelia arsebobdes organo, romelic uflebamosili iqneba miiRos gadawyvetileba politikuri partiis akrZalvis Sesaxeb. saqarTveloSi aseT organos, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, warmoadgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelsac SeuZlia Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis miRebis gziT saxelmwifo daicvas iseTi mosalodneli safrTxeebisagan, rogoricaa: qveynis damoukideblobis xelyofa, teritoriuli mTlianobis darRveva, omi da a.S. an, ufro metic, gaaneitralos qveyanaSi ukve Seqmnili krizisuli mdgomareoba. arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis dadgenis uflebamosileba. ukve araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom Tavisi funqciuri datvirTvidan gamomdinare, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Zalian xSirad, nebiT Tu uneblieT, xvdeba politikur ganzomilebaSi. imis gamo, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mTavari mizania qveyanaSi xelisuflebis danawilebis principis qmediTobis miRweva da xelisuflebis StoTa Soris balansis damyareba, misi Sexeba politikasTan gardauvalia. Tumca, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos politikasTan Sexebis albaToba gacilebiT izrdeba, rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iRebs pasuxismgeblobas qveyanaSi legitimuri da konstituciuri gziT arCeuli xelisuflebis arsebobaze. amis uzrunvelyofas igi axerxebs specialuri kompetenciis farglebSi, romelsac ewodeba dava arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis Taobaze.72
72 cvlilebebi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kanonmdeblobaSi da kanonis uzenaesobis axali perspeqtivebi, 2002 wlis 9-11 maisis konferenciis masalebi. http://www.irisprojects.umd.edu/georgia/Publications/Georgian/confminutes_const_court_ amend.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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is faqti, rom arCevnebTan da referendumTan dakavSirebuli davebis ganxilvis uflebamosileba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos cal-calke kompetenciis saxiT ara aqvs mikuTvnebuli, savaraudod gamomdinareobs am ori institutis msgavsebidan. kerZod, im adamianTa wre, romelTac ufleba aqvT monawileoba miiRon referendumsa da arCevnebSi, erTnairia. arCevnebisa da referendumis organizaciuli mxarec praqtikulad ar gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan, xolo miRebuli Sedegebi orive SemTxvevaSi savaldebuloa. garda amisa, referendums, iseve rogorc arCevnebs, didi politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs. misi meSveobiT wydeba umniSvnelovanesi saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxebi. Sesabamisad, cxadia, rom referendumi, rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris gamoxatvis forma da principulad mniSvnelovani politikuri gadawyvetilebebis miRebis wesi, gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis demokratiuli institutia.73 gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis institutia aseve arCevnebi. es ganpirobebulia sxvadasxva garemoebiT. kerZod: demokratiuli arCevnebis dros xelisuflebis Secvlis procesi mimdinareobs mSvidobianad da umtkivneulod. misi mTavari arsi swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom winasaarCevnod saarCevno maraTonis monawileebs saSualeba eZlevaT demokratiuli saSualebebiT, Zaladobis an saxelmwifo gadatrialebis gareSe moipovon sazogadoebis mxardaWera da saxelisuflo uflebamosileba. amdenad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arCevnebi _ politikuri sistemis demokratiuli ganaxlebis teqnologias warmoadgens,74 romlis Sedegadac ibadeba xelisufleba, realizdeba samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsi da yalibdeba politikuri elita. misi saSualebiT moqalaqeebs eZlevaT SesaZlebloba zegavlena moaxdinon mimdinare poli73 referendumi _ pirdapiri demokratiis ZiriTadi instituti, saqarTvelos parlamentis aparatis analitikuri ganyofileba. wyaro: http://www.parliament.ge/files/1005_15713_163549_referendum.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 74 macaberiZe m., arCevnebi da sazogadoeba, Tb. 2003, gv. 149

tikur procesebze da saxelisuflo uflebamosilebiT aRWurvon maTTvis sasurveli kandidati. arCevnebis mTavari arsi swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom misi meSveobiT xelisuflebis organoebi Rebuloben legitimacias e.i. saxalxo mxardaWeras da aRiarebas. legitimacia ki, Tavis mxriv, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis stabilurobisa da ganviTarebis aucilebel elements warmoadgens, vinaidan, legitimuroba politikuri mdgradobis umTavres pirobad iTvleba. swored isaa moqmedi politikuri reJimis arsebobisa da simtkicis wyaro. roca legitimuroba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, maSin an represiebi iwyeba, anda gauTvaliswinebeli politikuri cvlilebebi,75 maT Soris revoluciebi, saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi da sxv. es rom ar moxdes, aucilebelia arCevnebis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi normebi srulad Seesabamebodes demokratiul principebs, saarCevno procesi mimdinareobdes kanonmdeblobisa da demokratiuli principebis ganuxreli dacviT da arsebobdes damoukidebeli organo, romelic miukerZoeblad, sakanonmdeblo normebze dayrdnobiT gadawyvets arCevnebTan Tu referendumTan dakavSirebiT warmoSobil nebismier problemas da davas. aseTi organos arsebobas udidesi mniSvneloba aqvs saxelmwifoSi mosalodneli Tu warmoqmnili politikuri krizisebis daregilirebisaTvis. amis naTeli magaliTia aSS-is umaRlesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba saqmeze j. buSi al. goris winaaRmdeg. 2000 wels aSS-Si Catarda erT-erTi yvelaze xmauriani saprezidento arCevnebi. demokrati al. gori da respublikelTa kandidati j. buSi Tanabari distanciiT miuaxlovdnen gamarjvebis niSnuls. maT xmebis TiTqmis Tanabari odenoba miiRes. gamarjvebulis gamosavlenad floridis StatSi xmebis xelaxali daTvla gaxda saWiro. amis paralelurad, sasamarTloSi arCevnebis Sedegebis gasaCivrebebis mTeli seria dai75 heivudi e., politika, mesame gamocema, Tb. 2008, gv. .296

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wyo. yovelive aman sazogadoebis didi mRelvareba gamoiwvia. j. buSisa da al. goris paeqroba saerToerovnul gamocdad iqca. CNN COM-is saitze erT-erTi avtoris SeSfoTebuli komentaric ki gamoCnda: nuTu amerika or naciad gaiyo? aSS, iseve rogorc mTeli msoflio, seriozuli safrTxis winaSe aRmoCnda, vinaidan aSS-s prezidentis arCevnebi, iseve rogorc am qveyanaSi mimdinare politikuri procesebi, gavlenas axdens ara mxolod amerikeli eris cxovrebaze, aramed, aseve, mTels saerTaSoriso sazogadoebaze. dRes xom aSS msoflio saxelmwifoebis eWvmiutaneli lideria, erebisa da qveynebis bedis ganmsazRvrelia, imisda miuxedavad, moswons amgvari viTareba vinmes, Tu ara.76 Sesabamisad, es iyo SemTxveva, rodesac qveyanaSi Seqmnil politikur daZabulobas SesaZloa gavlena moexdina mTels civilizebul msoflioze da, upirveles yovlisa, rasakvirvelia, aSS-s cxovrebaze. amerikis umaRlesma sasamarTlom naTlad dainaxa qveyanaSi seriozuli politikuri krizisis gaRvivebis safrTxe da srulad gamoiyena Tavisi SesaZleblobebi da Zalaufleba imisaTvis, rom Caecxro politikuri daZabuloba da gadaerCina eri.77 Tavisi drouli gadawyvetilebiT man gamoavlina qveynis axali prezdenti jorj buSi da miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrisaTvis es gadawyvetileba dRemde sakamaToa, faqtia, sasamarTlos avtoriteti sakmarisi aRmoCnda imisaTvis, rom al. gors Rirseulad eRiarebina sakuTari damarcxeba. sxvaTa Soris, is iyo pirveli saxelisuflo piri, romelmac jorj buSs arCevnebSi gamarjveba miuloca. mogvianebiT ki Tavis sityvaSi aRniSna: amerikis umaRlesma sasamarTlom Tavisi sityva ukve Tqva da, modiT, nu SevitanT eWvs mis sisworeSi. me ar veTanxmebi am gadawyvetilebas, magram viReb mas da vaRiareb rom is sabolooa. Cven varT erTi eri, gvaqvs erTi istoria da erTi bedi. Cven, demokratebic da respublikelebic, Cveni Sexedulebebis erTgulni varT da ar vityviT uars maTze.
76 arCevnebi aSS-Si da saqarTvelo, gazeTi meridiani, 8 noemberi, 2000 77 Jack M. Balkin Bush v. Gore and the Boundary Between Law and Politics Essay, Pg 128

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magram es amerikaa da qveynis interesebi yovelTvis partiul interesebze mniSvnelovania. amerikuli demokratiis Zala swored im momentSi warmoCindeba, rodesac Cven vumklavdebiT siZneleebs da dRes Cven mxarSi davudgebiT Cvens axal prezidents. zemoT moyvanili magaliTi adasturebs, rom, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebas, ganixilos referendumisa da arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebis da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli an Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebuli dava, saxelmwifos stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. albaT, swored gansaxilveli sakiTxebis aseTi mniSvnelobis gamo, arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis Taobaze davasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs detalurad aregulirebs saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa aranakleb erT mexuTeds, saqarTvelos prezidents da saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels eniWeba ufleba sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Seitanos konstituciuri sarCeli rogorc Catarebuli, aseve Casatarebeli arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli/Casatarebeli arCevnebis an referendumis konstituciurobis Taobaze. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, konstituciuri sarCelis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevs arakonstituciurad cnobili normatiuli aqtis an misi nawilis Zaladakargulad cnobas, daniSnuli arCevnebis (referendumis) gauqmebas, an arCevnebis (referendumis) daniSvnis valdebulebis dakisrebas. xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, Catarebuli arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobis Sesaxeb konstituciuri sarCelis dakmayofileba gamoiwvevs Catarebuli arCevnebis an referendumis momwesrigebeli da arakonstituciurad 95

cnobili normatiuli aqtis an misi nawilis Zaladakargulad cnobas, an Catarebuli arCevnebis an referendumis Sedegebis mTlianad an nawilobriv baTilad cnobas. am debulebebze dayrdnobiT SesaZloa Tamamad iTqvas, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva warmoadgens xelisuflebis ukanonod miTvisebis Tavidan acilebis efeqtur da, rac mTavaria, yvelaze mSvidobian meqanizms. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb organuli kanoniT detalurad aris aseve daregulirebuli rogorc Catarebuli, aseve Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobis Taobaze sarCelis Setanisa da ganxilvis vadebi. Catarebuli referendumis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli referendumis konstituciurobis Taobaze sarCeli sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi Seitaneba saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisiis mier referendumis Sedegebis gamoqveynebidan 7 dRis vadaSi, xolo sarCeli Catarebuli arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli arCevnebis konstituciurobis Taobaze Setanili unda iqnes arCevnebis Sedegebis gamoqveynebidan 3 dRis vadaSi. organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, xsenebuli sarCelebis ganxilvis vada (garda saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebis konstituciurobis Taobaze Setanili sarCelisa) ar unda aRematebodes 30 dRes. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi sarCelis ganxilvis vadas ara umetes 30 dRiT agrZelebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare. xolo saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb konstituciuri sarCelis ganxilvis vada ar unda aRematebodes 12 dRes sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanidan. am SemTxvevaSi kanoni vadis gagrZelebis SesaZleblobas ar iTvaliswinebs. sarCeliT mimarTvisa da misi ganxilvis vadebis aseTi detaluri gasazRvris mizezi sarCelis politikur xasiaTSi 96

unda veZeboT. ufro zustad, problema mdgomareobs SemdegSi: araerTxel aRvniSneT, rom nebismieri demokratiuli saxelmwifos erTerTi mTavari mizania is, rom mosaxleoba maqsimalurad daculi iyos aralegitimuri xelisuflebisagan da xelisufalTa ukanono qmedebebisagan. amisaTvis aucilebelia gairkves, aris Tu ara referendumis Sedegebi, an, esa Tu is xelisufali Tu warmomadgenlobiTi organo legitimuri. konkretul subieqtebs swored am mizniT mieniWaT arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis Taobaze sarCelis Setanis ufleba. Tumca, meore mxriv, aucilebeli iyo erTgvari meqanizmis SemoReba, rac iqneboda garanti imisa, rom Catarebuli arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobaze mudmivi da dausrulebeli msjelobiT safrTxe ar Seeqmneboda saxelmwifos stabilurobas. es metad mniSvnelovani momentia. rasakvirvelia, sazogadoeba daculi unda iyos aralegitimuri xelisuflebisagan, magram meore mxriv, saxelmwifos normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis ar aris sasurveli arCevnebisa da referendumis konstituciurobis sakiTxis dasmis ufleba subieqts gaaCndes nebismier dros. swored amitom, saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba kerZo da sajaro interesebis proporciulobis safuZvelze, erTi mxriv, iZleva saSualebas gasaCivrdes Catarebuli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciuroba, Tumca, meore mxriv, awesebs konkretul vadebs sarCelis wardgenisa da misi ganxilvisaTvis. 3.1.5 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikis mokle mimoxilva miuxedavad im didi potencialisa, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gaaCnia da im dadebiTi rolisa, risi Sesrulebac SeuZlia sxvadasxva saxis konfliqtebis, maT Soris politikuri konfliqtebis dasaregulireblad, faqtia, rom misi SesaZleblobebis realizeba srulad ar xdeba. amaze metyvelebs saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialur vebgverdze ganTavsebuli statistikuri monacemebi, romelSic 97

asaxulia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier 1996-2010 wlebSi ganxorcielebuli saqmianobis maCveneblebi. am maCveneblebis Tanaxmad, saqarTveloSi sul ganxilulia 508 sarCeli da konstituciuri wardgineba, romelTa didi nawili konstituciis meore TaviT garantirebuli uflebebis dacviskenaa mimarTuli. rac Seexeba sxva saxis davebs, maTi maCvenebeli metad mcirea (ix. sqema #4). amas, rasakvirvelia, Tavisi obieqturi safuZvlebi gaaCnia. aseTi maCveneblebi aris saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis sarCeliT mimarTvis uflebis mqone subieqtTa pasiurobis Sedegi. amis mizezi ki SesaZloa iyos: sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi ndobis dabali maCvenebeli, davebis sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis gziT mogvarebis kulturis ararseboba da sxv. nebismier SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia saTanado yuradReba mieqces sakonstitucio sasamarTlos rolisa da mniSvnelobis wamowevas, raTa man SeZlos efeqturad Seasrulos masze dakisrebuli funqciebi. es mniSvnelovnad waadgeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis ganviTarebasa da SenarCunebas, vinaidan, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebaTa Tundac mocemuli mcire analizi cxadyofs, rom im didi potencialis srulad gamoyenebas, rac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gaaCnia, mniSvnelovani sargeblis motana SeuZlia. SeuZlebelia ar aRiniSnos kidev erTi metad saintereso garemoeba. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis statistikuri analizis safuZvelze cxadi xdeba, rom 2007-2011 wlebSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi sarCeliTa da wardginebiT mimarTvis maCvenebeli mkveTrad daeca. (ix. sqema #5). gamomdinare iqidan, rom 2007 wels saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom Seicvala adgilmdebareoba, albaT mizanSewonilia daisvas sakiTxi Semdegnairad: xom ar iqonia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos baTumSi gadatanam uaryofiTi gavlena mis qmediTunarianobaze? 98

sqema # 4
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciis farglebSi ganxiluli konstituciuri sarCelebi/wardginebebi 1996 2010 w.w.
me-19 muxli

parlamentis wevrebi 4 4 9

saxalxo damcveli

saerTo sasamarTlo

fizikuri piri

iuridiuli piri

pirveli punqtis `a~ qvepunqti 1 pirveli punqtis `b~ qvepunqti 2 pirveli punqtis `g~ qvepunqti 3 pirveli punqtis `d~ qvepunqti 4 pirveli punqtis `e~ qvepunqti 5 pirveli punqtis `v~ qvepunqti 6 pirveli punqtis `z~ qvepunqti 7 pirveli punqtis `T~ qvepunqti 8 pirveli punqtis `i~ qvepunqti 9 pirveli punqtis `k~ qvepunqti 10 meore punqti 11

1 28

1 386 61

8 1

16

1. saqarTvelos konstituciasTan konstituciuri SeTanxmebis, saqarTvelos kanonebis, saqarTvelos parlamentis normatiuli dadgenilebebis, saqarTvelos prezidentis, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis, agreTve saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebebis miRebis/ gamocemis, xelmoweris, gamoqveynebisa da amoqmedebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi; 2. dava saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Taobaze; 3. moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis konstituciurobis sakiTxi; 4. dava referendumis an arCevnebis konstituciurobis Sesaxeb; 5. saqarTvelos konstituciis meore Tavis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi; 6. saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa an SeTanxmebaTa konstituciurobis sakiTxi; 7. saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxi; 8. saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevris, saqarTvelos generaluri prokuroris, saqarTvelos kontrolis palatis Tavmjdomarisa da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebis mier saqarTvelos konstituciis darRvevis sakiTxi; 9. dava `aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanonis darRvevis Taobaze ; 10. saqarTvelos konstituciasTan, `aWaris a/r statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos konstituciur kanonTan, konstituciur SeTanxmebasTan, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan da SeTanxmebebTan da saqarTvelos kanonebTan aWaris a/r umaRlesi sabWos normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi; 11. Tu saerTo sasamarTloSi konkretuli saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo daaskvnis, rom arsebobs sakmarisi safuZveli, raTa is kanoni an sxva normatiuli aqti, romelic unda gamoiyenos sasamarTlom am saqmis gadawyvetisas, mTlianad an nawilobriv miCneuli iqnes konstituciis Seusabamod, igi SeaCerebs saqmis ganxilvas da mimarTavs sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. saqmis ganxilva ganaxldeba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier am sakiTxis gadawyvetis Semdeg.

