Professional Documents
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Arabic Tutor 1
Arabic Tutor 1
Volume One
A Translation of
popularly known as
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email al_inaam@yahoo.com
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!" # # $% &
' ()
*%+ ,- ./0 120 3 4/5
!6)- "0
78 9: 2) ;0
• because I am an Arab,
• the Qur’ān is in Arabic and
• the language of the people of Jannah is Arabic.”
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Contents
Transliteration........................................................................10
Introduction............................................................................13
Reviews of this Book .............................................................17
Indications ..............................................................................25
Notes........................................................................................25
Request....................................................................................26
Translator's Note ...................................................................26
Terminology ...........................................................................28
Terminology ...........................................................................28
Lesson 1.......................................................................................31
Words and the Types of Words...........................................31
The Types of Nouns ..........................................................32
The Types of Definite Nouns...........................................33
Lesson 2.......................................................................................35
The Particles of (<=) and (>?%).......................................35
Vocabulary List No. 1 .......................................................38
Exercise No. 1.....................................................................40
Test No. 1 ............................................................................42
Lesson 3.......................................................................................44
Compounds ............................................................................44
The Adjectival Phrase .......................................................45
Vocabulary List No. 2 .......................................................47
Exercise No. 2.....................................................................49
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Lesson 4.......................................................................................50
Gender.....................................................................................50
Vocabulary List No. 3 .......................................................52
Exercise No. 3.....................................................................53
Lesson 5.......................................................................................55
Singular and Plural ...............................................................55
Vocabulary List No. 4 .......................................................59
Exercise No. 4.....................................................................61
Test No. 2 ............................................................................62
Lesson 6.......................................................................................64
Sentences with a Noun -*@A *$+ ....................................64
Vocabulary List No. 5 .......................................................69
The Nominative Detached Pronouns .............................71
Exercise No. 5.....................................................................73
Lesson 7.......................................................................................77
The Genitive of Possession...................................................77
Vocabulary List No. 6 .......................................................80
Exercise No. 6.....................................................................84
Test No. 3 ............................................................................86
Lesson 8.......................................................................................88
The Scales of Words ..............................................................88
Exercise No. 7.....................................................................93
Lesson 9.......................................................................................94
The Broken Plural..................................................................94
Vocabulary List No. 7 .....................................................101
Exercise No. 8...................................................................103
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Transliteration
ā
B t
4 th
C j
D h
E kh
d
F dh
r
G z
( s
H sh
I s
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J d
K t
L z
N
M á
N
O í
N
P ú
Q gh
R f
S q
T k
. m
n
0 ū
; h
U ī, y
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Introduction
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^_= `=
[\ ]F
All thanks are due to Allāh that this book was found to
be extremely beneficial wherever it was read or taught.
Many seekers of Arabic have written that they had lost
hope after several attempts. If they had not obtained this
book, they would not have learnt Arabic.
This is the first part of the book. The lessons have been
decreased when compared to the previous editions.
However, the exercises have been increased to an extent
that they can serve the place of an Arabic reader.
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The key to each part has also been published. Due to this,
many learners have learnt Arabic on their own.
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The books of Punjab and U.P. and the book ‘Kalāme Àrabī’ of
Meerut are non-entities in front of your book.
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Many books have been written till now in the modern trend
in order to simplify Arabic. I have seen practically all of
them. However, the manner in which Moulanā Àbdus
Sattār Khān has simplified a complex language such as
Arabic cannot be found anywhere.
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Indications
Notes
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Request
Translator's Note
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Terminology
Terms Meanings
*b M M the diacritical points namely fathah
(cd), kasrah (Od) and dammah (ed).
Th g
M fMP a letter with a harakah
lM
j b kasrah (Od)
*$m '
M dammah (ed)
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Ym _
M P a letter having a tashdīd (sd)
<j=O j fm
R
t m M P the noun having ( )
./
u O
YO 0M singular
*M%O5rM dual
w$j vM plural
j {
h M dM
Rj0P P (), (0) and (U)
*uO r
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R
P 0j P g
P rb the letters besides the (* R0)
*i g
M jg
O|m
l}M $j ,M One hamzah is that of the ( R0
{d). Another hamzah is an alif
that is mutaharrik (i~O~b) or an alif
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Lesson 1
musjid.
specific city. (
i vP m ) – the man - refers to a specific person.
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1. (bM r P "j O) – proper nouns, e.g. (Y=G), (Yt O M).
2. (j $O[ m P "j O) - pronouns, e.g. (!M ,P ) – he, (
M qjb) – you, (Mqb) - I.
3. (lO M M:AO r P "j O) - the demonstrative pronoun, e.g. (bX,) –
this, (T M Fb ) – that.
4. (i !j P !j $M r P "j AO b) - the relative pronoun, e.g. ( j XO ub) – who,
(j fOub) – who (feminine).
5. (M M%$ P rb ) – vocative case, e.g. (i vP M M=) – O man, (YP b0M M=)
– O boy.
6. (.O /
u O R
P m M $P rb) - the noun having (r b), e.g. (( P M Vb r) the
horse, ( i vP m b) – the man.
7. (*o \b O j M bO R
P M[$P rb) – a noun which is related to any of
the above-mentioned definite nouns, e.g. (Y o j=GM
P MfO ) –
Zaid’s book, (bX
,
P MfO ) – this person’s book, (
P MfO
O vP m ) – the book of the man.
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(1) (B
O uX P "j O) – a word that denotes the being of
(2) (*O Vb |
h P "j O) - a word that indicates the quality of
something, e.g. (
tM M ) – beautiful, (t j)O#b) – ugly.
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Lesson 2
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Examples: (
t jO !M ,P ) is read as (t j !M ,P ) – He is a son;
(
t "j O bX
,) is read as (t "j bX
,) – This is a name;
(
t jO Yt j=GM ) is read as (t j O YP j=GM ) – Zaid is a son;
(
t "j O Yt O M) is read as (t "j O YP O M) – Hāmid is a name.
(
P jOrb) is read as (P )jOb = P jOb) and (P "j Orb) is read as ( = P "j Ob
P
j Ob). This rule is overlooked in general conversation.
of (*$_ R0Z), the lām of the (r b) is assimilated into the
harf shamsī, that is, at the time of pronunciation, instead of
reading the lām, the harf shamsī is pronounced. No jazm is
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Word Meaning
MqjO man
t jM house
t $j M dates
t $M b fruit
,O Mv ignorant
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t OM learned
t
M M good, beautiful
}t )jP bread
(
t j M lesson
9
t qjFb sin
!j "P M messenger
l bGM zakāh
j "M easy
j:M thing
lb
M prayer
^p !j '
M light
9
t hb good, clean
t Ob oppressor
O M just
t j)O#b ugly
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t )Mb milk
^p M water
t MqM day
Yt b0M boy
,O cat
.t !j M= day
0M and
0j -b or
Exercise No. 1
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0j -b t OM (5) t )Mb 0M }t )jP (4) li b}m 0M li b| m b (3) P $M 5ub (2) P j)Mr (1)
(9) P )Mu 0M P $M fm (8) }P )j
P rM0 ^e M$rb (7) P j)O2b r 0O b P
Mg
M rb (6) t "O b\
i O Mrb (12)
t MfO 0M ( t j M (11) ( P M Vb r 0M i MqjOrb (10) t OM 0M ,O Mv
(
t M \b0M $M vM (13) P Ou 0O -b
(1) a horse (2) a man (3) a man and a horse (4) bread and
water (5) a man and a fruit and a house (6) the salāh and the
learned man (7) the pious one and the transgressor (8) the
man or the horse (9) the milk and the bread (10) a man and
a horse (11) the ugly one and the beautiful one (12) a cat
and a boy (13) the moon and the sun (14) the camel or the
horse.
