Chng 1 Gii thiu v PLC I.

1 M u Trong cc h thng sn xut, trong cc thit b t ng v bn t ng, h thng iu khin ng vai tr iu phi ton b cc hot ng ca my mc thit b. Cc h thng my mc v thit b sn xut thng rt phc tp, c rt nhiu i lng vt l phi iu khin c th hot ng ng b hoc theo mt trnh t cng ngh nht nh nhm to ra mt sn phm mong mun. Tng i lng vt l n l c th c iu khin bng mt mch iu khin c s dng tng t hay gin on. iu khin nhiu i lng vt l ng thi chng ta khng th dng cc mch iu khin tng t m phi s dng h thng iu khin l gc. Trc y cc h thng iu khin l gc c s dng l h thng l gc r le. Nh s pht trin nhanh chng ca k thut in t, cc thit b iu khin l gc kh lp trnh PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) xut hin vo nm 1969 thay th cc h thng iu khin r le. Cng ngy PLC cng tr nn hon thin v a nng. Cc PLC ngy nay khng nhng c kh nng thay th hon ton cc thit b iu khin lo gc c in, m cn c kh nng thay th cc thit b iu khin tng t. Cc PLC c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip. Chc nng chnh ca PLC l kim tra trng thi ca cc u vo v iu khin cc qu trnh hoc cc h thng my mc thng qua cc tn hiu trn chnh u ra ca PLC. T hp l gc ca cc u vo to ra mt hay nhiu tn hiu ra c gi l iu khin l gc. Cc t hp l gc thng c thc hin theo trnh t iu khin hay cn gi l chng trnh iu khin. Chng trnh iu khin c lu trong b nh ca PLC c th bng cch lp trnh bng thit b cm tay ni trc tip vi PLC hoc lp trnh trn my tnh c nhn nh cc phn mm chuyn dng v truyn vo PLC qua mng hay qua cp truyn d liu. B x l tn hiu, thng l cc b vi x l tc cao, thc hin chng trnh iu khin theo chu k. Khong thi gian thc hin mt chu trnh iu khin t lc kim tra cc tn hiu vo, thc hin cc php tnh lo gc hoc i s c c tn hiu iu khin, cho n khi pht tn hiu n u ra c goi l chu k thi gian qut. PLC trong cng nghip thng c cu hnh n gin nht, bi v cc chng trnh trnh iu khin qu trnh cng ngh hay my mc thng c hot ng 24/24 v khng cn bt c s can thip ca con ngi trong qu trnh iu khin. PLC ch dng qut chng trnh iu khin khi ngt ngun hoc khi cng tc ngng c kch hot. S khi n gin ho ca PLC c th hin trn hnh 1.1. I.1 I.2 Cun ht Cng tc M un Vo CPU M un Ra n tn hiu

in p 110 V hoc 220 V

Hnh 1.1 S khi ca mt b PLC n gin.

Trn u vo ca PLC c th c cc knh tn hiu tng t hoc cc knh tn hiu s. Cc knh tn hiu ny xut pht t cc cm bin, t cc cng tc hnh trnh, cng tc ng ngt mch in hoc t cc bin l gc tng ng vi cc cc trng thi ca my mc, thit b. Tn hiu vo c b x l trung tm x l nh cc php tnh l gc hay s hc v kt qu l cc tn hiu ra. Cc tn hiu tn hiu ra l cc tn hiu truyn in nng n cho cc c cu chp hnh nh cun ht, n hiu, ng c vv. in p trn u vo ca PLC l in p cng sut thp, tng ng vi mc t 0V n 5V mt chiu. Khi ta ni cc u vo c mc in p cao hn 5V, thng phi dng cc knh c cc mch chuyn i bin in p vo thnh in p tng ng vi mc +/- 5VDC. in p trn u ra ca PLC c th c nhiu mc in p khc nhau, nhng u c mc nng lng thp. Nu cn phi iu khin c cu chp hnh c mc nng lng cao hn, ta phi s dng cc thit b khuych i cng sut. I.2 lch s pht trin ca PLc Vo khong nm 1968, cc nh sn xut t a ra cc yu cu k thut u tin cho thit b i khin l gc kh lp trnh. Mc ch u tin l thay th cho cc t iu khin cng knh, tiu th nhiu in nng v thng xuyn phi thay th cc r le do hng cun ht hay gy cc thanh l xo tip im. Mc ch th hai l to ra mt thiu b iu khin c tnh linh hot trong vic thay i chng trnh iu khin. Cc yu cu k thut ny chnh l c s ca cc my tnh cng nghip, m u im chnh ca n l s lp trnh d dng bi cc k thut vin v cc k s sn xut. Vi thit b iu khin kh lp trnh, ngi ta c th gim thi gian dng trong sn xut, m rng kh nng hon thin h thng sn xut v thch ng vi s thay i trong sn xut. Mt s nh sn xut thit b iu khin trn c s my tnh sn xut ra cc thit b iu khin kh lp trnh cn gi l PLC. Nhng PLC u tin c ng dng trong cng nghip t vo nm 1969 em li s u vit hn hn cc h thng iu khin trn c s r le. Cc thit b ny c lp trnh d dng, khng chim nhiu khng gian trong cc xng sn xut v c tin cy cao hn cc h thng r le. Cc ng dng ca PLC nhanh chng rng m ra tt c cc ngnh cng nghip sn xut khc. Hai c im chnh dn n s thnh cng ca PLC chnh l tin cy cao v kh nng lp trnh d dng. tin cy ca PLC c m bo bi cc mch bn dn c thit k thch ng vi mi trng cng nghip. Cc mch vo ra c thit k m bo kh nng chng nhiu, chu c m, chu c du, bi v nhit cao. Cc ngn ng lp trnh u tin ca PLC tng t nh s thang trong cc h thng iu khin l gc, nn cc k s lm quen vi s thang, d dng thch nghi vi vic lp trnh m khng cn phi qua mt qu trnh o to no. Mt s cc ng dng ca my tnh trong sn xut trong thi gian u b tht bi, cng chnh v vic hc s dng cc phn mm my tnh khng d dng ngay c vi cc k s. Khi cc vi x l c a vo s dng trong nhng nm 1974 1975, cc kh nng c bn ca PLC c m rng v hon thin hn. Cc PLC c trang b vi x l c kh nng thc hin cc tnh ton v x l s liu phc tp, iu ny lm tng kh nng ng dng ca PLC cho cc h thng iu khin phc tp. Cc PLC khng ch dng li ch l cc thit b iu khin l gc, m n cn c kh nng thay th c cc thit b iu khin tng t. Vo cui nhng nm by mi vic truyn d liu tr nn d dng nh s pht trin nhy vt ca cng nghip in t. Cc PLC c th iu khin cc thit b

cch xa hng vi trm mt. Cc PLC c th trao i d liu cho nhau v vic iu khin qua trnh sn xut tr nn d dng hn. Thit b iu khin kh lp trnh PLC chnh l cc my tnh cng nghip dng cho mc ch iu khin my, iu khin cc ng dng cng nghip thay th cho cc thit b cng nh cc r le, cun ht v cc tip im. Ngy nay chng ta c th thy PLC trong hng nghn ng dng cng nghip. Chng c s dng trong cng nghip ho cht, cng nghip ch bin du, cng nghip thc phm, cng nghip c kh, cng nghip x l nc v cht thi, cng nghip dc phm, cng nghip dt may, nh my in ht nhn, trong cng nghip khai khong, trong giao thng vn ti, trong qun s, trong cc h thng m bo an ton, trong cc h thng vn chuyn t ng, iu khin r bt, iu khin my cng c CNC vv. Cc PLC c th c kt ni vi cc my tnh truyn, thu thp v lu tr s liu bao gm c qu trnh iu khin bng thng k, qu trnh m bo cht lng, chn on s c trc tuyn, thay i chng trnh iu khin t xa. Ngoi ra PLC cn c dng trong h thng qun l nng lng nhm gim gi thnh v ci thin mi trng iu khin trong cc cc h thng phc v sn xut, trong cc dch v v cc vn phng cng s. S ra i ca my tnh c nhn PC trong nhng nm tm mi nng cao ng k tnh nng v kh nng s dng ca PLC trong iu khin my v qu trnh sn xut. Cc PC gi thnh khng cao c th s dng nh cc thit b lp trnh v l giao din gia ngi vn hnh v h thng iu khin. Nh s pht trin ca cc phn mm ho cho my tnh c nhn PC, cc PLC cng c trang b cc giao din ho c th m phng hoc hin th cc hot ng ca tng b phn trong h thng iu khin. iu ny c ngha c bit quan trng i vi cc my CNC, v n to cho ta kh nng m phng trc qu trnh gia cng, nhm trnh cc s c do lp trnh sai. My tnh c nhn PC v PLC u c s dng rng ri trong cc h thng iu khin sn xut v c trong cc h thng dch v. PLC c sn xut bi nhiu hng khc nhau trn th gii. V nguyn l hot ng, cc PLC ny c tnh nng tng t ging nhau, nhng v lp trnh s dng th chng hon ton khc nhau do thit k khc nhau ca mi nh sn xut. PLC khc vi cc my tnh l khng c ngn ng lp trnh chung v khng c h iu hnh. Khi c bt ln th PLC ch chy chng trnh iu khin ghi trong b nh ca n, ch khng th chy c hot ng no khc. Mt s hng sn xut PLC ln c tn tui nh: Siemens, Toshiba, Mishubisi, Omron, Allan Bradley, Rocwell, Fanuc l cc hng chim phn ln th phn PLC th gii. Cc PLC ca cc hng ny c ng dng rng ri trong cng nghip s dng cng ngh t ng ho. Cc thit b iu khin PLC to thm sc mnh, tc v tnh linh hot cho cc h thng cng nghip. Bng s thay th cc phn t c in bng PLC, qu trnh iu khin tr nn nhanh hn, r hn, v quan trng nht l hiu qu hn. PLC l s la chn tt hn cc h thng r le hay my tnh tiu chun do mt s l do sau: - Tn t khng gian: Mt PLC cn t khng gian hn mt my tnh tiu chun hay t iu khin r le thc hin cng mt cc nng. - Tit kim nng lng: PLC tiu th nng lng mc rt thp, t hn c cc my tnh thng thng. - Gi thnh thp : Mt PLC gi tng ng c 5 n 10 r le, nhng n c kh nng thay th hng trm r le. - Kh nng thch ng vi mi trng cng nghip: Cc v ca PLC c lm t cc vt liu cng, c kh nng chng chu c bi bn, du m, m, rung ng v nhiu. Cc my tnh tiu chun khng c kh nng ny.

Giao din tc tip: Cc my tnh tiu chun cn c mt h thng phc tp c th giao tip vi mi trng cng nghip. Trong khi cc PLC c th giao din trc tip nh cc m un vo ra I/O. Lp trnh d dng: Phn ln cc PLC s dng ngn ng lp trnh l s thang, tng t nh s u ca cc h thng iu khin r le thng thng. Tnh linh hot cao: Chng trnh iu khin ca PLC c th thay i nhanh chng v d dng bng cch np li chng trnh iu khin mi vo PLC bng b lp trnh, bng th nh, bng truyn ti qua mng.

I.3. Phn loi PLC Cn c vo s lng cc u vo/ ra, ta c th phn PLC thnh bn loi sau: - micro PLC l loi c di 32 knh vo/ ra - PLC nh c n 256 knh vo/ ra - PLC trung bnh c n 1024 knh vo/ ra - PLC c ln c trn 1024 knh vo/ra. Cc micro PLC thng c t hn 32 u vo/ra. Trn hnh 1.2 l v d v micro PLC h T100MD-1616 do hng Triangle Research International sn xut. Cu to tng i n gin v ton b cc b phn c tch hp trn mt bng mch c kch thc nh gn. Micro PLC c cu to gm tt c cc b phn nh b x l tn hiu, b ngun, cc knh vo/ra trong mt khi. Cc micro PLC c u im hn cc PLC nh l gi thnh r, d lp t.

Hnh 1.2 Micro PLC h T100MD-1616 Mt loi micro PLC khc l DL05 ca hng Koyo, loi ny c 30 knh vo/ ra

Hnh 1.3. Micro PLC h DL05 ca hng Koyo Mt loi micro-PLC khc l loi x ri 90 ca Fanuc, hnh 1.4. Loi ny c 8 knh vo v 8 knh ra.

Hnh 1.4. Micro-PLC x ri 90 ca Fanuc PLC loi nh c th c n 256 u vo/ra. Trn hnh 1.5 l PLC ca hng OMRON loi ZEN 10C. Loi PLC ny c 34 knh vo/ ra gm: 6 knh vo v 4 knh ra trn m un CPU, cn li 3 m un vo/ ra, vi 4 knh vo v 4 knh ra cho mi m un.

Hnh 1.5. PLC loi ZEN-10C ca Omron Hng Siemens c cc PLC loi nh nh S5-90U, S5-95U, S5-100U (hnh 1.6), S7 200 l cc loi PLC loi nh, c s lng knh vo/ ra nh hn 256. Cu to ca cc PLC loi nh cng tng t nh cu to ca cc PLC loi trung bnh, v u l dng m un. im khc bit l dung lng b nh, s lng knh vo/ ra ca cc m un khc nhau v ln v tc x l thng tin cng khc nhau. PLC ca Siemens c dng rng ri trong hu ht cc nc c nn cng nghip pht trin.

Hnh 1.7. PLC S5-100U ca Siemens Cc PLC trung bnh c th c dn 1024 u vo/ra. Loi CJ1M ca Omron trn hnh 1.8 c 320 knh vo/ ra.

Hnh 1.8. PLC loi CJ1M ca Omron Loi PLC CQM1 hay CQMIH ca Omron trn hnh 1.9 c 512 knh vo ra.

Hnh 1.9. PLC loi CQM1 ca Omron

Hng Siemens c mt s x ri S7-200 l ccloi PLC hng trung bnh. S lng knh vo/ ra ca S-300 c th trong khong t 256 n 1024. Cc PLC loi ln c nhiu hn 1024 u vo/ra. Loi ny c tc x l rt cao, dung lng b nh ln v thng c dng trong iu khin cc h thng thit b cng ngh phc tp. Hng Omron c PLC loai CJ1 trn hnh 1.10, l loi c ti 1280 knh vo/ ra v loi CJ1H c ti 2560 knh vo/ra.

Hnh 1.10. PLC loi CJ1 ca Omron Hng Omron cn c loai CS1 trn hnh 1.11, l loi PLC c ln vi 5120 knh vo/ ra.

Hnh 1.11. PLC loi CS1 ca Omron

Cc PLC loi ln ca Siemens l cc loi x ri S7-300, S7-400. Cc loi ny c s lng knh vo/ ra rt ln. Cc knh ny khng th u trc tip ln PLC m phi thng qua cc b dn knh v tch knh ( demultiplexeur v multiplexeur). Trn hnh 1.12 l PLC S7400 ca Siemens. y l loi PLC mnh nht ca Siemens hin nay. Cu hnh ca PLC ny c biu din bng hnh 1.13.a, 1.13.b. Cc PLC trung bnh v ln c cc m un vo/ra c th lp rp vi nhau trn cng mt gi tiu chun, cho php lp thm hoc tho bt ra m khng cn tt ngun. Cc PLC c kt ni vi nhau thng qua mng ETHERNET cng nghip (hnh 1.14). 7

Hnh 1.12. PLC S7-400 ca Siemens

a, b, Hnh 1.13. a, Cu trc ca S7-400; b, S kt ni ca S-400 Cc PLC loi ln thng dng iu khin mc cao. mc thp thng l cc thit b iu khin tng t, hay thit b iu khin s vi cc PLC loi nh, hay loi trung bnh. mc thp, ch yu l cc thit b iu khin trc tip cc thit b cng ngh, cc c cu chp hnh, cc ng c, bm, van, cun ht, n hiu vv. iu khin mc cao bao gm cc iu khin lin quan n phn qun l h thng v qun l d liu ca h thng iu khin. mc ny, cc d liu c th c thu thp t cc cc thit b iu khin mc thp hoc t bn ngoi h thng thng qua mng ni b v mng Internet. Cc d liu t cc PLC c truyn v cc my tnh trung tm lu tr v x l. Trng hp cc h thng sn xut t ng c iu khin bng thng k, y chnh l iu khin mc cao, tng ng vi cu trc qun l ca h thng. Hot ng ca h thng iu khin 8

c iu chnh da theo kt qu phn tch, nh gi t cc d liu thng k, nh vy gip cho vic sn xut lun dng ti u nht v hiu qu nht. PLC S7-400 ca Siemens l mt trong nhng loi PLC ln v rt mnh trong cc h thng iu khin sn xut qui m nh cc nh my cng nghip. Loi PLC ny c th kt ni trc tip qua mng Ethernet cng nghip vi cc thit b iu khin mc cao hn trao i d liu hoc thng cc cc cc knh giao din khc nh MPI , PROFIBUS, EIB hay giao din AS thu thp d liu v iu khin nh hnh 1.14.

Hnh 1.14. S kt ni mng ca S7-400 trong cng nghip I.4. thnh phn c bn ca plc Nu khng nhn v kha cnh gi thnh, kch thc, mc phc tp, tt c cc PLC u c nhng thnh phn c bn v c im chc nng ging nhau. Mt PLC bao gi cng gm c 6 thnh phn c bn: - M un x l tn hiu - M un vo - M un ra - M un nh - M un ngun

- Thit b lp trnh S ca mt b PLC c bn c biu din trn hnh 1.15. Ngoi cc m un chnh ny, cc PLC cn c cc m un ph tr nh m un kt ni mng, cc m un c bit x l tn hiu nh m un kt ni vi cc can nhit, m un iu khin ng c bc, m un kt ni vi encoder, m un m xung vo vv.. u vo M un Vo/ Ra u ra M un ngun

CPU

Thit b lp trnh Hnh 1.15. Cu trc c bn ca PLC

M un nh

B x l tn hiu y l b phn x l tn hiu trung tm hay CPU ca PLC. B x l tn hiu c th bao gm mt hay nhiu b vi x l tiu chun hoc cc b vi x l h tr cng vi cc mch tch hp khc thc hin cc php tnh l gc, iu khin v ghi nh cc chc nng ca PLC. B x l thu thp cc tn hiu vo, thc hin cc php tnh l gc theo chng trnh, cc php tnh i s v iu khin cc u ra s hay tng ng. Phn ln cc PLC s dng cc mch logic chuyn dng trn c s b vi x l v cc mch tch hp to nn n v x l trung tm CPU. B vi x l s ln lt qut cc trng thi ca u vo v cc thit b ph tr, thc hin logic iu khin c t ra bi chng trnh ng dng, thc hin cc tnh ton v iu khin cc u ra tng ng ca PLC. B vi x l nng cao kh nng logic v kh nng iu khin ca PLC. Cc PLC th h cui cho php thc hin cc php tnh s hc v cc php tnh logic, b nh ln hn, tc x l cao hn v c trang b giao din vi my tnh, vi mng ni b vv. B vi x l iu khin chu k lm vic ca chng trnh. Chu k ny c gi l chu k qut ca PLC, tc l khong thi gian thc hin xong mt vng cc lnh ca chng trnh iu khin. Chu k qut c minh ho trn hnh 1.16.

10

Bt u chu k Qut u ra (Bm, van, cun ht) Chu k qut Qut u vo (Cng tc, nt n ..)

Qut chng trnh iu khin Hnh 1.16. Chu k qut ca PLC Khi thc hin qut cc u vo, PLC kim tra tn hiu t cc thit b vo nh cc cng tc, cm bin. Trng thi ca cc tn hiu vo c lu tm thi vo bng nh u vo hoc vo mt mng nh. Trong thi gian qut chng trnh, b x l qut ln lt cc lnh ca chng trnh iu khin, s dng cc trng thi ca tn hiu vo trong mng nh xc nh cc u ra s c np nng lng hay khng. Kt qu l cc trng thi ca u ra c ghi vo mng nh. T d liu ca mng nh tn hiu ra, PLC s cp hoc ngt in nng cho cc mch ra iu khin cc thit b ngoi vi. Chu k qut ca PLC c th ko di t 1 n 25 mi li giy. Thi gian qut u vo v u ra thng rt ngn so vi chu k qut ca PLC. B nh B nh ca PLC c vai tr rt quan trng, bi v n c s dng cha ton b chng trnh iu khin, cc trng thi ca cc thit b ph tr. Thng thng cc b nh c b tr trong cng mt khi vi CPU. Thng tin cha trong b nh s xc nh vic cc u vo, u ra c x l nh th no. B nh bao gm cc t bo nh c gi l bit. Mi bit c hai trng thi 0 hoc 1. n v thng dng ca b nh l K, 1K = 1024 t (word), 1 t (word) c th l 8 bit. Cc PLC thng c b nh t 1K n 64K, ph thuc vo mc phc tp ca chng trnh iu khin. Trong cc PLC hin i c s dng mt s kiu b nh khc nhau. Cc kiu b nh ny c th xp vo hai nhm: b nh c th thay i v b nh c nh. B nh thay i l cc b nh c th mt cc thng tin ghi trn khi mt in. Nu chng trnh iu khin cha trong b nh m b mt in t xut do tut dy, mt in ngun th chng trnh phi c np li v lu vo b nh. B nh c nh ngc li vi b nh thay i l c kh nng lu gi thng tin ngay c khi mt in. Cc loi b nh hay s dng trong PLC gm :

11

a. ROM (Read Only Memory) b. RAM (Random Access Memory) c. PROM (Programable Read Only Memory) d. EPROM (Erasable Programable Read Only Memory) e. EAPROM (Electronically Alterable Programable Read Only Memory) f. B nh flash B nh ROM dng nh cc lnh iu khin c bn ca PLC, khng thay i ni dung nh ngay c khi mt in. Trong s ny ch c b nh RAM l b nh thay i, cc b nh khc lu thng tin trong b nh khi mt in. B nh RAM thng hot ng nhanh v d dng np chng trnh iu khin ng dng cng nh cc d liu. Mt s b nh RAM s dng pin lu ni dung nh khi mt in. B nh RAM c sn xut t cng ngh CMOS nn tiu th rt t nng lng. Cc PLC c th c m rng thm nn b nh cng phi tng thm. Chng trnh iu khin n gin ch cn dung lng b nh b, ngc li cc chng trnh phc tp cn b nh dung lng ln. B nh ng c s dng rng ri l b nh RAM (Random Acces Memory). B nh RAM hot ng nhanh v l to ra v lu cc chng trnh ng dng. chng li kh nng mt d liu khi mt in, cc PLC thng s dng pin. B nh tnh ROM (Read Only Memory) l b nh khng b thay i khi d liu nh khi tt ngun hoc mt in. B nh ROM dng nh cc lnh c bn v cc hm ton hc ca PLC. EEPROM (Ellectrically Erasable Programable Read Only Memory) l b nh tnh c kh nng xo bng lp trnh li. EEPROM dng ghi chng trnh ng dng. Ngi s dng c th truy cp vo hai vng nh ca PLC l vng nh chng trnh v vng nh d liu. Vng nh chng trnh l ni cha chng trnh iu khin ng dng, cc chng trnh con v cc li ca chng trnh. Vng nh d liu lu tr cc d liu lin quan n chng trnh iu khin nh d liu vo/ra; gi tr u, gi tr tc thi v gi tr cui ca b m lnh hay b n thi gian; cc hng s v cc bin ca chng trnh iu khin. Hai vng nh ny c gi l b nh dnh cho ngi s dng. B x l tn hiu cn c b nh h thng dng ghi cc d liu trung gian trong qu trnh thc hin cc php tnh, cc lnh ca chng trnh v phi hp gia chng; qut cc d liu vo v gi c d liu ra mi n m un ra. B nh h thng do nh sn xut lp trnh t khi xut xng nn khng th thay i c v ngi s dng cng khng th truy cp c. M un vo/ra H thng cc m un vo/ ra c kh nng kt ni gia cc thit b cng ngh vi b vi x l. H thng ny dng cc mch vo khc nhau ghi nhn hoc o lng cc i lng vt l ca qu trnh cng ngh nh chuyn ng, cao , nhit , p xut, lu lng, v tr, tc vv. Trn c s cc d liu thu c, b x l tn hiu tin hnh cc php tnh l gc hay s hc xc nh gi tr mi ca tn hiu ra. Cc m un ra c ni iu khin cc van, ng c, bm v bo ng khi thc hin qu trnh iu khin my hoc iu khin h thng sn xut. Trn hnh 1.17 l s kt ni ca mt b micro PLC vi cc thit b ca mi trng lm vic. in p 24 VDC khng chy t bn tri qua bn phi s thang nh cc mch r le cng. in p y ch ng vai tr th hin cc bin l gc u vo. Mch l gic ca PLC s m bo tnh lin tc ca l gc cho n u ra. Ngun trn mch ra c cp n cc thit b bn ngoi nu l gc ca cc knh ra c m bo bo thng sut t bn tri qua bn phi ca tng bc trong s thang.