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sqema #5 (wyaro : saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos oficialuri veb-gverdi www.constcourt.ge)

xom ar iqca es faqti damatebiT dabrkolebad, magaliTisaTvis, myofi parlamentis wevrisaTvis, mimarTos sasamarTlos? cxadia, seriozuli kvlevis gareSe am kiTxvaze zusti pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia, vinaidan aseTi cvlileba SesaZloa bevri sxva garemoebiTac iyos ganpirobebuli. magaliTad, SeiZleba amis mizezi iyos saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo organos efeqturi muSaoba da arakonstituciuri normatiuli aqtebis raodenobis Semcireba, stabiluri politikuri garemo, sasamarTlosadmi ndobis maCveneblis kleba da sxv. Tumca, mainc metad sayuradReboa, rom aseTi cvlileba droSi zustad daemTxva sakonstitucio sasamarTlos adgilmdebareo100

bis Secvlas, amitom aucilebelia kompetenturi saxelmwifo organos an damoukidebeli organizaciis mier am mimarTulebiT Catardes Rrma da safuZvliani kvleva raTa miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze daisaxos momavali moqmedebis gegma. ar SeiZleba gverdi avuaroT sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis problemasac. faqtia, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaTa nawili aRusrulebeli rCeba an arajerovnad sruldeba, nawilis aRsruleba ki gaurkveveli vadiT Wianurdeba. amis mTavari mizezi aris is, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis moqmedi normebi sakmaod bundovania da ar Seicavs zust miTiTebebs imasTan dakavSirebiT, Tu vis ekisreba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba da pasuxismgeblobis ra zomebi unda iqnes gamoyenebuli im organos/Tanamdebobis piris mimarT, romelic daarRvevs gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis valdebulebas. aRsrulebaze pasuxismgebeli organoebis sakiTxi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebuladaa regulirebuli. avstriis konstituciis Tanaxmad, garkveuli saxis davebs aRasruleben Cveulebrivi sasamarTloebi, xolo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sxva gadawyvetilebaTa aRsruleba ekisreba federalur prezidents. aRsruleba xorcieldeba misi miTiTebiT uflebamosili pirebis mier da misi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad. xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom es sakiTxebi avstriaSi mowesrigebulia konstituciis doneze.78 federaluri sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb germaniis kanonis 35-e muxlis Tanaxmad ki: Tavis gadawyvetilebebSi federalurma sasamarTlom SeiZleba ganacxados, Tu vis mier unda moxdes aRsruleba konkretul SemTxvevebSi; mas aseve SeuZlia daakonkretos aRsrulebis meTodi. germaniis
78 Sanava a., zogierTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobisa da gadawyvetilebis savaldebuloobis Sesaxeb, eleqtronuli Jurnali konstitucionalizmis dilemebi wyaro: http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:z83BRf9AP_oJ:www.constcentre.gov.ge/index.php%3Fid%3D13371 53727+&cd=1&hl=ka&ct=clnk&gl=ge ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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modelze dayrdnobiT, sasurvelia saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos daevalos yvela gadawyvetilebis sarezolucio nawilSi miuTiTos, Tu romeli organoa pasuxismgebeli aRsrulebaze, xolo saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobam detalurad daareguliros aRsrulebaze pasuxismgebeli organos mier Tavisi valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgeblobis zomebi da misi dakisrebis meqanizmebi. aranakleb yuradsaRebia faqtebi, rodesac sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba xdeba mxolod nawilobriv. magaliTis saxiT SesaZloa vimsjeloT saqmeze saxalxo damcveli da qeTevan baxtaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg. mosarCele q. baxtaZe iyo mosamarTle, romelic Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla mosamarTleTa sadisciplino sabWom. kanonis Tanaxmad, sabWos gadawyvetileba iyo saboloo da ar eqvemdebareboda gasaCivrebas. q. baxtaZem mimarTa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos konstituciuri sarCeliT vinaidan CaTvala, rom sadavo aqtiT ezRudeboda sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba. sarCeli ZiriTad nawilSi dakmayofilda. parlaments daevala Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba saTanadod ar aRsrulda. marTalia, kanonSi Setanili cvlilebis safuZvelze mosamarTles ufleba mieca gaesaCivrebina sadisciplino sabWos gadawyvetileba, magram mxolod kasaciis wesiT, ramac gamoricxa saqmis arsebiTi ganxilva. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTliani sasamarTlos uflebis realizeba kvlav SeuZlebeli gaxda.79 aseTi faqtebi, iseve rogorc gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis gaWianureba da gadawyvetilebis aRusrulebloba, mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs ara mxolod sasamarTlos imijs, aramed tvirTavs mas zedmeti saqmeebiT. amas adasturebs is faqtic, rom imis gamo, rom parlamentma saTanadod ar aRasrula ze79 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sesaxeb Catarebuli kvlevis angariSi, wyaro: http://www.article42.ge/index.php?lang=geo&action=pu blications&cat_id=4 ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011)

moxsenebuli gadawyvetileba, arakonstituciuri kanonis moqmedebiT sxva mosamarTleebic dazaraldnen da saqme kvlav sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gansaxilveli gaxda. amdenad aucilebelia konkretuli sanqciebi gatardes aramxolod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac saqme gvaqvs gadawyvetilebis aRusruleblobasTan an aRsrulebis gaWianurebasTan, aramed maSinac, rodesac sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba arajerovnad Sesrulda. 3.2 saerTo sasamarTloebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi saerTo sasamarTloebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis ganxilvamde, zogadad SevexoT im sakiTxs, Tu sad ikveTeba saerTo sasamarTloebisa da politikis gzebi. politikasTan damokidebulebis niSniT saerTo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciis sferoSi Semavali sarCelebi SeiZleba or ZiriTad jgufad davyoT. pirvel jgufSi erTiandeba sarCelebi, romlebic Tavisi Sinaarsidan gamomdinare politikuri xasiaTisaa. mag., iseTi kanonsawinaaRmdego qmedebebi, rogoricaa: saqarTvelos sagareo uSiSroebis xelyofa, ucxoeTis sadazvervo samsaxurSi Sesvla, saxelmwifo saidumloebis gacema, saerTaSoriso dacviT mosargeble pirze an dawesebulebaze Tavdasxma, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis uflebis ukanono xelyofa, sityvis Tavisuflebis ukanono xelyofa da sxv., rogorc wesi, miznad isaxavs iseTi Sedegebis miRwevas an iwvevs iseT politikur Sedegebs, rogoricaa, saxelmwifos politikur koniunqturaSi dapirispirebis gaRviveba da politikuri duRilis temperaturis mateba, diplomatiuri skandali, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis interesebis xelyofa, xelisuflebis borotad miTviseba, saxelmwifo gadatrialeba da sxv. Sesabamisad, am tipis danaSaulebi mudmiv SexebaSi arian politikur procesebTan. 103

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meore jgufSi SesaZloa gaerTiandes marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebebi, romlebic Tavisi SinaarsiT sruliad apolitikuria, magram konkretuli garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT SesaZloa politikuri elferi SeiZinos. magaliTad, iseTi qmedebebi, rogoricaa xulignoba, sxeulis msubuqi dazianeba, pativisa da Rirsebis Selaxva da sxv., umetes SemTxvevaSi aranair kavSirSi ar aris politikasTan, Tumca, Tu masSi monawile pirebi politikuri elitis warmomadgenlebi, an politikurad aqtiuri pirebi arian, am faqtebs SesaZloa politikuri mniSvneloba mieces. Sesabamisad, sasamarTlos mier aseTi saqmeebis ganxilvis procesi da miRebuli gadawyvetileba politikosebsa da sazogadoebis gansjis sagani sakmaod xSirad xdeba da aisaxeba saxelmwifoSi mimdinare politikur prosecebze. ukanaskneli periodis erT-erTi yvelaze naTeli magaliTia Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos administraciul saqmeTa kolegiis 2011 wlis 27 dekembris gadawyvetileba, romliTac ar dakmayofilda mosarCele b. ivaniSvilis sarCeli saqarTvelos prezidentis 2011 wlis 11 oqtombris #602 brZanebulebis baTilad cnobis moTxovnaze, da Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba Tbilisis saqalaqo sasamarTlos zemoxsenebuli gadawyvetilebis ucvlelad datovebis Sesaxeb80. moqalaqeoba da masTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis didi nawili, umetes SemTxvevaSi, apolitikuri xasiaTisaa da, rogorc wesi, sazogadoebis yuradRebis miRma rCeba. Tumca, rodesac sakiTxi Seexo opoziciuri partiis saxes, sakiTxma myisierad udidesi politikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina da didi aJiotaJi gamoiwvia, rogorc politikur wreebSi, aseve sazogadoebaSic. yovelive zemoTqmuli saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom saerTo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebuli saqmeebis erTi nawili politikurad yovelTvis mniSvnelova80 Tbilisis saapelacio sasamarTlos oficialuri veb-gverdi http://www. tbappeal.court.ge/index.php?lan=geo&cat=1&sub=0&rec=1558 ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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nia, Tumca meore nawilmac konkretul garemoebebSi SesaZloa politikuri elferi SeiZinos. amitom, saerTo sasamarTloebis iurisdiqciaSi Semavali politikurad mniSvnelovani saqmeebis saxeebis mravalferovnebisa da mravalricxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sarCelis TiToeul saxes da maT politikur mniSvnelobas detalurad ver ganvixilavT ise, rogorc es SesaZlebeli gaxda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciis ganxilvis dros, romlis iurisdiqciac sarCelebis zustad gansazRvrul viwro wreze vrceldeba. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia zogadi daskvnebis gakeTeba. saerTo sasamarTloebs SesaZlebloba aqvT konkretul danaSaulSi eWvmitanili pirebis dasjis da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebisagan maTi izolaciis gziT, erTi mxriv, daareguliron is konkretuli konfliqti, romlis gamoc sasamarTloSi mimdinareobda saqmis warmoeba, da, meore mxriv, xeli SeuSalon momavalSi imave piris mier axali politikuri danaSaulis Cadenas da saxelmwifoSi axali politikuri krizisebis warmoqmnas. Tumca, rodesac saqme exeba politikurad mniSvnelovan sarCelebs, aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc vTqviT, sasamarTlos mier konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis gziT SesaZloa daregulirdes konfliqti, Tumca aseve dasaSvebia, rom Tavad es gadawyvetileba gaxdes axali konfliqtis warmoqmnis mizezi. xSirad, sasamarTlos mier e.w. arapopularuli gadawyvetilebebis miReba iwvevs sazogadoebis ukmayofilebas, rac SeiZleba kargad gamoiyenon saxelmwifoSi moqmedma politikurma Zalebma da xeli Seuwyon politikuri konfliqtebis gaRvivebas. amis Tavidan acilebis erTaderTi myari berketi aris sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi ndobis maRali maCvenebeli. rodesac sazogadoeba endoba sasamarTlos da eWvi ar epareba mis miukerZoeblobaSi, damoukideblobasa da kvalificiurobaSi, mcirdeba politikuri krizisebis warmoqmnis riski, maSinac ki, rodesac sasamarTlo iRebs sazogadoebis erTi nawilisaTvis naklebad misaReb gadawyvetilebas. esaa sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mi105

marT sazogadoebrivi ndobis erTerTi mTavari daniSnuleba. swored amitom, kidev erTxel unda gavusvaT xazi imas, rac naSromSi araerTxel aRvniSneT _ imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlos saqmianobam politikuri krizisebis regulirebis kuTxiT mogvces sasurveli Sedegi, aucilebelia sasamarTlo xelisufleba iyos efeqturi da, rac mTavaria, sargeblobdes maRali sazogadoebrivi ndobiT.

Tavi IV. sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebis winapirobebi

faqtia, sasamarTlos umniSvnelovanesi roli ekisreba politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi. Tumca, rogorc araerTxel aRiniSna, imisaTvis, rom aRniSnuli funqcia warmatebiT Seasrulos, igi garkveuli TvisebebiT unda xasiaTdebodes. kerZod, aucilebelia sasamarTlo dakompleqtebuli iyos profesionali kadrebiT, iyos damoukidebeli da miukerZoebeli. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, unda arsebobdes Zlieri da efeqturi sasamarTlo xelisufleba. amasTan, mosaxleobas unda hqondes ndoba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT, rac mesame mxaris monawileobiT konfliqtis warmatebiT mogvarebis aucilebel winapirobas warmoadgens. swored aRniSnul sakiTxebs daeTmoba naSromis meoTxe Tavi, sadac sasamarTlos warmatebuli funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebeli winapirobebis ganxilva-gaanalizebasTan erTad pasuxi gaecema mTavar SekiTxvas _ rogor movipovoT ndoba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT. sanam uSualod sasamarTlo xelisuflebisadmi ndobis sakiTxis ganxilvaze gadavidodeT, ganvsazRvroT ndobis arsi da misi mniSvneloba. ndobis fenomeni sxvadasxva dargis (sociologia, ekonomika, politologia, fsiqologia da sxv.) mecnierebebis Seswavlis sagani araerTxel gamxdara. amis mizezi aris is, rom ndoba/undobloba, rogorc fsiqologiuri fenomeni gvxvdeba cxovrebis yvela sferoSi81 da Sesabamisad, gavlenas axdens ara mxolod adamianis pirad fsiqologiur ganwyobaze, aramed aseve iseT sferoebzec, rogoricaa: saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, politika da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi.82
81 dedulina m. a., papCenko e. v., socialuri eTika, taganrogi 2009 ( .., .., , 2009) 82 skripkina t.p., ndobis fsiqologia, m. sagamomcemlo centri akademia, gv. 264 ( .,. , .: , 2000. - 264 .)

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dResdReobiT aravin davobs imaze, rom ndoba SesaZloa warmoiSvas ara mxolod pirovnebaTaSorisi, aramed aseve politikuri, ekonomikuri da sxva saxis urTierTobebis drosac. amis mixedviT, sociologebi gamoyofen ndobis or saxes: ndoba adamianebis mimarT da ndoba abstraqtuli sistemis _ e.w. anonimuri megobris mimarT. ukanasknel cnebaSi erTiandeba bevri erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli movlena. mag.: SesaZloa adamiani endobodes demokratiis principebs, xelisuflebas, saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sistemas, sasamarTlos, erovnul valutas da sxv. mocemul SemTxvevaSi Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgens ndoba konkretuli organos _ sasamarTlos mimarT. sasamarTlos mimarT ndobas aqvs ori aspeqti: 1. Tu sazogadoebaSi ar arsebobs ndoba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT, igi xdeba gariyuli sazogadoebisagan. oficialuri struqturebis mimarT ndoba warmoadgens maTTan komunikaciis damyarebis erT-erT aucilebel winapirobas. oficialuri struqturebis mimarT undoblobas mivyavarT e.w. ruxi zonebis gafarToebisaken. am terminiT aRniSnaven iseTi araformaluri, aralegaluri an naxevradlegaluri xasiaTis praqtikis gavrcelebas, rogoricaa: qrTami, mfarvelebi, e.w avtoritetebi da sxv.83 sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, rodesac adamianebi ar endobian sasamarTlos, isini cdiloben gamonaxon davebis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebebi. 2. sasamarTlosadmi ndoba zrdis misi gadawyvetilebebis nebayoflobiT Sesrulebis maCvenebels. swored amitom, sainteresoa imis gansazRvra, Tu rogoria ndobis, rogorc fsiqologiuri fenomenis buneba. fsiqologebi xSirad miuTiTeben, rom konkretuli adamianis ndobis/undoblobis fesvebi unda veZeboT mis war83 zabolotnaia g. m. regionis socialur-politikuri sivrce (socialuri analizi), tiumeni 2003 ( . - ( ) , 2003)

sulSi. es grZnoba, rogorc unari, adamians Rrma bavSvobaSi uyalibdeba da Semdeg viTardeba im piradi gamocdilebidan gamomdinare, romelsac igi iZens. es aris yvelaze ganzogadebuli midgoma am fenomenis mimarT. Tumca, rodesac vsaubrobT ndobaze konkretuli piris, an Tundac e.w. anonimuri megobris mimarT, aq Tavs sxva faqtorebic iCens. f. toisis Tanaxmad, ndobas/undoblobas safuZvlad udevs ara mxolod piradi gamocdileba, aramed aseve sxva pirebis gamocdilebac. magaliTad, piris reputaciam SesaZloa dagvarwmunos, rom mas SeiZleba vendoT, an piriqiT, gvaiZulos viyoT frTxilebi masTan urTierTobisas.84 am mosazrebis dadasturebas warmoadgens saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb sabaziso codnisa da aRqmis kvlevis Sedegebi, sadac vkiTxulobT: sasamarTlos Sesaxeb azris Camoyalibebis wyaroa piradi gamocdileba (18.5%), Tumca aseve mniSvnelovani wyaroa nacnobi adamianebis monayoli sakuTari gamocdilebis Sesaxeb (26.0%). ufro metic, darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ndobis fenomens aqvs sazogadoebrivi mexsierebac. vinaidan, piris ndobas/undoblobas konkretuli obieqtis mimarT xSirad gansazRvravs sazogadoebis istoriuli gamocdileba. rodesac vsaubrobT saqarTvelos sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT ndobaze, sazogadoebis istoriuli gamocdileba aris swored is problema, rasac ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi Cveni qveyana mTeli simwvaviT grZnobda. e.w. undoblobis sindromi qveynis politikuri reJimis, saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi sistemebis mimarT aRiniSneboda da met-naklebad dResac aRiniSneba praqtikulad yvela postkomunistur qveyanaSi. am damokidebulebis daZlevas didi Zalisxmeva da dro sWirdeba. amisTvis aucilebelia swori da zustad gaTvlili moqmedeba. amitom, mocemul naSromSi ganvixilavT im saSualebebs, rac xels uwyobs ndobis warmoqmnasa da SenarCunebas
84 dedulina m. a., papCenko e. v., socialuri eTika, taganrogi 2009 ( .., .., , 2009)