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Test No. 1
wt $j "M a bO a (
P M Vb r a Yt bM a 9
P ,M Xr M= a
M M '
M a j O a !M ,P
6. Define what is (*\) and (l?q) with examples.
11. Join the word (!M , P ) to the words (YP b!M rb), (t "j O) and (t jO) and
read them.
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15. What are the (*$_ R0Z) and the (*=$2 R0Z)?
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Lesson 3
Compounds
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Word Meaning
Mf
j P garden
t g
j M sea
t jW O melon
t j$O M deep
j=O M bad
D
t uVP apple
mP pomegranate
N
t O M: street
t |
j #b palace
g
M M place
Yt {
O
j M mosque
]
t OM king
t )jvP cheese
t b#b pen
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t j 0M rose
Yt hvM good
!t r P sweet
t j=O M broad
Yt j_
O M strong
<
t jO qM clean
wt j"O 0M wide
t jO M great
t jO
M small
P $M j - red
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Exercise No. 2
P jO |
m P j)Mrb (4) t jO M t | j #b (3) P j=O ?b r i !j "P m (2) P jO M r
e b (1)
(9) t OM ] t OM (8) !P r g P r P $j fmb (7) !t r P t $j M (6) <
t jO qM Mf
j P (5)
O YP $m gM P (12) 9 P hWu i vP m b (11) 9 t hb j:M (10) P OM$r P g j )Mrb
(16) t j)O#b vP M (15) t jO M 9 t qjFb (14) t !j Vi b
M (13) i !j "P m
]
P O$M r 0M P Om| i vP m (18) !t r P t $j M 0M Yt hvM }t )jP (17) i j=O m P )j{ P rb
P $M j ybr P j !M rb (21) !P r g P r P jW )Orb (20) P $M j - Dt uVP (19) P j=O ?b r
(1) the strong place (2) the small house (3) a beautiful flower
(4) the ugly man (5) the broad street (6) a pious man (7) the
sweet milk (8) the just king (9) the great palace (10) the easy
lesson (11) a beautiful horse (12) a sweet fruit (13) the small
place (14) the good horse (15) the wide house (16) the good
bread or the good milk (17) a pious boy and a transgressing
boy (18) the large musjid and the small garden.
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Lesson 4
Gender
l
2. When a tā ta’nīth10 ( ) is appended to the end of a
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((
t 0j P M ) – bride; (Yt %j,O ) – a woman’s name, or India.
(b) the names of countries, e.g. (P |
j O ) – Egypt, (.P m_b) –
Syria, (.P 0j b) – The Roman Empire.
J
t j -b earth
t j M war
t $j M wine
t M house
t j=O wind
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S
t !j "P market
t $j :M sun
t Mq fire
t Vr qM soul
Word Meaning
l YM r M city
P j?O g
M rb wise
Yt j=YO :M severe
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S
t O M truthful
wt Ob rising
t O b setting
* [
M j=O \b obligatory
t j|
O #b short
9
t r #b heart
O$M Wr P peaceful
l YM #b`j P ignited
t j qM river
Exercise No. 3
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t Mq (8) * $M jO M t M (7) t !j Vi b
M 0M * )Mhb l YM r M (6) i O Mr *i Vb jO M rb (5)
(12) *i %M Mg M r (
P 0j P M rb (11) *i #bO m| O YP %j,O (10) * g M OM * %MjO (9) l YM #b!j P
*i $M O b\ (14) *i [ M j=O Vb r li b|
m b (13) 9 P OMr P $M 2b r 0M *i M OuW P $j _m b
P O m_ *i \bM b (17) * bj=!O b
t j M (16)
% jg P r *i %MjOrb (15) ^e M ,j }m
*i M uM r O YP j:O M (18)
(1) a beautiful girl (2) the pious caliph (3) the wise man (4)
the obligatory zakāh (5) an obligatory salāh (6) a short night
(7) the big day (8) the good thing (9) the ugly bride (10) the
setting sun and the rising moon (11) the severe wind (12)
the long river (13) the long war (14) the short hand (15) the
peaceful heart (16) Muhammad, the pious (17) the very
learned Fātimah.
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Lesson 5
12 Although the author has referred the student to a future lesson, at this
point, it will be sufficient for him to remember that there are two forms of the
dual: one is with alif and nūn and the second with yā and nūn. Lesson 10 will
explain where to use which one.
13 w\ * – This will be discussed in Lesson 10.2.
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(* ?
b OM ) – one queen, (O Mf?b OM ) or (O jfM?b OM ) – two queens.
Instead, these terms are expressed in detail as ( M b)j#b M <
t O-b
lM !j
P ?r M !j qP0M * M !j fPVr M ) and (lM !j
P ?r M !j qP0M * M !j fPVr M M b)j#b M ^p M=). We
have chosen the former method for the sake of brevity.
Note 2: To pronounce (
O c_) and (O j= c_), one can read the
fathah with the sound of an alif and say ( O 1) and (O j=b). Such
signs will come frequently later on. Pronounce them in this
manner wherever one comes across them.
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nominative case15 or (
M jd
O ) in the accusative and genitive
cases are appended, e.g. (
t O
j P ) – one Muslim, (b !j $P O
j P ) or
(
M j$O O
j P ) – many Muslims.
(ii) Feminine (z
qm`M P ) – in which (B
t cd) in the nominative
case or (B
o cd) in the accusative and genitive cases are
Note 3: The (
P Om wP $j {
M rb) - sound plural of some feminine
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words is like the masculine plurals, e.g. the plural of (* %M"
M )–
year, is (
b !j %P"O ) or (M j%O"O ) and sometimes (B
t M!%M"M ).
Note 4: The (!q) that appears at the end of the (* M%O5r M) - dual
17 Since the word ( !j qP) is feminine in Arabic, the adjective also has to be
feminine, namely (* mOM j O).
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l j0YP j M ) as well as (B
t M0j YP j M .t m=-b).
Word Meaning
j Orb future
U
j O M{rb current (present)
j '
O M$rb past
.t O M servant
Gt m)M baker
18Intelligent beings are humans, angels and jinn. All other creations fall in the
category of unintelligent beings (o #OM P jb ).
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K
mM tailor, seamstress
/
b j GM displeased
t j :M month
/
bj b lazy
9
t O Ab playing
wt O Ab shining
K
!j
P )jM cheerful
Yt O fM{
j P diligent
Yt %m
M P supported
!j P _
j M busy, preoccupied
t Or P dark
t M P teacher
t j%OP bright
t m{qM carpenter
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Exercise No. 4
b !j g
P Om| b !j $P M $P rb (3) O Mfg M Om| O Mf$M M $P rb (2) P Om| P M $P rb (1)
P $j _ m (7) t j%OP t $M #b (6) *i $M Or $P r *i bjub (5) B t MYO fM{
j P B t M$M P (4)
U
j O M{r P j _ m (10) *i M' O M$r *i %Mm (9) O MfM O / x O M%jM b (8) li M j%O$P r
(14) * qM/ b j b * b mM (13) * Vb jO qM B t MM (12) *i M=O M{r P P qjybrb (11)
(17) O Mq/ b j GM O / b vP M (16) O MfqMM)j M O Mf%MjO (15) O Mf)MO / u O Mf%MjOrb
0M b !j qP/b j ?b r b 0j P m{%mb (19) li M jO | m B P MqM!MgM r (18) *i MOr b !j %P h
Ki !j P )j$M r 19O 0P$j M (21) i / b j }m O YP j=GM (20) b 0j YP O fM{ j $P r b !j P O Mr
l YM %m
M P 9
t _ P P (23) B t M%hM Bt M=1 (22)
(1) a shining eye (2) the two diligent men (3) the
preoccupied baker (4) the two tired carpenters (5) the bright
day (6) the beautiful seamstresses (7) the tired servants (8)
the lazy tailor (9) the flowing rivers (10) the large animals
(11) the current year (12) the past month (13) the past years
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Test No. 2
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20 21 22
M M t )Mb 9
t %MO
t $j :M t $M #b
b !j %P"O MvO O Mf%jO J
t j -b
t j M
wt \OMq t OM !t r P .t m=-b 9
t fPi
23
* M=O Mv * M'
O M t 0m YM P t j%OP
20 honey
21 milk
22 grapes
23 round
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Lesson 6
A (*@ *£) is one in which the first part is a noun ("), e.g.