12

u vo

u ra Cun ht n ng c

ng Hnh 1.17. S kt ni ca PLC vi cc thit b vo/ ra

ng

Trng hp micro PLC khng c m un ngun ring bit, th ngun in c lp trc tip trn CPU. Trn hnh 1.18 l v d v s u dy trn micro 1000 PLC ca hng Allan Bradley. Ngun in p vo cng chnh l ngun i n cc thit b u ra nh b khi ng ca bm, b cng tc nhit. Ngun in +24VDC l ngun ly ra t u ra ca b ngun, li cp cho cc thit b u vo nh: Cng tc cao , cng tc p lc, cng tc hnh trnh, cng tc ph bn ngoi ca bm. Ngun vo xoay chiu 110VAC c u n cc cu c k hiu VAC tng ng vi cc knh ra: knh n b khi ng bm, knh ra cng tc nhit. u vo v u ra ca PLC thng c gp vo cc m un. Cc m un vo/ra c th tip nhn tn hiu t cc thit b bn ngoi nh cng tc, cm bin quang, cng tc tim cn. Cc tn hiu c chuyn i t in p 110VAC, 220VAC, +24DC thnh tn hiu 5 VDC. B vi s l s ly tn hiu ny xc nh tn hiu ra tng ng. in p 5 VDC c gi ra m un ra, t y c khuych i ln mc 110VAC, 220VAC hay 24VDC tu theo yu cu. Thng thng mt b chuyn i tn hiu c giao din ph tr c s dng chuyn trng thi ca cc u vo t bn ngoi n mt vng nh m xc nh. Vng nh m ny c nh ngha trong chng trnh chnh ca PLC. Np cc tn hiu vo CPU tc l np ni dung ghi vng nh m vo s ghi ca CPU. Ni dung trong tng v tr nh s c thay i k tip nhau. M un Vo/ Ra thng tch khi m un CPU v c g trn ray chung. Cc n bo trn m un Vo/Ra bo hiu trng thi lm vic hay s c. Cc m un ny c cch in v c cu ch m bo an ton cho b vi x l. Trong m un Vo/Ra thng thng gm cc mch sau: g. Ngun AC vo / ra h. Ngun DC vo / ra

13

i. Cc knh vo / ra s j. Cc knh vo/ ra tng t k. Cc mun chuyn dng: iu khin ng c bc, thit b iu khin PID, b m thi gian cao tc, m un iu khin servo vv. Cc m un vo/ ra thng ni vi ngun nng lng mc cao nn phi cch in tt vi m un CPU. Cc knh vo tng t s dng cho vic ly tn hiu t cc cm bin tng t : - Cm bin lu lng - Cm bin m - Cm bin p xut - Cm bin nhit - Cm bin p xut - Cm bin v tr / tc / gia tc - Cm bin lc Cc knh ra tng t thng c ni vi cc c cu chp hnh tng t: - Cc ng c DC v AC - Cc van v cc ng c, xi lanh thu kh - Cc thit b o tng t. Cc knh vo s thng ni vi cc cm bin hai trng thi dng ng/ ngt (On/Of) nh: - Cm bin quang in, - Cm bin tim cn - Cm bin xung in - Cc cng tc Cc knh ra s c th ni vi cc thit b nh: - Cc cun ht cho van in t - Cc ng c bc - Cc c cu ng ngt vv. Cc dng u vo Cc tn hiu vo t cc thit b hay t cc cm bin cung cp cc d liu v thng tin cn thit b x l tn hiu thc hin cc php tnh l gc yu cu quyt nh n vic iu khin my hoc qu trnh. Cc tn hiu vo c th ly t cc thit b khc nhau nh nt n, cng tc, can nhit, ten z mt, vv. Tn hiu vo c ni vo cc m un vo lc tn hiu v chuyn i tn hiu v mc nng lng thp b x l c th s dng c. u vo c hai dng l u vo dng s v u vo dng tng t. u vo dng s c kt ni vi cc cu ni knh trn m un vo s, cc knh ny ch c cc tn hiu hai trng thi 0 hay I. u vo tng t c th l tn hiu in p, dng in t cc cm bin tng t.

14

a ch knh Cng tc cao I/0 I/1 I/2 Cng tc p lc I/3 Cng tc hnh trnh I/4 I/5 Cng tc ph ca bm I/6 I/7 I/8 I/9 VAC O/2 VAC O/3 VAC O/4 VAC Cng tc nhit O/0 VAC O/1 M1 B khi ng bm K1

DC com O/5 +24 Vdc + _ VAC L N L1 120 Vac N

Hnh 1.18. S u dy ca Micro-1000PLC ca Allen Bradley Cc dng du ra u ra ca PLC l cc tn hiu cp hay ngt nng lng iu khin my hay qu trnh. Cc tn hiu ny l cc tn hiu in p t cc mch ra v ni chung l chng c mc nng lng thp. Cc tn hiu ny thng thng khng truyn trc tip n c cu chp hnh, m truyn n cc b khuych i cng sut, hoc cc b chuyn mch t cng sut thp sang cng sut cao hn. V d tn hiu iu khin ng m van, tn hiu ny truyn n cun ht ca khi ng t ca ng c, kch hot khi ng t v mch in cp vo ng c c ng, ng c chy v bt u ng hay m van tu theo

15

chiu quay ca ng c. u ra cng c hai dng tn hiu l dng tn hiu s hoc tn hiu tng t.

Cu trc ca cc m un vo ra PLC c sn xut theo dng m un ho, thay th, b xung hoc sa cha d dng. Trn hnh 1.19 l cu to c trng ca cc m un vo/ ra. Cc m un ny c cu to l cc mch in cha trong cc hp tiu chun ho, c knh truyn d liu song song c th kt ni vi nhau v truyn d liu vo b x l. Mt sau ca cc hp ny l cc cu ni v ngun in p mt chiu cung cp cho mch in hot ng. Cc hp cha cc m un vo/ra c th lp ln t iu khin chnh hoc cc t ph nh cc gi tiu chun. Cc m un vo/ra s (Digital I/O) Cc knh vo/ra s l nt chung c trng ca phn ln cc h thng iu khin s. Cc knh ny u c hai trng thi nh ng/ ngt, m/ ng ni qua cc giao din vi b x l tn hiu. Mi m un vo/ra s u c kch hot bi in p ngun do tn hiu cp, c th l in p mt chiu: +5VDC, +24VDC hay in p xoay chiu: 110VAC, 220VAC.

Hnh 1.19. S ghp ni cc m un vo/ ra vi CPU Knh vo s nu c ni vi cng tc ng/ngt th thng thng n cp ngun in p vo trong cc mch in ca m un. M un vo s chuyn i in p vo thnh mc tng ng vi mc tn hiu l gc m b x l tn hiu c th x l c. Gi tr l gc 1 tng ng vi bt hay ng, v l gc 0 tng ng vi ngt hay m. Mt mch vo s c biu din trn hnh 1.20. Ngun in p cp n cc thit b bn ngoi c th

16

l in p 110Vac, 220Vac, +24Vdc, +5Vdc. Cc knh trong m un vo ny u c mnh chuyn i in p v in p +/-5Vdc. in p trn u vo khi i qua cc thit b nh cng tc, nt n, nt khi ng i vo n PLC th tr thnh tn hiu l gc s ch khng cn l dng in chy qua cc tip im nh trong mch in r le thng thng. Phn ln cc m un vo u c trang b cc i t quang LED, bo hiu trng thi ca cc tn hiu vo. A Nt n (NC) 00 Cng tc phao (NC) 01 Cng tc hnh trnh (NO) 02 Cng tc hnh trnh (NC) 03 Cng tc p sut (NO) 04 Cng tc p sut (NC) 05 Cng tc lu lng (NC) 06 Cng tc nhit (NC) 07 B Dy nng 110Vac Dy trung tnh

Hnh 1.20. S u y trn m un vo s Cc m un ra s c cc giao din cp in p iu khin cho c cu chp hnh. Nu knh ra c bt ln tc l c gi tr l gc 1 t chng trnh iu khin, mch ra s c cp in p iu khin kch hot cc c cu chp hnh tng ng vi knh ra ny. S ghp ni ca m un ra c minh ho trn hnh 1.21. Trn mch ra thng c trang bi cu ch phng trng hp dng qu ti do dy b chp, c th lm hng c cu chp hnh. Nu cu ch khng c, th n phi c b xung vo trong thit k ca h thng. Cc tn hiu ra trn m un s cng l cc tn hiu hot ng vi hai trng thi ng v ngt hay bt (ON) v tt (OFF). Cc c cu chp hnh dng ny c th l ng c, bm, van, n hiu vv. Cc ng c y khng iu khin tc hay v tr

17

m ch n thun l chy vi vi mt tc c nh hay l dng chy. Cc xi lanh, cc van kh nn hay thu lc phn ln dng cho hai trng thi l lm vic v khng lm vic. Cc trng thi ca u ra c duy tr cho n khi tnh lin tc ca l gc trn cc bc thang khng cn m bo. D y nng A 0 1 2 3 4 B khi ng bm s 4 5 6 7 Dy trung tnh N Hnh 1.21 . S u dy trn m un ra s Cc m un vo/ra tng t (Analog I/O) Cc m un tng t to kh nng theo di v iu khin in p hoc dng in tng t, tng ng vi phn ln cc cm bin, cc ng c, cc thit b gia cng, x l. Bng vic s dng cc knh tng t phn ln cc i lng c iu khin trong qu trnh c th o c v iu khin c nh cc giao din tng t/ s A/D hoc ngc li D/A. Giao din tng t/ s thng s dng chun n cc (unipolar) hoc lng cc (bipolar). Cc knh vo ra tng t c th c mc nng lng khc nhau, in p v dng in khc nhau. Cc mc nng lng ny c th chn thng qua phn cng hoc phn mm. M un vo tng t c kt ni vi cc cm bin tng t nh cm bin v tr, tc , p sut, nhit vv. M un ny c th dng trong cc thit b o t ng, cc h thng thu thp d liu, cc h thng iu khin t ng. Trn hnh 1.22.a l m un ra s S5-100U ca Siemens. N Dy u bn ngoi B khi ng my trn 1 B khi ng my trn 2 8 M2 6 7 M1 Van trt FV-1 Van trt FV-2 B khi ng bm s 3 5 P3 P4 110Vac Vo B gia nhit B gia nhit 2 3 4 H2 FV-1 FV-2 Dy trung tnh N 1 H1

18

Cc m un chuyn dng Cc m un s v tng t chim n 80% cc i lng vo/ ra trong cc h thng iu khin. Mc nhin x l mt s dng tn hiu hoc d liu, h thng iu khin cn cc m un chuyn dng. Cc m un ny c cc giao din c th x l cc tn hiu vo dng tn hiu t can nhit, t cc b m xung, hay cc tn hiu khng th dng cc giao din vo/ra tiu chn. Cc m un chuyn dng ny c th c trang b thm b vi x l tao ra cc giao din thng minh. Cc m un ny c th thc hin ton b cc chc nng x l tn hiu c lp vi CPU v chu trnh qut ca chng trnh iu khin. V d l m un iu khin ng c bc hnh 1.22.b, m un iu khin v tr hnh 1.22.c ca S5100U. Trong s cc m un chuyn dng c c cc m un truyn thng hnh 1.22.d. Cc m un ny c th trao i vi h iu khin phn tn, vi mng PLC khc, cc my tnh ch hoc cc thit b thng minh khc.

a, b, c, Hnh 1.22. Mt s m un c bit ca PLC S5 - Siemens a, M un ra tng t S5-100U; b, M un iu khin ng c bc; c, M un iu khin v tr; d, M un kt ni mng

d,

M un ngun Thng ngun cp cho PLC l ngun in li xoay chiu AC to ra ngun mt chiu DC cho cc mch bn trong ca PLC. Ngun in li c th l 110 VAC, 220 VAC hay in p khc tu thuc theo yu cu ca ngi s dng. Ngun ny cng dng cp nng lng ng ngt ng c hay cc cc c cu chp hnh khc nn cn phi c cch in tt trnh gy nhiu cho m un CPU. M un ghp ni mng M un ny cho php ghp ni cc PLC vi nhau, vi my tnh v cc h thng iu khin s khc thng qua mng ni b.

19

M un ph tr Cho php ghp ni vi cc thit b bn ngoi nh mn hnh, bm phm, b lp trnh cm tay (hnh 1.23), my in, thit b m phng, b np EPROM, my tnh dng m un ho, b x l ho vv. Trong mt s h thng iu khin c cn n mn hnh m phng hay theo di hot ng ca h thng, ngi ta c th s dng mt trong hai phng php sau: - Phng php th nht l ni cc m un vo ra ca PLC vo mt bng iu khin vi mn hnh mu, c trang b cc n tn hiu v cc b ch th s. Phng php ny phi kt ni c nh v nu h phi m rng thm s khng s dng c. - Phng php th hai l s dng my tnh c nhn, loi dng trong mi trng cng nghip c trang b phn mm ho mu. Phng php ny c u im l d dng thay i mn hnh ca qu trnh iu khin, c th thc hin mt s choc nng cnh bo, lp bo co v son tho phn mm cho PLC.

I.5. Chu trnh lm vic, lp trnh v cu trc chng trnh ca PLC PLC thc hin chng trnh theo mt chu trnh kn c lp li lin tc cho n khi no c lnh dng. Mi vng lp hay cn gi l vng qut c bt u bng vic qut cc s liu t cc knh vo/ra, chuyn cc s liu ny n vng nh m u vo/ra, tip theo l bc thc hin cc lnh tip theo ca chng trnh nh thc hin cc php tnh logic, cc php tnh s hc xc nh cc tc ng iu khin, bc k tip l chuyn d liu t b nh m u ra n cc knh ra. Khi c mt lnh dng no xut hin th PLC s dng cc hot ng x l thng tin v truyn tin kim tra khi chng trnh tng ng vi lnh ngt.

Qut cc d liu vo/ra Np vo vng nh m

Vng qut ca chng trnh

Thc hin cc bc chng trnh

Chuyn d liu t vng nh m n u ra

20

Vng qut cng t lnh dng th thc hin cng nhanh. Nu chng trnh hot ng bnh thng th chu k ca mi vng qut c di nh nhau. Tc qut cng cao th c th cho php nhp c nhiu s liu gn nh ng thi trong thi gian qut, v nh vy kh nng iu khin c ng thi nhiu i lng l hon ton c th thc hin c. Kh nng x l tn hiu trong mt chu trnh iu khin khng c hin tng tr cn c gi l iu khin trong thi gian thc. Cc PLC v cc PC ngy nay c tc x l rt cao nn cht lng ca cc h thng iu khin s khng km cht lng ca cc h thng iu khin tng t. Chu k qut ca PLC thng vo khong t 1 n 25 mi li giy. Thi gian qut u vo v u ra tng i ngn so vi chu k qut ca PLC. Phn ln thi gian dng cho vic tnh ton cc hm iu khin. Thng thng chng trnh c np vo PLC bi b lp trnh cm tay (hnh 1.23), thit b lp trnh chuyn dng (hnh 1.24) hay my tnh c nhn (hnh 1.25). B lp trnh cm tay thng dng cho cc PLC r tin, n gin. B lp trnh chuyn dng c trang b mn hnh v cc phm tng ng vi cc phn t ca s thang tin cho vic lp trnh. Cc thit b ny cho php kim tra vic thc hin cc lnh ca chng trnh trong thi gian thc. Ngy nay ta thng s dng cc phn mm lp trnh cho PLC trn my tnh v sau khi chay th m phng c th np vo PLC thng qua cng RS232. B np EPROM cho php np chng trnh ghi trn EPROM vo b nh ca PLC. Thit b m phng thng gn vi cc i t quang in LED hoc cc cang tc th nghim cc bc ca chng trnh logic. B x l ho thng dng lm giao din gia h thng m phng v h thng hin th bng mn hnh. Cc PLC hot ng lin tc t lc c bt ln. Khc vi my tnh thng thng, PLC khng cn c h iu hnh, khng cn c phn mm no ngoi phn mm ca ngi s dng v ring i vi cc my CNC hoc r bt c th c thm phn mm ho dng cho m phng cc qu trnh gia cng hay cc hot ng ca r bt . PLC ln lt c cc u vo, thc hin tnh ton, xc nh cc tc ng iu khin, trun cc tc ng iu khin n u ra v lp li. Kt ni vi m un vo l cc i lng vt l. Cc i lng vo ny c th l c hai dng: - cc i lng tng t (analog): l cc i lng n t cc cm bin tng t. - cc i lng l gc: l cc i lng th hin cc trng thi hay cc iu kin thc hin mt hm l gc hay chnh l cc quyt nh l gc. Cc i lng ny n t cc cng tc, cm bin s. Cc m un ra kt ni cc u ra vi cc ng c, cc cun ht, cc n tn hiu vv. Tc ng ca chng trnh iu khin l cc thao tc khi ng ng c, dng ng c, bt/tt n, kch hot mt c cu no vv. Tt c cc PLC u thc hin cc chc nng iu khin v mt bn cht l ging nhau. Tuy nhin v cch th bng lp trnh c th khc nhau, ph thuc vo nh sn xut PLC. Mi u vo ca PLC c ni vi mt hay nhiu thit b m qua dng in b chn lai hay c cho i qua. Nu c in p trn u vo th u vo c c xem nh ang trng thi bt. Ngc li nu khng c in p trn u vo, c ngha l u vo ang trng thi tt. PLC kim tra trng thi cc u vo v so snh vi chng trnh l gc ng hay ngt tn hiu in p trn u ra. Cc PLC khng cn bit n cc cc thit b c c kt ni vo n qua m un vo hay m un ra hay khng, m chng ch n gin l kim

21

tra cc trng thi ca cc u vo v bt hay tt cc u ra tng ng vi l gc ca chng trnh iu khin. Mi vng iu khin hon thnh c gi l mt chu k qut. Thi gian ca mt chu k l rt quan trong, v n lin quan n s lng cc y ra c th iu khin c ca PLC. Thi gian chu k cng nh PLC cng hoath ng nhanh, cng c th iu khin c nhiu i lng vt l khc nhau. Chnh v vy PLC tr nn thit b iu khin l tng cho cc my v thit b cng nghip. Khi cha c chng trnh iu khin PLC khng th hot ng c. PLC ch hot ng khi c chng trnh iu khin np vo b nh ca n. Chng trnh iu khin c th np vo PLC bng 3 phng php khc nhau: - Lp trnh nh cc phn mm lp trnh trn my tnh v np chng trnh ln PLC qua cng RS232 hay qua cng kt ni vi mng LAN hay mng Internet. My tnh c nhn l phng tin lp trnh tt nht cho PLC, bi v chng ta c th quan st c nhiu dng lnh trn mn hnh, son tho v truy cp vo chng trnh d dng. iu bt tin l my tnh c nhn khng thch hp lm vi mi trng cng nghip v kh nng di chuyn km. - Lp trnh bng thit b lp trnh sch tay: lp trnh trc tip vo b nh ca PLC. Thit b ny khng d s dng nh my tnh, nhng li tin cho vic mang i theo ngi. Lp trnh c thc hin tng dng lnh tng ng vi tng bc ca s thang. - Lp trnh trn my tnh, np ln th nh v sau np t th nh vo PLC qua cng tiu chun. Cc th nh EEPROM l cc b nh ROM c th xo v lp trnh li c bng in. u im ca EEPROM l n c th thay i chng trnh ca PLC bng cch cm vo cng ca PLC.

Hnh 1.23. Thit b lp trnh cn tay PG 605 ca Siemens

22

Hnh 1.24. Thit b lp trnh chuyn dng PG 730C Trn hnh 1.25 l kt ni my tnh PC lp trnh v np vo PLC qua cng ni tiu chun.

Hnh 1.25. Kt ni my tnh v PLC Khi np chng trnh iu khin t PC n PLC, chng trnh c th chy c, n phi c np vo b nh ca b x l. Khi np chng trnh trc tip t PC cn phI ch cc thao tc sau: 1. Tt c cc phn t c lin quan n PLC phi c ngt in. 2. Ni PC vi PLC theo ng nh hnh 1.25. Nh vy Phn mm PLC c php trao i vi b x l ca PLC. 3. Chuyn cng tc trn b x l sang ch iu khin t xa. 4. Bt cng tc ngun cp in vo PLC v cc b phn ca n. 5. Thc hin bc ti chng trnh iu khin t PC v PLC. 6. Khi vic ti chng trnh hon tt, chuyn sang ch gin tip, ngng kt ni vi PC (stay offline). Lc ny PLC c th chy chng trnh mi np v.

23

Phn mm lp trnh cho PLC cng cho php PC truy cp trc tip vo chng trnh ang lu trong b nh ca PLC. Khi ang ch truy cp trc tip (online), chng trnh trong b nh ca PLC s c hin th ln mn hnh PC. Nu ta ang c mt chng trnh no m sn khc vi chng trnh ca PLC, th phn mm lp trnh s t ng ng n li v ch m chng trnh c trong PLC m thi. Trn mn hnh ca phn mm s c ca s vi tn hiu bo ta ang ch truy cp trc tip. Lc ny ta c th thay i ch lm vic ca PLC t ch gin tip (offline) sang chng trnh iu khin t xa. Thc hin vic chy chng trnh iu khin t phn mm lp trnh trn PC, ta c th theo di c tng bc thc hin trn s thang. Phn mm lp trnh cn cho php dng chng trnh ang chy trn PLC, khi chuyn sang ch chng trnh iu khin t xa. nhn bit tnh nng ca mt PLC no ta phi da vo c tnh k thut ca PLC . V d PLC Simatic S5 100U ca Siemens c cc c tnh sau: - Dung lng nh: 1024 lnh - B nh tnh: EPROM v EEPROM - Thi gian thc hin mt php tnh nhi phn: 70s - Thi gian chu k: 300ms - Bin trng thi : 1024, trong 512 l bin tnh, tc l cc bin c th gi cc d liu ngay c khi mt in. - B m gi: 16 - Khong m gi: 0.01 n 9990s - B m: 16, trong 8 l b m tnh. - Khong m: 0 n 999 (tng hoc gim) - Knh Vo/Ra s: 128 - Pin: Lithium (3.4V/850mA-h) - Tui th ca pin: 5 nm - Ngun trung tm: 24V/0.8A Cu trc ca cc m un vo s: o 4/8 knh vo 24V DC/7mA o 4 knh vo 24 60V DC/7.5mA o 4/8 knh vo 115V AC/10mA o 4/8 knh vo 230V AC/15mA Cu trc ca cc m un ra s: o 4 knh ra 24V DC/0.5A o 4 knh ra 24V DC/2A o 8 knh ra 24V DC/0.5A o 4 knh ra 24 60V DC/0.5A o 4 knh ra 115 230V AC/1A o 8 knh ra 150 230V AC/0.5A o 4 knh ra r le: 30V DC/230V AC

Nh vy ta c th thy rng S5-100U c th s dng c trong iu khin h thng vi 128 knh vo/ra s. Chng trnh iu khin khng di qu 1024 dng lnh. S lng bin trong chng trnh nhiu nht l 1024. Mt chu trnh qut ca PLC phi nh

24

hn hoc bng 300ms. y l PLC th h ca nhng nm 90 ca Siemens. Ngy ny PLC ca Hng ny pht trin n th h S7-400, l nhng PLC rt mnh v tc rt cao. Cc lnh ca chng trnh ca PLC thng c c gp vo cc khi chng trnh con v mi chng trnh con c lin kt vi chng trnh chnh. i vi cc chng trnh n gin th cu trc chng trnh ch gm mt khi.

Lnh 1 Lnh 2 .......... Vng qut .......... .......... Lnh cui ..........

i vi cc chng trnh ln c nhiu lnh lp li ngi ta c th vit chng trnh theo dng c cu trc:

H iu

Khi Chng trnh chnh

Khi Ph

Khi ph

.......

Khi ph

hnh

Khi ph

Khi ph

.......