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sazogadoebasa da sasamarTlo sistemas Soris. fsiqologebi xSirad aRniSnaven, rom ndobas aqvs emociuri da inteleqtualuri mxare. adamianis emociur mxareze zemoqmedebiT SesaZlebelia ndobis mopoveba, magram, rodesac mas obieqturi safuZveli ar gaaCnia, garkveuli periodis Semdeg igi aucileblad Seicvleba undoblobiT. es exeba saxelmwifo organoebis mimarT ndobasac. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis TviTmizans unda warmoadgendes ara ndobis mopoveba, aramed im obieqturi safuZvlis Seqmna, rac Sedegad mogvcems sazogadoebrivi ndobis maCveneblis zrdas. amaze naTlad metyvelebs Zlieri sasamarTlos ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso gegma (IFCE - International Framework of Court Excellence)85 da masSi mocemuli sqema (ix. sqema #6), romelic SemuSavda saerTaSoriso konsorciumze. sqema # 6

menejmenti, sasamarTlos adamianuri, materialuri da finansuri resursebi, sasamarTlo procedurebi da sxv. 4.1 sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba da menejmenti Zlieri menejmenti da SemoqmedebiTi xelmZRvaneloba warmoadgens sasamarTlos ganviTarebisa da warmatebis safuZvels. imisaTvis, rom xelmZRvaneloba CaiTvalos efeqturad, aucilebelia mudmivad yalibdebodes sasamarTlos saqmianobis rogorc moklevadiani, ise grZelvadiani gegmebi. sasamarTlo orientirebuli unda iyos siaxleebis danergvaze. sazogadoeba mudmivad ganicdis cvlilebebs. amitom, aucilebelia adreul etapze moxdes am cvlilebebis Sefaseba da miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze samuSao procesisa Tu sasamarTlos struqturis modifikacia ise, rom Sedegi Seesabamebodes arsebul realobas. am miznebis misaRwevad aucilebelia sasamarTlos hyavdes Zlieri xelmZRvaneloba, hqondes mudmivi urTierToba sazogadoebasTan da gaaCndes angariSvaldebulebis grZnoba sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifo Tu sazogadoebrivi organizaciebis winaSe. 4.1.1 xelmZRvaneloba da menejmenti sasamarTlos warmatebuli funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sasamarTlos hyavdes Zlieri xelmZRvaneli, romelic Camoayalibebs profesional da niWier menejerTa jgufs. amasTan dakavSirebiT sainteresoa IFCE-Si gamoTqmuli mosazreba: saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi sasamarTlos xelmZRvanelebi yvelaze gamocdili mosamarTleebi arian, Tumca es ar iZleva imis garantias, rom isini kargi menejerebic iqnebian. xelmZRvaneli Tanamdebobis mqone mosamarTleebma unda gaiaron specialuri kursebi, raTa gaiumjobeson menejeruli unar-Cvevebi. meore mxriv, sasurvelia sasamarTloebSi menejerebad mowveulni iyvnen aseve is pirebic, romelTac aqvT profesiuli codna an gamocdileba finansur da orga111

sqemaze naTlad aris naCvenebi is etapebi, rac sasamarTlom unda gaiaros sazogadoebrivi ndobis mopovebis gzaze. amitom, swored mocemul gegmaze dayrdnobiT gavaanalizebT iseT sferoebs, rogoricaa: sasamarTlos xelmZRvaneloba da
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nizaciul menejmentSi.86 saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi menejmentis ganviTarebisa da profesiuli jgufis Camoyalibebis mizniT, sasamarTlo administrirebisa da menejmentis reformis proeqtis farglebSi ganviTarda sasamarTlo menejeris instituti da gatarda mTeli rigi RonisZiebebi. kerZod: SemuSavda sasamarTlo menejeris samuSao aRweriloba, aseve profesionalad momzadebis saswavlo programa, romlis farglebSic Seiswavleba sxvadasxva disciplina sasamarTlo menejmentis kuTxiT. sabolood 2010 wlis 21 ivlisis cvlilebis safuZvelze `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis 56-e muxliT ganisazRvra, rom marTlmsajulebis daubrkoleblad ganxorcielebis, sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis, sasamarTlo statistikis analizis, agreTve sasamarTlos sxva saqmianobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT saqarTvelos sasamarTloebSi moqmedeben sasamarTloTa aparatebi, romlis organizaciul xelmZRvanelobasac saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT axorcielebs sasamarTlos menejeri. 4.1.2 angariSvaldebuleba Zlieri xelmZRvanelobis kidev erT sazoms warmoadgens angariSvaldebuleba sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifo Tu arasaxelmwifo organizaciebis winaSe. sasamarTlo unda grZnobdes pasuxismgeblobas maT mimarT. regularulad unda aqveynebdes Tavisi saqmianobis Sesaxeb angariSs da awvdides maT informacias misi muSaobis xarisxis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia is, rom angariSvaldebulebam safrTxe ar Seuqmnas sasamarTlos damoukideblobas da piriqiT, damoukideblobis koeficientis zrdam ar daasustos angariSvaldebuleba. es sruliad SesaZlebelia, vinaidan im qveynebSi, sadac kanonis uzenaesobis tradiciebi myaria, angariSvaldebuleba
86 http://www.courtexcellence.com/pdf/IFCE-Framework-v12.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

da damoukidebloba urTierTgamomricxavi cnebebi ar aris. sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis ki orive maTgani Tanabrad mniSvnelovania. 4.1.3 sazogadoebasTan urTierToba IFCE-s Tanaxmad Zlieri xelmZRvanelobis kidev erT aucilebel niSans warmoadgens Riaoba sazogadoebisa da misi TiToeuli wevris winaSe. sazogadoebis informirebulobas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeba ndobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT. amdenad, aucilebelia efeqturad xorcieldebodes saqmianoba Semdegi mimarTulebebiT: 1. sasamarTlo regularulad unda urTierTobdes iuristebTan, aRmasruleblebTan da sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv jgufebTan. mniSvnelovania aseve sxvadasxva saxis piar aqciebis Catareba. Tumca, rodesac xdeba gaTvla im Sedegebze, romelic konkretulma RonisZiebam unda moitanos, gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom sasamarTlosadmi garkveuli damokidebuleba yalibdeba piaridan, an uSualo gamocdilebidan. uSualo gamocdilebis Sedegad sasamarTlos mimarT Camoyalibebuli damokidebuleba (negatiuri an pozitiuri) ufro myaria da misi Secvla piariT sakmaod Znelia. piari pozitiur gavlenas ufro metad axdens mosaxleobis im nawilze, visac sasamarTlosTan uSualo Sexeba naklebad hqonia; 2. sasamarTlo unda avrcelebdes informacias beWduri bukletebisa da internetis saSualebiT; 3. xSirad sargeblis momtania aseve brifingebis Catareba da gansazRvruli samTavrobo Tu arasamTavrobo organizaciebisaTvis werilobiTi moxsenebebis momzadeba; 4. sasamarTlo unda awvdides sazogadoebas informacias presis, televiziisa da radios meSveobiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom yvela zemoCamoTvlili RonisZieba mniSvnelovania, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom media aris upirvelesi saSualeba, romlis meSveobiTac sazogadoeba iRebs in113

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formacias sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sesaxeb. amas adasturebs 2009 wels gaeros ganviTarebis programis sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxardaWeris proeqtis farglebSi socialuri kvlevebis institutis mier momzadebuli kvlevis Sedegebi87 (ix. sqema # 7). sqema # 7

herman Svarci statiaSi riTi SeiZleba daexmaros Tavisufali presa marTlmsajulebas marTebulad aRniSnavs: arc presa da arc sasamarTlo ar iqneba warmatebuli manamde, sanam maT Soris ar damyardeba mudmivi da axlo urTierToba. presa da sasamarTlo ver iarsebeben erTmaneTis gareSe, xolo demokratiuli sazogadoeba ver iarsebebs orive maTganis gareSe. amave statiaSi herman Svarci aRniSnavs, rom yvelaferi is, rac moeTxoveba presas, aris sasamarTlo saqmianobis obieqturad gadmocema da Tavisufali da samarTliani sajaro diskusiis mowyoba. es mosazreba SesaZloa ufro davakonkretoT da vTqvaT, rom presas aqvs ori ZiriTadi funqcia. mediam unda miawodos sazogadoebas informacia: I. konkretuli sasamarTlo saqmeebis Sesaxeb da II. sasamarTloSi mimdinare reformebisa da siaxleebis Sesaxeb. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. I. mediam unda miawodos sazogadoebas informacia konk87 sabaziso codnisa da aRqmis kvleva saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb, kvleva momzadebulia socialuri kvlevebis institutis mier, gaeros ganviTarebis programis (UNDP) sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mxardaWeris programis farglebSi. 2009w.

retuli sasamarTlo saqmeebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb sabaziso codnisa da aRqmis kvlevis Sedegebma cxadyo, rom sasamarTlo sistemis mimarT damokidebulebis Camoyalibebaze yvelaze did gavlenas axdens sasamarTlos mier gamotanili gadawyvetilebebi. sasamarTlos Sesaxeb azris Camoyalibebis wyarod yvelaze xSirad respodentebi asaxelebdnen satelevizio siuJetebs gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesebis Sesaxeb. presas eniWeba mniSvnelovani funqcia _ gaaSuqos is saqmeebi, romlebic sazogadoebas ainteresebs. am mxriv, presis upirvelesi valdebulebaa miawodos sazogadoebas informacia sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebisa Tu mimdinare procesebis Sesaxeb misTvis gasageb enaze. Tumca Tavad mediis warmomadgenlebi xSirad araiuridiuli ganaTlebis mqone pirebi arian. amitom, maTTvisac rTulia iuridiuli enis gageba. amas zog SemTxvevaSi mivyavarT arasasurvel Sedegebamde. kerZod: araobieqturi da arakompetenturi informaciis gavrceleba, udanaSaulobis prezumfciis xelyofa da sxv. am problemis gadasaWrelad sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva qveyanaSi gansxvavebul RonisZiebebs mimarTavdnen. saqarTveloSi am mxriv mniSvnelovan win gadadgmul nabijad unda miviCnioT spiker-mosamarTlis institutis SemoReba, romelic ukve damkvidrebulia dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSi.88 mediis moTxovniT spiker-mosamarTle, romelic Tavisi kompetenciis farglebSi koordinirebulad muSaobs pressamsaxurTan erTad, valdebulia operatiulad moiZios da gonivrul vadebSi miawodos maT informacia. informaciis gacemisas spiker-mosamarTlem unda uzrunvelyos saTanado wonasworobis dacva informaciis Tavisuflebas, konfidencialobasa da udanaSaulobis prezumfciis principebs Soris.
88 UNDP project document, Support to Justice System, 14.06.2006

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Sedegad, media uzrunvelyofilia obieqturi da kompetenturi informaciiT, rac zrdis sazogadoebisaTvis miwodebuli informaciis xarisxs. spiker-mosamarTle uflebamosilia ara mxolod moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, aramed aseve sakuTari iniciativiTac miawodos medias informacia sasamarTloSi mimdinare mniSvnelovan movlenebze. amas udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs, vinaidan, Tavisi saqmianobisas presa xelmZRvanelobs sazogadoebis dakveTiT. informaciis moZiebisas Jurnalisti pirvel rigSi interesdeba imiT, arsebobs Tu ara mocemul momentSi interesi konkretuli saqmis mimarT da mxolod am kiTxvaze dadebiTi pasuxis gacemis SemTxvevaSi iwyebs saqmis Seswavlas. amitom, sruliad dasaSvebia, rom maTi yuradRebis miRma darCes umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetilebebi da sxva RonisZiebebi. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia moviyvanoT 1930 wels aSS-is uzenaesi sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba federaluri sasamarTloebis rolis Sesaxeb saxelmwifo samarTalSi, romelmac gadatrialeba moaxdina aswlian iurisprudenciaSi. gadawyvetilebaSi aRniSnuli iyo, rom uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlis, feliqs frankfurteris sityvebiT, federalurma sasamarTloebma saxelmwifo sasamarTloebis funqciebis uzurpacia moaxdines. es gadawyvetileba Seexo amerikis cxovrebis yvela aspeqts. miuxedavad amisa, arc erTma amerikulma gazeTma ar miaqcia am faqts yuradReba manam, sanam uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTlem piradad ar miwera werili niu-iork taimsis korespondents, romelSic igi am movlenas im droisaTvis yvelaze umniSvnelovanes gadawyvetilebas uwodebda. SemdgomSi, taimsis korespondentma gamoaqveyna statia saTauriT: umniSvnelovanesi gadawyvetileba, romelSic igi werda: uzenaes sasamarTlos rom hyoloda sareklamo agenti, lompkinsis saqme rva dReSi

cnobili gaxdeboda.89 mocemuli magaliTi naTlad adasturebs, rom sasamarTlos aucileblad unda hqondes mudmivi da uSualo kontaqti sazogadoebasTan da presis warmomadgenlebTan. II. mediam unda miawodos sazogadoebas informacia sasamarTlo sistemaSi mimdinare reformebsa da siaxleebis Sesaxeb da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi moawyos aRniSnul sakiTxebze diskusiebi da debatebi rasakvirvelia, urTierToba mediis mxridan maTTvis mxolod erTeuli procesis Sesaxeb informaciis miwodebiT ar unda Semoifarglebodes. sasamarTlo sistemaSi mimdinare yvela cvlileba sazogadoebis gansjis sagani unda gaxdes. sazogadoebam Tavi reformis monawiled unda igrZnos, raTa gauCndes pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba am procesis mimarT.90 urTierToba sazogadoebasTan da Sesabamisi kampaniebis warmoeba umniSvnelovanesia sasamarTlos warmatebisTvis, radgan sazogadoebis mxridan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis moqmedebis gageba da gaTaviseba misi efeqturobis sawindaria. amaze naTlad metyvelebs saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemis Sesaxeb sabaziso codnisa da aRqmis kvlevis Sedegebi, romlebmac cxadyo, rom is respondentebi, romlebsac smeniaT sasamarTlos Sesaxeb, ufro endobian mas (ix. sqema #8 da #9). amave gamokiTxviT dadginda, rom sasamarTlos Sesaxeb satelevizio siuJetebi respondentebs ganawyobs ufro dadebiTad (60.4%), vidre uaryofiTad (39.6%). rodesac vsaubrobT presis rolze, unda aRiniSnos isic, rom mas ufleba aqvs ara mxolod wminda informaciuli kuTxiT miawodos sazogadoebas mSrali cnobebi sasamarTlo sistemaSi mimdinare movlenebis Sesaxeb, aramed aseve uflebamosilia moawyos aRniSnul sakiTxebze diskusiebi da debatebi.
89 Svarci herman, riTi SeiZleba daexmaros Tavisufali presa marTlmsajulebas, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, krebuli rogor davicvaT Tavisufali sityva, 2002w. 5 marti. 90 http://www.hcoj.gov.ge/?l=2&i=60 ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

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sqema # 9

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, gamoxatvis TavisuflebiT daculia ara mxolod iseTi informacia an idea, romelsac saxelmwifo keTilganwyobiT iRebs, aramed iseTic, romelic miuRebelia xelisuflebis an mosaxleobis nawilisTvis. mTavrobis gakritikebis ufleba da SefasebiTi msjeloba calsaxad mxardaWerilia sasamarTlos mier.91 vinaidan, swored aseTi azri xdeba sazogadoebaSi pluralizmis arsebobis winapiroba.92 Tumca, rodesac saqme exeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebas, am SemTxvevaSi sityvis Tavisuflebis sazRvrebi garkveulwilad SezRudulia. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis Tanaxmad gamoxatvis Tavisufleba SeiZleba SeizRudos sasamarTlos avtoritetisa da miukerZoeblobis
91 Lingens v. Austria, 1986. 92 korkelia k., qurdaZe i., adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, 2004w

SenarCunebisTvis. ECHR-s precedentuli samarTlis mixedviT, sasamarTlo xelisufleba daculi unda iyos destruqciuli, gaumarTlebeli Tavdasxmisagan, raTa man samarTlianad ganaxorcielos marTlmsajuleba. miT ufro, rom mosamarTles, politikosebisagan gansxvavebiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi ar aqvs ufleba pasuxi gasces misi misamarTiT gamoTqmul kritikas. msgavsi midgoma sruliad gamarTlebulia, radgan sasamarTlos mudmivi araargumentirebuli da usafuZvlo qiliki mniSvnelovan zians ayenebs mis avtoritets. sasamarTlos efeqturi saqmianobisaTvis ki avtoritetis mniSvneloba Seucvlelia. me-19 saukunis ingliseli politikuri moRvawe da gazeT ekonomistis redaqtori, uolter bagehoti monarqiis Sesaxeb ambobs, rom misi arsi mis magiurobaSia da Cven ar unda davuSvaT, rom am magiurobas dRis Suqi moefinos. es garkveulwilad marTlmsajulebasac exeba. faqtia, arc erTi sajaro institutis saqmianoba ar unda iyos dafaruli sazogadoebisaTvis, magram sasamarTloebis SemTxvevaSi maTi Riaoba unda Semoifarglebodes sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebisa da sasamarTloSi mimdinare movlenebis analiziTa da kritikiT maSin, rodesac isini cdebian damoukideblobisa da samarTlianobis gzas. amdenad, rodesac vsaubrobT presis rolze, aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom garda sityvis Tavisuflebisa, romelic demokratiuli sazogadoebis umniSvnelovanes monapovars warmoadgens, arsebobs iseTi Rirebulebac, rogoricaa sasamarTlos avtoriteti. amitom, presac da sasamarTloc unda Seecadon ar gascdnen maTTvis kanoniT miniWebul sazRvrebs.