(
t M M Yt j=GM ) – Zaid is handsome.
A (*\ *£) is one in which the first part is a verb (\), e.g.
(Y
t j=GM M
P M ) – Zaid became handsome.
the word (Y
t j=GM ) is definite while (t
M M ) is indefinite.
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4. Generally the (Yf)) and the (§) are in (w\ *)28 - the
nominative case.
25 However, the verb (i!j ?i M=) can provide the meaning of ‘is’.
26 In English, the subject of a sentence is a word or phrase that refers to the
person or thing that performs an action.
27 In English, the predicate refers to the word or words that say something
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Examples:
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8. By adding (M) or (
M jb) to a (*@ *£), it changes from
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Word Meaning
.j -b or (in a question)
t 2b M cow
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Yt j=YO vM new
ŸOv very
Yt O b# a
t OMv sitting
(
t O M guard, sentry
lM: sheep
j\O elephant
t ©Ob# standing
t j=YO #b old
9
t r b dog
R
t 0j P j M a t !j P _
j M famous
t O `j P believer
j M qM yes
t
j'
M thick
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(*i b|
O Vb %j$P r *i M !j \ij $M r P ©O$M [
m b)
Third Person 9
t ©Ob
singular !M ,P he , it
Masculine
plural j ,P they
singular M ,O she, it
Feminine
plural m ,P they
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singular
O qjb you
Feminine
P g
j qM We
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Exercise No. 5
(4) t ©Ob# !M ,P j M qM a t ©Ob# YP b!M r O ,M (3) * M OMv *i %MjOrb (2) t ©Ob# YP b!M rb (1)
Gt m)M !M ,P a Gt m)M .j -b t m{qM i vP m bX
,-b (5) * M OMv M ,O Ab a * $M ©Ob# *i %MjOr O ,M
j fPqjb r ,M (7) R t 0j P j M t O M: !M ,P j M qM a t O M: *i \bM b b- (6) o m{%MO !M ,P M
j M qM ª B t M$M P m ,P r ,M (8) b !j $P M P P g j qM r M M jO sM
M O P g
j qM M ª b !j i mM
Mq-b M j ?O b <
P "P !j P= Mq-b ª *i M / u M r <
P "P !j P= M qj-b-b (9) B t MgOM B t M$M P m ,P
O ,M (11) lYM O fM{ j P * $M M P M ,O Ab ª * qM/ bj b * $M M P 9
P %Mj=GM r ,M (10) *o M / u M O
ª wo \bMq o M!Mg
M O P 2b )Mr
M jb-b (12) * Vb jO qM B t MM M ,O j M qM ª * Vb jO qM BP MMgr
u O (14) 4 O M M!MM 9 M r ?b r u O (13) ŸOv wt \bMq M!MM P 2b )Mr bM
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P mYb (1)
O MgOm| O MYb!M rb (2)
O M jb P j)Mrb (3)
* qM/
bj b (4)
P m{%m O ,M (5)
Mq-b (6)
!M ,P j M qM (7)
M$,P (8)
/
bj b O ,M (9)
.j -b *i %MOr O ,M (10)
O 9 P r ?b r M jb-b (11)
29 See 5.2.
30 See 5.2.
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9
P r ?b r 0M li M_b (12)
(
t O M bM (13)
*i b m M rM0 K
i m M rb (14)
t
j' M i jVO rb (15)
.j -b YP b!M r bX
,-b (16)
*i #bcO m| li -bj $M rb (17)
Yt O fM{
j P u O (18)
O Mf%MjOrb (19)
O MfqM/
b j b u O (20)
B
t MYO fM{ j P u O (21)
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Lesson 7
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6. The (R
t M[P ) always precedes the (O jbO R
t M[P ).
subject while (
t Xr M ) is the predicate.
31 See 3.8.
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*i g
M Om| O vP m
P %jO The pious daughter of
the man
Adjective of the
(R
t M[P )
*O g
M Om| lO -bj $M r
P %jO The daughter of the
pious woman
Adjective of the
(O j bO R
t M[P )
Word Meaning
Yt "M -b lion
* M bO obedience
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Fi !j P -b I seek refuge
Ab -b listen, beware
* $M ?r O wisdom
Yt $j M praise
9
t ,O bF going
(
t -rM head
C
t 0j GM husband
* vM 0j GM wife
M "M 0-
j "P anger
^p M$"M sky
9
t bb to seek
9
t jO fragrance
O shadow
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i every, each
o j:M « i everything
t g
j b meat
* \bMM fear
l 1jO mirror
t r O salt, salty
M
j qO to forget
O MYOM0 parents
}t O M a }t j M goat
*i \b1 calamity
M
j qO forgetfulness
O M just
S
t j :M 0- S
t O _
j M east
t j b 0-
t O j M west
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O with, o vP M O with a O b2b rO with
in man the pen
j \O in
o jM j \O in a j \O in the
house garden
O Mf
j )Pr
bM on o )MvM bM on a bM on the
mountain throne
H
O j M r
j O from Yo j=GM j O from M O from
Zaid the
YO {
O j $M r musjid
bO to, till Yo bM bO to a city bO till
Kufah
*O \b!j ?i r
O for, to Yo j=}M O for Zaid
P r #i I said
to Zaid
Yo j=}M O
TM like, o vP M b like a YO "M ybrb similar
similar man to the
lion
j M from Yo j=GM j M from
Zaid
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Exercise No. 6
*i M bO (5) ( O M Vb r i Fi -i (4) lO M_ P g j b (3) O 2b )Mr P )Mb (2) O g j )Mr ^e M (1)
(9) O j)Mr 0M S O !j
j \O (8) O $j _ m ^e !j 'M ( 7)
O P jM (6) O j=YM OM!r
(13) ( O 0j P M r O (12) O r $O r 0M ^O M$rO (11) ( O M Vb rb (10) YO { O j $M r bO
(16) O M)hb lO M_ P g j b 0M O 2b )Mr P )Mb (15) t r O O g j )Mr ^e M (14) o qM-b j M
bO b !j )P,O bF P g j qM (18) ( O 0j P M r O 9P jW b (17) t !j $P g j M YO b!M r P "j O
O O j $P r li 1jO P O j $P rb (20) h "O j ?i r bM t OMv P M $P rb (19) *O "M M Yj $M r
(23) i M j %h O r O r *i \b1 (22) O j=YM OM!r O j "P j \O
h m iM "M (21)
J O j ybr O\
O « O b O Mr b bWr u O (24)
O *i \bMM *O $M ?r g O r ( P -rM
9 P r ?b r M jb (26) *o $M O j P 0M o O j P i bM * [ M j=O \b O r O r 9
P bb (25)
O !j "P M Yo $m g M P P %jO *i $M O b\ (28) Yo j=}M O i M$r M jb (27) YO "M ybrb
Fi !j P -b (29) ¬ OM O O M%jO P j Mg P rM0 P Mg M rM0 a ¬ OM *i vM 0j GM M ,O
O
O xO YP $j g
O rb (31) O jO m O $M j m
O O j O (30) O jvO m O bWj_ m M O
O O
o j:M i bM
c u O (33)
P O j $M rM0 S P O _ j $M r O xO 0M (32) M j$O bMr
h M
.J O j ybr O\ M 0M B O M0M$ m O\ M O xO u O Ab -b (34) t j=YO #b
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Test No. 3
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pronouns?