Khi ph

I.6. Ngn ng lp trnh c bn Ngn ng lp trnh cho php ngi s dng trao i vi thit b iu khin kh lp trnh thng qua thit b lp trnh. Cc nh sn xut PLC s dng cc ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau, nhng tt c cc ngn ng ny u s dng cc lnh np k hoch c s iu khin vo h thng. Mt chng trnh iu khin c nh ngha nh mt tp hp cc lnh sp t theo l gc iu khin cc hot ng ca mt my hay mt qu trnh cng ngh. V d chng trnh c th lnh cho thit b iu khin bt b khi ng ng c khi nt n c 25

n xung. Chng trnh cng c th ng thi lnh cho thit b iu khin bt n trn t iu khin khi tip im ph tr ca b khi ng ng c c ng. Chng trnh c vit bng s t hp cc lnh theo mt trnh t xc nh. Phng thc t hp cc lnh cng nh dng ca cc lnh u c tun th theo nhng qui nh chung. Cc qui nh v cc lnh t hp vi nhau to ra ngn ng lp trnh. C bn dng ngn ng hay c bn hay s dng cho cc PLC th h u tin: 1. Bng lnh (STT) 2. S thang (LAD) 3. S khi hm l gc (FBD) 4. Grafcet Ngn ng Bng lnh STT: y l ngn ng lp trnh s dng cc k t thng thng m ho cc lnh ca. Cu trc ca cc lnh tng t nh ngn ng Assembler dng cho cc b vi x l. Cc lnh ny bao gm cc a ch ca cc bit m trn cc lnh ny s tc ng ln. Ngn ng bng lnh STT bao gm mt di rng cc lnh d hiu lp trnh mt chng trnh iu khin hon chnh. V d PLC Siemens S7 c n 130 lnh STT khc nhau v c mt di rng cc a ch ph thuc vo kiu PLC c s dng. Lnh STT c hai cu trc c bn : - Cu trc th nht ch c lnh n thun, v d NOT. - Cu trc th hai gm c lnh v a ch. a ch ca ca mi lnh ch th mt v tr khng thay i trong b nh, ni m lnh tm thy gi tr v trn s thc hin cc php tnh. Cc lnh l gc nh phn l cc lnh c bn nht ca bng lnh STT. Cc lnh ny thc hin cc php tnh l gc trn cc bit n c trong b nh ca PLC. Cc lnh l gc c bn ca bit gm: AND (A), AND NOT (AN), OR (O), EXCLUSIVE OR (OR), EXCLUSIVE OR NOT (XN). Cc lnh ny kim tra trng thi tn hiu ca bit a ch to ra hoc l l gc 1 (bit c kch hot) hoc l gc 0 (bit khng c kch hot). Cc lnh l gc bit cn c gi l cc lnh l gc r le, bi v chng c th thc hin cc tc ng iu khin thay th cho cc mch l gc r le. Trn hnh 1.23 l v d v php tnh l gic AND. Chng trnh bng lnh STT ct bn tri v chng trnh s thang ct bn phi tin so snh cch din t lnh. Lnh AND lp trnh ni hai tip im ni tip NO. Ch khi tn hiu cc hai bit a ch bng 1 th trng thi ca bit u ra Q4.0 bng 1, cun ht c kch hot. STR X1 AND X2 OUT Y1 a, Hnh 1.23. L gc AND a, Bng lnh ; b, S thng X1 X2 Y1

b,

26

Ngn ng ny bao gm mt tp hp cc k hiu m ho tng ng vi mt lnh trong ngn ng my. Ngn ng PLC ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau cng rt khc nhau. Ngn ng PLC rt gn vi ngn ng my v rt thch hp vi ngi s dng lm quen vi k thut s v my tnh. Mt khc ngn ng PLC l th ngn ng duy nht c s dng bi b lp trnh n gin vi kh nng hin thi ch vi dng lnh ng thi. Sau y l phn gii thiu ngn ng bng lnh c in. 1. Nhn dng cc bin: a. Bin vo Xn. K hiu X ch bin vo nh phn v ch s n k hiu a ch ca knh ni vi u vo. b. Bin ra Yn. K hiu Y ch bin ra nh phn v n ch a ch ca knh ni vi u ra. c. Bin trung gian IRn. K hiu IR ch bin nh phn trung gian (ch trong b nh) v n l ch s th t tng ng. 2. Cc lnh: PLC s dng ba loi lnh khc nhau: - Lnh gi bin vo / ra hoc lnh tnh ton. - Lnh m gi hoc lnh m. - Lnh iu khin. Lnh gi bin vo/ ra hoc tnh ton: Cc lnh ny thc hin mt trong cc thao tc sau: + Chn mt bin xc nh c s dng nh mt bin gn (Operand), c th l u vo hoc u ra. + Thc hin lnh qut u vo hoc u ra. + Thc hin mt s php tnh vi mt bin cho. Trong nhm ny c cc lnh sau: STR, STR NOT, OUT, OUT NOT, OR, OR NOT, AND, AND NOT, OR STR, AND STR. Lnh STR: Lnh ny dng chn bin u tin ca chui lnh (lnh gi). V d : STR X0 - Chn u vo X0 STR Y6 - Chn u ra Y6 STR IR2 - Chn bin trung gian IR2 Lnh STR NOT: l lnh ph nh gi tr ca bin c chn. y cng l lnh gi v bt u cho mt chui lnh. V d : STR NOT X12 - Chn bin vo X12 v ph nh bin ny ( X 12 ) STR NOT Y10 - Chn bin vo Y10 v ph nh bin ny ( Y 10 ) STR NOT IR9 - Chn bin vo IR9 v ph nh bin ny ( IR9 ) Lnh OUT: Lnh ny chuyn d liu ra knh ra. V d: STR X0 OUT Y0 ch X0 v chuyn gi tr ny ra knh ra Y0. Lnh OUT NOT: Lnh ny ph nh d liu cn chuyn n knh ra. V d: STR X0 OUT NOT Y0 Chn gi tr vo X0, gn n cho u ra Y0 gi tr ph nh ca X0. Lnh OR: Thc hin php cng logic gia hai hay nhiu bin. V d: STR Y5 OR X3 OR IR7

27

OUT Y0 Ni dung ca chui lnh ny : o Chn bin ra Y5 o Thc hin php tnh logic OR gia Y5 v X3 o Thc hin php tnh logic OR gia kt qu php tnh trc vi IR7 o Chun kt qu ti knh ra Y0 y chnh l kt qu ca php tnh sau: Y0 = Y5 + X3 + IR7 Lnh OR NOT: Lnh ny thc hin php cng logic vi mt hay nhiu bin khc, tip theo l ph nh kt qu. V d: STR IR13 OR NOT X10 OR NOT X14 OUT IR15 y chnh l thc hin php tnh logic : IR15 = IR13 + X10 + X14 . Lnh AND : y thc t chnh l php nhn logic gia hai hay nhiu bin logic. V d: STR NOT X0 AND X1 AND IR7 AND Y3 OUT Y10 Chui lnh ny thc hin cc thao tc sau: - Gi bin vo X0 v ph nh gi tr ca n. - Thc hin php nhn AND gia X0 v X1. - Thc hin php nhn gia IR7 v kt qu php tnh trc. - Thc hin php nhn gia Y3 vi kt qu ca php tnh trc. - Chuyn kt qu ra knh ra Y0. y l kt qu ca php tnh: Y10 = X 0.X1.IR 7.Y3 . Gia php cng v php nhn logic khng c g khc bit, lnh no theo trnh t ng trc s thc hin trc. V d: STR X5 OR X3 AND Y5 OUT Y3 y l php tnh: Y3 = (X5 + X3).Y5 . STR X5 AND X3 OR Y5 OUT Y3 y l php tnh: Y3 = X5.X3 + Y5 Lnh AND NOT: Lnh ny thc hin php nhn logic gia hai hay nhiu bin v sau ph nh kt qu. V d: STR Y6 AND NOT X3 AND NOT IR9 AND NOT X9 OUT IR14

28

y l chui lnh thc hin php tnh: IR14 = Y 6.X3.IR 9.X9 . Lnh OR STR: Lnh ny thc hin php cng logic gia hai chui trc bt u bng STR hay STR NOT. V d: STR X7 OR X9 AND NOT Y5 STR NOT IR3 AND X6 OR NOT Y6 OR STR OUT Y8 Chui lnh ny thc hin cc thao tc sau: - Gi bin vo X7 - Thc hin logic OR gia X7 v X9 - Thc hin logic AND gia Y5 v X7+X9 - Bt u chui lnh mi vi lnh gi bin trung gian IR 3 . - Thc hin logic AND gia IR 3 v X6. - Thc hin logic OR gia Y6 v IR 3.X6 . - Thc hin php tnh OR gia (X7 + X9).Y5 v IR 3 + + X6 + Y6 . Kt qu ca chui ny chnh l: Y8 = (X7 + X9).Y5 + (IR3.X6 + Y6)

Lnh AND STR: l lnh thc hin php nhn logic AND gia hai chui lnh bt u bng lnh gi STR hay STR NOT. V d: STR X0 AND NOT X1 STR X2 AND X3 OR NOT Y0 AND STR OUT Y1 Chui lnh ny thc hin php tnh: Y1 = X0.X1.(X 2.X3 + Y 0) Lnh m thi gian TMR v lnh m CTR: Lnh thi gian v lnh m l cc lnh to ra kh nng ng ngt, ko di thi gian thc hin mt lnh hay mt chui lnh o trong chng trnh. Cc lnh ny l hm ca thi gian hoc ca s lng xung m tc ng ln u vo ca chng. Lnh TMR: lnh ny s dng hai bin thc hin chc nng m thi gian l X i v X j . u ra ca lnh thi gian c th l mt bin trung gian hoc mt u ra. Lp trnh cho b m thi gian cn mt chui cc lnh sau: 1. Lnh khi ng bin Xi

29

2. Lnh gi bin Xj. 3. Lnh TMR n chn b m th n. Lnh ny khi ng b m thi gian n nu Xi=1 ( Cha khi ng li) v Xj cng tr thnh 1 ( u vo c bt ln). 4. Mt chng trnh ghi trong b nh cc gi tr ca thi gian c chn. V d: STR X1 STR X0 TMR 0 10 OUT Y0 Biu thi gian ca cc bin nh sau: X1 X0 Y0 t = 10

Lnh m thi gian TMR c th s dng lm tr thi gian ng ngt ca mt bin no . V d: STR X5 STR X5 TMR 2 10 OUT Y5 Biu thi gian : X5 Y5 t =10 Tng t nh vy, lnh TMR c th s dng ko di thi gian ca bin ang trng thi ng trc khi ngt. V d: STR NOT X4 STR NOT X4 TMR 6 10 OUT NOT Y9 Nh vy bin ra Y9 s c ngt tr 10s t lc bin vo X 4 c ngt. Biu thi gian: X4 X4

30

Y9 t =10 Lnh m CTR: Lnh ny thc hin chc nng ca mt b m vi hai hoc 3 bin. Trng hp th nht l m tng, bin u tin l bin khi ng v bin th hai l bin m. Trng hp th hai l b m tng/gim, b m ny s dng ba bin. Bin th nht v bin th ba tng t nh b m tng. Bin th hai l bin chn kiu m tng hay gim tng ng vi trang thi 0 hay 1. V d: STR X1 STR X0 CTR 3 10 OUT Y2 Bin Y2 tr thnh 1 sau khi c 10 xung m trn u vo X0, ng thi X1 gi nguyn trng thi 1 v chuyn v 0 khi X1 chuyn v 0. Biu thi gian: X1 X0 Y2 Chui lnh ca b m tng/gim gm : STR X2 STR X1 STR X0 CTR 4 10 OUT Y3 Biu thi gian:
X2 12 9 10

X1
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

X0 Y3 Trong b m tng gim v d trn ta thy b m m n 10, nhng bin X1 thay i trng thi t 0 sang 1, gi tr lu trong b m c m gim cho n khi X1 quay v trng thi 0. Lc ny b m li m tng cho n khi gi tr lu trong n t gi tr l 10. u ra c kch hot khi b m t gi tr cho trc (10). u ra ngt khi bin X2 chuyn v trng thi 0. Cc lnh iu khin: Cc lnh iu khin nh hng trc tip n vic thc hin cc lnh khc. Tt nhin PLC c th thc hin chng trnh khng cn n cc lnh ny, nh vy

31

chng trnh s di v cng knh. Cc PLC thng s dng cc cp lnh: JMP JME, IL - ILC. Lnh nhy JMP JME: Hai lnh ny gy ra vic thc hin tt c cc lnh nm gia chng ph thuc vo kt qu php tnh logic nm trc lnh JMP. Nu kt qu php tnh l gc trc lnh JMP l 1 th cc lnh nm gia JMP v JME c thc hin bnh thng. Nu c cc bin ra th cc bin ny s c gn gi tr mi. Nu kt qu trc lnh JMP bng 0 th cc lnh ny khng c thc hin. Cc bin nm gia hai lnh ny khng thay i gi tr. V d : STR X0 OUT Y0 JMP STR Y0 AND X0 OUT Y1 STR X1 OUT IR2 JME Nh vy u tin l lnh gi bin vo X0, sau gn Y0 bng X0. Bc tip theo lnh nhy JMP thc hin ph thuc vo gi tr ca bin ra Y0 ca lnh trc n. Lnh JME kt thc lnh nhy. Lnh IL ILC: Cp lnh ny gy ra cho tt c cc bin trung gian v bin ra nm gia chng thay i gi tr hay gi nguyn tu thuc vo kt qu logic ca lnh nm trc lnh IL V d: STR X7 OUT Y10 IL STR X9 OUT Y9 STR X15 OUT Y15 ILC u tin l lnh gi bin vo X7, gn n cho bin ra Y10. Nu Y10 = 1, th cc lnh tip theo nm gia IL ILC c thc hin, ngic li cc lnh ny khng c thc hin, Y9 v Y15 gi nguyn gi tr c. Ngn ng S thang (LAD): S thang l ngn ng thng dng nht, thng c dng cho cc ng dng ca PLC, bi v n rt n gin. S thang tng t nh s l gc r le cho nn cc k s v cc k thut vin s dng s l gc r le th khng cn phi qua o to cng c th s dng c ngn ng s thang. y l dng ngn ng k hiu v cc k hiu uc s dng tng t nh cc k hiu trong cc h thng l gc r le. S thang gm c cc chui k hiu ni tip nhau qua mt dy ngun, cp dng in cho cc thit b khc nhau. Bn v s thang c hai thnh phn c bn l ngun nng lng v cc thit b l gc iu kin khc nhau to thnh cc bc thang. Dng din ln lt chy qua tng bc thang khi cc u vo l gc hay cc iu kin l gc c p ng v kch hot

32

cc cun ht ca r le. Trong thit k cc mch l gc r le, ngi ta c gng ch ra cc mch in cn thit thc hin mt thao tc ca h thng iu khin v s nh vy cn uc gi l s u dy. S ny th hin l gc iu khin bng vt cht c th m bo cho dng in i lin tc qua cc phn t kt ni u vo cho n cc phn t u ra nh ng c, cun ht vv. i vi PLC th iu ny khc hn v bn cht, bi v s thang trn PLC ch m bo tnh lin tc v l gc ch khng phi l cho dng in chy qua t u vo n u ra. u ra ca PLC c kch hot hay c cp nng lng khi cc bin l gc tng ng vi cc thit b cng m bo tnh l gc lin tc t u vo n u ra. Mi bc thang ca s thang trong PLC so vi bc thang tng ng trong s u in, th ch l s u o m thi. Trn hnh 1.23 l v d v s thang ca mch in v hnh 1.24 l s thang ca PLC cho thao tc ng bm khi mc nc gim qu mc ti thiu. Cc a ch ca bit l gc c k hiu bi cc ch I v O, tip theo l 5 ch s thp phn. Bt u chng trnh, b x l kim tra trng thi ca nt n khi ng PB, khi nt n c n xung, l gc ca bit ny l I:010/00 tr thnh 1. Bc tip theo l kim tra trng thi ca bit I:010/01 trng thi ca mc nc trng b cha. Nu mc nc thp, trng thi ca bit ny l 0 (OFF), lo gc ca bt khi ng bm chuyn thnh 1 (ON) bm chy. Trng thi ca bit khi ng bm duy tr tnh lin tc ca mch l gc v bm tip tc chy cho n khi trng thi ca bit mc nc chuyn sang trng thi 1 (ON), tc l mch l gc b gin on. Trn bc thang th hai l khi l gc ca bm ang l 1 th l gc ca n tn hiu ch bm ang chy c gi tr l 1, n sng. I.1 Start Bc 1 PB1 LSH 1 CR1 (1) (Tip im duy tr) Mc nc thp R le iu khin 1 CR1 I.2

Bc 2 CR1 (2) Hnh 1.23. S thang ca mch iu khin bm

P1

Start PB

Mc nc thp I: 010/01

Chy bm O: 000/00

33

Chy bm O: 000/00 Chy bm n bo bm chy

O: 000/00 Hnh 1.24. S thang iu khin bm ca PLC

O: 000/01

V mt l gc c hai s hnh 1.23 v hnh 1.24 hon ton tng t nh nhau. Chnh v iu ny cc k s lm vic vi s thang ca mch in khng mt nhiu th gi trong vic hc cch s dng s thang trn PLC. Trong chng trnh s dng s thang c ba dng lnh c s dng to nn chng trnh l: - Lnh thng m NO (Normally Open), tng ng vi tip im thng m trong mch l gc r le. Lnh NO trong PLC cng tng t, nhng lnh ny yu cu b x l tn hiu kim tra bit c k hiu tng ng vi tip im ny trong b nh. Nu bit ny l 1 (tng ng trng thi bt ON) th lnh c thc hin v tnh lin tc ca l gc li truyn tip tc trn bc thang. Nu bit ny mang gi tr 0 tc l trang thi tt OFF, th l gc b ngt qung, khng th tip tc truyn i tip trn bc thang. - Lnh thng ng NC (Normally Closed) tng ng vi tip im thng ng trn s thang ca mch in. Lnh ny cn gi l lnh ngt v khi thc hin n s ngt in trong mch in hay ngt mch l gc trn PLC. Nu bit tng ng vi tip im thng ng c trng thi l gc la 0, tng ng vi l gc OFF, lnh c thc hin v tnh lin tc ca l gc c truyn i tip trn bc thang. Nu bit ny c gi tr l 1 tc l l gc ON, th lnh thng ng tr thnh sai (FALSE), l gc b ngt qung y. - Lnh ra cun ht : tng t nh cun ht ca r le trong s thang. Lnh ny yu cu b x l chuyn gi tr l gc ca v tr xc nh trong b nh tng ng vi cun ht ln trng thi 1 hay ON (bt) nu nh tnh lin tc ca l gc trc c m bo. Nu khng c s lin tc ca l gc trn bc thang th b x l s bt lnh cun ht ln gi tr 0 hay OFF (tt). Trong s thang tt c cc lnh c th hin bng s tng t nh cc mch in iu khin trong cc t r le. Mc ch ca ngn ng ny l : - n gin ho vic thay h thng iu khin bng r le bi PLC, - n gin ho vic lp trnh PLC cho cc k s iu khin quen vi thit k ca cc h iu khin r le. lp trnh c bng ngn ng LAD, ta cn phi c trang b b lp trnh vi mn hnh ho c th hin th c s thang.

34

1. Nhn dng bin: Cc bin nh phn c biu din bng cc cng tc xc nh bi mt ch ci v mt ch s xc nh t danh sch cc lnh Tuy nhin vic k hiu cng tc cng rt khc nhau, ph thuc vo tiu chun ca nc sn xut. Bin vo Xi c k hiu nh sau: Xi Bin NO

Xi Bin NC

Bin trung gian IRi c th l bin , c th l u ra trung gian. Trng hp th nht bin IRi l bin trung gian th k hiu ca n cng tng t nh k hiu ca cc bin vo Xi. IRi IRi

Bin ra Yi:
Yi / IRi

2. Chui logic : Lnh gi bin vo: Lnh gi v ph nh bin vo:

X0

Y0

STR X0 OUT Y0

X0

Y0

STR NOT X0 OUT Y0

Lnh cng OR:

X2 IR7 IR1 Y3

STR X2 OR IR1 OR Y3 OUT IR7

35

X1 Y0 IR12 Y3

STR NOT X1 OR NOT Y0 OR NOT IR12 OUT Y3

Lnh AND :

X0

Y1

IR3

Y0

STR X0 AND Y1 AND IR3 OUT Y0

X0

Y3

IR6

IR0

STR NOT X0 AND NOT Y3 AND NOT IR6 OUT IR0

Lnh OR v AND :

X1

X6

Y2 Y5

IR0 X7

IR2

STR X1 AND NOT X6 AND Y2 STR IR0 AND X7 AND IR2 OR STR OUT Y5

Lnh m thi gian TMR X0 X1 TMR 100 Y0 STR X0 STRX1 TMR 0 100 OUT Y0

36

Lnh m CTR STR X0 STR X1

CTR 3 Y5 STR X2

X0 X1 21

CTR 3 21 OUT Y5

X2

Ngn ng S khi ca hm l gc FBD S khi ca hm l gc l ngn ng lp trnh ho. Ngn ng ny cho php ngi lp trnh xy dng cc qui trnh iu khin phc tp bng cch ly cc hm t th vin FBD v vit chng vo mt din tch ho. Mt khi hm l gc biu din quan h hay hm gia cc bin u vo v u ra. Ta c th xy dng hm hon chnh thao tc bi chng trnh FBD vi cc s khi ca cc hm c s t th vin FBD. Mi khi hm c s c s lng u vo/ra c nh trn cc im ni. u vo c ni vo mt bn tri ca khi v u ra mt bn phi. Hm c s thc hin cc hm n gin gia cc u vo v u ra ca n. Kt qu ca hm l gc c chuyn n u ra. Tn ca khi c k hiu bng cc k t la tinh. S khi hm logic l mt ngn ng k hiu, trong cc t hp khc nhau ca cc bin l gc c biu din bi cc k hiu logic tiu chun ho. Tng t nh s thang, lp trnh c trong ngn ng ny ta cn phi c mn hnh hin th s . 1. Cc bin logic: Tng t nh cc ngn ng khc, cc bin c k hiu l cc ch in hoa. Cc phn t l gc c th c nhiu dng k hiu khc nhau, tu thuc vo tiu chun s dng: BS, AFNOR, ISO vv.. Cc k hiu ca cc phn t l gc theo chun ISO nh sau: A NOT: A 1 X X= A NOR: B A AND: A & B OR: A X X = A.B XOR: B A T hp: B C 37 =1 X X= A. B + A .B

X= A+B

X = A+B

&

X =(A+B). C

2. Cc php tnh logic: X0 1 Y0 Tng ng vi cc lnh sau: STR X0 OUT Y0

X0

Y0

STR NOT X0 OUT Y0

X3

1
=

STR X3

Y4 IR0
X3

Y0

OR Y4 OR IR0 OUT Y0
STR NOT X3

1
=

Y4 IR0
X0

Y0

OR Y4 OR NOT IR0 OUT Y0 STR X0 AND X1 OUT NOT Y0

& X1
Y0

Y0

X0 X1

&

Y1

STR NOT Y0 AND NOT X0 AND X1 OUT Y1

Y0

X0 X1

&

STR NOT Y0 AND NOT X0 AND X1

Y9

38

IR0

X0 X1

&

STR IR0 AND NOT X0 AND X1 OR STR OUT Y9

Y0

X0 X1
IR0

1
& = Y9

STR NOT Y0 OR NOT X0 OR X1

X0 X1

STR IR0 OR NOT X0 OR X1 AND STR OUT Y9

TMR 0 X0 X1 10 = Y0 STR X0 STR X1 TMR 0 OUT Y0

CTR 5 X3 10 X9
=

Y7

STR X3 STR X9 CTR 5 10 OUT Y7

39

CTR 7 X3 10 X4 X9 = Y10

STR X3 STR X4 STR X9 CTR 7 10 OUT Y10

Ngn ng Grafcet y l ngn ng c pht trin bi cc nh khoa hc Php vo nm 1982. Ngn ng ny c t tn t ch vit tt ca Graphe Fonctionnel de Commande Etapes Transition ( ho chc nng iu khin giai on chuyn tip) do hai c quan khoa hc ca Php l AFCET ( Lin hip Php v kinh t v k thut) v ADEPA ( Hip hi v pht trin nn sn xut t ng) hp tc son tho. Grafcet l cng c biu din cc hot ng iu khin ca cc h thng t ng. Trong cc hot ng ca cc h thng vt l th ta c th gp hai dng hot ng: hot ng k tip nhau v hot ng ng thi. Mi hot ng hay mi trng thi c th hin bng mt khi hnh vung hoc hnh ch nht. Cc hot ng c lin kt vi nhau bng cc on thng, gia cc on thng ny c vch bng mt gch phn cch ch trng thi chuyn tip tc l kt thc ca mt hot ng v cc iu kin bt u cho hot ng tip theo. u vo ca mt khi l iu kin bt u ca trng thi hay ca hot ng k tip v chnh l kt thc ca mt hay nhiu hot ng trc . Ngn ng Grafcet biu din cc hm logic bng s ca cc chui nhim v k tip nhau. Ngn ng ny rt n gin cho ngi s dng, c bit l i vi nhng ngi khng am hiu su v PLC. Grafcet l cng c c chun ho theo theo tiu chun ca Php AFNOR. T Grafcet c th chuyn sang ngn ng my, ngn ng bng lnh, s thang hay s hm logic. Mi trng thi ca h thng c k hiu bi mt hnh vung c ch s ca trng thi . Chuyn tip t trng thi ny sang trng thi kia c xc nh bi tc ng c thc hin ti trng thi ng trc.