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4.2 sasamarTlos politika (kursi) sasamarTlos saqmianobis kursis gansazRvra, ganxorcieleba da Sefaseba warmoadgens efeqturi menejmentisa da Zlieri mmarTvelobis ZiriTad iaraRs. aRniSnuli funqciebi sasamarTlos akisria misi ganviTarebis nebismier etapze, Tumca ramdenad moculobiTia es funqciebi SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos imazec, Tu ganviTarebis romel safexurze imyofeba sasamarTlo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebam SesaZloa gaiaros sami safexuri, sanam miaRwevs mizans da Camoyalibdeba rogorc Zlieri da efeqturi sasamarTlo xelisufleba.93 4.2.1 ganviTarebis pirveli safexuri IFCE-s gegmis Tanaxmad pirvel safexurze sasamarTloebi ganicdian adamianuri, materialuri da finansuri resursebis naklebobas. aseT pirobebSi sasamarTloebs imis SesaZleblobac ki ar aqvT, rom Seasrulon maTi mTavari funqcia. sasamarTlos ara aqvs strategiuli xedva. igi aris izolirebuli sazogadoebisagan. sasamarTlo personalis xelfasi dabalia, maT ar aqvT motivacia, rac iwvevs korufciis donis zrdas. sazogadoebas ar gaaCnia ndoba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT. sasamarTlos ganviTarebis mocemul etapze faqtiurad ar xdeba sasamarTlo kursis SemuSaveba da am mizniT iseTi samuSaoebis Catareba, rogoricaa sasamarTlo saqmianobis sxvadasxva sferos Sesaxeb saWiro informaciis Segroveba, damuSaveba da analizi. 4.2.2 ganviTarebis meore safexuri ganviTarebis meore safexurze sasamarTlos saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad aris gaumjobesebuli. sxvadasxva saxis pro93 http://www.courtexcellence.com/pdf/IFCE-Framework-v12.pdf ukanasknelad gadamowmebulia 27/11/2011

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ceduruli barierebisa da SeuTavseblobebis aRmofxvras SeuZlia gazardos sasamarTlo procedurebis efeqturoba. menejmentis gaumjobesebas ki Sedegad mosdevs sasamarTlos materialur-teqnikuri da finansuri resursebis zrda. yovelive es dadebiTad aisaxeba sazogadoebrivi ndobis maCvenebelzec. Tumca, imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba gadavides ganviTarebis meore safexurze, gadamwyvetia reformis ganxorcielebis stimulebis arseboba. sasamarTlo reformebis dawyebas, rogorc wesi, ganapirobebs Sida an garegani stimulebi. Sida stimuls miekuTvneba mag.: sasamarTlos xelmZRvanelobis Secvla, rac xSirad provocirebas ukeTebs sasamarTloSi garkveuli siaxleebis ganxorcielebasa da danergvas. garegan stimuls warmoadgens mag.: mediis gansakuTrebuli yuradReba sasamarTloSi mimdinare procesebis mimarT, gazrdili sazogadoebrivi zewola, an/da gaaqtiurebuli aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba da sxv. amis naTeli magaliTia saqarTvelo, sadac farTomasStabiani sasamarTlo reforma swored garegani stimulebis fonze ganxorcielda. saqarTveloSi sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sistemis reformirebis axali etapi mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac arCevnebis Sedegebis eWvqveS dayenebis gamo, Cvens qveyanaSi moxda `vardebis revolucia da xelisuflebis ori Sto Seicvala. bunebrivia, mesame Sto am cvlilebebis miRma ver darCeboda. amitom, daiwyo aqtiuri muSaoba sasamarTlo reformis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebis SemuSavebasa da cxovrebaSi gatarebaze. rogorc saqarTvelos parlamentis iuridiul sakiTxTa komitetis 2007 wlis sagazafxulo sesiis Semajamebel angariSSi aRiniSna: xelisuflebis, saparlamento umravlesobisa da Sesabamisad, iuridiul sakiTxTa komitetis saqmianobis upirveles prioritetad sasamarTlo xelisufleba da sasamarTlo re121

forma iqna miCneuli. yvelas naTlad aqvs gaazrebuli, Tu raoden mniSvnelovani roli akisria sasamarTlos saxelmwifo ganviTarebis mocemul etapze. raoden mniSvnelovania, rom mZafri politikuri dapirispirebebisa da politikuri msoflmxedvelobis gansxvavebulobis fonze arsebobdes calke xelisufleba _ arbitraluri xelisufleba, romlis mimarTac yvelas eqneba ndoba da romlis gadawyvetileba iqneba yvelasaTvis savaldebulo Sesasruleblad. swored am mniSvnelobis gamo, revoluciis Semdgomi periodis saqarTveloSi mimdinare movlenebis fonze dawyebuli sasamarTlo reforma garkveuli TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeboda _ sasamarTlo reformis dagegmvisa da ganviTarebis pirvel etapze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba. aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT xazi unda gaesvas imas, rom, rodesac erTi politikuri Sto axdens sasamarTlos reformirebas, es ukve misi politizirebis safrTxes Seicavs da misi damoukideblobisTvisac seriozul problemas warmoadgens. yovelTvis umjobesia, sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi reformis iniciativa Tavad sasamarTlosgan da sxva arasamTavrobo organizaciebisgan momdinareobdes, rogorc es iyo mag.: aSS-Si, sadac farTomasStabiani sasamarTlo reformis ganxorcielebaSi wamyvani roli iTamaSes iseTma organizaciebma, rogoricaa: CCJ, COSCA, NACM, ABA da sxv. IFCE-s gegmaSi vkiTxulobT: rodesac sasamarTloSi cvlilebebis dawyebis iniciativa aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebidan momdinareobs, sasamarTlo xelisuflebas naklebad eZleva SesaZlebloba Tavad dasaxos sakuTari ganviTarebis gegma. amasTan, arsebobs mizezebi gvjerodes, rom, rodesac sasamarTlos ar gaaCnia mis mierve SemuSavebuli ganviTarebis gegma, naklebad savaraudoa misi warmatebiT ganxorcieleba.94 am mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT SesaZlebelia vamtkicoT, rom
94 http://www.courtexcellence.com/pdf/IFCE-Framework-v12.pdf ukanasknelad iqna gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011

aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aqtiur monawileobas sasamarTlo reformaSi, SeeZlo Seeferxebina miznis miRweva. Tumca, aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom revoluciis Semdgom periodSi, rodesac saqarTvelos sasamarTloebs ar gaaCndaT Sesabamisi materialuri, finansuri Tu adamianuri resursebi, sasamarTlo reformis ganxorcieleba sxvagvarad faqtiurad SeuZlebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, faqtia, aucilebelia, rom sasamarTlo xelisufleba sxva Stoebisagan damoukideblad funqcionirebdes. Sesabamisad, reformebis ganxorcielebis procesSi umniSvnelovanesi dadebiTi nabiji gadaidga maSin, rodesac miRebuli iqna 2006 wlis 27 dekembris sakonstitucio cvlilebebi, romliTac prezidents CamoerTva sasamarTlos xelisuflebaSi politikis gansazRvris, kadrebis daniSvnis, samoqmedo teritoriebis gansazRvrisa da sxva uflebamosilebani. am cvlilebebis fonze, pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriaSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis bedze zrunva daekisra im organos, romelic umeteswilad sasamarTlo xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebiT aris dakompleqtebuli95. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Sedegad, saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis Tanaxmad, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis, mosamarTleobis sakvalifikacio gamocdebis organizebis, sasamarTlo reformis gasatareblad winadadebebis SemuSavebisa da kanoniT dadgenili sxva amocanebis Sesrulebis mizniT, iqmneba saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo (m. 47.1). saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo Sedgeba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis mier daniSnuli 15 wevrisagan, romelTagan 2 wevrs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti, 3 wevrs irCevs saqarTvelos parlamenti. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Tanamdebobrivad Sedis
95 saqarTvelos parlamentis iuridiul sakiTxTa komitetis 2007 wlis sagazafxulo sesiis Semajamebeli angariSi.

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saqarTvelos parlamentis iuridiul sakiTxTa komitetis Tavmjdomare. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebs saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRles sabWoSi warmoadgenen uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferenciis mier uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris wardginebiT arCeuli 8 wevri (ix. sqema #10). sqema #10

maciebis moZiebisa da gaanalizebis kuTxiT ganxorcielebul saqmianobas da sasamarTlo statistikis efeqtur warmoebas. statistikur monacemebs udidesi praqtikuli mniSvneloba aqvs. maTi floba saSualebas gvaZlevs davsaxoT Semdgomi moqmedebis gzebi. statistika, rig SemTxvevaSi, asabuTebs konkretuli kanonproeqtis ZalaSi Sesvlis, kanonis gauqmebis an masSi cvlilebebis Setanis aucileblobas, rasac gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba swored reformebis mimdinareobis procesSi eniWeba. rasakvirvelia, statistika am SemTxvevaSi TamaSobs ara ZiriTad, aramed damxmare, magram mainc mniSvnelovan rols.96 4.2.3 ganviTarebis mesame safexuri sasamarTlo ganviTarebis mesame safexurze sasamarTlos hyavs profesionali xelmZRvanelebi. menejmenti aris gamarTuli. sasamarTlos kursi da strategia naTelia. sasamarTlos aqvs saTanado materialuri da finansuri resursebi, xorcieldeba swori sakadro politika, ris Sedegadac sasamarTlo dakompleqtebulia profesionali kadrebiT da sxv. magram, es rasakvirvelia ar niSnavs, rom gaumjobeseba mudmivia da ar SeiZleba vardnas hqondes adgili. swored amitom, sasamarTlos ganviTarebis mocemul etapzec mniSvnelovania sasamarTlo kursisa da strategiis gansazRvra, ganxorcieleba da Sefaseba, raTa droulad gamovlindes da aRmoifxvras xarvezebi sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi. 4.3 sasamarTlos resursebi sasamarTlo valdebulia saTanadod da efeqturad gamoiyenos mis xelT arsebuli resursebi. am mizniT
96 kuWuxiZe a. samarTlis statistikis Taviseburebani da misi roli samarTlebrivi reJimis uzrunvelyofis saqmeSi, Tsu, socialur da politikur mecnierebaTa fakulteti, axalgazrda mecnierTa da doqtorantTa samecniero konferenciis masalebi, gamomcemloba universali, Tbilisi 2010, gv.:70-82

rogorc vxedavT, dReisaTvis organoSi, romelic sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul fundamentur sakiTxebze iRebs gadawyvetilebas, erTi mxriv, gaZlierda mosamarTleTa xma, radgan ukanaskneli cvlilebebis mixedviT, swored isini arian umravlesobiT iusticiis umaRles sabWoSi warmodgenilni da meore mxriv, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda politikuri warmomadgenloba (ix. sqema #10). aRniSnuli cvlileba udaod dadebiTad unda Sefasdes. 2005 wlidan dRemde mocemuli sasamarTlo reformis farglebSi sxva sasikeTo cvlilebebic ganxorcielda. Tumca, ganviTareba iSviaTad aris sworxazovani da ganviTarebis procesSi SesaZloa winaswar gansazRvruli RonisZiebebi kidev ufro dazustdes da sxvadasxva mimarTulebebad daiSalos. amasTan, droebiTi da nawilobrivi Seferxebebi da warumateblobebi yovelTvis Tan sdevs reformis process. swored amitom, sasamarTlos ganviTarebis meore safexurze sasicocxlo mniSvneloba eniWeba sxvadasxva sferoebSi infor124

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sasamarTloebi mudmivad unda gansazRvravdnen prioritetebs da mxedvelobaSi iRebdnen sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebs, sasamarTlos momxmareblebisa da partniorebis moTxovnebis cvalebadobas. sasamarTlos gaaCnia adamianuri, materialuri da finansuri resursebi. ganvixiloT TiToeuli maTgani. 4.3.1 adamianuri resursebi sasamarTlos yvelaze mniSvnelovan resurss warmoadgens adamianuri resursebi _ mosamarTleebi da sasamarTlos administraciuli personali. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia swori sakadro politika. mosamarTleebisa da administraciuli personalis raodenoba unda Seesabamebodes samuSaos moculobas, raTa kadrebis naklebobam ar gamoiwvios sasamarTlos saqmianobis Seferxeba, saqmeTa warmoebis vadebis darRveva da sxv. raodenobasTan erTad centralur sakiTxs warmoadgens kadrebis profesionalizmi. swored profesionalizmi ganapirobebs imas, rom sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoebisas daculia mxareTa uflebebi, saqmis Seswavla xdeba siRrmiseulad, mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas iRebs im samarTlebriv normaze dayrdnobiT, romelic yvelaze metad Seesabameba mocemul garemoebebs da axdens sakanonmdeblo normis swor interpretacias. mosamarTleTa profesionalizmi ganapirobebs aseve imas, Tu ramdenad kargad aris dasabuTebuli miRebuli gadawyvetileba. sasamarTlos mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi ki marTlmsajulebis xarisxis ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens. igi aris umniSvnelovanesi faqtori sazogadoebrivi ndobis mopovebis TvalsazrisiT, radgan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu mxares saqmis sxvagvari dasasrulis imedi hqonda, kargad dasabuTebul da argumentirebul gadawyvetilebas SeuZlia aiZulos igi daeTanxmos 126

sasamarTlos pozicias.97 aRniSnuli sakiTxi Tavisi mniSvnelobis gamo Sevida agreTve USAID-is mier 2010 wlis agvistoSi momzadebuli raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSSi sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva, romlis Sedegebma Semdegi maCveneblebi gamoavlina (ix. sqema #11 da #12). sqema #11 Tu gangimartes, dawvrilebiT dagisabuTes mogebis an wagebis mizezi? movige dawvrilebiT ganmimartes nawilobriv ganmimartes saerTod ar ganmimartes 79.90% 19.30% 0.80% wavage 43.50 39.90% 16.10% sqema #12 sisxli ganaCenis sicxade dawvrilebiT ganmimartes nawilobriv ganmimartes ar ganmimartes ar msurs pasuxis gacema 79.2% 16.7% 3.7% 0.5% samoqalaqo 65.3% 30.2% 4.5% _ administraciuli 73.9% 22.5% 3.6% _

rogorc aRniSnuli monacemebidan Cans, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ganumartebeli darCa sisxlis saqmeebis 3.7%Si, samoqalaqos 4.5% da administraciulis 3.6%-Si,98 rac miuTiTebs, rom miuxedavad dadebiTi tendenciisa, garkveuli xarvezebi mainc SeimCneva. amitom, am mxriv sasurvelia kvlav gagrZeldes muSaoba, raTa aseTi faqtebis raodenoba minimu97 Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) Opinion no.11 (2008) of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) to the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the quality of judicial decisions. 98 sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSi momzadebulia USAID-is mier, Tbilisi, agvisto 2010w.

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mamde iqnas dayvanili. sasamarTlos warmatebuli funqcionirebisaTvis, rasakvirvelia, mxolod mosamarTleTa profesionalizmi ar aris sakmarisi. kvalificiuri administraciuli personali aranakleb mniSvnelovania sasamarTlosaTvis. ufro metic, sruli pasuxismgeblobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom aseTi resursis ararsebobisas sasamarTlo sistemis efeqturi funqcionireba SeuZlebelia. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos isic, rom, rodesac saqme exeba sasamarTlos moxeleebs, profesionalizmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod profesiis siRrmiseuli codniT. igi aseve gulisxmobs sxva pirovnuli unar-Cvevebis qonasac. maTgan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia moqalaqeebTan swori komunikaciis unari. sasamarTlos normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis efeqturi komunikaciis mniSvnelobas adasturebs is, rom saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos 2007 wlis 25 seqtembris #1/208-2007 gadawyvetilebiT damtkicebuli saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos reglamentis safuZvelze 2009 wels SemuSavda saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRles sabWosa da saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi moqalaqesTan komunikaciis standartebi, romelic gansazRvravs iusticiis umaRles sabWosa da saerTo sasamarTloebis moxeleebis (mosamarTleebisa da sasamarTlos administraciuli personalis) moqalaqeebTan uSualo da eleqtronuli komunikaciis wess, aregulirebs mosamarTlis komunikacias sxdomaTa darbazSi, adgens moxelis garegnobis standarts. aRniSnuli aqti adgens, rom moqalaqis miRebisas moxele valdebulia gauRimos, megobrulad miesalmos mas da SesTavazos daxmareba. moxelem yuradRebiT unda mousminos da ar gaawyvetinos saTqmeli moqalaqes. saTqmelis dasrulebis Semdeg moxeles SeuZlia kiTxvebiT mimarTos moqalaqes, Tu misi moTxovnis arsi araa naTeli an dazustebas saWiroebs. moxelem unda isaubros lakonurad da 128

martivi eniT. araiurist moqalaqesTan komunikaciisas unda gamoiyenos iuridiuli ganaTlebis armqone, Cveulebrivi, gonieri adamianisaTvis gasagebi terminologia da ganmartos imgvar cnebaTa mniSvneloba, rac moqalaqisaTvis ar iqneba gasagebi da rac mTavaria, moxeles evaleba miawodos moqalaqes mis xelT arsebuli sruli da utyuari informacia da maqsimalurad daexmaros mis winaSe mdgari problemis gadawyvetaSi. garda komunikaciis am zogadi wesebisa, aqtiT gansazRvrulia aseve is damatebiTi moTxovnebi, risi dacvac evalebaT mosamarTleebs sasamarTloSi saqmeTa warmoebisas. kerZod, mosamarTle TavdaWerilad da pativiscemiT unda epyrobodes moqalaqeebs. unda saubrobdes oficialuri stiliT, principuli toniT da saWiroebis mixedviT iyos zomierad mkacri, magram ar unda Selaxos moqalaqis Rirseba. mosamarTlem yuradRebiT unda mousminos moqalaqeebs, magram rogorc neitralurma arbitrma, ar unda gamoxatos misi pirovnuli damokidebuleba da emociebi arc verbaluri da arc araverbaluri (mimika, sxeulis moZraoba da sxv.) formiT. daskvnis saxiT SesaZloa iTqvas, rom aRniSnuli aqtiT dadginda komunikaciis Semdegi ZiriTadi principi: keTilsindisiereba, keTilganwyoba, simartive da uwyvetoba. am principebis cxovrebaSi gatareba mniSvnelovnad daexmareba sasamarTlos masze dakisrebuli amocanebis ganxorcielebaSi, momxmareblebis keTilganwyobisa da ndobis mopovebaSi, vinaidan gamokvlevebma cxadyo, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi momxmarebelTa kmayofileba gamomdinareobs ara imdenad maTTvis sasurveli Tu arasasurveli Sedegidan, aramed iqidan, Tu ramdenad samarTlianad mimdinareobda procesi da ramdenad kargad epyrobodnen maT mosamarTleebi da sasamarTlos sxva moxeleebi.99 amdenad, savsebiT
99 http://www.courtexcellence.com/pdf/IFCE-Framework-v12.pdf gadamowmebuli 27/11/2011 ukanasknelad iqna