(12) In the paradigm of the pronoun, which words are
similar?
(13) How do you pronounce the word (Mq-b)?
In grammar, a set of all the (especially inflected) forms of a word (e.g. write,
34
writes, wrote, writing, written), especially when used as a model for all other
words of the same type.
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Lesson 8
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35 These are nouns that are derived from the verb, e.g. (O b\) and ( !j P Vr M ) are
derived from the verb (bM \b).
36 Plural of (tYM |
j M ), the infinitive.
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the word, the (N) represents the second radical of the word
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Examples:
t dbd#b <
t dfOdb Yt d[
P dM 9
t drdb
dMdb\ dO db\ dP db\ dj db\
the (ِ*M$O?
b r
^e b\), like the (S) of (t b#b), that which corresponds to
the (N) is called the (ِ*M$O? b r P jM ), like the ( ) of (t b#b) while the
letter corresponding to the ( ) is called the (ِ*M$O? b r .P Ab ), like
the (.) of (
t b#b).
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(N) and ( ) will take the place of the original letters while
the other extra letters will remain as they are in their places.
Examples:
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Exercise No. 7
<
t j=O :M (3) R
t M :M (2) vP M (1)
Tt !j iP (6) ]
t OM (5) R
t M:j -b (4)
t Vb %j[
M b (18)
t M 2r M (17) b !j $P OM (16)
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Lesson 9
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(9o r #b wP $j vM )
t !j i#i
(Yo %jvP wP $j vM ) t !j %PvP
(o vj 0M wP $j vM ) ;t!j vP 0P
(9
o r b wP $j vM )
t /b O : M\O (C)
(
o !j b wP $j vM )
t MO
(o j P wP $j vM ) D t MO
(o vP M wP $j vM ) MvO
(o j)Ob wP $j vM ) t M)O
(o jO
M wP $j vM ) t M O
(Yo bM wP $j vM ) t /
b O
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(o !j "P M wP $j vM ) "P P
(o j :M wP $j vM ) t P :j -b : P \r -b (;)
(o vj O wP $j vM ) vP j -b
(o j qM wP $j vM ) t P qj-b
(o g
j M wP $j vM ) t g P j-b
( o Vr qM wP $j vM ) t Vi qj-b
(o jM wP $j vM ) t Pj -b
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^e /
b O \r -b (G)
This scale is generally used for the adjectives of intelligent
beings which are on the scale of (
jO \b) as in:
(o j=YO
M wP $j vM ) ^e b#YO j -b
(¬ )OqM wP $j vM ) ^e M)Oqj-b
o j)OM wP $j vM ) 37^e m)O -b
(9
(9
o j=O #b wP $j vM ) ^e MO #r -b
(¬ %Ob wP $j vM ) ^e M%Or -b
(¬ O0M wP $j vM ) ^e MO0j -b
((
o O b\ wP $j vM ) M"j \i : /
b j \i (D)
(Yo bM wP $j vM ) MYr P
(9
o j[
O #b wP $j vM ) M)[ j #i
(o |
P %jP wP $j vM ) P
O M%M : i OM\b (K)
37 The original was (e^M))Oj -b). The reason why it has changed into (e^m)O -b) will be
explained later.
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: i O bVM ( )
This scale is specific with those words that are on the scale
of (
M Vr M ), ( O Vr M ) or (* bM Vr M ).
(9
o b j M wP $j vM ) 9 P O MM
(Yo {
O j M wP $j vM ) YP vO MM
(*o )MfM?r M wP $j vM ) 9
P Ob?M
This scale is used for those words that are on the scale of
( MVr O ) or ( !j P Vr M ).
(Dt MfVr O wP $j vM ) P jObVM
(
o !j fP?r M wP $j vM ) 9P jOb?M
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accusative and genitive cases. Its broken plural is (^p M%j -b).
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Word Meaning
t "O M scowling, frowning
J
t Mj-b a
t j M some, part of
t Ob fixed, established
Yt j=YO M iron
t jM good
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R
t !j P"P a <
t j"M sword
U
t M: tea
K
0j P :P a K
j :M condition
t M
O a9
t j
M difficult
Q
O b\ empty
wt jWO P obedient
t m Wb P pure, clean
°
i O M!M a * b O !j M advice
lM '
O Mq fresh
P ©ObVqM a
t jVO qM precious
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wt \OMq beneficial
.t m=-b a .t !j M= a day
.M !j Mrb today
* %Mj=GO beauty
B
t M#OM remaining, permanent
B
P MgOm| B
P M#OM)rb the good actions
D
t MO a t j P spear, lance, javelin
C
P O bV"M a vM j Vb "M quince
Exercise No. 8
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(8) * bj "M S t P i (7) *i )Mj | m K i 0j P _ b (6) * )Mj M 9 P fP?i rb (5) b !j g P OM
(11) *i M j"O !M r i YP $P r M ,O (10) *i fMOu5 S P !j 2i g
P rb (9) l M m Wb P < t g P P
(14) B t Mm -i m ,P (13) B t M$O j P ^p MqO (12) YO j=YO g M r M O i M!W D P M h b
(16) b !j P jWO P B O M%)MrM0 M j%O)Mr u O (15) b !j P OMv B P M!M ybrM0 i M!j Orb
M O ^O MM _ P j M (18) M j)O©OMO j ,P M (17) .M !j Mr b 0j P ' O M ^e MVb
M / b ?O r u O (20) * M O Ab *i M jVO %m P ,O M!{
M rb (19) M j#OO m| M jg O Om|
j ,P (22) * M \OMq *i %M Mg M r °
i O M!$M rb (21) O mY
O M bM * M OMv *b "M O Mgr
M O b !j $P M P *O MOMr (
O O MY$M r O\ (23) O M$j m P M)O P g j qM0M O MqjOr YP j)OM
S P !j 2i P (25) U O m_ O jvO M%Vb O *i b O bVr P j=O M%|
m b (24) O M)?O r ^O M$bP r
u O (27) l!M r P C P O bV"M O jOM)Mr O\ (26) ^O MO #r ybr S O !j 2i gP b O Mj{O r
0M l M O Mq MhM bO l M ' O Mq Xo OM !j M= ;t!j vP 0P (28) o !j PP 0M B o m%vM O\ M j2O fm$P r
B P M#OM)rM0 MqjY lO Mg M r *i %Mj=GO b !j %P)MrM0 i M$rb (29) l M "O M Xo OM !j M= ;t!j vP 0P
.] M hM YM %jO t jM B P MgOm|
* M \OMq 9
t fPi U
j YO %jO j M qM ª wt \OMq
t MfO TM YM %jO r ,M (1)
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Test No. 4
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9
t ,O bF a 9
P ,M Xr M= a 9
M ,M Fb a M )mb a t j)O?r M a O /
b vP M a vP M
(7) How is the scale of a word determined? In other
words, how do you use the root letters (\) to
determine which letter is a root letter and which one
is extra?
(8) What is the benefit of knowing the scales of words?
(9) What are the well-known scales of the broken plural?
(10) Which scales of the plural are (R|% >)?
(11) Make the plurals of (t g
j M), (l -bM j -O), (* %M"M ), (E
t -b), (Yt )jM ),
(
M{%j\O) and (t j"O -b).
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Lesson 10
(Rj0P
P ) – letters - as will be explained later on.
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kasratain (d
o ) will be read on it.
39 If the noun is indefinite, the dammatain will be read on the word. However,
if the noun is definite, only one dammah will be read on it.
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Examples:
Example no. 1
Example no. 2
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Example no. 3
Yo O M (
O M \b bM ²)O M Yt j=GM ^c Mv
Zaid came riding on Hāmid’s horse.