Trng thi khi ng ca Grafcet

Bt cng tc n L1

K hiu s dng din t mt hot ng ti trng thi bit.

40

S chuyn tip trng thi ca hot ng th i sang hot ng th j c th hin bng iu kin chuyn tip CT (hnh **) i

CT Dung lng dch chuyn j S dch chuyn t trng thi i sang trng thi j. C th c kh nng chuyn t mt trng thi sang hai trng thi khc nhau: I CT1 CT1 CT2 i

Trng hp th nht l trng hp phn nhnh n ca chng trnh, tng ng vi iu kin CT1 hay iu kin CT2. Mt trong hai iu kin c p ng, chng trnh tip tc thc hin cc hot ng tip theo. Trng hp th hai l trng hp phn nhnh song song. Hot ng ca cc nhnh din ra ng thi khi trng thi chuyn tip CT1 uc p ng. Ngc li cng c kh nng t hai hay nhiu trng thi chuyn v mt trng thi: Trng hp th nht l mt nhnh no kt thc hot ng cui cng ca nhnh, th chng trnh s tip tc bc tip theo.

CTi

CTj CTi K K

Hnh **

41

Chng 2 Cc h thng u vo v u ra H thng cc u vo/ra cung cp cc kt ni vt l gia cc thit b bn ngoi v b x l trung tm CPU. Cc mch giao din c s dng chuyn i tn hiu t cm bin hay ln ca cc i lng o c nh tc chuyn ng, cao , nhit , p sut v v tr, thnh cc tn hiu lo gc PLC c th s dng c. Da trn c s ca cc gi tr cm nhn c hay o c, chng trnh iu khin trong PLC s s dng cc mch in ra khc nhau hoc cc m un ra kch hot cc thit b nh bm, van, ng c, bo ng thc hin iu khin my v qu trnh. Cc mch vo I (Input) v cc mch ra O (Output) hoc cc m un c lp rp trong v ca thit b, trong trng hp micro-PLC th cc knh I/O l mt phn ca ca v PLC. Phn ln v ca cc PLC c th ci bt k m un I/O vo mt gic cm I/O no . V ca PLC c thit k tho cc m un I/O m khng cn tt ngun xoay chiu AC (Alternative Current) hay tho cc dy ni. a s cc m un I/O s dng cng ngh mch in v cc bng mch u c gic ni cm vo phch cm bng mch chnh trn gi . Bng mch chnh cng l mch in c chac cc cng giao tip song song hoc cc knh truyn thng tin n b x l. Ngun in mt chiu DC (Direct Current) c cp n kch hot mch l gc v cc mch chuyn i tn hiu trong cc m un I/O. 2.1 Cc u vo s Cc knh vo s thuc nhm ln nht ca tn hiu bn ngoi trong cc h thng PLC. Thit b ngoi vi cung cp tn hiu vo s vi hai gi tr khc hn nhau v bn cht, c trng cho hai trng thi ng/m, hay bt/tt. Cc thit b gin on thng xut hin phn ln trong cc ng dng iu khin qu trnh bao gm: + Cng tc bnh gt, + Cng tc nhit, + Cng tc lu lng, + Cng tc mc cht lng, + Cng tc v tr ca van, + Cng tc khi ng t, + Cng tc xoay, + Nt bm, + Cng tc v tr, + Cng tc p sut, + Cng tc cn gt, + Cng tc tim cn, + Tip im r le, + Cng tc gii hn, + Tip im khi ng ng c, + Cm bin quang in. Phn ln cc thit b ny to ra dng tn hiu l ng hoc ngt (ON hay OFF). Ring cm bin quang in c th c cc tip im r le trn u ra hay tn hiu in p ON/OFF tng ng vi mc 0 hay 5 VDC.

42

Nu thit b gin on c ng, tc l in p c truyn qua thit b, trn mch vo ca PLC thu c tn hiu in p cp n. ch th trng thi ca thit b v chuyn i thnh tn hiu l gc, mch l gc vo bin i tn hiu v mc tng ng vi in p m CPU c th x l c. Gi tr l gc 1 tng ng vi trng thi bt (ON) hay ng (CLOSED), v l gc 0 tng ng trng thi tt (OFF) hay ngt (OPENED). 2.2. Cc u ra s iu khin cc i lng ra gin on ch gii hn trong cc thit b c yu cu mt trong hai trng thi c chn l ON/OFF, OPEN/CLOSED hay ko /nn. Cc thit b gin on thng gp trong qu trnh iu khin my v qu trnh cng ngh gm: + Thit b truyn tn hiu, + Bo ng bng tn hiu nh sng, + R le iu khin bng in, + Qut in, + n ch th bng tn hiu nh sng, + Van in, + Ci bo ng, + Van con trt, + Khi ng t cho ng c, + R le nhit. Trong lc hot ng, mch giao din trn u ra ca PLC bt in p iu khin truyn n thit b ra. Nu tn hiu ra c bt (ON) qua chng trnh iu khin, mch giao din s cho in p iu khin kch hot thit b u ra. 2.3. Dng tn hiu vo/ra Mi tn hiu vo v ra u c cp nng lng bi mt bng ngun cp in p: +5 VDC, +24VDC, Cc mch giao din c th cho ra cc mc in p mt chiu v xoay chiu khc nhau nh: + 5 VDC + 12 VDC + 24 VDC + 48 VDC, 110 VAC hay DC, 220VAC hay DC, 100 VDC hoc cc tip im kh. Phn ln in p cng nghip s dng l in p mc 110 VAC hay 220 VAC, bi v cc ngun c sn trong cc nh my cng nghip. Mc d vy in p mt chiu +5 VDC, +12 VDC, 24 VDC, + 48 VDC cng c s dng rng ri bi v an ton hn v t gy tai nn nh in p xoay chiu cng nghip. Trong thit k mch iu khin cn phn bit r m un vo v thit b trn u vo. Nu thit b cung cp dng in trong trng thi bt (ON) ca n, th thit b ny c gi l thit b cp dng. Ngc li nu thit b tip nhn dng in trong trng thi bt (ON) hat trng thi ng (TRUE) th thit b ny c gi l thit b tiu th dng. Nh vy chng ta c th c thit b cung cp dng v tiu th dng trn u vo, cng tng t nh vy l cc m un vo cung cp dng v tiu th dng. Mc d vy, phn cc cu hnh s dng PLC u dng cc thit b cp ngun trn u vo v cc m un vo tiu th dng. Cc vn v giao din tim n s tng ln nu ta khng thit k h thng vo / ra thch hp gia cc thao tc cp ngun v tiu th trong cc thit b ca h thng. Ta phi s dng m un tiu th dng nu thit b trn u vo 43

l thit b cp dng. Ngc li nu thit b u vo l thit b tiu th dng th ta phi s dng mch ngun. Vn trc trc s xy ra khi m un vo l m un tiu th v cc thit b u vo tr mt thit b l cc u vo cp ngun. Thit b u vo tiu th dng c th s trng thi bt (ON), nhng m un vo khng th pht hin tn hiu ON, mc d in p c th o qua cc u kt ni ca m un vo. y chnh l kh nng tim n rng thit b u vo khhng kt ni c v mch vo ca m un vo /ra c th b hng. Mch in p vo xoay chiu gin on Mt s khi c trng ca ngun in p vo xoay chiu nh trn hnh 2 Hnh 2 S khi ca mch in p vo xoay chiu Cc mch vo ca PLC cng rt a dng v ph thuc vo cc nh sn xut, nhng nhn chung th cc mch vo gin on hot ng tng t nh hnh 2.. Mch in p vo cu to bi hai phn s cp l phn ngun v phn l gc. Phn ngun v phn l gc ca mch thng kt ni vi nhau sao cho phn mch ngun vo c cch in vi phn mch l gc. S cch in rt quan trng c bit trong mi trng nhiu cng nghip. Vn chnh ca cc ng dng my tnh trong iu khin qu trnh thi k ban u l ch cc mch vo v mch ra khng c thit k cho mi trng ti t nh mi trng cng nghip vi m cao, rung, n bi, nhiu in t vv. Trn hnh 2.. Hnh 2.. Mch in p vo gin on c trng Phn ngun ca mch thc hin chc nng bin in p vo 110 VAC hay 220 VAC t cc thit b ngoi vi n mc tn hiu l gc m PLC c th s dng c. Mt cu nn dng bin i tn hiu vo thnh tn hiu mt chiu. Tn hiu mc mt chiu ny c truyn qua b lc gm mt t in dung C v cc tr R2, R3 gim thiu bin sng ca mch cu. Mch RC ny c th gy ra s tr 10 n 25 mi li giy. Mch ra s dng i t Zener pht hin khi no tn hiu n t ngng in p in p vo . Nu tn hiu vo vut qu v duy tr trn mc in p ngng cho thi gian t nht bng thi gian tr ca b lc, tn hiu c chp nhn nh tn hiu vo ng. Khi tn hiu vo c pht hin, n i n mch cch in, mch ny chuyn hon ton cch in tn hiu t in p AC hay DC thnh in p mc l gc. Mch l gc s dng tn hiu mc l gc t b cch in v tn hiu c thc hin sn sng a n b x l thng qua knh d liu trn mt sau ca gi PLC. Cch in t n 1500VAC khi khng c kt ni no gia thit b ngoi vi (ngun) vi thit b iu khin (l gc). S cch in ny gip ngn chn cc xung in p cao c th lm hng mch l gc ca giao din hay ca thit b iu khin. Mt mch cu quang in thng dng m bo cu ni gia phn ngun v phn l gc. Kh nng cch in chnh l mt trong cc l do ti sao PLC ginh c s chp nhn rng ri trong cc qu trnh cng nghip. Trong cch h thng PLC nh , va v ln, th cc mch vo gin on c lp rp cng nhau trn mt bng mch v lp t trong m un vo. Cc m un vo c th c 4, 8, 16 hay 32 mch vo trn mt m un. Cc m un vo xoay chiu gin on Phn ln cc m un xoay chiu gin on u c b ch th tn hiu bo mc tn hiu in p vo c, tc l cng tc c ng. B ch th dng i t LED thng c s dng ch trng thi ca u vo. nh sng ch th l s tr gip quan trng trong qu trnh khi ng v khc phc s c ca h thng. Mt s ni u vo xoay chiu gin on c minh ho trn hnh 2..

44

Hnh 2.. S u dy c trng ca m un vo xoay chiu gin on Trn hnh v dy nng 110VAC (L1) ni n thit b v y trung tnh 110VAC (L2) ni n u ni trung tnh ca m un vo. K hiu ACI110 trn m un hnh 2.. l s k hiu kiu m un m nh sn xut. Cc m un vo mt chiu (DC) Cc m un in p mt chiu bin i trng thi ON/OFF gin on thnh tn hiu vo mt chiu mc tn hiu l gc tng thch vi thit b iu khin. Cc m un ny thng c ba mc in p: 12 VDC, 24 VDC v 48 VDC. Thit b tng thch vi cc m un ny l cng tc, cng tc hnh trnh ca van, nt n, cng tc tim cn mt chiu, v cm bin quang in. S u dy cho m un vo DC cng tng t nh i vi m un vo AC, tr im khc bit l in p mt chiu DC thay th cho in p xoay chiu AC. Tn hiu in p xoay chiu AC (dy nng) n cc thit b u vo c thay th bng in p mt chiu v u ni trung tnh trn m un c thay th bng u ni mt mt chiu chung. Cc m un vo dng TTL (Transistor Transistor Logic) y l cc m un s dng mch l gc to bi cc b transistor. Cc m un vo TTL cho php thit b iu khin chp nhn tn hiu t cc thit b TTL tng thch, k c cc iu khin trng thi cng v thit b cm bin. u vo TTL c s dng giao tip vi cc thit b iu khin c mc in p +5 VDC v mt s dng cm bin quang in. Giao din bi mch l gc TTL c thit k tng t nh cc m un vo mt chiu DC. Mc d vy, thi gian tr ca tn hiu vo gy ra bi lc nhiu thng ngn hn nhiu. Cc m un vo TTL thng yu cu ngun cp in p ngoi mt chiu +5VDC. Cc m un vo gin on cch in Cc m un u vo v u ra thng c dy trung tnh chung ni mi nhm u vo hay u ra trn mi m un. Mc d i khi chng ta c c th ni thit b u vo c mc tip t khc n thit b iu khin. Trong trng hp nh vy, cc m un vo cch in (AC hay DC) vi cc ng tn hiu tr v tch bit khi mch vo s c dng nhn cc tn hiu dng ny. Giao din cch in v thit b vo ra gin on tiu chun hot ng ging nhau, tr tip t chung ca cc u vo c tch khi tip t chung trong m un. Kt qu l m un vo cch in yu cu s lng u u dy nhiu gp i. Hu qu l m un vo c th tng thch vi mt na cc u vo vi cng tnh cht vt l (xem hnh 2) Hnh 2 S u dy ca m un xoay chiu gin on cch in. S ca m un cch in vi in p 110VAC c k hiu IACI-110 v m un cch in 220 VAC c k hiu IACI-220. Mch ra gin on xoay chiu AC Hnh 2.. l s khi c trng cho mch ra gin on xoay chiu. Mch ra dng ny rt khc nhau gia cc nh sn xut PLC. S khi th hin cc hot ng c bn ca ra xoay chiu . Mch ny gm phn th cp l phn l gc v phn ngun, kt ni bi mch cch in. Giao din ca u ra c thc hin n gin thng qua cng tc, m ngun ca n cung cp iu khin thit b u ra

45

Hnh 2.. S khi ca mch ra xoay chiu gin on u tin, b x l gi tn hiu ra 0 hay 1 n phn mch l gc. Tn hiu t phn l gc su i qua mt mch cch in. Tn hiu l gc t mch cch in c cp tip vo mch cng tc ngun v b lc. Cui cng tn hiua xoay chiu gin on ny iu khin mt thit b hot ng vi in p xoay chiu AC c kt ni vi im u ra ca m un. Phn cng tc ngun xoay chiu thng s dng b Trisistor hay mch nn ng bn dn SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier) bt ngun xoay chiu AC gia hai trng thi ON hoc OFF. Cng tc AC thng c bo v bi mch RC hay nhit in tr MOV (Metal Oxide Variator), iu ny cho php chng li s tng p cao qu gi tr in p cho php. Cc mch bo v ny hay cc thit b cng cho php ngn cc nhiu in t cc cc hot ng ca cc m un gy ra. Cu ch c th c cung cp trn mch ra bo v dng qu ln c th lm hng cng tc xoay chiu AC. Nu cu ch khng c cp cho mi mch trong m un th chng c th c thm vo bn ngoi ca cc mch ra. M un xoay chiu gin on AC i vi cc PLC nh, va v ln th cc mch xoay chiu gin on AC c lp chung trn mt bng mch n v ci t trong m un ra. Cc m un ra thng c 4, 8, 16 hay 32 mch ra trn mt bo mch. Cng nh cc m un vo, cc m un ra cng c cc diode quang LED bo hiu trng thi ca l gc ang hot ng. Mt s kt ni ca m un ra c minh ho trn hnh 2 Hnh 2 S kt ni ca m un ra gin on xoay chiu. Cc i t LED c t pha trn ca m un. Hai u ra u tin c ni vi hai b khi ng cho my gia nhit 1 v 2. Tip im ca r le chng qu ti OL c mc ni tip tt b khi ng khi dng tng cao trong mch khi ng. Hai u ra tip theo ti im ra 2 v 3 c ni vi van trt in t 110 VAC l LV-1 v LV-2. Bn im ra cn li c mc ni tip vi 4 b khi ng vi r le chng qu ti cng vi cun khi ng. Ta cng cn ch rng in p ng mch l in p ngoi cp n m un, hay m un cng l thit b cp ngun. M un ra mt chiu DC M un ra mt chiu DC c s dng cp ngun mt chiu cho thit b ra. Chc nng hot ng ca u ra DC tng t nh u ra AC. Mch cng sut thng c s dngcc transistor cng sut ng ti. Ging nh tyristor, transistor c kh nng phi chntng thi qu p v dng khi ng ln, iu ny gy ra vic nung nng v on mch. trnh hin tng ny ta phi bo v cc transistor cng sut bng cc cu ch. S u dy cho m un mt chiu cng tng t nh s u dy ca m un xoay chiu, ch c khc l in p cung cp l in p mt chiu thay cho in p xoay chiu. im ni ca dy nng xaoy chiu c thay bng im ni in p dng mt chiu. im ni dy AC trung tnh c thay bng tip t hay im ni cc in p m. M un ra tip im kh M un ra cc tip im kh cho php cc thit b u ra bt ln (ON) hay tt (OFF) bng tip im thng m NO hay thng ng NC. u im ca r le hay u ra l cc cng tc kh l chng cung cp kh nng cch in gia PLC v thit b bn ngoi. Mch ng ngt bng thit b in trng thi cng trong cc m un ra xoay chiu tiu chun c s d in vi dng rt nh ngay c khi mch ng c chuyn v trng thi ngt. Dng

46

in ny c th gy ra tn hiu gi trong nhiu trng hp. Trong cc ng dng nh vy, ta cn s dng m un ra vi tip im kh. M un ra tip im kh c s dng ng ti xoay chiu AC hay mt chiu DC. Mc d vy, chng thng c s dng trong cc ng dng vi in p xoay chiu cung cp kh nng cch in gia PLC v cc thit b in phc tp khc, nh b iu tc VSD (Variable Speed Drives). Hnh 2 l m un ra tip im kh vi bn tip im thng m NO iu khin khi ng v tt hai b iu khin tc ng c. Trong ng dng ny, y l s cch in hon ho gia PLC v VSD. M un ra TTL M un ra TTL cho php thit b iu khin tc ng ln thit b u ra tng thch vi TTL nh mn hnh s 7 on, mch tch hp v cc thit b l gc c s khc nhau vi in p +5VDC. Cc m un ny thng yu cu ngun in p ngoi +5 VDC vi dng in yu cu c bit. M un ra cch in xoay chiu Giao din cch in ca u ra AC c minh ho trn hnh 2.. Hnh 2.. S u dy ca m un ra xoay chiu cch in c trng Ta c th thy rng m un u ra iu khin ba ti khc nhau ( ba b khi ng cho ba bm khc nhau), chng c ni ti ba ngun xoay chiu khc nhau. u im ca m un ny l chng ta c th khng phi bn tm v c cc ngun in p khc nhau trong nh my ca chng ta. iu bt li l s lng dy u tng ln v gim s u vo c th ca mi m un bi c s 2. Trong ng dng trn hnh 2.. ba ngun in p 110 VAC khc nhau c s dng bt ba b khi ng ng c ca ba bm 1, 2 v 3. y l ng dng c trng cho m un ra xoay chiu cch in AC. M un tng t vo/ra (I/O) S hin din ca cc mch tch hp gi thnh r v cc mch in t cng nghip lm tng cc kh nng ca cc mch tng t trong cc thit b iu khin PLC. Kh nng m rng ny a n s ra i ca cc m un vo/ra tng t tinh vi. Cc m un tng t cho php o s lng thu c t cc cm bin ca qu trnh v cc thit b cung cp d liu tng t. Cc m un u ra tng t cho php iu khin cc thit b vi tn hiu tng t lin tc. Cc u vo /ra tng t cho php theo di v iu khin cc in p v dng in tng t, tng thch vi cc cm bin, cc b iu khin ng c, v cc thit b qu trnh. S dng u vo/ra tng t v chuyn dng cho php o hay iu khin phn ln cc i lng ca qu trnh cng nghip di nh giao din tng ng s dng. Thit b u vo tng t: - Cm bin lu lng - Cm bin p sut - Cm bin nhit - Cm bin phn tch - Cm bin v tr - Bin tr - Cm bin mc cht lng - Thit b o tc Thit b u ra tng t: 47

- Thit b iu khin ng c, - Thit b o tng t, - Thit b ghi ho, - Thit b iu khin qu trnh - Dng iu khin b chuyn i kh nn - Van iu khin bng in - B iu khin tc . M un vo tng t Giao din ca m un vo tng t cha cc mch cn thit c th nhn tn hiu in p hay dng in tng t t cc thit b bn ngoi. u vo in p hay dng in c bin i t tn hiu tng t thnh cc gi tr s t l vi tn hiu tng t nh c b chuyn i tn hiu ADC (Analog to Digital Converter). Gi tr chuyn i i qua knh d liu ca thit b iu khin v lu trong b nh s dng v sau. Giao din vo tng t c c trng l c tr khng vo rt cao, iu ny cho php chng giao din vi thit b bn ngoi khng cn ti tn hiu. ng vo t cc thit b tng t thng c bc chng nhiu bng hai lp dn in. Cp chng nhiu gim nh hng ca nhiu t cc ngun bn ngoi i rt nhiu. Giao din ca tng u vo cung cp mch lc v mch cch in bo v m un t cc trng nhiu ph. Mt s kt ni c trng minh ho trn hnh 2,. Trong v d ny, m un vo tng t cung cp ngun in p mt chiu DC yu cu bi cc thit b bin i dng bn ngoi. Phn ln cc m un c thit k thu nhn n 16 tn hiu dn cc hay 8 tn hiu tng t lng cc, th hin lu lng, p sut, mc v tng t. Chng sau c chuyn i thnh cc t t l vi 10 n 15 bit nh phn trong b nh. u vo n cc m un ring bit ni chung phi l tt c l n cc hoc lng cc. Chn dng tn hiu c th thc hin bng phn cng hay phn mm. Nu tn hiu qua chuyn i lu trong b nh ca m un v c gi n b nh ca vi x l trong nhm hay trong khi cc d liu. Chng trnh iu khin s dng cu trc d liu trun n m un tng t. Thng tin v cu trc bao gm la chn min v d +1 n +5 VDC, 4 n 20mA vv. V h s t l ca tn hiu.
Hnh 2.. M un ra tng t M un ra tng t nhn d liu t b x l trung tm ca PLC. D liu oc truyn t l vi in p hay dng in iu khin thit b tng t bn ngoi. D liu s i qua b chuyn i tn hiu DAC v gi i di dng tng t. Cch in gia mch ra v mch l gc c m bo bi cu quang in. Cc m un ny thng cn ngun cp ngoi vi dng in xc nh v in p theo yu cu. M un chuyn dng Rt nhiu loau m un chuyn dng c s dng trong cc h PLC. Mt nh sn xut PLC c trn 120 dng m un vo ra. Chng ta ch quan tm n hai trong cc m un l: m un ni vi encoder v b m v m un xung vo tc cao. M un vo ni vi encoder v b m