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gamarTlebulia yovelive is, rac reformis farglebSi am sferos gaumjobesebis mizniT ganxorcielda. yovelive zemoxsenebuli adasturebs sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis sasamarTlos moxeleTa profesionalizmis mniSvnelobas, Tumca aRniSnuli arc sakamaToa da damatebiT ganmartebebsac aRar saWiroebs. gacilebiT ufro sainteresoa gaanalizdes is meqanizmebi, rac xels Seuwyobs saTanado kadrebis SerCevas da iqneba garanti imisa, rom sasamarTlo dakompleqtebuli iqneba mxolod profesionali mosamarTleebiT. upirvelesi garanti am SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, aris vakantur Tanamdebobebze kadrebis SerCevis saTanado kriteriumebi da swori sakadro politika (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. 141-145). aseve mniSvnelovania mosamarTleTa profesiuli momzadebisa da gadamzadebis, uwyveti ganaTlebis intensiuri programebis SemuSaveba. mosamarTleTa swavlebis mniSvneloba aRiarebulia iseTi saerTaSoriso dokumentebiT, rogoricaa: gaeros sasamarTlo organoebis damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebi (1985 weli), mosamarTleTa statusis evropuli qartia (1998 weli), evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis rekomendacia #R(94)12 mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqturoba da roli da sxv. am Temaze sakuTari Sexedulebebi Camoayaliba mosamarTleTa sakonsultacio sabWomac, romelmac 2003 wlis 27 noembers SeimuSava dokumenti erovnul da evropul doneze mosamarTleTa momzadebisa da gadamzadebis programebis ganxorcielebis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT. am dokumentis Tanaxmad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT sawyisi treiningebi, romlebic mosamarTleebs utardebaT maTi karieris pirvel etapze, sanam isini TavianTi valdebulebebis Sesrulebas Seudgebian da Semdgomi treiningebi, romlebic gamiznulia moqmedi mosamarTleebis kvalifikaciis asamaRleblad. 130

treiningebis dayofas am or kategoriad aqvs praqtikuli mniSvneloba, vinaidan sruliad gansxvavebulia midgomebi sawyisi treiningebisa da mosamarTleTa gadamzadebis kursebis mimarT. sawyisi treiningebis aucilebloba udavoa. marTalia, saxelmwifoTa kanonmdebloba, rogorc wesi, iTvaliswinebs garkveul moTxovnebs, romelsac unda akmayofilebdes piri, raTa daikavos mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba, Tumca CCJE-s #N4 (2003) mosazrebis Tanaxmad, sawyisi treiningebi savaldebulo unda iyos yvelasaTvis, imis miuxedavad, mosamarTled iniSneba aRiarebuli iuristi Tu naklebad gamocdili kadri. orive SemTxvevaSi mosamarTleoba aris axali profesia, romelic moiTxovs gansakuTrebul unar-Cvevebsa da specifikur codnas rogorc iuridiul, aseve araiuridiul disciplinebSic. swored amitom, karieris dasawyisSi treiningebis Catarebis aucilebloba eWvgareSea. meore mxriv, treiningebis programis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli is, Tu konkretul saxelmwifoSi ra moTxovnebi waeyenebaT mosamarTleobis kandidatebs. mosamarTleTa SerCevis kriteriumebze mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebuli sawyisi treiningebis xangrZlivoba da intensiuroba. gamocdil iuristebs swavleba unda CautardeT mxolod im sferoebSi, romlebic maT axali Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad sWirdebaT, raTa treiningebi ar iqces ubralo formalobad. garda amisa, CCJE-s #N4 (2003) da #N11 (2008) mosazrebebis Tanaxmad, sawyisi treiningebi ar SeiZleba Semoifarglos mxolod iuridiuli disciplinebisa da iuridiuli teqnikis SeswavliT. igi aseve unda moicavdes treiningebs eTikaSi da samosamarTlo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul sxva sferoebSi, rogoricaa: ucxo enebi, menejmenti, sasamarTlo administrireba, informaciuli teqnologiebi, socialuri mecnierebebi da davis gadawyvetis

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alternatiuli saSualebebi.100 mxolod aseTi mravalmxrivi codna miscems SesaZleblobas mosamarTleebs Camoyalibdnen profesionalebad. Tumca, iuridiuli ganaTleba da sawyisi treiningebi mxolod dasawyisia. SesaZloa iTqvas, rom `mosamarTleebs `misjili aqvT mudmivi swavla.101 Semdgomi gadamzadebis kursebi aucilebelia imdenad, ramdenadac icvleba kanonebi, viTardeba teqnologiebi da sxv. am da sxva saxis siaxleebis codna aucilebelia mosamarTlisaTvis. garda amisa, SesaZlebelia mosamarTles daekisros axali valdebulebebi (mag. dawinaurebisas an sxva instanciaSi gadayvanisas da a.S.), romlebic mas ar gaaCnda Tanamdebobis dakavebisas. yvela zemoCamoTvlil SemTxvevaSi sasurvelia kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli treiningebis gavla, Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia CCJE-is is rekomendacia, romelic man Camoayaliba Tavis #4(2003) mosazrebaSi. rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli treiningebi SesaZloa iyos savaldebulo. (mag.: rodesac mosamarTle ikavebs axal Tanamdebobas, an rodesac adgili aqvs fundamentalur cvlilebebs kanonmdeblobaSi). Tumca, Cveulebriv, sawyisi treiningebisagan gansxvavebiT kvalifikaciis asamaRlebeli treiningi unda iyos nebayoflobiTi da SemoTavazebuli programa unda iyos imdenad mimzidveli, rom mosamarTlem Tavisi surviliT miiRos masSi monawileoba. swored nebayoflobiToba warmoadgens am saxis treninigebis efeqturobis umTavres garants. amas garda, sasurvelia, SesaZleblobis SemTxvevaSi treiningSi erToblivad iRebdnen monawileobas sxvadasxva instanciis sasamarTloebis warmomadgenlebi. es saSu100 Opinion N4 of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) to the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on appropriate initial and in-service training for judges at national and European levels, Strasburg, 27 November 2003. 101 R. Jansen How to prepare judges to become well-qualified judges in 2003, doc. CCJEGT(2003)3.

alebas miscems sxvadasxva instanciis mosamarTleebs gauziaron erTmaneTs TavianTi problemebi, rac xels Seuwyobs sasamarTlo sistemaSi mWidro TanamSromlobis Camoyalibebas.102 garda mosamarTleTa korpusis gadamzadebisa, aucilebelia aseve administraciul personalsac Cautardes sxvadasxva specialuri treiningebi (mag.: drois menejmentSi, ucxo enebSi, komunikaciis unar-Cvevebsa da sxva disciplinebSi). es daexmareba mosamarTleebs ganTavisufldnen administraciuli da teqnikuri valdebulebebisagan da fokusireba moaxdinon mxolod inteleqtualur aspeqtze, sasamarTlo procesis menejmentsa da gadawyvetilebis miRebaze.103 garda mudmivi treiningebisa, Zlieri sasamarTlos Camoyalibebis saerTaSoriso gegmis Tanaxmad (IFCE) mizanSewonilia sasamarTloSi xdebodes personalis saqmianobis mudmivi kontroli (mag.: ganisazRvros drois periodi, romelic saSualod sWirdebaT mosamarTleebsa da administraciul personals imisaTvis, rom moamzadon da daasrulon saqme), raTa gamovlindes, rogoria maTi muSaobis xarisxi da dadgindes, ra RonisZiebebi unda gatardes aRmoCenili naklovanebebis aRmosafxvrelad. dasasruls SesaZloa iTqvas, rom mocemuli rekomendaciebisa da mosazrebebis gaTvaliswineba dadebiTad aisaxeba sasamarTlos saqmianobaze da xels Seuwyobs, erTi mxriv, profesionali kadrebis mozidvas da meore mxriv, moqmedi mosamarTleebisa da administraciuli personalis profesionalizmis zrdas. es sabolood aisaxeba sazogadoebrivi ndobis maCvenebelze.

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102 Opinion N4 of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) to the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on appropriate initial and in-service training for judges at national and European levels, Strasburg, 27 November 2003. 103 iqve

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4.3.2 materialuri resursebi materialuri resursebi sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis iseTive mniSvnelovani elementia, rogoric adamianuri da finansuri resursebi. sasamarTloebs unda gaaCndeT sakmarisi farTisa da raodenobis, saTanadod aRWurvili darbazebi da ofisebi, rogorc mosamarTleebisaTvis, aseve administraciuli personalisaTvis. aranakleb saWiro da aucilebelia Tanamedrove kompiuteruli da programuli uzrunvelyofa. swored amitom, IFCE-s gegmis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos menejmenti dadebiTad rom Sefasdes, aucilebelia sasamarTlos xelT arsebuli materialuri resursebis adeqvaturi ganawileba. Tanamedrove Senoba-nagebobebisa da Tanamedrove teqnikuri aRWurvilobis mqone sasamarTloebi mosamarTleebisaTvis muSaobis saukeTeso pirobebs qmnis. aseTi tipis sasamarTlo ki imsaxurebs sazogadoebis mxridan pativiscemas, rac saboloo jamSi, sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ganapirobebs mTavar Sedegs _ sasamarTlosadmi xalxis ndobas. 4.3.3 finansuri resursebi Sesabamisi finansuri resursebi sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebis aucilebeli winapirobaa. arasakmarisi dafinansebis pirobebSi safrTxe eqmneba samarTalwarmoebis iseT fundamentur principebs, rogoricaa sasamarTlos damoukidebloba, marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba da sxv. swored amitom, evropis sabWos yvela ZiriTadi dokumenti, romelic exeba sasamarTlo menejmentsa da biujets, saxelmwifoebs akisrebs valdebulebas uzrunvelyon sasamarTloebi saWiro odenobis saxsrebiT.104 rasakvirvelia, saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis Sedgeni104 Opinion N2 (2001) of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) for the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the funding and managmant of courts with reference to the efficiency of the judiciary and to article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

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sas gasaTvaliswinebelia sasamarTlo sistemis moTxovnebi da saWiroebebi, Tumca sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebulia aRniSnuli miznis miRwevis procedurebi. zog saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo biujetis gansazRvris sakiTxSi CarTulia iusticiis ministri, romelic aRniSnulis Taobaze molaparakebas awarmoebs finansTa ministrTan. rig SemTxvevaSi, sasamarTloebi uSualod warudgenen finansTa ministrs biujetis Sesaxeb TavianT winadadebebs. amis magaliTia estoneTisa da slovakeTis uzenaesi sasamarTloebi, romlebic waradgenen winadadebebs sakuTari biujetis Sesaxeb da kviprosisa da sloveniis uzenaesi sasamarTloebi, romlebic waradgenen winadadebebs yvela donis sasamarTloebis biujetis Sesaxeb. ufro metic, SveicariaSi federalur uzenaes sasamarTlos miniWebuli aqvs uflebamosileba sakuTari biujeti (romelsac amtkicebs sami mosamarTlisagan Semdgari administraciuli komisia) Tavadve warudginos federalur parlaments. amis sapirispirod, rig qveynebSi, iusticiis ministrsa Tu sxva subieqtebs (mag: uzenaes sasamarTlos) mxolod araoficialurad SeuZliaT zegavlena moaxdinon biujetis formirebaze, radgan molaparakebebis oficialuri procedurebi ar aris dadgenili. `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos 2009 wlis 4 dekembris organuli kanonis 67-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis dafinanseba xorcieldeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis saxsrebiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos organizaciasTan da saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi gaTvaliswinebulia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis calke muxliT. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetSi saerTo sasamarTloebisa (garda uzenaesi sasamarTlosi) da saerTo sasamarTloebis departamentis dafinansebis nawilis proeqts, saerTo sasamarTloebis departamentis winadadebebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos mTavrobas warudgens saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo. uzenaesi sasamarTlos saqmianobasTan 135

dakavSirebuli xarjebis proeqts waradgens uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dafinanseba ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos biujetis calke organizaciuli kodiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli biujetis proeqts waradgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare kanoniT dadgenili wesiT. sasamarTlos biujetze saubrisas SeuZlebelia yuradReba ar gamaxvildes erT mniSvnelovan garemoebaze: sasamarTlos biujeti, rogorc wesi, parlamentis mier damtkicebuli saxelmwifo biujetis nawilia. magram es ar iZleva imis uflebas, rom qveyanaSi mimdinare politikurma cvlilebebma gavlena moaxdinos sasamarTlos dafinansebaze. CCJE Tanxmdeba, rom sasamarTlos biujeti ar SeiZleba gaxdes politikuri zewolis berketi. dafinansebis sakiTxi aucileblad unda mogvardes xelisuflebis Stoebis damoukideblobis principze dayrdnobiT da biujetis Sedgenisas unda gamoiricxos sakanonmdeblo Tu aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mxridan sasamarTloze nebismieri zewola.105 aRniSnuli moTxovnis dacvis mniSvnelovan sakanonmdeblo garants warmoadgens saqarTvelos 2009 wlis 18 dekembris sabiujeto kodeqsis 42-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac saxelmwifo biujetSi saqarTvelos sakonstitucio da saerTo sasamarTloebisaTvis gaTvaliswinebuli xarjebis moculobis Semcireba wina wlis Sesabamis moculobasTan SedarebiT, SesaZlebelia mxolod saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos winaswari TanxmobiT. miuxedavad im sakanonmdeblo garantiebisa, romelic gamoricxavs sasamarTlo biujetis formirebisas raime saxis politikur zewolas, aucileblad unda aRiniSnos is, rom
105 Opinion N2 (2001) of the Consultative Council of European Judges (CCJE) for the attention of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on the funding and managmant of courts with reference to the efficiency of the judiciary and to article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights.

saqarTvelos sabiujeto kanonmdebloba ar iTvaliswinebs raime specialur regulaciebs sasamarTlo biujetis Sesaxeb. sasamarTlo sistemis biujetis momzadebisa da wardgenis procedurebi igivea, rac yvela sajaro organizaciisaTvis.106 es maSin, rodesac sasamarTlo warmoadgens xelisuflebis damoukidebel Stos da ara calkeul organos. ukeTesi iqneboda, sasamarTlos hqonoda meti uflebamosileba biujetis formirebis procesSi. sakmarisi dafinansebis miRebis garda, sasamarTlos efeqturi funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia am finansuri resursebis saTanadod marTvis meqanizmi. sasamarTlo biujetis Sesrulebis procesi unda iyos daxvewili, kargad organizebuli da dokumenturad aRricxuli. amas garda, sasurvelia biujetis xarjvis Semowmeba xdebodes damoukidebeli auditoris mier, vinaidan IFCE-s gegmaSi Camoyalibebuli rekomendaciis Tanaxmad, efeqturi da gamarTuli finansuri menejmenti gulisxmobs sabiujeto wlis bolos sasamarTlo angariSebis Semowmebas gare auditoris mier. 4.4 sasamarTlo procedurebi samarTliani, efeqturi da kvalificiuri sasamarTlo procedurebi Zlieri sasamarTlos erT-erTi upirvelesi maCvenebelia. saqmis ganxilvis vadebi, iseve rogorc saqmis msvleloba, aucileblad unda iyos mudmivi monitoringis qveS. Sesabamisi zomebi aucileblad unda iqnes miRebuli maSin, rodesac procesis xangrZlivoba aRemateba normas. imisTvis, rom sasamarTlo procesi Sefasdes rogorc normebTan Sesabamisi, mniSvneloba eniWeba iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa: procesis vadebis dacva, mosamarTlis aqtiuri roli drois
106 saqarTvelos sasamarTlo administrirebisa da menejmentis reformis proeqtis (JAMR) SefasebiTi angariSi, 28 oqtomberi 2008, angariSi gamoica aSS-s saerTaSoriso ganviTarebis saagentos mxardaWeriT da momzadda difi-qei konsaltingis mier.