R[ R[ R \ \
v
0±
6 + * * *
9|% w\
This is a (*\
*$Pv). The word (²)O M) indicates the condition
of the doer. Therefore it is (
!|%).
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Example:
(o O M ]
o OM bO /
³ j=!O b ²!j fP?r M t OM vP M b "M j -b)
The words, (
t OM), (/
³ j=!O b ) and (o O M) are adjectives and the
case of each one follows its preceding noun, namely ( vP M ),
(²!j fP?
r M ) and (o O M) respectively.
(
O jM-bj $M r bO O jM!j fP?r M O /
b vP m 9
M fMb )
The (
) of (
O M%rO) and (O Mf%MrO) meaning ‘two’ is the same as
the dual form.
The words (/
b O ) and (Mfr O ) meaning ‘both’ will be read (j bO )
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and (
j fMr O ) in (6 +0 9|% *) - the accusative and genitive
cases, e.g.
(M$,
P/
b O O /
b vP M ^c Mv) – Both men came.
(M$O j b
O O jbvP M
P j=-bM ) – I saw both men.
(M$O j b
O O jbvP M bO P r "M j -b) – I sent to both men.
The words (/
b O ) and (Mfr O ) are used with a pronoun (>$').
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The word (!j i0i- – people of) in (w\ *) and (j O0i-) in ( *
6 +0 9|%) is like (´ X¢ w$+) - the sound masculine
plural.
Examples:
(
O M)rybr !i0i- j ,P ) - They are people of intelligence.
(
O M)rybr O0i- YM %jO
O M)rybr O0i-
P j=-bM ) - I saw the people of
intelligence by the people of intelligence.
(B
O M=O M)r bO B
O b2"O bVr B
P M$O
j $P r M M b ) - The Muslim women
40 If the word has (r b), only one dammah or kasrah will be read as is apparent
from the example.
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Such nouns are called (R|% > "). In (w\ *), they
are pronounced with a (ed) and in (6 +0 9|% *) with a
(cd), e.g.
(*b ?
u M j \O 9
M %Mj=GM i M$5rP Ub-M ) - Úthmān saw Zaynab in Makkah.
They will hence be read as they are in all three cases ( *
6 +0 9|% 0 w\). Such nouns are called (j!|
P 2r M ").
Examples:
(
"!j P ^c Mv), (
"!j P
P j=-bM ), (
"!j P .P /
b i !M ,P ).
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(o
M), etc. in (6 +0 w\ *) and (²'
O b#), (²OM) etc. in ( *
9|%).
41 Because it is incorrect to say (O%)jM ), the term (O%)j$M rb) has been used. If one
deletes the (r b), the word becomes (o)jM ).
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Word Meaning
t m!M doorkeeper
t M$r-b a t $M b fruit
)MvM mountain
$M vM camel
B
O MqM!Mg
M r *i 2b j=YO M zoo (lit. garden of animals)
S
t M!"j -b a S
t !j "P market, shopping mall
B
t Mm"M a lM m"M car, vehicle
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* b
O b\ distance
5r$m i guava
mP pomegranate
t m=}M P beautified
µ|
M P place of salāh, ídgāh
B
t b#Mq a S
t !j qP a * #bMq she camel
* ,M }j qP walk, stroll
MYjM field
Exercise No. 9
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O M)r YM %jO t ©Ob#
P m!)Mrb (3) b 0j P ' O M li Xb O / b fmb (2) t ' O M Xi j$O r fhb (1)
M O t !j $P g j M ^c Mv (5) O { Mg M rO ²)r b YP b!M r
M M ' M ( 4) t OMv 9 P r ?b rM0
*O 2b j=YO O j \O ²Y"M -b Yt O M Ub-M (6) lO /m|O YO { O j $M r bO 9 M ,M Fb 0M *O "M M Yj $M r
9 M ,M Fb 0M YP $M j -b ^c Mv (8) ²qmP Yt OM0M
5r$m i
g j M= b b -b (7) B O MqM!Mg M r
(10) lO M m m O\ B o M)O M j O,j O bO ^e M%h 9 M ,M Fb (9) O j?b O M' Yt $m g M P
(11) YO jO r lO b| M O u| M $P r bO M j)O,O bF B O M$O j $P r 0M M j$O Oj $P r P j=-bM
t j qM O MYj )Mr O\ (12) *O ,M }j %Psb O | j M r YM j M O Mf j )Pr bO B P M%)MrM0 b !j %P)Mr 9
P ,M Xr M=
^c Mv (14) *O %m{ M r O\ ^O M%h li YM h"M *i $M O b\ (13) *O bvj Yh O R t 0j P j M o Mv
O\ O j M OMv O jbO M O jM' O b# P j=-bM (15) ( O M Vb r bM ²)O M O M J o b#
b !j iO M b !j ' P b# j ,P r M Ab (17) ª b !j $P Ob b !j ' P b# j ,P r ,M (16) O M!j=Yh
O j=YM b!M r / b O 9 M ,M Fb (19) j MOM$O O R t 0j P j M o M )MvM YO %jO r O\ (18)
M$O jbO ²YjO "M 0M / ³ jOM P j=-bM (20) *O MOMr *O "M M Yj $M r bO O jfM%j)Or Mfr O 0M
O M|jybr O0iyO l³ M )jO b ]
M bFb j \O u O (21) O YM j$M r O\ O j)MO Ab
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li Xb O /
b fm0 li Xb OM"ybr-b (1)
bM *
M OMv ( 2)
bM ²)O M ^c Mv (3)
O M)r ²OMv ²"O M -bM (4)
YO %jO r O\ ²Mqj-b ( 5)
* M=O Mv YO %jO r O\ (6)
ª bO 9
M ,M Fb r ,M (7)
j \O / ³ j\O 0M ²Y"M -b ( 8)
bM OM ( 9)
O j)MO M 0M (10)
O j « bO 9
P ,M Xr M= (11)
*O )Mj ?b r .M M-b *b ?u M b M$5r P (12)
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Lesson 11
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43 The dual of (
t -b) is (O M!M-b), (O j=!M M-b) and the plural is (^p M1).
44 The dual of (E
t -b) is (O M!M -b), (O j=!M M -b) and the plural is ( M!j O).
45 The dual of (
t \b) is (O $M \b), (O j$M \b) and the plural is (;t M!\r -b).
46 Besides these three words, there are another three words which follow the
same pattern. They are (
t M ), (t ,M ) and (0j Fi ). These six words are known as ( ^M@-
l§? *f").
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Note 1: The word (0j Fi ) meaning person, owner, etc. has the
same three forms. However, it is only related to a visible
noun (, ") and not to a pronoun.
Examples:
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P PMfO singular
Masculine
j P PMfO plural
m P PMfO plural
]
M PMfO singular
Masculine
j ?i PMfO plural
]
O PMfO singular
Feminine
m ?i PMfO plural
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P b singular
Masculine
$M P b dual
j P b plural
M b singular
Feminine
$M P b dual
m P b plural
]
M b singular
Masculine
$M ?i b dual
j ?i b plural
]
O b singular
Feminine
$M ?i b dual
m ?i b plural
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If the (
M%$
P rb) is singular and not (R[), a dammah will be
read on the final letter, e.g. (Y
P j=GM M=) – O Zaid, (i vP M M=) – O
man.
If the (
M%$
P rb) is (R[), a fathah will be read on the final
letter of the (R[), e.g. ((
O m% YM h"M M=).
If the (
M%$
P rb) has ( ), the particle (M=-b) for masculine and
(MfPdm=-b) for feminine should be attached to it, e.g.
(
i vP m M=-b M=) – O man, (*i %MjOr MfPdm=-b M=) – O girl.