48

M un ny cung cp mt b m tc cao t bn ngoi n b x l, sao cho p ng ti cc xung u vo ghi nhn c trong giao din. B m ny thng hot ng c lp ngoi chng trnh qut hay qut u vo/ra. L do c v n gin nu b m ph thuc vo chng trnh PLC th cc xung tc cao s khng md c hay b mt trong qu trnh qut. ng dng tiu biu l giao din encoder/ b m l cc hot ng yu cu trc tip cc u vo t encoder v c kh nng cung cp trc tip s so snh ca cc u ra. M un ny nhn cc xung vo t b encoder gia tng. Cc xung ny ch vi tr khi thit b quay. B m xung gi chng ti b x l. B encoder tuyt i thng s dng vid giao din sao cho nhn c d liu dng m BCD hay m Gray, th hin v tr gc ca trc c ang c o. Trong qu trnh hot ng, cc m un ny thu c cc xung vo, cc xung ny c m v so snh vi gi tr c ngi vn hnh la chn B m ca m un vo thng c tn hiu ra l tn hiu kch hot khi u vo v gi tr ngng m bng nhau. Mc d vy, iu ny khng cn thit trong phn ln cc PLC. Bi d liu c trong CPU, chng trnh c th s dnghm so snh u khin mt u ra no trong chng trnh iu khin. Truyn d liu gia giao din ca encoder /b m vi CPU l hai chiu. M un ny chp nhn t gi tr ngng m v cc d liu iu khin khc t CPU v truyn d liu v trng thi n b nh ca PLC. u ra iu khin cho php t chng trnh iu khin, sao cho lnh n m un philm hot ng cc u ra tng ng vi gi tr m nhn c. CPU s dng chng trnh iu khin, fcho php v t cc hot ng ca b m. M un m xung vo B m xung vo c dng giao tip vi thit b bn ngoi m chng to ra cc xung, nh chuyn ngtheo cc b o lu lng chuyn ng theo chiu dung v b o lu lng dng tua bin. Trong ng dng c trng, b o lu lng pht ra cc xungvi bin +5VDC ph thuc vo th tch ca cht lng i qua. Mi xung th hjin mt th tch c nh, v d mt xung c th tng ng 1 lt cht lng. Trong v d trn, b m ca PLC m s xung nhn c bng m un xung vo sau tnh ton th tch cht lngi qua trong thi gian chu k c nh. M un vo/ra thng minh x l tt mt s dng tn hiu hay d liu, cn c cc m un cu to t cc b vi x l. Cc giao din thng minh ny x l cc tn hiu vo ging nh cc m un ni vi can nhit hay cc tn hiu khc khng th giao din c bng cc m un vo /ra tiu chun. M un thng minh c th thc hin hon chnh cc chc nng x l tn hiu, c lp vi CPU v chu trnh qut ca chng trnh iu khin. Trong phn ny ta s trnh by v hai trong s cc m un thng minh hay s dng nht: m un vo ca cc can nhit v m un ra vi ng c bc. M un vo ni vi cc can nhit Mt m un vo ca cc can nhit c thit k nhn trc tip cc u vo t can nhit nh trn hnh 2.. Hnh 2.. M un vo ni vi can nhit M un ny to kh nng hiu chnh nhit ca mi ni lnh b nhng thay i ca nhit mi trng xung quanh m un can nhit. M un ny hot ng nh

49

mt m un vo tiu chun, ch c khc l n thu nhn cc u vo c mc tn hiu thp c mi li vn. Cc tn hiu vo s c lc, khuych i, v s ho qua b chuyn i tn hiu tng t s ADC. Cc tn hiu ny sau c gi n b vi x l c trong m un tuyn tnh ho v chuyn thnh gi tr nhit . Cui cng th gi tr nhit s c gi v CPU theo lnh t chng trnh iu khin. D liu nhit c s dng bi chng trnh iu khin PLC thc hin qu trnh iu khin nhit hay ch th nhit . M un ng c bc M un ng c bc to ra cc xung ko tng thch vi b iu khin ca ng c bc. Cc xung c gi n b iu khin thng th hin di dng khong cch, tc , v hng iu khin ng c. Giao din ca ng c bc nhn cc tn hiu iu khin t chng trnh iu khin. V tr xc nh bi s lng nh trc cc xung ra bng lnh iu khin tin hay lnh iu khin li, bng tng tc hay gim tc vi iu khin bng hm tng, tc l xc nh bi tc ca cc xung ra. Cc iu khin ny nhn chung l cc iu khin chuyn dng trong chng trnh iu khin v mt khi giao din ra c khi to bi lnh khi ng, n s pht ra cc xung theo chng trnh PLC. Khi chuyn ng bt u, m un ra s khng tip nhn mt iu khin no t CPU cho n khi chuyn ng c thc hin xong. Mt s m un c c th c cc lnh hu lnh iu khin ny v t li v tr tc thi. Lnh ny phi c hu b khi tip tc thc hin lnh iu khin chuyn ng ca ng c. M un ny cng gi d liu theo trng thi ca b x l ca PLC. Hnh 2.. S ni ca m un ra iu khin ng c bc M un truyn thng C su dng m un truyn thng c s dng trong h thng PLC trao i gia cc phn t ca h thng. y l cc m un dng m ASCII, m un ni vo/ra iu khin t xa vn nng, th giao din PCMCIA, m un giao din Ethernet, v m un bin i tn hiu si cp quang. M un truyn thng m ASCII M un truyn thng ASCII c s dng truyn v thu d liu dng k t v s gia cc thit b ngoi vi v thit b iu khin. Thit b ngoi vi c trng l my in, mn hnh s, thit b lp trnh vv. M un ny cng tu thuc vo nh sn xut. Mch giao din truyn thng thng bao gm b nh v mt vi x l dnh ring. Giao din ca cc thng tin c trao i thng chim ch qua cng ni tip RS-232C, RS-422 hay RS-485 hay qua ng truyn mch vng vi dong 20mA. M un ASCII s c b nh RAM ring, lu tr cc khi thng tin chun b c truyn i. Khi d liu vo t thit b ngoi vi c nhn trong m un, n truyn n b nh ca PLC thng qua lnh truyn d liu. Tt c cc thng s ca khi tho truyn tin nh bit chn (chn hay l) hay khng chn, s ca bit dng (stop bit), tc truyn, c th c chn bng phn mm hay phn cng. M un kt ni vn nng I/O M un kt ni vo/ra t xa c s dng trong cc h thng PLC c ln, cho php cc h thng vo /ra con t cch xa b x l. Cc h thng con xa c s dng d giao din vi n v x l qua mt gi vo/ra tiu chun v cc m un vo/ra yu cu. Cc gi bao gm c ngun mt chiu nui cc mch bn trong ca cc m un vo/ra v m un kt ni vo/ ra t xa cp thng tin vi n v x l. Dung lng ca mt h vo /ra con thng c t 32 n 256 u vo/ra.

50

Cc h vao/ra con thng c ni vo b x l thng qua ng truyn knh (bus) hay mng hnh sao. C ly t b x l n cc h thng vo /ra con t xa thng thng vo khong 300m n vi km, ph thuc vo dng thit b iu khin. S b tr cc h thng vo /ra t xa to ra kh nng tit kim kh ln v dy dn, nhn cng cho cc h thng iu khin c ln, m trong cc thit b c gp vo mt s khu vc x l t xa. Nu b x l c t trong phng iu khin chnh hay mt s v tr trung tm khc, ch cn mt cp thng tin chy gia b x l v cc h thng t xa ngoi hin trng thay v hng trm, thm ch hng ngn ng dy ni t b x l n cc thit b hin trng. B tr cc h thng vo/ra t xa cn c u im l cho php cc h thng con lp t v th nghim c lp cng nh cho php bo dng v khc phc s c trn tng trm trong khi cc b phn khc vn tip tc hot ng. M un truyn thng ni tip M un truyn d liu ni tip thng c s dng truyn thng tin gia thit b iu khin v mt thit b thng minh vi u ra ni tip nh cn khi lng vi cng ni tip. M un truyn thng ni tip ny thng c hai n bn cng ni tip c th kt ni vi cc cng giao din ni tip tiu chun nh RS-232, RS-422, RS-485. Th giao din PCMCIA Vo nm 1990, hip hi th nh quc t cho my tnh c nhn (Personal Computer Memory Card International Association) pht trin mt tiu chun cho th tn dng c th giao din cho my tnh c nhn. Tiu chun ny nh ngha cu trc v phng php truyn thng cho cc th giao din PC. Cc th giao din ny c pht trin theo iu khon 2.0 ca tiu chun v c s dng lu tr d liu v trao i thng tin vao/ra. Cc nh sn xut PLC pht trin th PCMCIA my tnh sch tay c th trao i c vi b x l ca PLC hay ng truyn d liu tc cao thc hin phn mm PLC hay cc hm s c. Cac th giao din PCMCIA ging nh vi phn mm chun on kim tra rng th hot ng tt v kt ni n vi mng truyn thng ca PLC. M un truyn thng Ethernet M un giao din Ethernet c thit k cho php mt s PLC v cc my tnh iu khin c th trao i thng tin tc cao trn mng thng tin tc cao ca nh my. Mng ni b ca nh my LAN (Local Area Network) c kh nng truyn d liu v thng tin iu khin t mt h thng n h thng khc vi tc truyn tin cao. Nh vy iu khin h thng cng nghip c th pn b thnh mt ss ln cc thit b iu khin PLC, my tnh, v cc thit b thng minh. Trong mt h thng nh vy, thng tin c trao i d dng gia h thng iu khin, nhng mi h thng c th iu khin c lp mt phn ca nh my cng nghip. iu ny ci thin rt ln tin cy ca h thng iu khin nh mybi v tng phn ca nh my c th dng thay i hoc bo dng, trong khi cc phn khc ca nh my tip tc hot ng v sn xut. M un bin i tn hiu t cp quang B chuyn i tn hiu t cp quang bin tn hiu in thnh tn hiu nh sng v truyn cc tn hiu ny qua cp quang. Trn u kia ca cp quang, mt si cp quang th hai bin tn hiu nh sng thnh tn hiu in s dng bi h thng PLC. Thit k h thng vo/ra

51

 thit k h thng vao/ra ng, cc tiu ch k thut ca nh sn xut phi c quan tm v tun theo trnh thao tc sai hay lm hng thit b. Cc tiu ch k thut ny t cc gii hn khng ch trn m un m trn c thit b hin trng m n iu khin. Cc tiu ch ny c ba dng: cc tiu ch v in, c v mi trng. Cc tiu ch k thut in: Cc tiu ch k thut in bao gm cc thng s sau: mc in p vo, mc dng vo, in p ngng,mc in p ra, mc dng ra, mc nng lng ra v cc yu cu v dng cp vo pha sau m bo cho mch ca m un c th hot ng c. Mc in p vo (xoay chiu hay mt chiu) cho ta bin v dng tn hiu vo m m un vo chp nhn. Trong mt s trng hp, cc tiu ch ny xc nh min ca in p vo thay v gi tr c nh. Trng hp nh vy, gi tr max v min chp nhn c ca in p tip tc hot ng c lit k. V d in p lm vic 110 VAC cho m un vo c th c chp nhn t 95 n 135 VAC. Mc dng vo nh ngha dng ti thiu yu cu ti mc in p ca m un m thit b hin trng phi c kh nng cung cp lm hot ng mch ca m un vo. Ngng in p vo l in p m tn hiu vo c nhn l ang trng thi bt (ON) hay ng (TRUE). Mt s m un vo cng c gi tr in p ca trng thi OFF hay FALSE. V d tn hiu ON trn m ul TTL c xc nh l 2.8VDC v mc OFF l in p thp hn 0.8 VDC. Mc in p ra ch bin v dng in p ngun phi oc iu khin m khng c dung sai c cng nhn. V d trn m un ra ti mc +24 VDC, th c th c min lm vic t +20 n +28 VDC. Mc dng ra nh ngha dng ln nht m mch ra trn m un ta c th m bo an ton khi c ti. Mc dng ny thng c ch nh nh mt hm ca mch ra ca cc phn t in v c tnh to nhit ti mi trng lm vic trong khong t 0oC- 6OoC. Nu nhit mi trng tng, dng in ra s b gim. Dng ln qu c th lm on mch hay gy ra cc h hi khc cho m un ra. Mc nng lng ra ch mc nng lng ln nht m m un ra c th tiu th vi tt c cc knh ra c kch hot. Mc nng lng cho mt u ra c tnh bng nhn in p ra vi mc dng in ra. Cc yu cu v dng cp vo mt sau l dng yu cu mch bn trong m un vo/ra hot ng m bo, t sau ca gi ngun in. Nh thit k h thng phi thm yu cu dng mt sau trn tt c cc m un c ci t vo khng gi vo /ra v so snh gi tr tnh ton vi dng cc i m h thng cng sut ngun c th cp xc nh rng cng sut c cp hay khng. Nu mc cng sut thp hn yu cu, h thng s hot ng chp chn. Dng kh hi yu cu thng phi nh hn dng cp bi ngun cng sut. Tiu ch c hc Tiu ch ny xc nh s lng im hin trng c iu khin hay ctheo di bi m un. Cc m un thng c 2,4,8,16 hay 32 im vao/ra. Cc m un mt cao, yu cu dng hot ng cao hn, v phi kim tra rt cn thn dng. Mt khc s lng dy v c dy cng l vn phi tnh ton trnh gy ra on mch. Tiu ch mi trng C hai thng s mi trng nh hng n hot ng ca h thng PLC l nhit v m. Nhit mi trng l nhit cao nht trong khng kh xung quanh cc m un vao/ra ang hot ng bnh thng. Mc nhit ny thng da trn c sc tnh tn nhit ca cc m un. Nhit mi trng thng trong khong 0oC n 40oC.

52

Nhit mi trng cao qu c th gy nguy him v cc cc mch bn trong m un c th hot ng km tin cy v gim tui th ca m un. m thng t 5% n 95% l khong cha ngng t nc. Ngi thit k h thng phi m bo rng m c iu khin chun xc trn bn iu khin ni m h thng vo ra c lp t.

Chng 3 Hot ng ca b nh v cch ghi a ch M u Cc h thng iu khin PLC lu tr thng tin v chng trnh iu khin trong b nh. Thng tin c lu tr y xc nh PLC s x l cc d liu vo ra nh th no. Trong chng ny, chng ta s trnh by v thnh phn v cu trc ca b nh, dng b nh, t chc ca b nh, cch ghi a ch ca b nh v a ch u vo/ra. Cui cng ta s tp trung vo giao din t phn cng n phn mm ca PLC. 3.1 Cc thnh phn v cu trc ca b nh B nh ca PLC c th c hin th bng mot mng hai chiu ca cc t bo nh, m mi t bo c th cha mt bit n ca thng tin di dng l gi tr 0 hay 1. S nh phn n hay bit c ly t hai ch u ca t Binary v ch cui ca digit. Bit l n v nh nht trong b nh v ch cha c thng tin dng 1 v 0. Mi t bo nh c in p th hin trn u ra ca mch in t ch th gi tr 1 v in p 0 ch gi tr 0. Bit c bt ln trng thi ON nu gi tr lu trn l 1 v OFF nu l lu gi tr 0. Trong nhiu trng hp, iu quan trng i vi b x l l gi c nhiu d liu hn l mt bit n. V d khi b x l truyn d liu i v v b nh, lu tr cc s, cc m chng trnh, n cn mt nhm cc bit gi l byte hay t (word). Mt byte c nh ngha l mt nhm nh nht ca cc bit m CPU c th x l c ng thi trong mt ln. Trong cc thit b iu khin PLC byte c c thng thng l 8 bit v mt t c c l hai byte hay 16 bit. Mc d vy, mt t c th c ln ln hn hay nh hn, ph thuc vo c tnh ca b vi x l c s dng. Lng b nh c tnh bng hng 1000 hay K K=kilo, vi 1 K l 1024 t ( tc l 210=1024) ca khng gian nh.Dung lng b nh ca PLC c th thay i t nh hn 1K n 64K t. Ph thuc vo nh sn xut. Tnh phc tp ca k hoch iu khin, s lng ca cc im vo/ra v dng vo ra l nhng thng s xc nh ln ca b nh PLC. di ca t thng l hai byte ( 16 bit) hay c th di hn. Chiu di ca t trong PLC c th l 4, 8, 16 hay 32 bit. T c 16 bit th hin trn hnh3..

53

Hnh 3.. T mi su bit Mt s PLC s dng h m 16 nhn dng mi bit, nh hnh 3 Bit c trng lng ln nht l bit 17 v bit nh nht l bit 00. Mt mng nh n 64 bit c minh ho trn hnh 2.. Mng ny gm 8 hng v tm ct. Mng 64 bit cn c 6 bit a ch cp cho mi t bo. Mt t bo thng l mt mch in t c gi l mch flip-flop, mch ny c gi tr +5VDC hay 0 VDC. ly d liu t mng nh, cc b gii m a ch dng v ct s chn ra t bo yu cu. Cc mng nh thng c to bi cc mch tch hp (IC). Mt n v c trng ca mch tch hp cha nhiu ngn t bo nh sp xp theo cch khc nhau. Mt mch tch hp 8K-bit (8096 bit) c th b tr thnh 8K t bo nh vi mt bit mi t bo, hay 1K byte vi 8 t bo mi byte. S ca nhm (bit, byte hay t) c ghi a ch l hm ca 2n, v d 1K=210, 4K=212, 8K=213 v tng t. Gi tr n l s bit da ch cn chn cho mi nhm ring bit.

Hnh .. Mng nh c trng Vi 1000 t ta cn s dng mi bit ghi a ch ca mi t trong nh, vi cc t c tm bit, mi su bit hay ba mi hai bit. i vi b nh 1Kx8, mch IC cn 10 bit a ch chn 1 K t trong b nh. Mch IC c 8 chn cho d liu u vo v u ra, 10 chn cho chn a ch, hai chn cho ngun mt chiu DC. Hai chn cp ngun c s dng ni vi + 5 VDC v tip t. Tn hiu iu khin c/ghi c s dng xc nh khi no 54

cc bit d liu c ghi vo b nh hay c c t b nh. Bit d liu c ghi vo b nh khi tn hiu iu khin (R/W) mc in p thp v d liu c truyn i t b nh khi tn hiu iu khin (R/W) mc in p cao. Mt chp pht tn hiu iu khin c dng chn hot ng ca mi chip ring bit khi mt nhm cc mch tch hp c s dng to ra b nh ln hn kh nng to ra bi mt chp.

Hnh 3.. Mt chp nh 1K-byte R/ c trng Dng b nh Ta s ni v dng b nh hay c s dng trong PLC cng nh trong ng dng ca chng cho cc dng d liu hay thng tin c lu tr. Trong vic la chon b nh s dng, k s thit k h thng phi ch kh nng xo v kh nng lp trnh d dng. K s thit chu trch nhim v vic mt thng tin trong b nh, bi v b nh gi chng trnh iu khin qu trnh, v nu chng trnh ny b xo th ton b h thng sn xut b ngng. T khi b nh li cun s ch rng n c v tr quan trng gia ngi s dng v PLC, n c th d dng thay i. S tng tc bt u t khi bt u lp trnh cho h thng, sa li v tip tc vi cc thay i trc tuyn, nh thay i cc gi tr ca cc b m thi gian v b m thng B nh c/ghi (R/W) B nh ghi v c c thit k d liu hay thng tin c th c ghi vo hay c ra t cng mt v tr . Trn hnh 3.. cho thy d liu c th c a vo b nh bng s dng phng thc ghi v c th ly ra bng s dng phng thc c. a ch u vo b nh nh r v tr v a ch ca d liu s c c hay c ghi vo.

55

Hnh 3.. S khi ca b nh R/W i vi phn ln PLC, s dng b nh R/W vi pin hi lu cho cc ng dng nh. B nh R/W to bin php tuyt vi c th to ra d dng v thay i mt chuyng trnh iu khincng tt nh cho php nhp d liu. So snh vi mt s dng b nh khc, b nh R/W hot ng rt nhanh. Ch c mt bt li l pin h tr b nh c th hng theo thi gian. Mc d vy, phn ln PLC c tn hiu nh sng bo pin sp cn bo cho ngi vn hnh thay ngun pin hi lu cho b nh. B nh ch dng c ROM B nh ROM c thit k lu thng xuyn mt chng trnh c nh m bnh thng khng th hay khng b thay i. Tn ca b nh loi ny xut pht t thc t ni dung ghi trong n ch c c v khng th ghi hay thay i c, mt khi d liu hay chng trnh c lu trong n. D liu ch c th s dng bng phng thc c. Cng nh b nh R/W, b nh ROM cng c a ch ca u vo, ni v tr xc nh ca d liu s c c. Nh thit k ca n, b nh ROM khng cn b nh hng bi nhiu in hay mt ngun. Chng trnh thc hin hay chng trnh ca h thng iu hnh thng c cha trong b nh ROM.

PLC rt him khi s dng b nh ROM cho cc b nh chng trnh iu khin ng dng. Mc d vy, trong cc ng dng m c yu cu cc d liu c nh, ROM c li th hn v tc , gi thnh v tin cy. Thng cc chng trnh PLC trn c s ROM c sn xut ti nh my bi nh sn xut thit b . Mt khi mt b lnh gc c lp trnh, ngi s dng khng bao gi c th thay i c n. Nh sn xut s ghi v sa li chng trnh nh thit b iu khin c/ghi hay my tnh v khi chng trnh hon thin s c a vo b nh R/W hay ROM. ROM cng c tm thy trong cc b nh ng dng ca cc h thng PLC chun dng nh l vi sng, my bn hng, my git v tng t. B nh ch dng c c kh nng lp trnh PROM B nh PROM l dng b nh c bit ca b nh ROM, rt him c s dng trong cc ng dng ca PLC. Mc d vy, khi n c s dng, n l dng lu tr c nh c yu thch nht, hn hn cc b nh RAM (random Acces Memory). PROM cng

56

nh cc b nh ROM v n cng khng b mt thng tin khi mt ngun hay b nh hng ca nhiu. Bt li l lp trnh cho PROM cn c thit b c bit. Mt khi lp trnh n cng khng th xo v thay i c. Mt thay i trong chng trnh cn phi c mt b chp PROM mi. B nh PROM c th thch hp cho lu tr chng trnh c kim tra v nh trong b nh RAM v n khng cn thay i hoc c d liu vo trc tuyn. B nh ROM c kh nng xo bng in EEPROM EEPROM l loi PROM c bit c th lp trnh li sau khi xo hon ton bng in. POM c th xem nh thit b nh tm thi, trong c th cha chng trnh n khi n sn sng c thay i. EEPROM to mt phng tin lu tr tuyt vi cho chng trnh iu khin c yu cu khng b xo v khng thay i chng trnh. Phn ln cc nh sn xut PLC ch to PLC vi b nh EEPROM to b nh c nh ca chng trnh my sau khi pht trin, sa li v hot ng tt. Mt chng trnh iu khin gm chir EEPROM s khng thun tin nu c yu cu thay i trc tuyn hay cn d liu vo. Mc d vy, nhiu PLC a ra b nh chng trnh bng EEPROM nh mt yu cu thm thay th cho cc b nh RAM c pin h tr. EEPROM to h thng nh thch hp bi v n kt hp c kh nng lu tr v kh nng thay i d dng ca b nh R/W. T chc ca b nh B nh ca PLC c trng c hai phn chnh: b nh h thng v b nh ng dng. B nh h thng l ni cha ca tp hp cc chng trnh v cc b ghi to thnh chng trnh iu hnh h thng, phn mm chn on s c, v cc b ghi trng thi ca h thng. H thng iu hnh hng cc hot ng nh thc hin chng trnh iu khin, trao i thng tin vi thit b ngoi vi, hay cc chc nng bo v h thng. B nh ng dng gm min vo, min ra, cc b ghi d liu hay thng tin, cc min bit lu tr bn trong v chng trnh iu khin. B nh h thng v b nh ng dng c cch lu tr v cch ly thng tin khc nhau. B nh h thng cha cc lnh lm CPU hot ng, cha mt b cc chng trnh chun on v cc b ghi trng thi. B nh ng dng cha cc min nh vo, min nh ra, chng trnh iu khin, v cc b ghi d liu. Chng s dng cc loi b nh khc nhau. Phn h thng iu hnh cn c b nh c nh lu cc thng tin hay d liu c lu khng b thay i v tnh hay c bi mt ngun hay bi ngi s dng. y cn n mt s loi b nh ROM. Mt khac ngi s dng cn thay i chng trnh iu khin hay d liu vo/ra cho cc ng dng cho trc, th dng b nh R/W l thch hp.

Cu trc ca tp

57

Mt tp nh c nh ngha l mt nhm t trong b nh m chng c chc nng chuyn dng. Cc tp vo v tp ra l cc tp chung ging nhau trong PLC. Cc tp ny l cc t nh sp xp cnh nhau cho u vo t bn ngoi v bit u ra c gn cho im vo/ra trong PLC. Cu trc tp ca PLC Allen Bradley PLC5 c k trong bng 3..

Bng 3. Cu trc tp nh ca PLC S5 Allen Bradley so snh bng 3.. gii thiu mt phn cu trc tp nh ca PLC S7 Siemens Simatic. Trong c hai loi PLC ny, bit nh vo c k hiu l ch I trong lp trnh. Bit nh ra c k hiu la O trong PLC S5 Allen-Bradley v l Q trong PLC Siemens S7.