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sworad gadanawilebaSi, yvela saqmisadmi individualuri midgoma da sxv. kvalificiuri da efeqturi sasamarTlo procedura aseve gulisxmobs mosamarTleebsa da sasamarTlo personals Soris funqciebis mkacr danawilebas. mosamarTleebi fokusirebulni unda iyvnen saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze, xolo administraciuli personali moklebuli unda iyos arsebiTi mniSvnelobis iuridiul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas. sasamarTlo procedurebi udides gavlenas axdens sazogadoebrivi ndobis formirebaze. swored sasamarTlo procedurebis Sedegad yalibdeba sasamarTlosTan urTierTobis konkretuli gamocdileba, romelic ganapirobebs rogorc am urTierTobaSi monawile pirTa damokidebulebas sasamarTlosadmi, aseve sazogadoebrivi ndobis formirebas. radgan, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ndoba yalibdeba ara mxolod uSualo gamocdilebidan, aramed aseve sxva pirTa gamocdilebis safuZvelzec. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sazogadoebrivi ndobis mopovebisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris mxolod kargad organizebuli sasamarTlo procedurebi. imisaTvis, rom sasamarTlos funqcionireba Sefasdes dadebiTad, aucilebelia am procedurebis ganxorcielebisas sasamarTlo garkveul Tvisebebs flobdes. es Tvisebebia: samarTlianoba, damoukidebloba, miukerZoebloba, sarwmunooba, xelmisawvdomoba da sxv. swored am Tvisebebisa da kargad organizebuli sasamarTlo procedurebis erToblioba qmnis Zlier sasamarTlos, romelic sazogadoebriv ndobas imsaxurebs. zemoCamoTvlili Tvisebebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia damoukidebloba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, davis gadawyvetaSi monawile mesame mxaris damoukidebloba aris is aucilebeli piroba, romlis gareSec dadebiTi Sedegis miReba SeuZlebelia. rodesac sasamarTlo ar aris damoukidebeli, miukerZoebeli da obieqturi, igi gvevlineba rogorc Zaladobis ganmaxorcielebeli organo da ara rogorc davis ga138

dawyvetis saSualeba. swored amitom aucilebelia SedarebiT vrclad SevexoT sasamarTlos damoukideblobis sakiTxs da misi uzrunvelyofis meqanizmebs. sasamarTlosa da mosamarTlis damoukidebloba marTlmsajulebis sistemis erT-erT qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. marTlmsajulebis damoukidebloba moqalaqeTa uflebaa da ara mosamarTleTa privilegia. amdenad, sasamarTlo dawesebulebis nebismieri reforma, romelic pativs scems kanonis uzenaesobas, unda gulisxmobdes sasamarTloebis damoukideblobas imdenad, ramdenadac gulisxmobs TiToeuli mosamarTlis damoukideblobas.107 sasamarTlos damoukidebloba gulisxmobs imas, rom igi ar unda iyos moqceuli sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS. saqmesTan dakavSirebuli yvela piri, saxelmwifo organoebisa da maTi warmomadgenlebis CaTvliT, unda eqvemdebarebodes mosamarTleTa xelisuflebas.108 sasamarTlo xelisufleba unda vrceldebodes yvela samarTlebrivi xasiaTis sakiTxze da sasamarTlos unda hqondes eqskluziuri uflebamosileba gadawyvitos mis winaSe gadawyvetilebis misaRebad wardgenili, mis kompetenciaSi Semavali sakiTxi kanonis Sesabamisad.109 mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba ar unda eqvemdebarebodes raime gadasinjvas, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gasaCivrebis procedurisa; amnistiis, Sewyalebis an msgavsi SemTxvevebis garda, xelisuflebas an administracias ar unda SeeZlos raime iseTi gadawyvetilebis miReba, romelic gaauqmebs sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas ukuZaliT.110
107 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis garantiebi _ sasamarTlo reformis Sefaseba, budapeSti, 1998 wlis 13 _ 15 maisi, daskvnebi, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv179-181 108 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994 109 UN convention, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary , 1985 110 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by

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aRniSnul moTxovnas srulad Seesabameba saqarTvelos moqmedi kanonmdebloba. saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos 2009 wlis 4 dekembris organuli kanonis me-4.1 muxlis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis gauqmeba, Secvla an SeCereba SeuZlia mxolod sasamarTlos kanoniT gansazRvruli wesiT. xolo, `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 31 ianvris organuli kanonis 25.1 muxlis Tanaxmad sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolooa da misi Seusrulebloba isjeba kanoniT. sasamarTlos damoukideblobis mizniT daculi unda iyos aseve mosamarTlis damoukidebloba _ miukerZoebloba, rac gulisxmobs, rom gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi mosamarTles unda hqondes SesaZlebloba imoqmedos SeuzRudavad, yovelgvari dauSvebeli zegavlenis, zewolis, cdunebis, muqarisa da pirdapiri an arapirdapiri Carevis gareSe. kanoniT unda iyos uzrunvelyofili sanqciebis gamoyeneba im pirTa mimarT, romlebic cdiloben, ama Tu im gziT, raime gavlena iqonion mosamarTleze. saqarTveloSi mosamarTlis damoukideblobis principi ganmtkicebulia konstituciiT, romlis Tanaxmadac: mosamarTle Tavis saqmianobaSi damoukidebelia da emorCileba mxolod konstituciasa da kanons. raime zemoqmedeba mosamarTleze an Careva mis saqmianobaSi gadawyvetilebis miRebaze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT, akrZalulia da isjeba kanoniT (saq. konst. muxli 84.1). saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba ara mxolod ganamtkicebs aRniSnul princips, aramed aseve iZleva misi dacvis garantiebsac. kerZod, iseTi qmedebebi, rogoricaa, samarTalwarmoebis ganxorcielebaze zegavlenis moxdenis mizniT sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi ama Tu im formiT uxeSi an ukanono Careva, aseve sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevris, mosamarTlis, msajulis an misi axlo naTesavis mimarT
the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994

sicocxlis mospobis, janmrTelobis dazianebis anda qonebis ganadgurebis an dazianebis muqara sasamarTloSi saqmis an masalis ganxilvasTan dakavSirebiT, warmoadgens sisxlis samarTlis danaSauls da isjeba sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT. mosamarTlis damoukideblobis kuTxiT saxelmwifos ekisreba ara mxolod negatiuri valdebuleba _ ar xelyos aRniSnuli ufleba, aramed, aseve, pozitiuri valdebulebac, rac gulisxmobs, rom saxelmwifo valdebulia gaataros Sesabamisi RonisZiebebi mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis uzrunvelsayofad. mokled ganvixiloT es RonisZiebebi: 1. yvela gadawyvetileba, romelic Seexeba mosamarTlis daniSvnas da profesiul karieras, unda efuZnebodes obieqtur kriteriumebs. rogorc xelisuflebis ganawilebis principis Sedegi, mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba gulisxmobs, pirvel rigSi, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier sruli kontrolis ganxorcielebas mosamarTleTa daniSvnasa da dawinaurebasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebisadmi.111 mosamarTleTa SerCeva unda emyarebodes obieqtur kriteriumebs. sasamarTlos damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebis Sesaxeb gaeros 1985 wlis konvencis Tanaxmad, mosamarTled SerCeuli pirebi unda iyvnen maRali Rirsebisa da SesaZleblobis mqone adamianebi, romlebsac samarTlis dargSi miRebuli aqvT Sesabamisi momzadeba da kvalifikacia. mosamarTleTa SerCevisas dauSvebelia diskriminacia rasis, kanis feris, sqesis, religiis, politikuri an sxva Sexedulebis, erovnuli an socialuri warmomavlobis, qonebrivi cenzis, an warmoSobis gamo, garda im moTxovnisa, rom mosamarTleobis kandidati qveynis moqalaqe unda iyos, rac ar ganixileba diskriminaciad.112 sasurvelia, mosamarTlis SerCevis procedurebisa da ka111 sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis garantiebi, varSava da sloki, 1997 wlis 23-26 ivnisi, daskvnebi., samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 201-204 112 UN convention, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary , 1985

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rierisTvis pasuxismgebeli kompetenturi organo iyos Tavisufali sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis gavlenisagan.113 am damoukideblobis misaRwevad kanonma unda uzrunvelyos, rom misi wevrebi arCeul iqnan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mier.114 rac Seexeba uzenaesi da sakonstitucio sasamarTloebis wevrebs, maTi SerCevis procedurebi, agreTve, maT statusTan dakavSirebuli wesebi, miznad unda isaxavdes maqsimaluri damoukideblobis miRwevas da moqalaqeebisa da xelisuflebis organoebis warmomadgenelTa ndobis ganmtkicebas maTi gadawyvetilebebis miukerZoeblobisadmi.115 garda imisa, rom mniSvnelovania obieqturobis dacva mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisas, aucilebelia aseve, rom es obieqturoba SenarCundes momdevno etapzec. aRniSnul sakiTxs Seexeba mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb #R (94)12 rekomendaciis ganmartebiTi memorandumi, sadac vkiTxulobT: sasamarTlos damoukideblobis dacva marto mosamarTlis daniSvnis dros ki ar aris saWiro, aramed mTeli karieris ganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, gadawyvetileba mosamarTlis dawinaurebis Sesaxeb da amis Sesabamisad misTvis samsaxuris Secvla, praqtikulad SesaZloa gamoyenebul iqnes rogorc SeniRbuli sanqcia e.w. Tavneba mosamarTlisaTvis. amis Tavidan asacileblad, mosamarTleTa dawinaureba, sadac ki aseTi sistema arsebobs, unda efuZnebodes obieqtur faqtorebs, kerZod SesaZleblobebs, Rir113 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis garantiebi _ sasamarTlo reformis Sefaseba, budapeSti, 1998 wlis 13 _ 15 maisi, daskvnebi., samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 179-181 114 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994. 115 uzenaesi sasamarTlo da sakonstitucio sasamarTlo: rolis uflebamosilebebisa da funqciebis urTierTdamokidebuleba, praRa da brno, 21_ 23 oqtomberi, 1998 weli, daskvnebi., samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 162-163

sebebs da gamocdilebas.116 mocemul moTxovnebs srulad Seesabameba saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTveloSi saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze daniSvnas axorcielebs saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo, romlis Semadgenlobis naxevarze mets Seadgenen saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa TviTmmarTvelobis organos mier arCeuli mosamarTleebi (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. 123-124). saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomares da uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebs saqarTvelos prezidentis wardginebiT, siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT irCevs parlamenti. marTalia, aRniSnuli principi am ori Stos gavlenis dabalansebas emsaxureba, Tumca prezidentis eqskluziuri uflebamosileba daasaxelos umaRlesi instanciis mosamarTleTa kandidaturebi, faqtiurad uzrunvelyofs, rom mxolod prezidentis ndobiT aRWurvili pirebi daikaveben am Tanamdebobebs. amitom, sasurvelia moxdes aRniSnuli principis gadaxedva.117 sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Sedgeba 9 mosamarTlisagan, romelTagan sam wevrs niSnavs saqarTvelos prezidenti, sam wevrs irCevs parlamenti, xolo 3 wevrs niSnavs uzenaesi sasamarTlo. aRniSnuli principi uzrunvelyofs xelisuflebis sxvadasxva Stoebis ZalTa dabalansebas da aris erTgvari garanti imisa, rom sasamarTloSi iarsebebs mosamarTleTa pluralistuli Semadgenloba. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, garda mosamarTleTa daniSvnis procedurisa, mniSvnelovania aseve mosamarTleobis kandidatTa Sefasebis kriteriumebi. saqarTvelos konstitu116 UN convention, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary , 1985 117 evropuli komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT (veneciis komisia), strasburgi, 2005 wlis 14 martis No.328/2004 mosazreba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb konstituciuri kanonis proeqtze.

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ciis Tanaxmad dadgenilia garkveuli cenzebi, rac qmnis erTgvar garants, rom pirs, romelic unda gamwesdes mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze, eqneba Sesabamisi gamocdileba da codna masze dakisrebuli valdebulebebis Sesasruleblad. kerZod: saqarTvelos konstituciis 88.4-e muxlis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevri SesaZloa iyos saqarTvelos moqalaqe 30 wlis asakidan, Tu mas aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba. saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 34.1 muxlis Tanaxmad ki `mosamarTled SeiZleba dainiSnos (airCes) saqarTvelos qmedunariani moqalaqe 28 wlis asakidan, Tu mas aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba, specialobiT muSaobis sul cota 5 wlis gamocdileba, flobs saxelmwifo enas, Cabarebuli aqvs mosamarTleobis sakvalifikacio gamocda, gavlili aqvs iusticiis umaRlesi skolis sruli saswavlo kursi da Seyvanilia iusticiis msmenelTa sakvalifikacio siaSi (2013 wlis oqtombris morigi saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis dadebis momentidan asakobrivi cenzi saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTaTvis ganisazRvreba 30 wlidan). mosamarTleobis kandidatebis SerCevisas xdeba aseve mosamarTleTa sakvalifikacio gamocdebis Sedegebisa da sxva pirovnuli Tvisebebis gaTvaliswineba, kerZod: `mosamarTleobis kandidatebis SesarCevi konkursis debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos 2007 wlis 25 seqtembris #1/213-2007 gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad mosamarTleobis kandidatis Sefasebis kriteriumebia: sakvalifikacio gamocdis Sedegebi; rigiTi nomeri iusticiis msmenelTa sakvalifikacio siaSi; moraluri reputacia; pirovnuli Tvisebebi; profesiuli unar-Cvevebi; mtkicebisa da gamoxatvis unari; analitikur-logikuri azrovnebisa da gadawyvetilebis miRebis unari; samosamarTlo manerebi; sxdomis Catarebis unarianoba da saqmeTa ganxilvis statistikuri maCveneblebi. misasalmebelia is faqti, rom garda profesiuli unar-Cvevebisa, mniSvneloba eniWeba pirovnul 144

Tvisebebsac, radgan aucilebelia, rom mosamarTles, garda profesiuli codnisa, gaaCndes didi Sinagani Tavisufleba, unari, gadawyvetileba miiRos mxolod kanonisa da Sinagani rwmenis safuZvelze. es iqneba upirvelesi garanti misi damoukideblobisa. 2. saqmeTa ganawileba unda xdebodes principiT, romelic gamoricxavs raime saxis mikerZoebas. saqmeTa ganawilebaze gavlenas ar unda axdendes romelime mxaris an im pirTa survilebi, romlebic am saqmis SedegTan arian dakavSirebuli. aseTi ganawileba SeiZleba ganxorcieldes kenWisyriT, anbanis mixedviT avtomaturi danawilebis sistemis Sesabamisad da sxva msgavsi sistemebis saSualebiT.118 mTavaria, rom ganawilebis sistema daculi iyos gareSe zegavlenisagan. is unda gamoricxavdes, rom saqmeTa ganawilebis wesiT isargeblos ama Tu im mxarem.119 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi kolegiebisaTvis saqmeTa gadacema xdeba kolegiaTa Soris saqmeTa Tanabari ganawilebis principis dacviT (saqarTvelos kanoni sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb, muxli 17.2). saqarTvelos uzenaes sasamarTloSi saqmeebi da gancxadebebi (axladaRmoCenil garemoebaTa gamo) nawildeba rigiTobis mixedviT. analogiuri principiT xdeba saqmeebis ganawileba saqarTvelos raionul (saqalaqo), saapelacio da avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles saapelacio sasamarTloebSi. rigiTobis wesi gulisxmobs mosamarTleTa Soris saqmeebis ganawilebas saqmeTa Semosvlis rigisa da mosamarTleTa rigiTobis mixedviT. mosamarTleTa Soris saqmeebis ganawilebis mizniT sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare mosamarTleTa rigiTobas gansazRvravs mosamarTleTa gvar-saxelebis
118 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994. 119 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb No. R(94)12 rekomendaciis ganmartebiTi memorandumi.