Word Meaning
o ?r M !j P-b Bakr’s father, name of a
person
.M M-b in front
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<
t r M behind
9
t ,M Fb gold
wt vO M returning
Yt j:O M rational
t M
j -b a t j
O in-laws
YM %jO by
* %M
O r-b a MO tongue, language
Mg
j M life
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l M$M death
]
t
P qP worship, sacrifice
t "O 0M dirty
Exercise No. 10
MfPdm=-b
O YP )jM j $O "j O r M Ab ª O j=O ?b r YP )jM ]M $P "j O r ,M ! YP b0M M= (1)
. li YM h
m
!j %PM P g
j qM j OYM h"M M= j M qM ª o :O M, j %OM j O M qj-b r ,M
O YM )jM M= (2)
. o :O M,
. Fi Mf"j yir M=-b j OMfO bX
, j M qM ª O M$j m YM )jM M= ]
M PMfO bX
, -b (3)
. M%fPjM r M j P fPjM bX
, M jb Ab ª ] M ©Ob2\bP P jM bX
, r ,M (4)
j O -b
P MfO !M ,P bM ª ] M jO -b
P MfO bX
, M jb -b (5)
. O M!M -b j O U j FO Mf"j -i M= j M qM ª i jOM M= Et -b ]M b r ,M (6)
. li M jO |m j fOj -i M ,O j M qM ª li M jO |m M]fPj -i M ,O r ,M (7)
.O M$j m YO )jM !j P -b !M ,P Ab ª Yo $m g M P !j P -b bX
, -b (8)
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Test No. 5
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particle (^Y%
R) is inserted before it?
(18) When pronouns are ( R[), what are they
called?
(19) Add a pronoun to the word (b
M ) and form its
paradigm.
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Lesson 12
Indicative Pronouns
( ! #" $&% ' )
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Note 3: The (T
M ) appended to the end of (Y l: ") is
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Example: (M$?
i M M$?i O
F) – That is the Lord of you two.
(
j ?i M
2. The object pointed to is called the (O j bO t M_P ). The ( "
l:8) together with the (O jbO t M_P ) form part of a sentence,
namely the subject, doer or object, just as in (V! 9)
4. If the (O j bO t M_P ) has ( ) attached to it, the (l:8 ")
must be mentioned first, e.g. (
P Mf?O r bX
,) – this book.
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succeed the ( R[), e.g. (bX
, j ?i PMfO ) – this book of yours,
(bX
, ]
O O$M r P jO) – this son of the king.
the (l:8 ") and the (§). This pronoun will correspond
In these examples, the (O j bO t M_P ) is implied (mY2b P ). The actual
sentences are (
P Mf?O r !M ,P i j_
m bX
,) and ( P ,P (
P m% ]
M ©OAb 0i-
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b !j g
P OVr $P r).
(b) If the predicate does not have ( ), a pronoun will not be
inserted, e.g. (
t MfO bX
,) – this is a book. The (O j bO t M_P ) is
implied in this example as well.
e.g. (]
O O$M r P jO bX
,) – This is the king’s son.
(
j ?i PMfO bX
,) – This is your book.
However, if you want to create emphasis in your speech,
insert a pronoun, e.g.
(
j ?i PMfO !M ,P bX
,) – This is your book.
(]
O O$M r P jO !M ,P TM bF) - That is the king’s son.
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Word Meaning
t jO fig
l M $j P redness
B
t bM a * bM maternal aunt
9
t j=M doubt
9
M j=M Ab no doubt
B
t m$M a * $m M paternal aunt
t !j iWr M aim
Y² ,P guidance
;t!j vP 0P a t vj 0M face
b b# he said
j bb# she said
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M,j P proof
^e m)O -b a 9
t j)Ob doctor
Exercise No. 11
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Test No. 6
(6) When the (l:8 ") is used without the (O jbO t M_P )
in a sentence, what are the ways in which it is used?
(7) What is the difference in meaning and analysis
between (bX
, j ?i PMfO ) and (j ?i PMfO bX
,)?
(8) Is there any difference in meaning in the following
words: (
m ?i O
F M$?i O
F ]
O O
F j ?i O
F M$?i O
F ]
M O
F)
(9) When does the (T) of (] M O
F) or (] M r O) change in the
above-mentioned manner. Explain with examples.
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Lesson 13
Interrogative Pronouns
( ()*+&, #-' )
Word Meaning
j M who
M what
bFM what
¿
M j=-b what
U
-b which (m)
<
M jb how
M j=-b where
fM when
M$O why
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bFM$O why
Note 1: Besides (U
-b) and (* m=-b), all the interrogative pronouns
are (
j %O)jd$M rb). See 10.9.
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M$O why
j ?b O how much
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M$j\O in what
5. The words (U
-b) and (* m=-b) are (R[) to the succeeding
words, e.g. (
o vP M U
-b) – which man, (O Mvh U
-b) – which of the
men, (lo -Mj *i m=-b) - which woman, (^O M%h *i m=-b) which of the
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The particle (
j O ) is sometimes used after (*Vf" ) and
often after (*=§ ).
Examples: (T
M YM %jO *o mOP j O j b ) – How many rupees do you
have?
(^O M2b Vi r bM MfP\r M
M M jqOMqM 0j -b o M%j=O j O j b ) – I spent many gold
coins on the poor.
Word Meaning
t j -b matter, command
M jM between
t )jO ink
*
M $j M five
* mOP rupee
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U
O 0j P '
M necessary
* M\OM comfort
M|M stick
O )jg
O r P b#b fountain pen
I
O Mm P b#b pencil
t m#b powerful
Yt O M0 one
Exercise No. 12
I
O Mm P b#b bX
, ª bX
, M (1)
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O )jg
O r P b#b TM bF ª TM bF M0M (2)
lM0M ;O XO ,M ª ;O XO ,M M (3)
t )jO lO M0Ym O\ ª lO M0Ym O\ bFM 0M (4)
j OM 0M j $h M O bX
, ª O /
b vP m O bX
, j M (5)
li YM jMGP li M jO |
m j fOj -i ]
M r O M$P %MjM
P %j)Or ]
M r O j M 0M (6)
Yt O M P j)O?b r j O -b TM bF ]
M Vb r M
t OMv o vP M U
-b (7)
*O "M M Yj $M r li Xb OM"-b ^O Ab `P
, ª i Mvh ^O Ab `P
, j M (8)
*O "M M Yj M j \O B
t M$M P m ,P ª ^e M%h ^O Ab `P
, j M (9)
B
O M%)Mr
*O "M M Yj $M r bO 9
M ,M Fb !M ,P ª P jO |
m TM !j P -b M j=-b (10)
O jfMM M" b )j#b 9
M ,M Fb ª9
M ,M Fb ÀM (11)
j OMfO !M ,P bX
, ª
P Mf?O r bX
, j $M O (12)
j hM
e -b ª]
M M j M (13)
j h)OqM
O i !j "P M Yt $m g
M P ª]
M )OqM j M (14)
j %Oj=O .P /
b "j Orb ª]
M %Pj=O M (15)
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.U j YO h"M M=
O YP )jM j $O "j O ª YP b0M M= ] M $P "j M (1
Yo $m g
M P P j YP $M j -b P $P "j O ª
O YM )jM M= M]jO-b P "j M (2
. *b ?u M j O P gj qM ª j fPqj-b M j=-b j O (3
. YO %jO r bO b !j )P,O bF P g j qM ª j fPqj-b b !j )P,O bF M j=-b bO (4
. *O M\OMrO P g j qM
O YP $j g M rb ª j ?i iM < M jb (5
U
j YO h"M M= o Ab 0j -b *i M $j M j O ª YP OM M= ] M b ²Yb0M j b (6
lM '
O M ²f%jO b !j
P $j M U j YO h"M M= ª *O "M M Yj $M r O\ lM ' O M ²f%jO j b (7
.*O "M M Yj $M r O\ .M !j Mrb
. Yt O M0 E t -b0M O Mfj -i j O ª B O M!M ybrM0 O M!j Or M O ] M b j b (8
*³ mOP M j=O _j O O li M 2b )Mr ;O XO ,M ª *i %MjO$
m li M 2b )Mr ;O XO ,M j ?b O (9
U
¬ O 0j P ' M o j ybO t OMv Mq-b ª M%P ,M M qj-b t OMv M O (10
.U M M|M M ,O ª M"!j P M= ] M %Oj$O MO ] M r O M (11
.