58

Bng 3.. Cu trc tp nh ca PLC S7 Siemens Simatic Bit nh trong Phn ln cc PLC gn mt min nh cc bit trong. Cc bit nh ny cn c gi l bit u ra bn trong , bit ra cun ht bn trong hay cn gi l bit iu khin trong. u ra trong hot ng ging nh bt k u ra no, ch khc n c iu khin bng l gc chng trnh. Mc d vy, u ra ny c s dng hn ch cho lp trnh l gc bn trong v khng iu khin trc tip u ra no ti qu trnh. Cc u ra trong c dng kho l gc trung gian trong chng trnh iu khin. y chnh l cc bin trung gian, bi chng va c th l bin ra trong va c th l bin vo trong. u ra trong bao gm c bit thc hin trn cc b m v b m thi gian nh mt bit l gc trong cc dng khc nhau. Mi bit ra trong c so snh bng a ch trong chng trnh iu khin v c bit lu tr trn cng a ch. Khi l gic iu khin l ng TRUE, th bit u ra trong bt ln gi tr 1 hay ON. Min nh chng trnh ng dng Min nh chng trnh ng dng c s dng cha chng trnh iu khin l gc ca qu trnh cng ngh. Tt c cc lnh ca thit b iu khin iu khin my hay iu khin qu trnh c lu trong min nh ny. Cc a ch ca cc bit thc v cc bit vo/ra trong c xc nh trong mt phn ca min nh. Khi PLC ang ch hot ng v chng trnh iu khin ang thc hin, CPU dch cc v tr nh ny v iu 59

khin cc bit trong bng d liu, tng ng vi bit thc hay bit vo /ra trong. Chng trnh iu khin c dch khi b x l thc hin chng trnh iu khin. Gi tr cc i ca b nh chng trnh ng dng l kh nng m bo hot ng bnh thng ca chng trnh iu khin tu thuc c ca h thng iu khin. H thng PLC hng trung hay hng ln, ln ca chng trnh s dng cng thng linh hot. N c th c thay i bng thay i kch thc bng d liu sao cho c th tm thy cc yu cu lu tr d liu nh nht. Trong cc PLC nh, ln ca chng trnh ng dng thng c nh. Kch c ca b nh ng dng C ca b nh ng dng l mt thng s quan trong trong thit k h thng iu khin trn c s PLC. Xc nh c ca nh ng c ht gim gi thnh v trnh mt nhiu thi gian sau ny. Nu tnh ton c ca b nh chnh xc ta khng cn mua PLC vi dung lng thp hn hay vt qu. C ca b nh ng dng c ht m rng n im cc i trong mt s thit b iu khin, nhng khng th m rng trong mt s cc PLC nh hn. Cc PLC nh hn y xc nh l cc PLC iu khin t 10 n 64 thit b vo/ra. Thit b iu khin c su mi t hay nhiu hn cc thit b vo ra thng m rng b nh vi dung lng 1K, 2K, 4K hay tng t. Mi K tng ng vi 1024 t. Trong cc PLC c ln dung lng b nh thng t 64K tr ln. C b nh c thng bo ca cc PLC ch mi a ra ch s th ca khng gian nh c sn cho ngi s dng, bi v mt phn ca b nh phi dng cho cc chc nng bn trong ca cc thit b iu khin. Cn tr chnh trong vic xc nh c ca b nh cho ng dng l tnh phc tp ca chng trnh iu khin cha c xc nh cho n khi mua thit b. Nh vy, thng ta bit s u vo/ra trong h thng trc khi phn cng c mua. K s thit k h thng c th d tr c b nh ng dng nhn vi s u vo/ra vi hai mi t nh. v d nu h thng c khong mt trn im vo/ra, th chng trnh thng cn ni chung c 2K t. Cn ch l c ca chng trnh b nh hng bi mc tinh vi ca chng trnh iu khin. Nu ng dng yu cu thu thp d liu hay thut ton iu khin phc tp, nh iu khin PID, th vic b xung thm b nh l cn thit. Sau khi k s thit k xc nh b nh ti thiu yu cu cho ng dng, cn phi tnh thm 25% n 50% cho trng hp thay i chng trnh hay m rng chng trnh. Ghi a ch vao/ra T khi mt trong cc mc tiu chnh l iu khin cc u vo v u ra ca cc thit b hin trng , cc u vo/ra phi chim ch trong b nh ca b x l tn hiu, ni m chng c gn a ch trong chng trnh iu khin ca PLC. Mi im u trn m un vo/ra c th c ni dy n thit b hin trng chim 1 bit trong b nh PLC. Phn ca b nh cha a ch vo/ra c gi l bng nh vo v bng nh ra. Bng nh nh vo Bng nh vo l mng cc bit trong cha trng thi ca cc u vo gin on t qu trnh cng ngh, m chng c ni n u vo ca PLC. S lng bit trong bng bng s lng u vo cc i. Mi thit b iu khin c dung lng cc i l 64 u vo s cn mt bng 64 bit u vo. Mi u vo c ni n c mt bit trong bng u vo tng ng chnh xc ti im u m u vo c kt ni. Nu u vo trng thi ON th bit trong bng nh cng l ON hay l gc 1. Trong phn ln cc PLC, u vo trng thi ON nu in c trn im ni vo. Nu khng c in p, bit tng ng s

60

xo hay chuyn sang trng thi OFF hay l gc 0. Bng u vo tip tc c thay i phn nh trng thi dng in ca cc thit b u vo c kt ni. Chng trnh iu khin s dng cc thng tin trng thi xc nh trng thi TRUE hay FALSE ca cc lnh trong chng trnh.

Bng 3.. l v d c trng ca mt bit vo n trong bng nh vo. im vo I:007/12 c nhn dng trong bn nh. Bng nh nh ra Bng nh nh ra l mng bit iu khin trng thi ca thit b u ra gin on, m thit b ny c ni ti mch giao din ca u ra. Mi u ra c kt ni c mt bit trong bng nh ra, tng ng chnh xc vi im u m u ra c kt ni. Bit trong bng ra c iu khin bi b x l ca PLC ging nh n dch chng trnh iu khin v c cp nht trong qu trnh qut u vo/ra. Nu mt bit c bt ln trng thi ON hay l gc 1, th sau o mch in ni u ra s c kch hot, v y s c in p trn im ni u ra. Nu bit b xo hay tt OFF (tc l gc 0), u ra s b ngt. Hnh 3.. minh ho bit ra n trong bng nh ra. Trong v d ny, v tr bit ra O:017/16 c ch ra trn bn nh ca u ra. Ch O ch mt u ra, t a ch 017, bit l bit 16, bit cui cng trong t nh.

61

Hnh 3.. Bit ra trong bng nh nh ra ca PLC s5 Allen Bradley. Giao din gia phn cng v phn mm C l l th quan trng nht hiu v thit b iu khin l b x l s dng cc u vo ca qu trnh nh th no, th m cc mch vo cm nhn c, kch hot cc thit b u ra theo yu cu iu khin qu trnh cng ngh. y chnh l giao din gia phn cng v phn mm. a ch cc lnh l th ni chng trnh iu khin ca phn mm vi phn cng ca cc im vo/ra. a ch ca cc u vo v u ra ca PLC ni v tr vt l ca cc m un u cui n v tr bit nh. Cu trc hay mt ca m un vao/ra: 8, 16 hay 32 im, c quan h trc tip n cc bit m m un chim trong b nh ca PLC. V d m un 8 im vo nh hnh 3.. tm bit 00 n 07 chim 8 v tr trong bng nh vo trong b nh ca b x l tn hiu.

Hnh 3.. M un vo mt chiu 8 im c trng Ta s gii thiu mt s cch ghi a ch ca cc h thng PLC. Cch ghi a ch vo/ra trn Allen Bradley PLCS5 Phng php ghi a ch vo ra gin on ca Allen Bradley PLC S5 s dng m 6 v tr (a:bbc/dd) i chiu vi a ch nh vo/ra v v tr vt l ca phn cng. Trong h thng ny, v tr pha tri nht l ch I cho u vo gin on v ch O cho u ra gin on. Hai ch tip theo (bb) l s hiu ca m un, ch s tip theo (c) l s ca nhm vo/ra ( t 0 n 7). Hai ch s cn li th hin bit vo hay bit ra hay s ca im cui: 00 n 07 hay 10 n 17. V d a ch I:001/07 ch th thit b u vo c ni n mun s 00 v nhm vo/ra s 1 ti im cui 07 v bit nh 07. a ch O:074/10 ch th thit b u ra c ni ti m un 07 ti im cui 10 trn nhm vo /ra s 4.

62

Hnh 3.. S ghi a ch vo/ra gin on ca Allen Bradley PLC S5 Mt giao din phn cng n phn mn i vi ng dng ca Allen Bradley PLC S5 c minh ho trn hnh 3..

Hnh 3.. S giao din phn cng ti phn mm ca PLC S5 ng dng ny ch ra quan h hot ng gia cc thit b hin trng, bit nh vo/ra gin on v chng trnh l gc thang ng dng. Trong v d ny, nu cng tc mc cao c ni n m un trong gi s 0, nhm vo/ra s 0, im cui s 7 c ng, bit bn trong ca phn mm I:000/07 s c bt ln gi tr 1. ng gin on t im cui s 7 n v tr ca bit nh I:000/07 ch th mt kt ni trong h thng PLC S5. Nu trong cng thi gian cng tc van v tr m c ni n im cui 13 ca cng m un c ng li. Trong trng hp ny, bit vo I:000/13 s c bt ln 1, v bc ca l gc thang s c tnh lin tc ca l gc, v bit ra O:001/03 s c bt ln gi tr 1. iu ny kch hot van con trt ni vi im cui s 3 ca gi s 0 v nhm vo/ra s 1. 63

Bc thang l gc trn y hnh 3.. cho thy v d hai bit u vo t bn ngoi c s dng bt bit ra bn ngoi. Cch ghi a ch vo/ra trn PLC Siemens Simatic S7-300 Trn hnh 3.. ch ra thit b c 11 khe ci cho PLC S7 -300 Siemens Simatic. S khe ci trn gi nh hng n s a ch ca S7-300. a ch vo /ra u tin c xc nh bi v tr ca n trn gi o. Khe cm u tin c dnh cho gi ca b ngun, tt nhin a ch vo/ ra khng cn cho ngun. M un CPU c b tr tip theo trong khe s 2. Khng cn a ch vo/ra gn cho m un CPU. Khe s 3 cha m un giao din (CIM: Communication Interface Module). M un ny c dng ni CPU trong gi vo/ra chnh vi cc m un vo /ra trn gi m rng. Khng c a ch vo/ra no c gn cho m un giao din trong khe cm s 3. Mc d ngay c khi khe s 3 khng c m un giao din, th khng mt m un no c cm vo y. Khe s 4 l khe cm u tin cho cho cc m un vo/ra.

Quan h gia gi vt l v v tr khe cm v v tr m un vo/ra c ch trn hnh 3 a ch gin on cho c u vo v u ra bt u bng a ch t s 0 v a ch bit 0 (0.0) trong khe s 3 gi s 0. Chng tip tc ti t 95 v bit 7 trong khe cm 11 ca gi s 2. Mi m un vo/ra gin on c dnh 4 byte (32 bit) ca a ch t nh, khng cn quan tm n s lng im vo/ra thc s ca m un. Phng php ghi a ch vo/ra gin on ca Siemens l dng m ba v tr (abb.cc) i chiu vi a ch nh vo/ra. Trong h thng ny, v tr ngoi cng pha bn tri (a) l ch I cho u vo gin on v ch Q cho u ra gin on. Hai v tr tip theo (bb) l s byte nh c gn cho khe cm vo/ra, v ch (c) bn phi du chm l s ca bit ca bng nh nh vo/ra ( t 0 n 7). V d m un vo/ra trn khe cm s 5 trn gi s 0 c 16 u vo gin on. Tm u vo u tin s c gn a ch t 4.0 n 4.7. Tm u vo tip theo s c gn a ch 5.0 n 5.7.

64

Chng 4 Lp trnh bng s thang tiu chun v nng cao 4.1. M u Ngn ng lp trnh l phng tin cho php ngi s dng giao tip vi thi b iu khin PLC thng qua cc thit b lp trnh. Cc nh sn xut PLC s dng bn ngn ng lp trnh l : 1- S thang 2- Bng lnh 3- S khi hm l gc 4- Grafcet Chng trnh iu khin l mt t hp cc lnh c vit trong mt trt t nht nh. C cc qui tc iu khin phng php t hp cc lnh vnc nh cc dng ca lnh. Cc qui tc ny v cc lnh to nn ngn ng lp trnh. 4.2. Cc lnh c bn ca s thang S thang vit tt ting anh l LAD, l tp hn cc lnh dng k hiu c s dng to ra mt chng trnh iu khin cho PLC. Cc lnh ny c su loi lnh: lnh dng r le, lnh m thi gian v lnh m, lnh trao i d liu, lnh s hc, lnh truyn d liu, lnh iu khin chng trnh. Chc nng chnh ca chng trnh LAD l iu khin cc u ra trn c s cc iu kin u vo. S iu khin ny c hon thnh thng qua s dng tnh l gc lin tc ca cc bc ca s thang. Mt bc thang l gc gm mt tp hp cc iu kin vo c th hin bi cc lnh dng tip im r le v trn kt thc ca mi bc l lnh ra th hin bng k hiu ca cun ht r le. Cun ht v tip im l cc k hiu c bn ca tp hp cc lnh s thang. Cc k hiu tip im c lp trnh trn bc thang th hin iu kin cn thit phi c nh gi xc nh u ra s c iu khin nh th no. Tt c cc u ra gin on c th hin bng k hiu cun ht. Khi c lp trnh, mi tip im v mi cun ht (tng ng vi mt bin l gc) c qui chiu vi mt a ch s nhn dng v bit bin no ang c nh gi v bin no ang c iu khin. Khi gi n cc a ch s ny th CPU s i chiu vi v tr trong bng d liu xc nh gi tr bit bn trong hay gi tr l gc ca u vo hoc u ra c kt ni.

65

Hnh thc ca cc tip im trn mi bc thang ph thuc vo l gc iu khin yu cu. Cc tip im c th c b tr ni tip, song song hay va ni tip va song song, tuy theo yu cu iu khin ca u ra. mt u ra c kch hot (tc l cp nng lng) th tip im trn v tr cui cng pha bn phi phi c ng (CLOSE). Mt ng truyn c ng hon ton l iu kin m bo tnh l gc lin tc. Khi tnh l gc c m bo lin tc trn t nht mt ng truyn, ta c th ni l iu kin ca bc thang l ng (TRUE hay ON), ngc li l iu kin khng ng( FALSE hay OFF). Trong thi gian u, b lnh s thang tiu chun c kh nng rt hn ch, ch thc hin c cc hm l gc tng ng vi l gc r le cng s dng k hiu c bn ca tip im v cun ht. S cn thit ca tnh linh hot v cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca cng ngh vi in t, a n s m rng cc lnh s thang, trong cho php thc hin cc php tnh s hc, thc hin di chuyn d liu v iu khin lung cc lng ca chng trnh.

Hnh 3 Cc lnh s thang c bn Cc lnh dng r le Cc lnh dng r le l lnh c bn nhuatrong cc lnh ca PLC. Cc lnh ny to cng mt kh nng nh l gc r le cng, nhng c tnh linh hot cao hn nhiu. Cc lnh ny u tin to kh nng kim tra trng thi ON hay OFF ca bit c a ch xc nh trong b nh v iu khin trng thi ca bit ra trong hay bit ra ngoi. Lnh thng m Lnh thng m NO c lp trnh khi s hin din ca ca tn hiu vo cn bt u ra lntng thi ON. Khi c nh gi, a ch tham chiu s c xem xt i vi iu khin ON (l gc 1) hay OFF (L gc 0). a ch tham chiu c th th hin trng thi ca tn hiu vo ngoi hay tn hiu ra ngoi. Nu khi kim tra bit ca a ch tham chiu l ON hay l gc 1, th lnh thng m cho dng l gc i qua nh hnh 4

Hnh 4.. Dng l gc i vi lnh tip im thng m. 66

Nu lnh thng m NO l OFF hay l gc 0, th tnh lin tc ca l gc b t v dng l gc b ngn li. tr gip trong x l s c ca chng trnh iu khin, phn ln cc phn mm lp trnh PLC s sng bit l gc ch th trng thai ON ca bit u vo v bit u ra. Mt s phn mm s bt sng c bc thang nu tnh lin tc ca l gc hay dng l gc ca ton b bc thang c kch hot hay trng thi ON. Lnh thng ng Lnh thng ng NC c s dng khi khng c tn hiu tham chiu bt u ra ln trng thi ON. Khi kim tra gi tr ca lnh NC, bit a ch tng ng ca lnh ny c kim tra xem l ang c iu kin l gc ON (1) hay OFF (0). a ch tham chiu bi lnh NC c th th hin trng thi ca tn hiu vo bn ngoi hay tn hiu ra bn ngoi. Nu khi kim tra a ch bit tham chiu c gi tr OFF hay l gc 0, th tip im thng ng vn tip tc gi trng thi ng, cho php tnh l gc c lin tc. Nu bit trn a ch tham chiu c gi tr ON hay l gc 1, th tip im thng ng NC b ngt v lm gin on dng l gc.

Hnh 4.. Dng l gc qua lnh thng ng NC Lnh ra cun ht Lnh ra cun ht hay lnh kch hot cun ht c lp trnh iu khin u ra kkt n vi thit b iu khin hay bit u ra bn trong (u ra trung gian). Bit lnh u ra cun ht thng c k hiu l ch O hay ch Q trong hu ht cc h thng iu khin PLC. Nu mt bc no c tnh lin tc l gc th u ra tng ng s c kch hot hay bt ln trng thi TRUE ( l gc = 1). Bit u ra s chuyn v trng thi OFF nu dng l gc n u ra cun ht b gin on. Khi u ra c bt ON, lnh thng m trn cng a ch s chuyn sang ng v cc thng ng s chuyn sang m. Trn hnh 4.. l lnh ra O:0/01 c kch hot hay TRUE nu u vo A hay B l TRUE hoc c hai u l TRUE.

Hnh 4.. Lnh ra cho thc hin l gc OR bng LAD 67

V d : Vit chng trnh bng LAD khi ng v dng bm. Trong ng dng ny, cng tc thng m ca nt khi ng trn ht iu khin c ni ti a ch bit vo I: 1/1, v tip im thng ng NC ca nt dng c ni n bit vo a ch I: 1/0. R le khi ng bm c ni n u ra ca PLC O:3/1, v tip im khi ng ph NO c ni n u vo ca PLC I:1/2.

Li gii nh trn hnh 4.. Khi nt bm khi ng NO c n, u vo I:1/1 c gi tr TRUE. Khi nt bm dng NC cha n, u vo I:1/0 cng l TRUE. Kt qu tnh lin tc ca l gc c m bo trn bc 0, v bit u ra O:3/0 kch hot hay bt ln gi tr 1. u ra O:3/1 kch hot r le khi ng bm, gy ra cng tc ph ng li. Ln ny, bit vo I:1/2 duy tr bit nt khi ng v gi cho bm trng thi bt cho n khi nt bm dng c n. Khi nt dng c n, bit dng I:1/0 c bt v khng, bit ra chy bm c ngt nng lng v cng bt v 0. Kt qu bm s tt v cc tip im ph trn b khi ng bm s m ra v bt bit u vo I:1/2 v 0. iu quan trng cn ghi nh rng tip im thng ng NC ca nt bm dng lun c s dng m bo rng cc thit b chuyn ng hot ng an ton. Cc tip im NC c s dng trong mch dng, nh vy nu dy t nt bm dng ti PLC b ct hay tho ra, thit b chuyn ng s dng v khng th khi ng li c. Mt khc gi thit rng cc tip im thng m ca nt bm dng c s dng v dy iu khin t nt bm n PLC c ct hay tho ra, khi thit b chuyn ngdang hot ng. Trong trng hp ny, n nt bm dng khng th dng c thit b. V d 2: C mt nt bm n bt n nhy bo trng thi hot ng hay dng. Vit chng trnh iu khin bng s thang iu khin n nhy. Gi thit tip im thng m ca nt n c ni n im I:1/1 v n nhy c ni n u ra O:3/0

68

Hnh 4.. Chng trnh s thang LAD ca n nhy bo ng Cng cung mt chng trnh trnh hnh 4.., khi nt bn iu khin n nhy c n ln th nht, bit u ra O:3/0 c kch hot v bt n nhy ON. Bit iu khin u ra ny cng c bit duy tr ca chnh n. Nu nt bm c n tip, n nhy tt (OFF). Bc thang th hai (bc s 1) ca chng trnh pht hin l nt bm ln th nht c n, khi bc th nht (bc s 0) cm nhn nt n c n ln th hai. Trn bc cui cung (bc s 2) c dng iu khin bit trong s 3 (b3/3). Tip im thng ng NC hay bit trong s 3 c s dng trn bc 0 v 1 gip thc hin chc nng n khi ng v n dng ca chng trnh s thang. Lnh duy tr - Latch Coil Lnh ny c lp trnh nu cn m bo rng u ra vn duy tr hot ng mc d trng thi ca bit vo gy ra kch hot thay i. Nu ng dn ca mt bc c tnh lin tc l gc thud ra s bt ln ON v gi trnh thi ON ngay c khi tnh lin tc l gc khng cn hay ngun ca h thng b ngt. u ra duy tr s gi trng thi ON cho n khi c c lnh ngng duy tr u ra. Lnh ngng duy tr u ra c lp trnh t ng bng cch bt li lnh duy r. Mc d phn ln cc thit b iu khin cho php u ra trong hay u ra ngoi c duy tr, mt s khc li hn ch ch duy tr cc tn hiu ra bn trong m thi. Lnh ngng duy tr Unlatch Coil Lnh ny c lp trnh bt li trnng thi ban u ca u ra duy tr trn cung mt a ch. Nu mt bc c tnh lin tc l gc, th a ch tham chiu c tt (OFF). u ra khng duy tr ch l t ng bt li trng thi ban u ca u ra duy tr, hay ni cch khc l xo chng trnh. Hnh 4.. minh ho mt lnh duy tr v lnh ngng duy tr c s dng khi ng v dng mt t x l.

69

Hnh 4.. Chng trnh LAD s dng lnh duy tr v lnh ngng duy tr. V d tip im thng m ca nt n khi ng v tip im thng ng ca nt bm dng c ni vo u vo gin on ca PLC. Tip im NC ca nt dng c ni vo bit u vo I:001/00, v tip im NO ca nt khi ng c ni n u vo I:001/01. Nu nt khi ng c n, u ra O:003/01 l gi tr ON duy tr. Khi bit khi ng I:001/01 chuyn sang FALSE, lnh u ra ca bm vn duy tr ON cho n khi bit dng I:001/00 c n ngng duy tr u ra. Ch rng lnh ngng duy tr u ra c cung mt a ch nh a ch ca bit duy tr. Chng trnh LAD hnh 4.. l mt phng php n gin hn to ra chc nng khi ng v dng m sau chng trnh LAD khi ng/dng ch ra trn hng 4.. Lnh nhy One shot (ONS) Lnh nhy ONS l lnh u vo v n ly gi tr TRUE cho mt chu trnh qut ca PLC, nu c s chuyn tictng thi t FALSE sang TRUE trong nhng iu kin trc y trn bc. Lnh ny ni chung c s dng khi ng cc thao tc c khi ng ng thi vi hot ng ca nt bm, nh khiPLC t c gi tr t cng tc n khp hay hin th nhnh d liu LED. Trong Aln Bradley S5 PLC, th a ch bit phi l mt tp nh phn (B3) hay tp nguyn INTERGER (N7) . Lnh c trung minh ho trn hnh 4 Trong ng dng ny, khi d liu trn nt n c n, n bt bit u vo I:001/02 ln 1, v iu kin ca bit ONS (B3/04) bc m u ra (B3/05) bt ON cho mt ln qut. u ra bt OFF quet lin tc cho n khi u vo chuyn t FALSE sang TRUE ln na.

Hnh 4. Ung dng ca lnh ONS. Lnh m thi gian v lnh m y l cc lnh ra m chng cung cp cng mt chc nng nh b m gi hay b m cng . Khi chng c s dng kch hot hay ngng mt thit b sau mt khong thi gian hay mt s lng. ng dng c trung ca b md l m s chi tit sn xut trn mt dy chuyn lp rp. ng dng c trng cho b m thi gian l s tr ca mt hot ng cho mt chu k cc nh. V d, khi ng bm c th c tr cho vi giy, cho n khi van trn ng x ca bm c m hon ton. 70

B m gi v b m hot ng hon ton tng t bi v b m gi cng chnh l b m. B m gi dng m cc khong thi gian c nh. Cn b m l m cc xut hin ca cc s kin. Cu trc t ca b nh thi gian Cc lnh m thi gian yu cu ba b ghi nh hay ba t: t iu khin hay b ghi, t c qui cha khong thi gian tri qua, v t bt li b nh cha gi tr t trc ca b m thi gian. Gi tr t trc s xc nh s khong thi gian s c m. Khi gi tr tch lu bng gi tr t trc, bit trng thi c bt ln ON v c th c s dng bt bit u ra.