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anbanuri TanmimdevrobiT. erTnairi saxelebis SemTxvevaSi mosamarTleTa rigiToba ganisazRvreba kenWisyriT. raionul (saqalaqo) sasamarTloSi magistrat mosamarTleebs Soris saqmeebi nawildeba magistrati mosamarTlis adgilsamyofelis mixedviT. 3. mosamarTle uzrunvelyofili unda iyos saTanado samuSao pirobebiT, xolo misi uflebamosilebis vada, anazRaureba, pensiebi da sapensio asaki daculi unda iyos kanoniT da unda ganamtkicebdes damoukideblobis princips. siaxles ar warmoadgens is, rom saTanado samuSao pirobebisa da Sromis anazRaurebis odenobis uzrunvelyofa mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis mniSvnelovani garantiaa.120 swored amitom, mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze yofnis vada, anazRaureba, msaxurobis pirobebi, pensiebi da sapensio asaki daculi unda iyos kanoniT.121 saxelmwifoebi Tavad gansazRvraven, Tu ra vadiT xdeba mosamarTleTa gamweseba Tanamdebobaze. saerTaSoriso dokumentebi am mxriv ar arian mkacr CarCoSi moqceulni da dasaSvebad miiCneven rogorc mosamarTleTa uvado daniSvnis praqtikas, aseve maT gamwesebas garkveuli vadiT. ukanasknel sakonstitucio cvlilebebamde saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebi Tanamdebobaze iniSnebodnen 10 wlis vadiT, Tumca veneciis komisia Tavis daskvnebSi xSirad miuTiTebda, rom evropuli standartebis gaTvaliswinebiT da mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, ufro marTebuli iqneboda mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze gamweseba samudamo vadiT _ ufro sworad, sapensio asakis miRwevamde.122 amdenad, sruliad gamarTlebuli
120 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis garantiebi _ sasamarTlo reformis Sefaseba, budapeSti, 1998 wlis 13 _ 15 maisi, daskvnebi, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqauri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 179-181 121 UN convention, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary , 1985 122 evropuli komisia demokratiisaTvis samarTlis meSveobiT (veneciis komisia), strasburgi, 2005 wlis 14 martis No. 328/2004 mosazreba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos konstituciaSi

da misasalmebelia is, rom ukanaskneli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Tanaxmad, 2013 wlidan mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze gamweseba moxdeba uvadod, kanoniT dadgenili asakis miRwevamde. Tanamdebobaze mosamarTleTa samudamod daniSvnis principi miznad isaxavs maTi damoukideblobis absolutur garantias da uzrunvelyofs, rom manam, sanam sapensio asaks ar miaRweven, maT ver gadaayeneben Tanamdebobidan myari safuZvlis gareSe.123 mosamarTlis damoukideblobis mniSvnelovan garants warmoadgens aseve Sromis anazRaurebis saTanado odenobis uzrunvelyofa. kanoniT unda ganisazRvros gasageb da obieqtur kriteriumebze dafuZnebuli Sromis anazRaurebisa da sapensio sistema. dauSvebelia romelime organos SeeZlos Sromis anazRaurebis da pensiebis odenobis Secvla an saerTo masStabiT an calkeul SemTxvevaSi.124 aRniSnul princips srulad Seesabameba saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba, romelic dauSveblad acxadebs rogorc saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTlisaTvis, aseve sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrisaTvis Sromis anazRaurebis Semcirebas misi uflebamosilebis mTeli vadis ganmavlobaSi. rac Seexeba mosamarTleTa saxelfaso ganakveTebs, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistemaSi mosamarTleTa saxelfaso ganakveTebis simcire wlebis ganmavlobaSi metad mtkivneul sakiTxs warmoadgenda. Tumca, dResdReobiT, mosamarTleTa saxelfaso ganakveTebis odenoba damakmayofilebelia. rasakvirvelia, mosamarTlis socialuri garantiebi mxocvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb konstituciuri kanonis proeqtze. 123 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb N R(94)12 rekomendaciis ganmartebiTi memorandumi. 124 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis garantiebi _ sasamarTlo reformis Sefaseba, budapeSti, 1998 wlis 13 _ 15 maisi, daskvnebi. , samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 179-181

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lod anazRaurebas ar gulisxmobs. aucilebelia, aseve, iseTi sakiTxebis regulireba, rogoricaa sapensio asaki da pensiis odenoba, kompensaciis moculoba Tanamdebobrivi movaleobis Sesrulebisas mosamarTlis daRupvis an dasaxiCrebis SemTxvevaSi, dazRveva da sxv. saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebTan dakavSirebiT aRniSnul sakiTxebs aregulirebs saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, xolo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa socialuri dacvis garantiebi ganmtkicebulia saqarTvelos 1996 wlis 25 ivnisis kanoniT saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrTa socialuri dacvis garantiebis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT saxelmwifo valdebulebas iRebs damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofis mizniT Seuqmnas mosamarTles cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Rirseuli pirobebi, daicvas mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis usafrTxoeba da uzrunvelyos igi saTanado samuSao pirobebiT. saTanado samuSao pirobebSi igulisxmeba, rom sasamarTlos unda gaaCndes sakmarisi finansuri, materialuri da adamianuri resursebi, romlebic aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom mosamarTlem daubrkoleblad da xarisxianad Seasrulos samosamarTlo valdebulebebi (dawvrilebiT ix. gv. 125-137). mosamarTlis saTanado samuSao pirobebis erT-erTi aspeqtia agreTve, mosamarTleTa usafrTxoeba da maTi fizikuri dacva. saxelmwifoebma unda uzrunvelyon sasamarTloebSi Sesabamisi aRWurviloba saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mosamarTleebis dasacavad. dacvis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania mosamarTleebisaTvis, romlebic sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs warmarTaven. magram is SesaZloa saWiro gaxdes agreTve maTTvis, vinc samoqalaqo da komerciul saqmeebs ganixilaven.125 nebismier SemTxvevaSi, yvela aucilebeli RonisZieba unda gatardes mosamarTleTa usafrTxoebis dasacavad. magaliTad, uzrunvelyofili unda iqnes sasamarTloebSi
125 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb N R(94)12 rekomendaciis ganmartebiTi memorandumi.

usafrTxoebis mcvelebis arseboba, agreTve im mosamarTleTa sapolicio dacva, romlebic SeiZleba seriozuli muqaris msxverplni gaxdnen.126 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saerTo sasamarTloebSi wesrigisa da mosamarTleTa usafrTxoebis dasacavad SemoRebulia sasamarTlo mandaturis instituti. xolo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosamarTlis sicocxlesa da janmrTelobas safrTxe emuqreba, mosamarTlis gancxadebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos prezidentis gankargulebiT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesabamisi organoebi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT uzrunvelyofen mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis wevrebis dacvas. 4. mosamarTle unda sargeblobdes imunitetiT. qveynis Sida kanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad mosamarTleebi unda sargeblobdnen sasamarTloSi TavianTi funqciebis Sesrulebisas finansuri zianis miyenebis an araswori qmedebis an daudevrobis gamo samoqalaqo saCivrebisagan pirovnuli imunitetiT.127 saqarTveloSi mosamarTleTa imunitetis sakiTxi daregulirebulia konstituciiT, romlis Tanaxmadac mosamarTle xelSeuxebelia. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTlis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, misi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka dasaSvebia mxolod uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris TanxmobiT, xolo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrisa _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos TanxmobiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebis sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, maTi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an piradi gaCxreka dasaSvebia mxolod parlamentis TanxmobiT. aRniSnul konstituciur debulebebTan dakavSirebiT
126 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994. 127 UN convention, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary , 1985

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sasurvelia kanonmdebels gaeTvaliswinebina veneciis komisiis 2005 wlis 14 martis No.328/2004 mosazreba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis reformasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb konstituciuri kanonis proeqtze, romelSic yuradReba or aspeqtzea gamaxvilebuli: I. dokumentSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, marTalia, sasamarTlos Tavisufali da Seuferxebeli interesebidan gamomdinare, savsebiT gamarTlebulia, rom dakavebisa da dapatimrebis sakiTxSi mosamarTleebi garkveuli Tanamdebobrivi imunitetiT sargeblobdnen, magram, meore mxriv, Zneli gasagebia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis TvalsazrisiT maTTvis sruli xelSeuxeblobis miniWebis marTebuleba. garda amisa, mosamarTles dacvis zustad igive uflebebi unda hqondes, rac nebismier sxva moqalaqes, arc meti da arc naklebi, miT umetes, rom konstitucia arafers ambobs imaze, Tu ra saxis danaSaulisTvis pasuxisgebaze vrceldeba aseTi imuniteti. II. konstituciis Tanamedrove redaqciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da misi wevrebisaTvis imunitetis moxsnis sakiTxs wyvets saqarTvelos parlamenti. parlamentisaTvis aseTi uflebamosilebis miniWebam, savaraudod, sasamarTlos politizireba SeiZleba gamoiwvios. umjobesi iqneboda imunitetis moxsnaze gadawyvetilebas iRebdes sxva sasamarTlo da ara sakanonmdeblo an aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis organo. SesaZlebelia, magaliTad, parlamentis monawileobis gareSe sakonstitucio da uzenaesi sasamarTloebi erTmaneTis mimarT axorcielebdnen aseT uflebamosilebas, anu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo iRebdes gadawyvetilebas uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrisaTvis imunitetis moxsnaze da piriqiT. 5. unda arsebobdes disciplinuri saqmiswarmoebis kargad organizebuli sistema. mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis SenarCunebis mizniT, arsebiTia mosamarTleTa saqmianobis 150

daqvemdebareba kontrolisa da Sefasebis iseTi sistemisadmi, romelic sarwmunos gaxdis, rom maTi ufleba-movaleobani uzrunvelyofilia.128 roca mosamarTle ver asrulebs Tavis movaleobebs jerovnad da efeqtianad, agreTve, disciplinuri darRvevebis SemTxvevaSi, gamoyenebuli unda iqnes yvela iseTi aucilebeli RonisZieba, romelic ar miayenebs zians sasamarTlos damoukideblobas.129 TiToeuli qveynis konstituciuri principebis, sxva sakanonmdeblo debulebebisa Tu tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, es RonisZiebebi SesaZloa gansxvavebuli iyos. saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb 2000 wlis 23 Tebervlis kanonis Sesabamisad, saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri saxdelebia: SeniSvna, sayveduri, mkacri sayveduri, mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba da saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa rezervSi Caricxuli mosamarTlis rezervidan amoricxva. iseTi saxdelis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba, gansakuTrebul sifrTxilesa da zedmiwevniT mkacr midgomas moiTxovs. evropis sabWos ministrTa komitetis mier 1994 wlis 13 oqtombers miRebuli NR(94)12 rekomendacia mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba, efeqtianoba da roli adgens, rom daniSnuli mosamarTle uflebamosilebis vadis gasvlamde ar SeiZleba gaTavisuflebuli iqnes Tanamdebobidan myari safuZvlis gareSe. Tavis mxriv, aseTi safuZvlebi zustad unda iyos kanoniT gansazRvruli. disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba unda xorcieldebodes saTanado organos mier swrafad da samarTlianad. sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso dokumentebi xazgasmiT mi128 mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis, efeqtianobisa da rolis Sesaxeb N R (94)12 rekomendaciis ganmartebiTi memorandumi. 129 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994.

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uTiTeben, rom saxelmwifoebi uflebamosilni arian Tavad gansazRvron Sesaferisi organo mosamarTlis saqmianobis monitoringisaTvis, Tumca sasurvelia mosamarTleTa disciplinis sakiTxi eqvemdebarebodes umaRlesi sasamarTlo Tanamdebobis pirebisagan Semdgari umaRlesi sabWos an disciplinuri sasamarTloebis kompetencias.130 garda dakompleqtebis wesisa, aucilebelia aseve proceduruli moTxovnebis dacva. mosamarTlisadmi misi Tanamdebobrivi da profesiuli kompetenciidan gamomdinare, wayenebuli braldebis an saCivris safuZvelze saqmis warmoeba unda warimarTos swrafad da samarTlianad Sesabamisi proceduris mixedviT. mosamarTles unda hqondes samarTliani sasamarTlo mosmenis ufleba. sakiTxis gamoZiebis sawyis etapze daculi unda iyos konfidencialuroba, Tu Tavad mosamarTle ar moiTxovs sawinaaRmdegos.131 amasTanave, gaeros sasamarTlos damoukideblobis ZiriTadi principebis Tanaxmad, disciplinaruli saxdeliT, uflebamosilebis SeCerebasa da Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebasTan dakavSirebiT miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi unda eqvemdebarebodes damoukidebel gadasinjvas. Tumca, es principi SesaZloa ar gavrceldes umaRlesi sasamarTloebis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebze da kanonmdebeli organos mier impiCmentis an msgavsi procedurebis Taobaze miRebul gadawyvetilebebze.132 aRniSnul moTxovnebs srulad Seesabameba saqarTveloSi mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi normebi. Tumca, aucilebelia xorcieldebodes mudmivi monitoringi, raTa am normebma realobaSi saTanado asaxva hpovon.
130 sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis garantiebi, varSava da sloki, 1997 wlis 23-26 ivnisi, daskvnebi, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 201-204 131 UN convention, Basic Principles on the Independence of the Judiciary , 1985 132 iqve

6. mosamarTleebs unda hqondeT ufleba Seqmnan da gawevriandnen mosamarTleTa asociaciebSi an sxva organizaciebSi. aRniSnul sakiTxs, Tavisi mniSvnelobis gamo, araerTi saerTaSoriso dokumenti aregulirebs. mosamarTleebs Tavisuflad unda SeeZloT TavianTi damoukideblobisa da interesebis dasacavad Camoayalibon asociaciebi calke, an sxva organoebTan erTad.133 sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis garantiebis Sesaxeb 1997 wlis 23-26 ivniss, varSavaSi SemuSavebuli daskvnebis Tanaxmad, mosamarTleTa iseTma organizaciebma, rogoricaa, profesiuli kavSirebi an asociaciebi, unda warmoadginon sasamarTlo xelisuflebis interesebi mTavrobasa da parlamentTan urTierTobaSi, magaliTad, samuSao pirobebsa da Sromis anazRaurebasTan dakavSirebiT.134 4.5 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba warmoadgens yvela saproceso uflebis safuZvels. es uflebebi azrs dakargavdnen, Tuki ar iarsebebda sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba. swored amitom, saqarTvelos konstituciiT, aseve sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT, aRiarebulia marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis principi, rac gulisxmobs, rom yovel fizikur Tu iuridiul pirs ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos sasamarTlos qveyanaSi marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba SesaZloa Sefasdes Semdegi kriteriumebiT: 1. aris Tu ara garantirebuli marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomoba; aqvs Tu ara qveyanaSi myof nebismier pirs Se133 Independence, Efficiency and Role of Judges, Recomendation No.R(94)12, adopted by the Committee of Ministers of The Council of Europe on 13 October 1994 134 sasamarTlo xelisuflebis damoukideblobis garantiebi, varSava da sloki, 1997 wlis 23-26 ivnisi, daskvnebi, samarTliani sasamarTlos ufleba, sared. kol.: sesiaSvili i., menaRariSvili m., Targmani kukulava g., baqaquri n., Tb. saia, 2001, gv.: 201-204

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saZlebloba Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad daubrkoleblad mimarTos sasamarTlos; 2. kanonieria Tu ara marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli sakanonmdeblo SezRudvebi; 3. aris Tu ara saxelmwifoSi garantirebuli samarTlebrivi daxmarebis aRmoCenis SesaZlebloba im pirebisaTvis, romlebic aseT daxmarebas saWiroeben. swored am sakiTxebs SevexebiT da gavaanalizebT, ramdenad Seesabameba saqarTveloSi arsebuli normatiuli baza da praqtika dadgenil standartebs. 4.5.1 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba aRiarebs da icavs marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebas. nebismier fizikur/iuridiul pirs ufleba aqvs Tavisi darRveuli uflebebis aRdgenis moTxovniT mimarTos rogorc pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos, aseve gaasaCivros miRebuli gadawyvetileba saapelacio an sakasacio instanciis sasamarTloebSi. marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba gulisxmobs swored imas, rom pirs unda hqondes nebismieri instanciis sasamarTlosaTvis daubrkoleblad mimarTvis SesaZlebloba. amasTan dakavSirebiT ECHR-m saqmeze mreTebi saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg ganacxada: konvenciis Eme-6 muxlis pirveli punqti ganamtkicebs nebismieri piris uflebas warudginos sasamarTlos sarCeli Tavisi samoqalaqo uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dasacavad. garda amisa sasamarTlo adgens, rom, rodesac SesaZlebelia gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba, konvenciis monawile saxelmwifoebi movaleni arian, TavianTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi uzrunvelyon is, rom fizikurma da iuridiulma pirebma gasaCivrebis drosac iseve isargeblon konvenciisE me-6 muxliT garantirebuli uflebebiT, rogorc isini sargebloben am uflebiT pirveli instan154

ciis sasamarTloebSi.135 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba gulisxmobs sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebasac.136 magaliTad, ECHR-m daadgina sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebis darRveva saqmeSi, romelSic adgilobrivma sasamarTloebma dakarges saqmis masalebi da ver SeZles gadawyvetilebis gamotana.137 aRniSnuli uflebis ganxilvisas yuradReba eqceva kidev erT sakiTxs _ ramdenad xelmisawvdomia marTlmsajuleba saqarTvelos teritoriaze myofi ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebis an moqalaqeobis armqone pirebisaTvis. `moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-8 muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze myof sxva saxelmwifos moqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs garantirebuli aqvT saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebiTa da saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebebi da Tavisuflebebi, maT Soris imis ufleba, rom mimarTon sasamarTlos da sxva saxelmwifo organoebs maTi piradi, qonebrivi da sxva uflebebis dasacavad. aRniSnul midgomas ganavrcobs ucxoelTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac: 1. ucxoelebs ufleba aqvT TavianTi piradi qonebrivi da sxva uflebebis dasacavad mimarTon sasamarTloebsa da sxva saxelmwifo organoebs. 2. samarTalwarmoebis dros ucxoelebi sargebloben iseTive saproceso uflebebiT, rogorc saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi (m. 44). aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos teritoriaze myof ucxoelebsa da apatridebs saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba aniWebs
135 FC Mretebi v. Georgia, 2008 136 samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis Tanaxmad, saredaqcio kolegia: ionko grozevi, divodas vitkauskasi, sian levis-entoni da sxvebi, Tbilisi, 2008. 137 iqve