O YO %jO j O !M ,P j bb# ª bX
, ] O b mq-b b b# (12
. O m2b r YO O M!r O uO ª .M !j Mr ] P r $P r O $M O (13
.9
t j=O #b
O M |
j qM u O Ab -b ª
O P |
j qM
fM (14
(C) Answer these questions in Arabic using the words you
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have learnt.
ª bX
, M (1)
ª ;O XO ,M j M (2)
ª TM bF M (3)
ª] M r O M (4)
ª bX
, j M (5)
ª O bX
, j M (6)
ª ^O Ab `P
, j M (7)
ª] M $P "j O ¿ M j=-b (8)
ª YP $M j -b M= TM !j P -b M j=-b (9)
ª] M jO -b P "j O M (10)
ª TM M-b
M M ' M j M (11)
ª j O -b
M M ' M j M (12)
ª O M!j Or M O ]M b j b (13)
ª ;O XO ,M j M P %jO (14)
ª M,!j P-b M j=-b (15)
ª M,M-b M j=-bM -b (16)
ª MjO-b M j=-bM -b (17)
M jM
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ª] M h -i YM %jO *
M OMv ^O M%h *i m=-b (18)
ª9
t j
M .j -b j "M ª
P Mf?O r bX
, < M jb (19)
ª j ©OM)$j M bO TM !j P-b 9
M ,M Fb
fM (20)
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(2)
2
& 43 /
5 6
*V R!! Yf)
dM)dM
*=§ *@ *£
(3)
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(4)
Test No. 7
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Lesson 14
The Verb
Note 1: The root letters of a word are called (l m M ). In verbs,
51 Scholars of (ORj |
m P ).
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the root letters of the verbal noun (Y|) and all the
of (
b M \b), (b O \b) and (b P \b). Examples: (
M M '
M ) – he hit, (wM $O "M ) – he
heard and (.M P
b ) – he was noble. Details of this will be
provided in Lesson 16 while the quadriliteral verb ()
will be discussed in Lesson 25.
All the word forms of the past tense are as follows:
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M%jO :M ... M jO :M a MfMO :M a j MO :M a j!PO :M a MO:M a
M O :M
M%j P b ... a M j P b a MfM P b a
j M P b a j!P P b a MP b a .M P b
6. The scales of (
b M \b), (b O \b) and (b P \b) are of (R0¢ '¢) –
the past active tense. The ( !±) passive tense52 of all these
forms appears on the scale of ( b O \i).
Examples: from (9
M fMb ) – (9
M fOi ), (
M O :M ) – (
M O :P ), (.M P b ) – (.M O i ).
52When one wants to indicate the person/item on which the action is done
without mentioning the doer, the passive verb is used, e.g. The book was
taken.
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Besides these, the other parts of the sentence are called the
(Bb2M fMP ), e.g. (
Ogj u wM M ) – with the meat, (
O j)Mr O\) - in the
house, (.M !j Mrb) – today etc.
can also precede the (\), the ( !V) and the verb, e.g.
(
j ?i %Mj=O j ?i b
P r $M r -b .M !j Mrb)
Today I have perfected your religion for you.
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(t A
b 0j -b 9
M fMb ) - Many boys wrote.
(* %Mj O
j )MfMb ) - A girl wrote.
(
O Mf%MjO
j )MfMb ) - Two girls wrote.
(B
t M%M
j )MfMb ) - Many girls wrote.
Note: In the list below, each verb is written with both the
('¢) - perfect and (N[¢) - imperfect tenses.
Conjugate each verb according to the previously mentioned
paradigm. Then construct the ( !±) passive tense of each
verb and conjugate it. The beloved students of seminaries
should certainly take this much trouble to do this.
Word Meaning
i i yr M= b b -b to eat
z
i M )jM= z
b M M to send
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TP P fjM= TM M M to leave
C
P P
j M= C
M M M to go out
i P Yj M= b M M to enter
9
P iWr M= 9
M bb to seek
P P j M=
M M b to set
9
P Oj M= 9
M bb to overcome
D
P M Vr M= D
M O \b to be happy
P M Vr M= M O \b to understand
P {
M %jM= M {
M qM to succeed
b !j PM #r -b relatives
b r-b now
t j=O $j M to nurse
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* %mvM garden
wt j$O vM all
N
t 0j P GP a N
t j GM crop
S
t O M" thief
.t Mb food
.t /
b i boy, servant
D
t j \b happiness
* b\O group
M!#r -b a !j #b statement
M$qmybb as if
M$b like
u ybO because
V_
j fM
j $P rb hospital
'j M a
t j=O M sick person
Au O except
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R
M then, because
^p }j vP part, section
Exercise No. 13
(A) Note the use of the active and passive tenses in the
following sentences and translate them:
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Answer Question
P %jO ^n }j vP B
P -rM #b U
j YO h"M M= j M qM ª b 1j2i r B
M -rM #b r ,M YP j:O M M=
*b M O M)r P fP)jfMb j M qM bO
M !j fP?r $M r
M )jfMb r ,M
ª] M jO-b
b r bO
P $j _
m
O M bb M ª
P $j _
m
O M bb ÀM
*o M M" b )j#b P $M 2b r
M M b j M qM ª P $M 2b r
M M b r ,M
wM M }M )j
P r
P r b -b U
j YO h"M M= ª P M=j M M= .M !j Mr
O r b -b bFM
O )Mu
MMbO bO j O-b z
b O P ª TM !j P-b z
b O P M j=-b bO
M mY
O bM M j h -i M ,O ª M mY b M M j M
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M O MvM M Yj #b U
M M!M -b M$,P ª M%jO C
M M M j M 0M
O mY
j h -i M$P fjMM '
M ª]
M j=!M M -b
M M '
M j M
bc r bO M fO\i M Ab ª *O "M M Yj $M r
P M M fO\i r ,M
O MgfOj Or O\ Mg{
M qM M$P qmybO ª Yt j:O M 0M Yt $m g
M P D
M O \b M O
bX
, j \O ²Yb0M b !j P $j M M {
M qM O MgfOj Or O\ M {M qM ²Yb0M j b
.O Mr ªUh !O %M
m
j ?i b!j #b M%$j O \b M ª M%b!j #b j fP$j O \b r ,M
U
YO %j,O j ?i qMMO u bO ª j O /
b b j fP$j O \b M M O
lO M M_
m O
P )jOi ª O M!j=Yh O\
M )jOi M O
*O M Yj
O O)
O j=O $j fmO
P 5rO P M=
V_
j fM
j $P rb bO
O 5rO P M O
(
'j $M r ª j fOj -i
(C) Note the use of the verbs in the following verses of the
Qur’ān:
.
O O Fr OO l³ M j5Ob *³ b\O
j )Mbb *o bjOb# *o b\O j O j b (1)
(
M m% b fM#b M$qmyb?b \b J
O j c O\ o M\b 0j -b o Vr qM O jM O ²Vr qM b fM#b M (2)
. ²O$vM
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. »o O b .o b2M 0M N
o 0PGP 0M o !PP 0M B o m%vM O !iM M j b (3)
m$h 9
t O|qM ^M%hO0M b !PM #r c M0 O MYOM!r TM M M m$h 9t O|Mq O Mvh (4)
. b !PM #r c M0 O MYOM!r TM M M
. h%O M jb\b P %jO
M O :M M$\b (5)
. j P %jh /³ O#b Au O P %jO r!PO _
M \b (6)
. j ?i O)j#b O M =OXu bM 9 M fOi M$b .P M| h P ?jbM 549 M fOi (7)
. j bfO#i 9o qbF U h ybO j bO"P 55li M 0PÄ!j $M r bFO0M (8)
(1) Did Hāmid eat the food? No, he did not eat the
food till now.