Tren hnh 4.. ch ra mt v d c trng ca cu trc t nh thi gian ca h thng iu khin PLC S5 Allen Bradley. Ba bit bn tri (14,15,16) trong t iu khin ca b m thi gian c s dng nh cc bit trng thi. Bit 15 l bit cho php b m thi gian hot ng (EN), v n c bt khi l gc ca b m thi gian l 1 hay TRUE. Bit 14 l bit thi gian ca b m thi gian (TT), v n c bt khi bc ca b m tr thnh TRUE. iu ny ch th rng thi gian hot ng trong gia tng. Bit 13 l bit thi gian qua (DN), v n c gi tr TRUE khi gi tr tch lu bng gi tr thi gian t trc. Hnh Cu trc t ca b m thi gian allen Bradley PLC s5. B m thi gian tr TON (Time On Delay) y l lnh ra c lp trnh to hot ng tr hay o s ko di ca s kin xut hin. Nu mt ng dn ca bc c ni n pha u vo ca b m thi gian c tnh lin tc l gc, nh trn hnh 4.., b m bt u m chu k thi gian. N m n khi thi gian tch lu ACCUM bng gi tr t trc di nh iu kin bc duy tr c gi tr TRUE. Khi thi gian tch lu bng thi gian t trc th bit ca b m thi gian hon thnh (DN) trong t c bt ln 1. Bt k lc no khi iu kin l gc ca bc i vi lnh TON chuyn sang FALSE, gi tr tch lu s c bt tt c v khng.

71

Hnh 4.. S thang s dng lnh TON Trong v d ng dng trn hnh 4.. khi cng tc khi ng bm trng thi ON, bit I:000/01 c bt ln 1, v b m thi gian (T4:0) bt u m cc n v thi gian. Thi gian m cng tc gi gi tr CLOSE hay ON, b m thi gian lm tng gi tr ca t tch lu cho mi khong thi gian. Khi gi tr tch lu bng gi tr t trc l 5 giy, b m thi gian ngng m v bt bit thi gian qua (DN) ln ON. Bit thc hin xong ny (T4:0/DN) c s dng sau trn bc thang 1 kch hot bit u ra ca bm (O:001/01). B m sm TOF (Time Off Delay) B m TOF l lnh u ra, to mt dng khc ca hot ng ca b m thi gian. Nu tnh lin tc l gc b mt, b m thi gian bt u m cc khong thi gian cho n khi thi gian tch lu bng thi gian c lp trnh trc y. Khi thi gian tch lu bng thi gian t trc, b m ngng m v bit m xong (bit 13) c bt v 0. Bit thi gian hon thnh (DN) c th c s dng nh cc lnh tip im thng m NO hay thng ng NC. Nu tnh lin tc l gc li c trc khi b m thi gian m xong, t tch lu c bt v khng v bit hon thnh c bt ln l gc 1. Trn hnh 4.. l v d v chng trnh i vi lnh TOF vi gi tr t trc l 5 giy. Trn bc 0, khi u vo I:000/01 l TRUE, bit DN c bt ln 1, bt bit u ra O:001/01. ln ON. Nu cng tc u vo I:000/01 l OPEN cho 5 giy hay nhiu hn th b m thi gian s m tng n 5 giy. Khi gi tr t trc bng gi tr tch lu th bit hon thnh (T4:1/DN) c bt v 0 v bit u ra O:001/01 trn bc thang s 1 s c bt v OFF.

Hnh 4.. Lnh TOF trn s thang B m thi gian duy tr RTO (Retentive Timer On) B m RTO cng l lnh u ra. Lnh ny c s dng nu ta cn gi gi tr tch lu ca b m thi gian, mc d tnh l gc lin tc hay ngun nng lng b mt. Nu ng dn trn bc ca b m thi gian c tnh lin tc l gc, b m bt u m cho n khi gi tr tch lu bng gi tr t trc. B ghi tch lu gi gi tr ny ngay c khi tnh lin tc l gc b mt hay ngun b mt trc khi b m thi gian thc hin m xong. Khi thi gian tch lu bng thi gian t trc, bit m xong (timer done) c bt ln gi 1. Bit thc hin m thi gian xong c th c s dng trong phn cn li ca chng trnh nh l lnh tip im thng m NO hay thng ng NC. Gi tr tch lu ca b m thi gian duy tr c bt li v 0 bi lnh RES (reset). Lnh RES :

72

(T4:2/RES) trn bc thang s 1 s bt ln gi tr l gc 1, nu bit I:000/03 c bt ln 1. iu ny s bt li b ca qui trn b m T4:2 v 0 v bt li bit DN.

Hnh 4.. Lnh RTO ng dng c trng cho cc b m thi gian l to ra cc xung thay i cho n nhy, n bo ng. V d 3: Thit k mch thi gian sao cho mch ny c s dng to ra tn hiu thay i nh n bo ng ni n u ra ti n nhy vi v tr bit O:3/1. Chn chu k thi gian l 0.5 giy tt (OFF) v 0.5 giy bt (ON). Gii: chng trnh LAD gm ba bc thang vi b m 0.5 giy trn bc th nht v th hai, v bit m xong iu khin n bo ng trn bc thang th 3.

B m tng CTU Gi tr tch lu trong lnh u ra ca b m tng (CTU) s tng ln mt trong mi ln c trng thi chuyn tip t 0 ln 1 ca l gc u vo. ng dng iu khin c trng l m bt thit b ln ON hay OFF sau khi mt s lng nht nh c m. T lc m tng gi tr tch lu ch khi u vo l gc ca b m thc hin t o ln 1. 73

Khi iu kin ca bc phi i t TRUE sang FALSE v ngc li v TRUE trc khi bc m tip theo c ghi nhn. Khi gi tr tch lu t gi tr cho trc, bit m xong bt ln 1. Khng nh lnh m thi gian, lnh m tip tc m tng gi tr tch lu sau khi t gi tr cho trc. Nu gi tr tch lu vt qu min m cao nht, mt bit trn OV (overflow) c bt ln B m gim CTD (counter down) Lnh ra ca b m gim s tnh li mt n v mi ln khi c trng thi chuyn tip t FALSE sang TRUE ca l gc u vo ca b m. Trong mt s ng dng, b m gim c s dng chung vi b m tng, to ra b m tng/gim. V d trn hnh 4.. l b m tng /gim ca Allen Bradley PLC S5. Cng mt a ch C5:0 c s dng cho c hai b m.

V d 4: Lp trnh bng LAD s dng lnh m m s chi tit sn xut trn y chuyn lp rp. Gi thit rng u vo I:000/12 ca PLC c kch hot bi mi chi tit ri khi dy chuyn lp rp, u vo I:000/13 c kch hot khi chi tit b loi do ph phm sau kim tra cng on cui, v u vo I:000/00 c cp nng lng ti cui mi hnh trnh sn xut. Gii: S chi tit c sn xut l gi tr tm thy trong c qui ca b m C5:0.

74

Hnh 4..LAD cho m sn phm. Cc thao tc truyn d liu Lnh truyn d liu gy ra s truyn cc ni dung ca mt b ghi sang b ghi khc. Lnh truyn d liu c th ghi a ch mt v tr no trong bng nh d liu, vi c bit cc min hn ch cho cc ng dng. Cc gi tr lu trc c th c t ng ly ra v cho vo mt v tr mi no . V tr ny c th l b ghi c t trc i vi b o thi gian hay b m hay c th c hai l b ghi u ra iu khin mn hnh s 7 on. H lp trnh Allen Bradley PLC S5 s dng 3 lnh truyn bit d liu v t : Bit phn phi BTD, chuyn dch MOV, v chuyn ng giu MVM. Cc lnh truyn d liu c s dng bi phn ln cc nh sn xut PLC. Bit phn phi BTD Lnh BTD l lnh ra, m n dch chuyn ln 16 bit d liu trong hay gia cc t. Ngun ca d liu c gi khng thay i. Trn hnh 4.. l v d lnh BTD dch chuyn cc bit trong mt t . Lnh ny ghi chng ln ch vi cc bit c bit. Nu chiu di ca trng bit vt qua t ch, b x l s khng ghi nh phn cc bit trn. Bi v chng khng c bc vo t k tip v chng b mt i. Trn mi b x l lp trnh qut, khi bc thang cha lnh BTD l TRUE, b x l chuyn trng bit ca t ngun n t ch. Chuyn d liu trong mt t, ngi lp trnh chn cng mt a ch t ca hai ngun v ch, nh hnh 4 Trong v d ny, 4 bit c chuyn t pha tay tri (bit 00 n 03) ca t N70:00 n gia ca t (bit 08 n 11).

75

Hinh 4 Lnh BTD Lnh MOVE v MASKED MOVE Lnh chuyn MOV l lnh ra m n cp pi d liu trn a ch ngun n a ch ch. Bc thang duy tr c gi tr TRUE bao nhiu th lnh MOV dch chuncc ni dung ca mi chu k quet ca PLC n a ch ch. Ngun c th lp trnh khng i hay a ch d liu trn lnh ny c th c c nh ca gi tr. ch ca d liul a ch d liu s c ghi vo nh kt qu ca php tnh. Lnh ny vit chng ln mt d liu c lu no ti ch. V d trn bc 0, khi u vo I:000/02 l TRUE, d liu lu ti a ch N7:10 c copy v ghi vo v tr N7:12. Lnh MVM l lnh ra m n cp pi ngun gi n ch v cho php mt phn d liu b che (cn li, khng cho qua). Bc thang gi c TRUE cng lu bao nhiu th lnh ny dch chuyn d liu mi ln qut. Lnh MVM c th c s dng cp pi bng nh vo/ra, gi tr nh phn hay s nguyn. V d n c s dng tch d liu ca bit, nh l bit trng thi hay bit iu khin, t mt a ch cha bit d liu hay t d liu. Ngun thng tin l chng trnh khng thay i hay a ch d liu t ni m lnh ny s c gi tr ca ng. Ngun thng tin c gi khng thay i. Mt n hay l chn c th c a ch hay gi tr h c s 16 ch r bit b chn li hay cho i qua. Ngi lp trnh phi bt bit b che ln gi tr 1 cho d liu i n ch. D liu c di chuyn s ghi chng ln d liu trn ch. ch l a ch d liu trn lnh ny ghi kt qu ca php tnh. Lnh ny ghi chng ln d liu lu ti ch n. Trn hn 4.. ch mt v d ca hai lnh MOVE v MVM. Trn bc 0, khi bit u vo I:000/02 l TRUE, ni dung ca v tr nh N7:10 c chuyn n v tr t s nguyn N7:12. Trn bc 1, khi bit vo I:000/03 l TRUE, ni dung ca tm bit cao hn ca t nh N7:10 c di chuyn n a ch t s nguyn N7:12 t lc tm bit cao hn ca mt n (FF00) cha ton s 1. Tm bit thp hn b kho li, bi v tm bit thp hn ca mt n l cc s 0.

76

Cc php tnh s hc Cc php tnh l gc gm bn php tnh c bn l: cng, tr, nhn v chia. Cc lnh ny s dng ni dung trong v tr ca hai t thc hin chc nng yu cu. Cc lnh s hc l cc lnh ra, m chng c th hay khng c th lnh vo l gc. Cc lnh ny s dng hoc mt hay hai t d liu lu kt qu. Lnh cng hay tr s dng mt t. Lnh nhn hay chia cn hai t tnh kt qu. Chng ta s ni v tng lnh cc mc tip theo.

Php cng (ADD) Lnh cng thc hin php cng ca hai gi tr lu trong hai v tr khc nhau ca b nh, ngun A v ngun B. Kt qu c lu tr trong b ghi ch n. Ngun A v ngun B c th l gi tr hay a ch c cha cc gi tr. Trong v d trn hnh 4..,nu u vo trn bit I:000/01 l TRUE, lnh cng gi tr lu trong a ch N7:0 vo gi tr lu trong N7:1 v lu kt qu ln a ch N7:2.

Php tr SUB 77

Lnh tr thc hin php tnh tr ca hai s trong hai a im ngun A v ngun B. Nh trong php cng, nu iu kin cho php thc hin php tr bt ln 1, kt qu c a n b ghi trn ch n. Quan st trn bc 1 ca hnh 4.. , nu bit vo ti a ch I:000/02 c bt ln 1, s trn a ch N7:4 c tr i s trn a ch N7:3 v kt qu a vo b ghi N7:5. Php nhn MUL Lnh nhn c s dng nhn mt gi tr (ngun A) vi mt gi tr khc (ngun B) v kt qu a vo ch n. Ngun A v ngun B c th l gi tr hay a ch. Lnh nhn c trung MUL c minh ho trn hnh 4.. , nu bit vo I:000/03 trn bc 0 l TRUE, b x l s nhn gi tr trong N7:3 vi gi tr trong N7:4 v lu kt qu trong N7:20. Php chia DIV Lnh chia c s dng chia mt gi tr (ngun A) bi mt gi tr khc (ngun B) v lu kt qu trn ch n. Ngun A v ngun B c th l gi tr hay a ch. Trong lnh chia nh trn v d 4.., nu bit vo I:000/02 trn bc 1 l TRUE, b x l s chia gi tr trong N7:0 cho gi tr trong N7:1 v kt qu lu trong N7:21.

Hng 4.. Cc php so snh d liu Ni chung vic di chuyn d liu s dng cc lnh s thang gy ra s s dng ca mt b ghi n so snh ni dung ca hai b ghi. Trong ngn ng s thang, chng c ba lnh so snh l bng, nh hn hay ln hn. Ph thuc vo kt qu ca php so snh ln hn, nh hn hay bng, mt u ra c th c bt ln (ON) hay tt (OFF) hay mt php tnh khc c th c thc hin. So snh bng EQU Lnh ny c dng kim tra hai gi tr bng nhau hay khng. Ngun A v ngun B c th l gi tr hay a ch cha cc gi tr. V d trn bc 0 ca hnh 4.., nu s bng nhau l TRUE, th u ra c kch hot. So snh nh hn LES

78

Ging nh lnh EQU, lnh LES kim tra ni dung ca gi tr trong mt v tr (ngun A) xem nu n nh hn gi tr lu trong v tr th hai (ngun B). Nu iu kin kim tra l TRUE, u ra cun ht trn bc thang 1 c kch hot. So snh ln hn GRT Lnh so snh ln hn hot ng nh lnh LES, vi c bit l kim tra c thc hin cho gi tr ln hn iu kin l TRUE, u ra cun ht trn bc thang 2 s c kch hot.

Cc lnh iu khin Cc hm ca chng trnh iu khin thc hin mt chui cc lnh nhy c iu kin hay khng c iu kin v lnh kh hi. Cc lnh ny cho php chng trnh thc hin ch mt s on ca l gc iu khin nu tp hp c nh cc iu kin c m bo. Cc lnh ny din t trm cc phn tip theo. Lnh iu khin r le ch MCR Lnh r le ch c dng theo cp kch hot hay dng thc hin ca nhm hay mt vng ca cc bc thang. Lnh iu kin MCR c dng cng vi lnh cun ht MCR khng iu kin a hng ro xung quanh mt nhm cc bc. V d, trn hnh 4.., nu u vo I:000/03 l ng (TRUE), cun ht MCR c iu kin trn bc 0 s c kch hot v l gc bn trong ca vng ny s c thc hin tng ng vi l gc trn tng bc trong vng MCR. Nu lnh MCR c iu kin tt (OFF), tt c cc u ra khng lu bn trong vng ny s b tt. Cc bc bn trong vng MCR cn c qut, nhng thi gian qut ca PLC cs gim, bi v trng thi sai ca cc u ra khng lu. Cc u ra khng lu c bt li khi bc ca chng n sai (FALSE).

79

Lnh nhy JMP v lnh nhn LBL Lnh nhy JMP v lnh nhn LBL l cc lnh c s dng theo cp b qua mt on ca chng trnh l gc thang. Lnh nhy cho php s thc hin k tip bnh thng c thay i CPU nah n v tr mi trn chng trnh thang. Nu l gc ca nhy l TRUE, th cun ht nhy JMP ra lnh cho CPU nhy n v thc hin bc c gn a ch trn cng nh a ch cun nhy. iu ny cho php chng trnh thc hin cc bc m u ra ca dng k tip bnh thng ca chng trnh s thang tiu chun. Mc ch ca ca nhn nhn dng bc thang m n s l a ch ch ca lnh nhy. Nhn tham chiu phi khp vi ni m lnh nhy s c s dng. Lnh nhn khng ng gp cho tnh lin tc l gc, v n lun l l gc TRUE. Lnh ny c b tr nh iu kin l gc u tin trong bc. Lnh nhn tham chiu bi mt a ch duy nht, a ch c th c nh ngha ch mt ln trong chng trnh. Lnh nhy n chng trnh con JST Cc chng trnh con c s dng trong lp trnh sn xut mt chng trnh c cu trc cao hn v gim s lng b nh c dng cho chng trnh. Cc chng trnh con c s dng lu cc hm l gc c ti xut hin m c th truy cp vo t cc phn khc nhau ca chng trnh l gc s thang chnh. iu ny tit kim khng gian b nh bi v hm c lp trnh ch l mt mc d n c s dng nhiu ln trong chng trnh iu khin. PLC S5 ca Allen Bradley c ba lnh chng trnh con: lnh nhy n chng trnh con JSR, chng trnh con SBR v kh hi RET. Cc lnh ny hng b x l i n mt tp chng trnh con ring bit trong chng trnh l gc thang, qut tp chng trnh con ny mt ln, v quay tr li im xut pht. Lnh JSR hng b x l n tp chng trnh con c bit v nu yu cu, nh ngha d liu i qua v nhn c t chng trnh con. Lnh ph SBR l lnh cha cc cc d liu n. Lnh SBR ch c s dng nu s thangyu cu rng d liu c i qua n v i t chng trnh con. Lnh RET kt thc chng trnh con v nu yu cu, lu d liu c kh hi v lnh JSR trong chng trnh chnh. Nu lnh SBR c dng, n phi cha chng trnh con.

80

Ti liu ca chng trnh iu khin PLC Mt phn quan trng ca lp trnh PLC l ti liu ca chng trnh iu khin phi ng v hon chnh. Phn ln cc nh sn xut PLC lm cho kh nng in chng trnh cp pi cng ca chng trnh iu khin ra t b nh ca PLC. Lu trong s thang hay trong mt ngn ng khc, bn cp pi cng s c xem nh bn sao chnh xc ca chng trnh iu khin lu trong b nh. In ra bn cp pi cng s ch ra mi lnh c lp trnh vi cc a ch c lin quan ca mi u vo v u ra. Mc d vy, thng tin ch th chc nng hay mc ch ca mi thit b hin trng hay bit iu khinbn trong hay lnh la khng sn sng xut hin. Ti liu ph tr thng c yu cu. Phn ln cc nh sn xut PLC cp chng trnh ti liu phn mm cho php thit b lp trnh, ni chung l my tnh c nhn, c th vo v tr nhn hay ch gii cho tng phn t hay lnh ca chng trnh. Thit b iu khin PLC thng lu chng trnh c em xt ln cui vo trong b nh. Trc khi kim tra chng trnh trc tuyn, ngi s dng c th in chng trnh xem xt ny ra. Trong qu trnh khi ng v th nghim, cc thay i thng xuyn c thc hin bi chng trnh. Ngi s dng c th tham kho chng ngay lp tc vi bc v ch thch ca cc lnh. l thc nghim tt c c bn cp pi cng cui cng ca chng trnh PLC trc khi thc hin bo tr trn h thng.

81

Lp trnh s thang nng cao Gii thiu Cc lnh ca s thang nng cao c yu cu thc hin cc chc nng mnh hn l iu khin ON/OFF, m thi gian, m v di chuyn d liu. Cc lnh nng cao ny c s dng iu khin tng t, tnh ton cc tp d liu, cc php tnh k tip, bo co d liu, cc hm l gc phc tp, v cc chc nng khc m cc lnh LAD c bn khng th thc hin c. Cc lnh LAD nng cao Cc lnh LAD nng cao cho php ngi s dng lp trnh nhng hm iu khin PLC phc tp hn. Ta s ni v cc lnh nng cao chung nht nh tp, b ghi cao hn, s k tip, s truyn khi ca PLC Allen Bradley S5. Cc lnh tp (file) Mt tp l nhm cc cc t ca bng d liu lin tip c s dng cha thng tin ca PLC. Lnh tp c s dng thc hin cc php tnh nh s hc, l gc, tm kim, cp pi, v so snh. Cc lnh tp ca PLC 5 Allen Bradley gm tp s hc v l gc FAL, tp tm kim v so snh FSC, tp cp pi COP, v tp in y FLL. Trn hnh 4 minh ho cu trc lnh FAL c trng vi cc tham s iu khin, chiu di, v tr, ch , ch n, v th hin. B x l dng thng tin ny thc hin lnh. iu khin l a ch ca cu trc iu khin trong mt tp iu khin kiu R. di l s t (0 n 999) trong khi d liu m trn lnh tp hot ng. V tr l phn t tc thi vi khi d liu mag b s l ang truy cp. Ch l s phn t ca tp hot ng trn mi ln khi bc c qut trong chng trnh. C ba ch l : - Ch ton b, - Ch s, - Ch gia tng. Trong ch ton b, c tp c hot ng trc khi b x l tip tc trn bc tip theo ca chng trnh. Ch s phn phi php tnh ca tp ln trn s lng vng qut chng trnh. Ch gia tng thao tc vi mt t ca tp mi khi bc thang t sai FALSE sang ng TRUE. ch n l a ch, ni b x l lu kt qu ca php tnh. Lnh ny chuyn thnh dng d liu c bit bi a ch ch n. S th hin cha cc

82

a ch, cc hng s ca chng trnh, cc php tnh m n xc nh ngun ca d liu v cc php tnh s c thc hin. Lnh u ra cun ht bn phi ca lnh tp l bit cho php (EN enable), bit thc hin xong (DN done), bit li (ER error). Cc bit ny c cng a ch t nh lnh iu khin. B x l t ng bt a ch ca cc bit trng thi khi ngi lp trnh np a ch iu khin. Bit cho php EN c bt t FALSE ln TRUE chuyn bc, v n ch th rng lnh ny c cho php. Trong ch gia tng, bit EN theo di iu kin ca bc thang. Trong ch s v ch ton b, bit EN gi trng thi t cho n khi lnh ny hon tt cc php tnh ca n, khng cn quan tm n iu kin ca bc. Bit cho php c t li khi bc chuyn sang trng thi FALSE, v lnh ny sau hon tt php tnh ca n. Bit thc hin xong DN c dt sau khi lnh hot ng trn nhm cui cng ca t. Trong ch gia tng, nu lnh ny l FALSE ti lc hon thnh, lnh ny c c b x l bt li bit DN qut mt chng trnh sau khi hon thnh php tnh ca n. Nu lnh ny l TRUE ti lc hon thnh, bit hon thnh c t li khi lnh ny chuyn sang trng thi FALSE. B li ER c t khi php tnh gy ra trng thi trn. Lnh dng n khi chng trnh s thang t lai bit li. Khi b x l pht hin ra cc li, v tr lu trong s lng t b li.

Tp s hc v l gic Lnh tp FAL thc hin cp pi, cc php tnh s hc v cc hm trn d liu lu trn tp. Lnh FAL l mt lnh u ra, thc hin cc php tnh nh ngha bi a ch ngun v cc php tnh lit k bi ngi lp trnh trong trng th hin. Lnh ny ghi kt qu n a ch ch. Lnh FAL bin i dng d liu trn a ch ngun thnh dng d liu m n xc nh trn a ch ch n. Lnh FAL thc hin cc php tnh nh xo mt tp, cp pi d liu t mt tp sang tp khc, thc hin tnh ton s hc v l gc trn d liu lu trong tp, v tch tp m li mi ln hin th ln mn hnh. Bng 4.. lit k cc php tnh thc hin bi lnh FAL trn A-B PLC 5.

83

 minh ho cc lnh FAL hot ng nh th no, ta thc hin mtt lnh cp pi nh hnh 4.. Trong v d ny, khi bc chuyn sang trng thi TRUE (bit I:000/02 bt ln 1), b x l c d liu lu trong 4 t ca tp s nguyn N71, bt u trn t s 3. Sau n ghi d liu ln tp s nguyn N70 bt u trn t 0. N ghi chng ln d liu trn tp ch n.

V d 1: Vit chng trnh PLC 5 LAD cp pi d liu ca mt tp s nguyn N30, t s 5, t s 4 v t s 7 n tp N31 bt u vi t s 2, nu bit vo I:000/03 l TRUE. Gii: Chng trnh LAD cp pi d liu nh trn hnh 4..