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marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis realizaciisaTvis iseT mniSvnelovan uflebasac, rogoricaa iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris momsaxurebiT sargeblobis ufleba. marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis Sefasebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, saxelmwifo enis armcodne pirebi arian Tu ara uzrunvelyofilni Tarjimnis daxmarebiT. vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneba marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis xelyofas. am sakiTxze vrclad ar SevCerdebiT, radgan saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobac am SemTxvevaSi lakonuria, magram amomwurav pasuxs iZleva _ saxelmwifo enis armcodne pirs mieCineba Tarjimani. sakiTxis dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi 2005 wels dawyebuli sasamarTlo reformis farglebSi gadaidga araerTi nabiji marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis ganviTarebis mizniT. mag, amoqmedda, sasamarTloebis veb-gverdebi, sadac ganTavsebulia instruqciebi sarCelis Sedgenisa da sasamarTloSi wardgenis Sesaxeb, gamartivda sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis procedurebi da sxv. Tumca, gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos magistrati mosamarTlis institutis danergvis mniSvneloba. aRniSnuli siaxlis Sedegad Camoyalibda sasamarTlo sistema, romelic Zalian moqnilia xarisxis, xelmisawvdomobisa da siswrafis TvalsazrisiT. 4.5.2 marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis sakanonmdeblo SezRudva sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba ar aris absoluturi ufleba. ECHR-m araerT gadawyvetilebaSi ganmarta, rom: `es ufleba Tavisi bunebiT saxelmwifo reglamentacias saWiroebs da SeiZleba daeqvemdebaros garkveul SezRudvebs, romlebic aRniSnuli uflebis Sinaarss ar unda laxavdes. marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis SezRudva gamarTlebulia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi kanonier mizans emsaxureba da dawesebul SezRudvasa da dasaxul mizans Soris go156

nivruli Tanazomierebaa daculi.138 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebaze dawesebulia sxvadasxva saxis SezRudvebi. maT Soris: 1. asakobrivi SezRudva _ fizikur pirebs sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis uflebiT sargebloba SeuZliaT mxolod kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili asakis miRwevis Semdeg; 2. SezRuduli qmedunarianobis mqone piris saproceso uflebebis SezRudva _ saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT SezRudulia qmeduunaro piris mier sasamarTloSi sarCelis Setanis SesaZlebloba; 3. saproceso vadebi _ pirs SesaZloa SeezRudos sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis ufleba, Tu man ar daicva sasarCelo xandazmulobisa da kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvruli sxva saproceso vadebi. sssk Tanaxmad, erTi mxriv, sasamarTloSi sarCeli wardgenil unda iyos sasarCelo xandazmulobis vadis dacviT da meore mxriv, yvela saproceso qmedeba, maT Soris saapelacio da sakasacio sarCelis Setana unda Sesruldes kanoniT dadgenil vadebSi. am vadis gasvlis Semdeg saCivari an sabuTebi, romlebic Setanilia saproceso vadis gasvlis Semdeg, ganuxilveli darCeba. ramdenadac marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebaze dawesebuli zemoCamoTvlili SezRudvebi naklebad sakamaToa, maT vrclad ar SevexebiT. SedarebiT sadavoa saxelmwifo baJis sakiTxi. nebismieri piri, romelsac Seaqvs sarCeli sasamarTloSi, valdebulia gadaixados saxelmwifo baJi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili odenobiT. xSirad Cndeba kiTxva: xom ar warmoadgens aseTi moTxovnis daweseba marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis darRvevas? ECHR-m araerTxel ganmarta, rom marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis SezRudva mxolod maSin Seesabameba konvenciis moTxovnebs, Tu aseTi SezRudva emsaxureba kanonier mizans da Tu gamoyenebuli zomebi aris misaRwevi miznis proporciuli. ganvixiloT, aqvs Tu ara saxelmwifo baJis dawesebas kano138 Golder v. the United Kingdom, 1975;

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nieri mizani da aris Tu ara saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo baJis odenoba misaRwevi miznis proporciuli. saxelmwifo baJis dawesebis mimarT kanonieri miznis arsebobis moTxovna daculia, vinaidan igi emsaxureba iseT kanonier mizans, rogoricaa samarTalwarmoebis efeqturobisa da samarTlianobis uzrunvelyofa. saxelmwifo baJis instituti danergilia TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifoSi da misi arsebobis kanoniereba eWvs ar iwvevs. SedarebiT problemuria sakiTxi, romelic exeba saxelmwifo baJis odenobas. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlo adgens: sasamarTloebSi sarCelis SetanasTan dakavSirebiT garkveuli xarjebis, magaliTad, saxelmwifo baJis gadaxdis moTxovna, ar ewinaaRmdegeba me-6 muxls manam, sanam ar xelyofs Tavad am uflebis arss.139 amdenad, marTalia, arc saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da arc saerTaSoriso samarTali ar icnobs iseT uflebas, rogoricaa ufleba ufaso sasamarTloze, magram, aucilebelia daculi iyos Tanazomiereba saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv interesebs Soris. ufro zustad, saxelmwifo baJis odenobis gansazRvrisas mxedvelobaSi unda iqnes miRebuli qveyanaSi arsebuli ekonomikuri mdgomareoba da sazogadoebis materialuri SesaZleblobebi, raTa saxelmwifo baJi ar iqces sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis uflebis ganxorcielebis dauZlevel barierad. saqarTveloSi saxelmwifo baJis odenoba araerTxel Seicvala, dResdReobiT dadgenili ganakveTebi Seesabameba arsebul realobas. rasakvirvelia, baJis odenobis Semcireba yovelTvis dadebiTad Sefasdeba, Tumca dRes moqmedi normebic uzrunvelyofen marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis dacvas. miT umetes, rom saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs sxvadasxva meqanizms, raTa saxelmwifo ba139 samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba adamianis uflebaTa evropuli konvenciis Tanaxmad, saredaqcio kolegia: ionko grozevi, divodas vitkauskasi, sian levis-entoni da sxvebi, Tbilisi, 2008.

Jma ar xelyos marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis ufleba. konkretulad: saqarTvelos samoqalaqo kodeqsi zogierTi kategoriis saqmeebze aTavisuflebs mosarCeleebs baJis gadaxdis valdebulebisgan. baJis gadaxdis valdebuleba ar ekisrebaT agreTve im pirebs, romlebic dadgenili wesiT registrirebulni arian socialurad daucveli ojaxebis monacemTa erTian bazaSi da iReben saarsebo Semweobas. garda amisa, Tu moqalaqe daasabuTebs sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdis SeuZleblobas, sasamarTlos SeuZlia gaaTavisuflos igi saxelmwifo biujetis sasargeblod sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxdisagan. ufro metic, moqalaqis qonebrivi mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT saxelmwifos SeuZlia gadauvados mxareebs sasamarTlo xarjebis gadaxda, anda Seamciros maTi odenoba. 4.5.3 samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba samarTlebrivi dacvis ufleba marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis uflebis mniSvnelovani elementia. iuridiuli daxmarebis sistemis reforma saqarTveloSi 2005 wels daiwyo. amave wels piloturi programis farglebSi amoqmedda iuridiuli daxmarebis ramdenime samsaxuri. 2007 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos parlamentma miiRo kanoni `iuridiuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb, rac reformis axali fazis dasawyisad iqca. kanonis safuZvelze iusticiis saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuri Seiqmna. 2009 wlis 1 Tebervlidan iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuri saqarTvelos sasjelaRsrulebis, probaciisa da iuridiuli daxmarebis sakiTxTa saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi agrZelebs saqmianobas sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris saxiT.140 dReisaTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuri saqarTvelos mTels teritoriaze yvelasaTvis uzrunvelyofs iseTi momsaxurebis gawevas, rogoricaa iuridiuli konsultacia, xolo socialurad daucveli ojaxebis monacemTa erTian ba140 ssip iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris reformis strategia da samoqmedo gegma 2009-2013.

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zaSi registrirebuli ojaxis wevrebs, aseve, gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi sxva pirebsac uwevs ufaso iuridiul daxmarebas, rac gulisxmobs samarTlebrivi dokumentebis Sedgenas, warmomadgenlobas sasamarTloSi administraciul da samoqalaqo saqmeebTan dakavSirebiT da administraciul organoSi, agreTve sisxlis samarTlis procesSi. sazogadoebrivi advokatis momsaxurebiT sargeblobis ufleba gaaCnia agreTve kanoniT dadgenili wesiT iZulebiT dacvas daqvemdebarebul yvela eWvmitanils, braldebuls, msjavrdebulsa da dazaralebuls. aucileblad unda aRiniSnos is faqti, rom Tavdapirvelad kanoni iuridiuli daxmarebis Sesaxeb iuridiuli daxmarebis miRebis uflebas mxolod socialurad daucveli ojaxebis monacemTa bazaSi registrirebuli ojaxebis wevrebs aZlevda, Tumca 2008 wlis 30 dekembers kanonSi Sevida cvlileba, romliTac gaizarda iuridiuli daxmarebiT mosargeble pirTa wre da dadginda: gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi iuridiuli daxmarebis samsaxuris direqtorma SeiZleba miiRos gadawyvetileba im pirisaTvis iuridiuli daxmarebis gawevis Sesaxeb, romelic ar aris socialurad daucveli ojaxebis monacemTa erTian bazaSi registrirebuli ojaxis wevri (muxli 5.3). es cvlileba udaod win gadadgmuli nabijia sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvis uflebis dasacavad. yovelive zemoxsenebulidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa iTqvas, rom marTlmsajulebis xelmisawvdomobis kuTxiT saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba srulad Seesabameba dadgenil standartebs. 4.6 momxmarebelTa kmayofileba momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis maCvenebeli aris sasamarTlos Zlierebis erTgvari barometri. ramdenadac efeqturia sasamarTlos saqmianoba, imdenad maRalia kmayofilebis koeficienti. momxmarebelTa kmayofileba aris sa160

samarTlosTan maTi urTierTobisas miRebuli gamocdilebis Sedegi. Sesabamisad, momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis indeqsi SesaZloa ganisazRvros mxolod im adamianebis ganwyobis safuZvelze, romelTac uSualo Sexeba hqoniaT sasamarTlosTan, mag.: mosarCele, mopasuxe, dazaralebuli, advokati, prokurori, auditoriis wevri, mowme, sajaro informaciis an dokumentaciis maZiebeli da sxv. sasamarTlo sistemis mimarT damokidebulebis Camoyalibebaze yvelaze did gavlenas axdens sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi, magram didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imasac, Tu ramdenad Tavazianad da samarTlianad epyrobodnen sasamarTlo moxeleebi (mosamarTleebi da administraciuli personali) mxareebsa da saqmeSi monawile sxva pirebs. aRniSnulis safuZvelze SesaZloa iTqvas, rom momxmarebelTa kmayofilebas ganapirobebs ori faqtori: sasamarTlo procedurebis maRali xarisxi da sasamarTloebSi Seqmnili garemo _ infrastruqtura da sasamarTlo moxeleebis komunikaciis unar-Cvevebi. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis kmayofilebis indeqsis gansazRvrisaTvis USAID-is mier 2010 wlis agvistoSi momzadebuli raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSSi `sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva, yuradReba gamaxvilda swored am or faqtorze. aRniSnuli kvlevis Sedegad dadginda, rom kmayofilebis indeqsebSi zrda SeiniSneba yvela aspeqtSi. mniSvnelovnad (9 erTeuliT) gazrdilia Senobis adgilmdebareobiT, ganlagebiTa da komfortiT kmayofileba. yvelaze umniSvnelo zrda fiqsirdeba sasamarTlos procedurebis simartivisa da informaciiT uzrunvelyofis, procedurebis operatiulobisa da azris gamoTqmis SesaZleblobebis faqtorebisaTvis141 (ix. sqema #13). Sedegad, 2008 welTan SedarebiT sasamarTloTi kmayofilebis zogadi indeqsi momatebulia, Tumca es mateba umniSvneloa _ 59%-dan 62.6%-mde (ix. sqema #14). garda im obieqturi safuZvlebisa, ramac es
141 sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSi momzadebulia USAID-is mier, Tbilisi 2010 agvisto.

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Sedegebi ganapiroba, USAID-is kvlevebma cxadyo, rom mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens subieqturi faqtorebic. TiToeuli kmayofilebis indeqsi gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, respodentma procesi moigo, waago, Tu gadawyvetileba jer ar aris gamotanili (ix. sqema #15). Tu saqme mogebulia, kmayofilebis indeqsi saSualod 10-15 erTeuliT maRalia. im saqmeebze, romlebzec ganaCeni jer ar aris gamotanili, kmayofilebis indeqsi mogebuli saqmeebis kmayofilebis indeqsebze odnav dabalia,rac kanonzomieria, radgan 65.2%-s mogebis imedi aqvs da es imedi axdens gavlenas Sefasebebze (gamonaklisia mxolod sasamarTlos proceduris operatiuloba da azris gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba). sqema # 13 kmayofilebis indeqsi
Senobis adgilmdebareoba, ganlageba, komforti TanamSromlebis mzadyofna daxmarebisTvis sasamarTlos TanamSromlebis Tavazianoba sasamarTlos procedurebis simartive da informaciiT uzrunvelyofa sasamarTlo procedurebis operatiuloba azris gamoTqmis SesaZlebloba

xolo, Tu saqme wagebulia, kmayofilebis indeqsi mniSvnelovnad dabalia da, rac yvelaze sainteresoa, kmayofilebis indeqsi naklebia iseT cvladebSic ki, romelTac Tavad procesis SedegTan aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs _ adgilmdebareoba, ganlageba, komforti, TanamSromelTa Tavazianoba da mzadyofna daxmarebisTvis (ix. sqema # 15). sqema #15

2008
64% 62% 64% 61% 54% 56%

2010
73.13% 67.53% 70.55% 63.42% 56.62% 59.04%

sqema #14

aseTi suraTi miuTiTebs imaze, rom sasamarTlos mimarT ar arsebobs racionalur da obieqtur safuZvelze agebuli ganwyobebi. ufro metic, momxmareblis gonebaSi ar arsebobs sasamarTlos aRqma da igi konstruirebas iwyebs mxolod mas Semdeg, rac saqme mogebulia an wagebuli da konstruirdeba mogeba/wagebis Sesabamisad.142 am problemis daZlevisaTvis aucilebelia sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis gajansaReba. Tu literaturuli nawarmoebis stilze amboben _ stili TviTon mweraliao, aseve Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
142 sasamarTlos momxmarebelTa kvleva raodenobrivi kvlevis angariSi, momzadebulia USAID-is mier, Tbilisi 2010 agvisto.

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cxovrebis stili TviTon adamiania. sazogadoebis cxovrebis stili rom Seicvalos, an garemo unda Seicvalos an adamianis garemosTan mimarTeba.143 sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSi ganxorcielebuli reformebis Tundac mocemuli, mokle mimoxilva adasturebs, rom garemos Secvla dawyebulia da sakmaod warmatebuladac. Tumca faqtia, rom sazogadoebis nawilis damokidebuleba sasamarTlos mimarT jer kidev arajansaRia. amitom reformis farglebSi ufro meti yuradReba unda mieqces am sferos. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gaZlierebisaTvis aucilebelia axali socialuri urTierTobebis Camoyalibeba da misi dafuZneba. sasamarTlo xelisuflebisadmi ndoba, misi saqmianobis obieqturi Sefaseba TandaTan unda iqces cxovrebis wesad, raTa Seuqcevadad damkvidrdes. Tu es ase ar moxda, ganviTarebis ra gzac ar unda ganvlos sasamarTlom, igi adre Tu gvian imave adgils daubrundeba da es gagrZeldeba manam, sanam sazogadoebisa da sasamarTlos urTierToba saTanado niSnuls ar miaRwevs. meore mxriv, cnobierebis gajansaReba, araTu mTeli eris, pirovnulisac ki, Zalze Zneli da rTuli procesia. cnobierebaze ZaldatanebiT manipulirebas negatiuri Sedegi SeiZleba mohyves. amitom aucilebelia sazogadoebaSi mimdinare movlenebis siRrmiseuli analizi. socialuri fsiqologia postsabWour qveynebSi da maT Soris saqarTveloSi ar sWirdebodaT, radgan xelisuflebis adamianebTan damokidebulebis misaReb enas Zaladoba warmoadgenda. uxeSobas ki, fsiqologiur variaciebsa da socialur niuansebSi wvdoma ar sWirdeba.144 Tanamedrove etapze ki, rodesac mTavari mizani demokratiuli principebis ganviTareba-damkvidrebaa, aucilebelia socialuri fsiqologiis meTodebis farTo gamoyeneba, Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi adamianTa fsiqo-socialuri urTierTobebis mecnieruli gaazreba da Sesabamisi
143 maruaSvili g., fsiqo-socialuri variaciebi, Tbilisi 2000 144 iqve

RonisZiebebis gatareba. aqve unda davsZinoT, rom, rasakvirvelia, momxmarebelTa kmayofilebis dabali done yovelTvis mxolod sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis araswori formirebis Sedegs ar warmoadgens. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis mimoxilva adasturebs, rom sasamarTlos saqmianobis maregulirebeli normebi daxvewilia da umeteswilad Seesabameba standartebs, Tumca, SesaZloa gavixsenoT monteskies sityvebi: rodesac movinaxuleb ama Tu im qveyanas, me vinteresdebi ara imiT, aris Tu ara iq kargi kanonebi, aramed imiT, Tu rogor sruldebian isini, vinaidan, kargi kanonebis naxva yvelgan SeiZleba. swored aRniSnuli sakiTxi moiTxovs gansakuTrebul yuradRebas, radgan saqarTveloSi daxvewili kanonmdeblobis fonze, calkeul SemTxvevebSi praqtika gansxvavdeba dadgenili procedurebisagan. amitom, meti Zalisxmevaa saWiro, raTa maqsimalurad moxdes dadgenili wesebis cxovrebaSi gatareba. 4.7. sazogadoebrivi ndoba sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi ndobis mniSvnelobaze ukve sakmaod vrclad visaubreT (dawvr. ix. gv. 107-111). swored amitom, dasasruls mxolod imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom umaRlesi mizani _ sazogadoebrivi ndoba moipoveba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sasamarTlo warmatebulad saqmianobs yvela zemoT ganxiluli kuTxiT. sazogadoebrivi ndoba ki aris is saZirkveli, rasac efuZneba sasamarTo xelisufleba da ris gareSec sasamarTlo ver SeZlebs warmatebiT Seasrulos politikuri krizisebis maregulireblis funqcia.

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ana kuWuxiZe

sasamarTlo xelisuflebis roli politikuri krizisebis regulirebis saqmeSi

(Sesavali politikur iurisprudenciaSi)

Ana Kuchukhidze

The Role of Judicial Branch in regulating of political crisis

(Introduction to Political Jurisprudence)

wignis sponsoria saqarTvelos biznesis mecnierebaTa akademiis prezidenti, mecnierebis damsaxurebuli moRvawe, sruli profesori aleqsandre kuWuxiZe

aiwyo da dakabadonda saqarTvelos humanitarul-ekonomikuri sabakalavro kolejis kompiuterul centrSi

mail: ana_kuchukhidze@yahoo.com Tbilisi, 2013, Tbilisi.