(2) Did you drink the water? Yes, I ate the food and
drank the water.
(3) What did you eat today? I ate bread and meat.
(4) Did your sister go to the madrasah? Yes, she went
one hour ago.
(5) When did the sun rise? The sun rose now.
(6) Who entered the musjid? They are the teachers of
the madrasah.
(7) Who is that who came out of the house? That is
54 Here the word (M9fOi ) means, “to make binding – to make compulsory”.
55 A girl buried alive.
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my small brother.
(8) Did you (f) understand my statement? We did not
understand your speech.
(9) Why did you (pl. f.) not understand my
statement? Because your language is Arabic.
(10) O Khālid, was any lion killed? Yes, a large lion
was killed.
(11) Who killed the lion? Sir, I killed the lion.
(12) Where was your servant sent? He was sent to the
market.
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Lesson 15
The Imperfect
(I JD 4*)
2. The letters (-), (B), (U) and () are the signs of ( V
N[¢) known as the (N[¢ B/). By inserting one of
these letters before (9© X Y0) - the singular
making the first letter sākin and adding (w\) at the end, the
(N[ \) is formed, e.g. from ( M fM\b) we get (P fMVr M=), (P fMVr M),
(
P fM\r -b) and (P fMVr qM).
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P MM '
M singular
Masculine
j P MM '
M plural
m P MM '
M plural
]
M MM '
M singular
Masculine
j ?i MM '
M plural
]
O MM '
M singular
Feminine
m ?i MM '
M plural
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(
j ,P !j $P fPjM '
M ) – You (all) hit them. (M$,P !j $P fPjM '
M ) – You (all) hit the
two of them.
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;P m=O singular
Masculine
j ,P m=O plural
m ,P m=O plural
TM m=O singular
Masculine
j i m=O plural
TO m=O singular
Feminine
m i m=O plural
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Word Meaning
P i
j M= M bM to create
i b
j M= b b"M to ask
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i $M j M= b $O M to work, act
P Wi Vr M= M Wb \b to create
i M Vr M= b M \b to do
]
P O$j M= ]
M bM to own
P i %jM= M b qM to look
OO camel
,M -b more/most important
M$qmO only
j=O M innocent
!j Wi P a t Wb M stomach
wP O M{r YP {
O
j $M rb 0j -b wP O M{rb jāmi’ musjid
O j -b yesterday
²Yb tomorrow
²M)
M morning
^n MM evening
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'
M harm
Yt OM worshipper
l!M j #b coffee
!M j=O a
O 0M U
j O By Allāh
wt vj 0M pain
wP Vb %jM= wM Vb qM to benefit
Exercise No. 14
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S
O !j bO 9 P ,M Fr -b Mq-b ª YP $M j -b M= 9 P ,M Xr M M j=-b bO (4)
. lo YM O M0 *o O M" j \O M%jO wP vO j yb"M ª S O !j M O wP vO j M
fM (5)
.
O M ybr b jO j M -iM 2r qM MqYM h"M M= ª b 0j -iM 2r M
o MfO U m -b P Ab 0j -b M= (6)
. lb !M j 2b r Ab 0M U M m_
P M _ j qM Ab P g j qM ª U M m_ b !j PM _ j M r ,M (7)
. O j « YM j M ²Yb z i M )jqP r M Ab ª .M !j Mr O O Mgr bO j fP5rO P r ,M (8)
j ©OM)$j M bO Mq!j P-b M%)Mbb ª j ©OM)$j M bO j ?i )Mbb j M (9)
M bM 0M j %O2b bM
e b ª j ?i j=YM OM0 0M j ?i 2b bM j M b !j $P bj M r ,M (10)
.U m YM OM0
. j %OP Vb %jM= ²MfO j ?i %jO 9 P ir -b M$qmO ª *i _ M ©OM M= m%O M j)OiWr M bFM (11)
. TM M%,P j i %Mj=-bM M
O 0M Ab ª wO O M{r O\ O j -b Mq!j $P fPj=-bM r ,M (12)
²M) M wP $M "j -b
O 0M U j O ª !j P=O m O\
O j gM r M M)j -b wP $M j M r M, (13)
. ^n MM 0M
. O !j P yir h ,M -b j O M ,O 0M M,-iM #r -b Ab < M jb ª YM ©OM{ M r -iM 2r M r ,M 0M (14)
MqmO\b M,h :M j O
O Fb MM ª *O $M jO M r
O j g
M r ;O XO ,M O\ P bj M bFM (15)
.
M j M rM0 S M j _m B O Xb M -b j fOu li YM #b!j $P r
O P Mq
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. b !P$bj M= b Å
M 2O \OM%$P r m ?O
0M Å
M %OO `j $P r O 0M O O!P"M O 0M li }m O r O uO 0M (1)
m$h ^p UOM r qM-b 0M i $M j -b m$O b !i=OM j fPqb- j ?i i$M M j ?i b 0M O$M M j O (2)
. b !i$M j M
. b !P$Or M= j P
M Vi qb- ( M m% m ?O db 0M ³j:M ( M m% P Or M= Ab M x u O (3)
. ²Vr qM Ab 0M ¨' M OVr %MO ] P Oj -b Au i# (4)
.²Mq j O qO!iWP O\ b !ii yr M= M$qmO ²$r i
MfMr b M!j -b b !ii yr M= M =OXu (5)
. j qOM Wb \b U j XO u YP )Pj -b Ab O M0M (6)
. j M \OP <M jb ^O M$ m bO 0M j 2b OP < M jb O OOr bO b 0Pi %M= b\b-b (7)
YP )Pj -b M b 0PYOM j fPqb- b 0M b 0PY)Pj M M YP )Pj -b b b 0P \Ob?r M=-b M= r #i (8)
0M j ?i %P=O j ?i b YP )Pj -b M b 0PYOM j fPqb- b 0M j YM)M m Yt OM Mq-b b 0M
. O =O M O
. b !j ib
j P= j ,P 0M i M Vr M= m$M i b j P=Ab (9)
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An Arabic Letter
: O j\O
P )jfMb 0M O jO |
m j O -b bO ²!j fP?r M .M !j Mr
P r "M j -b Mq-b
}P j=}O M r E
P ybr M=-b
P PbM M0M
O *i $M j M 0M j ?jbM .P / bm b
j ©Ob2\bP 0M Mq-b B P -rM #b j qh-b b !j $P bj M m$b Y² j=YO :M ²M \b b !j P M Vr M j ?i P j$O vM j fPqj-b
j O / ³ jO#b P M Vr qM b rM0 *o bjO#b lo Ym P j \O
O M ybr b jO
j M
O MfO j O b 0m ybr ^c }j { P r
e ^c M: r O -iYM )j%M"M 0M h OM M r O\ ²!j fP?r M .M !j Mr 9 P fPr -b bX
O0M
O M M r MO
.
O Mf?O r bX
, j O j qOu5 ^c }j {
P r O jM !j M= YM j M
MM
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wO j$O {
M O0M j ?i b0M j O M Om| b $M M rM0 wM \Om% M r O rM0 *b M\OMr bMM
O M O 9 P ir -b
. .P / b m M0 M jO 1 . M j$O O
j $P r
TM O jM 9
P Ob
M$j m YP )jM
Test No. 8
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