84

Tp tm v so snh FSC Lnh tm kim v so snh l lnh u ra m n so snh gi tr trong tp ngun, t vi t, thc hin php tnh xc nh trn hnh thc th hin. Khi b x l tm ra s so snh ng TRUE, n bt bit tm thy FD (found) vghi nhn v tr, ni m s so snh ng c tm thy. Bit ngn IN (inhibit) c to ra ngn s tm kim tp ny trong tng lai. Lnh FSC c s dng thc hin cc php tnh nh t ch bo ng mc cao v mc thp cho qu trnh cng ngh vi nhiu u vo tng t v so snh cc khi bin vi tp tham chiu trc khi bt u php tnh khi. Lnh FSC thc hin cc php so snh lit k trn bng 4.. tnd liu ca tp tng ng vi phng trnh c k trong phn ca hnh thc th hin ca lnh. B x l so snh cc tp ca cc dng d liu khc nhau bi bin i d liu bn trong thnh d liu nhi phn tng ng trc khi so snh.

Trong tm tp, khi bc thang iu kin l TRUE, s so snh yu cu c thc hin trn d liu c a ch ho trn hnh thc th hin. T c so snh th t theo chiu tng ti lc bt u. Tc c xc nh bi ch ca php tnh xc nh trong lnh FSC. Bit hon thnh DN c bt sau khi b x l so snh cp cui cng. Nu trn bc ny l TRUE khi hon thnh, bit hon thnh c tt khi bc thang khng trng thi TRUE lu hn. Trong ch s, mc d bc khng phi l TRUE ti lc hon thnh, bit DN c gi trn mt vong qut chng trnh sau khi php tnh hon thnh. minh ho lnh FSC hot ng nh th no, ta thc hin mt lnh FSC tm khng bng, nh trn hnh 4.. Khi bit I:000/03 tr thnh TRUE, b x l thc hin php so snh khng bng gia cc t, bt u ti B3:0 v B15:0. S t c so snh trn mt vng qut chng trnh l 10 trong v d trn, bi v ch c bt l 10. Khi b x l tm thy cc t ngun tng ng khng bng nhau (B3:4 v B15:4), n dng tm v bt bit tm thy FD v bit ngn IN. tip tc so snh, chng trnh l gc thang phi bt bit ngn v OFF.

85

V d 2 : Vit chng trinh LAD ca PLC 5 tm d liu trong tp s nguyn N40, t s 0 n 99, v so snh n cho iu kin bng vi d liu trong tp N50 bt u cng ti t s 0, nu bit u vo I:000/03 l TRUE. Gii: Chng trnh LAD cc th hin trn hnh 4..

Lnh cp pi tp COP Lnh ny l lnh u ra m n cp pi gi tr trn tp ngun vo tp ch. Tp ngun gi khng thay i. Lnh COP khng dng bit trng thi. Lnh COP khng ghi chng ln ranh gii ca tp, nh vy d liu trn s b mt. Cng vy, khng c chuyn i d liu nn tp ngun v tp ch s dng dng dng d liu. Trn hnh 4.. ch ra v d ca chng trnh LAD s dng lnh COP. Trong v d ny bit vo I:000/03 l TRUE, b x l s cp pi 10 t u tin ti tp N50:0 n 10 u tin ca tp N60:0

86

Lnh in tp FLL Lnh FLL l lnh ra m n in cc t ca tp vi gi tr ngun. Tp ngun gi khng thay i. Ging nh lnh COP, lnh FLL khng dung bit trng thi. Lnh FLL s khng ghi ln l, v nh vy d liu trn s b mt. Cng nh vy, khng c s chuyn i d liu, d liu ngun v d liu ch l cng mt dng. Trn hinhg 4.. lag minh ho ca lnh FLL. Khi bit vo I:000/03 l TRUE, b x l copy 10 t bt u t ti tp N50:0 n 10 t u tin ca tp N60:0. Cc lnh chuyn b ghi Cc lnh chuyn b ghi c s dng theo di chuyn ng hay dng ca cc phn v thng tin trong cc ng dng cng nghip. Cc lnh ny gm: bit chuyn tri BSL, bit chuyn phi BSR, np u tin vo u tin ra FFL, xo u tin vo u tin ra FFU.

Lnh dch chuyn bit BSR v BSL c s dng np bit vo, bit dch chuyn qua v bit xo t mng bit vi mt bit b xo mi ln. Mt ng dng l dng theo di cc chai trn dy chuyn ng chai, trong mi bit th hin mt chai. Lnh dch chuyn ghi v xo FFL v FFU c dng ghi v xocc gi tr trn cng mt th t. Tng t nh vy l c th ng dng theo di cc chi tit trn dy chuyn lp rp, ni m chi tit c th hin bng gi tr xc nh bi s ca chi tit v m lp rp. Cc lnh dch chuyn bit Lnh dch chuyn dch tt c cc bit trong mt a ch xc nh bi mt v tr bit sau mi ln bc thang chuyn trng thi t FALSE sang TRUE. C hai lnh dch chuyn l dch chuyn mt bit sang tri BSL v dch chuyn mt bit sang phi BSR. Trn hnh 4.. ch ra cu trc ca lnh dch chuyn bit sang tri BSL vi cc tham s ca n trong tp, iu khin, bit a ch v di. Tn tp l a ch ca mng bit s c dch chuyn. Mng ny bt u t l ca ca t mi su bit. V d bit 0 ca t s 1, 2, 3 v vv. Mng c th kt thc ti mt bit s n 15,999. Mc d vy, cc bit cn li trong t cui cng ca mng khng th c s dng bi v lnh ny khng c c gi tr i vi chng.

87

Tham s iu khin l a ch ca cu trc iu khin (bn mi tm bit hay ba t mi su bit) trong iu khin ca dng tp (R) c cha cc bit trng thi thi ca lnh, kch c ca mng (s lng bit), v bit con tr. B x l s dng thng tin ny thc hin lnh. Bit a ch l a ch ca bit ngun. Lnh dch chuyn bit chn gi tr 0 hay 1 ca mt bit vo bit khc bt u t v tr bit thp nht cho BSL hay t bit c v tr cao nht ca mng cho lnh BSR. Tham s di l s thp phn ch s lng ca cc bit s c dch chuyn. Trong Allen Bradley PLC5, cc bit trong tp vo/ra c nh s c s 8 t 00 n 07 v 10 n 17, nhng trong tt c cc tp khc c nh s thp phn t 0 n 15. Cc u ra cun ht ca cc lnh tp ny l bit cho php EN v bit hon thnh DN. Cc bit ny c cng mt a ch t nh l cc phn t iu khin ca lnh. Cc a ch ca cc bit trng thi c bt t ng bi b x l khi ngi lp trnh nhp vo cc a ch iu khin. Bit cho php EN c bt khi trng thi ca bc thang chuyn t FALSE sang TRUE v ch th rng lnh c cho php. Bit hon thnh DN c bt ch th rng mng bit c dch chuyn sang phi hay sang tri ca mt bit. Phn t iu khin cng cha hai bit trng thi: bit bo li ER ti bit 11 v xo ti UL ti bit 12. Bit bo li ER c bt ch th rng lnh pht hin ra li, nh li vo vi di tp m. Bit chuyn UL l u ra ca lnh. Bit UL lu trng thi ca bit c di chuyn t mng mi khi lnh dch chuyn c cho php. Trong chng trnh LAD trn hnh 4.. khi bc thang c cha lnh BSL i t trng thi FALSE sang TRUE, b x l bt bit EN. B x l sau dch chuyn 16 bit trong tp bit B3, bt u vi bit 16, sang bn tri( bit c trng lng cao hn) mt v tr. Bit cui cng dch chuyn ra l bit trn v tr bit 31, bit ny c chuyn n b ghi iu khin UL, bit UL (R6:0/10). Bit ngun n t a ch I:000/10 v dch chuyn n v tr u tin ca B3:1. Sau khi b x l hon tt vic dch chuyn trong mt chu k qut, khi bit iu khin ca bc thang I:000/03 tr thnh FALSE, lnh ny bt li cc bit trng thi EN, ER (nu c bt) v DN. ng gi php tnh, th a ch ngun c gn cng mt a ch nh l a ch bit cao nht (nm ngoi).

Cu trc ca php tnh dch chuyn phi BSR c minh ho nh trn hnh 4.. vi cc tham s ca tp, iu khin, a ch ca bit v di. Lnh ny hot ng tng t nh lnh dch chuyn bit sang tri., ch c khc l cc bit dch sang phi. Khi bc thang

88

cha lnh BSR i t FALSE sang TRUE, b x l bt bit EN. Sau n dch chuyn mi su bit trong tp bit B3 sang phi (n s bit thp hn) mt v tr, bt u t bit 31. Bit cui cng l bit 16 b dch ra ngoi vo b ghi iu khin UL, bit (R6:0/10). Bit ngun n t I:000/10 v dch chun vo v tr bit cao nht, bit 31 ca tp B3.

Sau khi b x l hon tt php dch chuyn trong mt vng qut chng trnh, khi bc thang ca bit iu khin I:000/03 tr thnh FALSE, lnh ny bt li tt cc cc bit trng thi: bit EN, bit ER (nu c bt) v bit DN. ng gi php tnh, a ch ca ngun c gn cng a ch nh a ch ca bit cao nht (nm ra ngoi). Cc lnh vo u tin ra u tin FIFO C hai lnh thuc nhm ny l lnh np FIFO dng nh FFL v lnh di chuyn FIFO c s dng nh FFL. Hai lnh ny c s dng theo cp lu v ly d liu theo mt trt t cho trc. Khi s dng theo cp, chng to ra mt b ghi dch chuyn khng ng b hay b ghi dn. Hai lnh ny phi s dng cng mt tp v cng mt a ch iu khin, di, v gi tr v tr nh trn hnh 4.. D liu c np bt u trn t s 0 v tng dn cho n t s n. D liu c b i t t s 0, v tt cc cc t c dch chuyn ln mt v tr hng vo t s 0. Tham s ngun l a ch m n s lu cc gi tr vo tip theo ca b ghi dn. Lnh FIFO-FFL ly gi tr t a ch ngun v np vo t tip theo ca b ghi dn. Tham s ch n l a ch m n lu gi tr c trong b ghi dn. FIFO l a ch c nh ch s ca b ghi dn. Cng mt a ch FIFO ny c s dng cho c lnh FFL v FFU. Tham s iu khin l a ch ca cu trc iu khin (bn mi tm bit hay ba t mi su bit) trong min iu khin ca b nh. Cu trc iu khin lu cc bit trng thi ca lnh, di ca b ghi dn, v v tr sn sng k tip (con tr) trong b ghi dn. Tham s di xc nh s lng t ln nht cha trong b ghi dn. Tham s di c ghi a ch bng cch thm t .LEN trong b nh vo trong a ch iu khin (b ghi R).

89

Tham s v tr ch th v tr k tip sn sng khi lnh np d liu vo b ghi dn. V tr c ghi a ch bng cch thm t POS vo trong a ch iu khin (b ghi R). Thng thng gi tr v tr l 0, nu ngi lp trnh khng mun lnh bt u t mt im mc no khi khi ng.

Cc u ra cun ht ca cc lnh FIFO l bit cho php np EN, bit cho php chuyn d liu EU, bit xo EM (empty) v bit hon thnh DN. Cc bit ny c cng mt a ch t nh phn t iu khin ca lnh (R). B x l t ng bt a ch ca cc bit trng thi khi ngi lp trnh nhp a ch iu khin. Bit cho php np EN c dng trong lnh FFL c bt khi c trng thi chuyn tip ca bc thang t FALSE sang TRUE. iu ny ch th rng lnh ny c php thc hin. Bit cho php dch chuyn EU c dng trong lnh dch chuyn FFU khi bc thang chuyn trng thi t FALSE sang TRUE. Bit ny ch th rng lnh c php thc hin. Bit hon thnh DN c bt ch th rng b ghi dn y. Bit DN ngn np tip vo b ghi dn cho n khi n c ch. Bit xo EM c bt bi b x l ch th rng b ghi dn c xo. Lnh iu khin dch chuyn FIFO s khng cho php thc hin nu bit EM c bt. V d minh ho trn hnh 4..

90

V d 3: Mt y chuyn lp rp c mt trm chi tit my trn mi vng chy. S x ri ca mi chi tit c lu trong t N40:1. Vit chng trnh LAD a s x ri ny vo tp N50:3.. Hy ti s x ri ny n t N40:2. Cc lnh k tip Cc lnh k tip l cc lnh c s dng iu khin t ng cc my lp rp, m cc my ny c cc thao tc khng i v lp li. C ba lnh k tip chung l: u vo k tip, u ra k tip v np k tip. Cc lnh k tip ni chung c s dng chuyn d liu t b nh n m un ra gin on iu khin cc thao tc ca qu trnh gin on hay cc thao tc l k tip ( u ra gin on). Cc lnh ny cng c s dng so snh cc d liu ca cc t vo/ra vi d liu lu trong bng nh m cc iu kin hot ng ca qu trnh c th c kim tra iu khin hay chn on (u vo k tip). Lnh ny cng c s dng chuyn d liu ca t vo/ra vo b nh (np k tip). Cc lnh k tip c th chim b nh chng trnh bi v chng c th hin th v iu khin nhiu u ra trong s mi su u ra gin on, trn mt bc thang l gc n. Lnh vo k tip SQI v lnh ra k tip SQO c s dng theo cp, hin th v iu khin mt thao tc k tip tng ng. Trn hnh 4.. l minh ho ca ba lnh k tip ca Aln Bradley PLC5. Cc tham s dng cho cc lnh ny gm tp, mt n, ngun, ch n, iu khin, di v v tr. Tp l tn a ch c nh s ca cuat tp k tip, ni m lnh ny chuyn d liu vo v ra t b nh. Mc ch n ph thuc vo bn thn mi lnh. Mt n i vi SQI v SQO l m mi su hay a ch ca phn t mt n hay tp qua lnh ny dch chuyn d liu. Bt bit mt n ln 1 l cho d liu i qua; bt bit mt n v 0 ngn lnh iu hnh tng ng trn cc bit ch. Ngi lp trnh c th xc nh gi tr h c s mi su c gi tr mt n khng i. Ngi lp trnh cng c th lu mt n trn phn t hay tp nu mun thay i mt n ph hp cho cc yu cu ng dng iu khin. Ngun i vi SQI v SQO l a ch ca phn t u vo hay tp t lnh ny c c d liu cho tp k tip ca n.

ch n ch cho SQO l a ch ch ca t u ra hay tp m n lnh ny s chuyn d liu ti t tp k tip. iu khin l a ch ca cu trc iu khin trong mng iu khin ca b nh (bn mi tm bit hay ba t mi su bit), cha cc bit trng thi ca lnh, di ca tp k tip, v v tr tc thi trong tp.

91

Ngi lp trnh c th s dng a ch iu khin vi kh nng nh ghi a ch cc thng s di (LEN) v v tr POS. di ca tp k tip, v v tr l v tr tc thi ca t trongtrong tp k tip b x l s dng. di l s bc trong tp k tip bt u t v tr 1. V tr 0 l v tr khi ng. Lnh ny bt li v tr 1 ti mi ln thc hin xong. Ch a ch gn cho tp k tip l bc 0. Cc lnh k tip s dng t d liu ( di +1) cho mi tp tham chiu trong lnh ny. iu ny cng p dng cho ngun, mt n, v gi tr ch nu chng c ghi a ch nh cc tp. V tr l v tr ca t trong tp k tip. Gi tr ca n c tng ni hm bi lnh SQO v SQI. minh ho cc lnh k tip hot ng nh th no, ta xem v d lnh ra k tip SQO nh trn hnh 4..

Lnh SQO chuyn d liu ca bc ang thc hin (1) qua mt n n t u ra ni n

m un ra ca Aln Bradley PLC5, trn gi s1, nhm ra O s 4. Lnh SQO bc qua tp k tip vi cc t mi su u ra m cc bit c bt iu khin cc thit b u ra khc nhau ni trn m un ra gin on. Khi bc thang i t FALSE sang TRUE, lnh

92

ny tng ln bc tip theo (t tip theo) trong tp k tip: #N7:1. T 7:1 l v tr home hay bc 0, v N7:2 l t cho bc 1. Khi chui kt thc, n li bt u lp li t bc 1. D liu trong tp k tip c dch chuyn qua mt n c nh (F0F0,HEX) ti a ch ch O:014. D liu tc thi c ghi n phn t dch cho mi chu k qut trong lc bc thang duy tr gi tr TRUE. Lnh chuyn khi Trong cc h PLC c ln, cc khi d liu ln phi c truyn gia B x l ca PLC gim st v b x l t xa trn mng truyn thng cao tc. Trong PLC5 ca Allen Bradley, s di chuyn cc khi d liu c thc hin bng s dng lnh khi ghi dch chuyn BTW (Block Transfer Write) v lnh khi BTR (Block Transfer Read). B x l c s trong PLC 5 ca Allen Bradley ch qut c th truyn ti su mi t t mi ln n hay i t m un truyn khi (BT) trong cc gi ti ch hay hay t xa. M un BT c trng l m un u vo ni vi cc can nhit, cc m un vo/ra, cc m un vo ra BCD, cc b m xung. S khi ca cc lnh BT c minh ho trn hnh 4.. Cc khi d liu c truyn t m un BT g trn gi t xa v PLC gim st trong ch qut. Cc m un t xa ca Allen Bradley PLC5 c mt m un kt ni tng thch ABS -17, m m un ny c th trao i vi cc m un bng knh truyn d liu trn gi . PLC ca Allen Bradley c th truyn ti su mi t t trong mi ln truyn gia qu trnh c gim st vi b x l thng qua ch qut v m un ABS. Trong ng dng, c hai b x l thc hin ng thi cc lnh truyn khi nhng ngc nhau.

Trn hnh l v d v truyn khi hai chiu. Cc bc thang c s dng m bo cc khi thng tin c truyn theo th t m chng c gi yu cu n hng ch. B x l o chiu gia lnh BTR v BTE trong th t trn chng c qut bi kh nng tim n ca bit iu kin cho php trn bc thang vo. S dng bit thng ng NC thng thng cho php thc hin truyn khi gia hai khi c th ngn cc lnh c v ghi ca cc lnh truyn khi trong hng ch ng thi. Trong trng hp ny lnh iu

93

kin cho trc thng m NO c dng bn tri ca hai tip im ca bit cho cho php. Cc bit iu kin cho trc ny cho php cc cc lnh truyn c thc hin theo thi gian hay theo s kin.

94

Chng 5 Lp trnh bng ngn ng tiu chun Gii thiu Theo tiu chun quc t, ngn ng lp trnh ca PLC c nm ngn ng l s thang LAD, s hm l gc FBD, S hm nhim v gin on Grafcet, bng lnh STL v ngn ng lp trnh bc cao: son tho cu trc ST (Structured Text). Bn ngn ng c bn ta gii thiu phn u. Tiu chun quc t cho cc ngn ng PLC C rt nhiu tiu chun lp trnh cho PLC c a ra bi cc U ban quc gia v quc t pht trin giao din chung cho thit b iu khin kh lp trnh. T 1979 mt nhm cc chuyn gia lp trnh quc t dc tp hp t mt s cc U ban quc gia son tho nhng s ho u tin v tiu chun d hiu ca PLC. U ban phc ho tiu chun ny ra i nm 1982. Sau khi U ban ny trnh ti liu phc tho u tin v hiu chnh ban u, h cho rng tiu chun ny kh phc tp c th x l nh mt ti liu n gin. Kt qu, nhm lm vic phi tch ra lm nm nhm vi nhim v khc nhau tng ng vi mi phn ca tiu chun. Phn 1 thc hin v cc thng tin chung, phn hai v thit b v th nghim, phn ba v cc ngn ng lp trnh, phn bn l hng dn s dng v phn nm l truyn thng. Mi nhm c vi chuyn gia quc t c s tr gip ca cc nhm chuyn gia quc gia. Tiu chun IEC 61131-3 v cc ngn ng lp trnh cho PLC c ra i nm 1993 bi U ban k thut in quc t (International Electrotechnical Commision). Theo tiu chun ny c ba ngn ng lp trnh ho cho PLC l s thang LAD, S hm l gc FBD v GRAFCET v hai ngn ng trn c s bng lnh STL v cu trc son tho ST. Tiu chun cc ngn ng lp trnh ca PLC cho php lp trnh cc phn khc nhau ca ng dng bng mt ngn ng khc nhau v tt hp li thnh mt chng trnh thc hin n gin. Ngn ng LAD l ngn ng s dng rng ri nht ca cc PLC. Ngn ng ny bao gm mt tp hp cc lnh thc hin phn ln cc chc nng iu khin c bn nh: l gc dng r le, lnh m thi gian v m, v cc php ton c bn. Mc d vy, tu thuc vo m en ca PLC, ngi lp trnh c th m rng hay nng cao cc tp hp lnh thc hin cc php tnh khc. Cc chc nng tng cng c s dng cho iu khin tng t, thao tc vi d liu, bo co, iu khin l gc phc howpj v cc chc nng khc. Ngn ng s hm chc nng FDB l ngn ng ho. Ngn ng ny s dng cc s ca cc phn t l gc tng t nh trong i s Bool th hin cc hm l gc. Ngi ta cng s dng cc s khi phc hp thc hin cc php tnh nh m thi gian, m, cc php tnh s hc, np, so snh v truyn d liu. Ngi lp trnh c th s dng ngn ng ny lp chng trnh iu khin phc tp, nh th vin s hm chc nng c kt ni vi cc s khi. Ngn ng bng lnh l ngn ng lp trnh cp thp. Ngn ng ny rt n gin v d lp trnh cho cc ng dng nh hay ti u ho cc phn ca mt ng dng. Cc lnh lun gn vi kt qu tc thi. Kt qu ca php tnh thc hin gi cc b ghi c lu vo b ghi kt qu, thay cho gi tr trc . Ngn ng lp trnh bng son tho theo cu trc ST l ngn ng lp trnh bc cao, thit k cho t ng ho qu trnh. Ngn ng ny c s dng thc hin cc cc qu trnh phc tp m cc ngn ng ho khng th biu din c d dng. Ngn ng ST l

95

ngn ng din t cc hot ng bn trong cc bc v cc iu kin gn vi trng thi qu tng t nh ngn ng GRAFCET. GRAFCET l ngn ng ho dng din t cc hot ng k tip. Qu trnh iu khin c th hin nh mt tp hp cc bc hot ng lin kt bng cc trng thi chuyn tip qu . iu kin l gc ca mi hot ng trong mi bc l trng thi chuyn tip gn vi bc ny. Cc hot ng trong mt bc v cc iu kin chuyn tip trng thi ca chng c th thc hin bng cc lnh t cc ngn ng tiu chun khc. Ngn ng Grafcet Ngn ng ny din t cc hot ng ging nh trong thc t ca cc h thng. Cc bc hot ng c th hin bng cc cc s khi, vi cc lin kt l cc iu kin bt u v kt thc ca mi bc. Cc iu kin ny chnh l cc trng thi chuyn tip ca gia cc bc. Chng trnh bt u bao gi cng bng bc khi ng, l ni m PLC bt u thc hin cc chc nng iu khin ca mnh v cng ng thi l ni quay tr v ca chng trnh sau khi thc hin n lnh cui cng hay sau khi thc hin mt lnh iu kin no buc h thng phi hot ng li t u. Mi s khi ca mi bc hot ng l mt n v c bn ca ngn ng GRAFCET, cha ng bn trong n l gc hot ng cho mi bc c lp ca qu trnh cng ngh hay ca my v thit b. Trong mi khi c th c nh s qui c th t thc hin trong chng trnh v c th c ghi ch sang bn phi ca mi khi. Cc iu kin chuyn tip ca cc trng thi qu gia cc bc cng c ghi ch sang bn phi tin theo di hot ng ca chng trnh. iu kin chuyn tip c gi tr l gc l 1 hay TRUE, ca bc hay cc bc hot ng trc bc ny kt thc, v y l iu kin bt u ca hot ng k sau. Kt thc ca lnh cui cng hay ca lnh iu kin no thng l iu kin bt u li bc u tin ca chng trnh. Trn hnh 4 l v d chng trnh iu khin ng c vi nhiu trng thi chuyn tip.

Hnh Chng trnh Grafcet ca v d ..

96

Trong Grafcet c cc iu kin chuyn tip n v cc iu kin chuyn tip kp din t trng hp mt trong cc hot ng c th din ra hay trng hp tt c cc hot ng din ra ng thi (song song). iu kin chuyn tip n c th l iu kin phn nhnh ca cc hot ng, tng ng vi iu kin l gc OR, hay l iu kin hi t n, l bc hot ng k tip s din ra khi mt trong cc nhnh kt thc cc hot ng bn trong n. din t iu kin bt u hay kt thc ca cc hot ng din ra ng thi trn cc nhnh song song, ngi ta s dng k hiu chuyn tip kp, tng ng vi l gc AND. iu kin chuyn tip kp l iu kin bt u l iu kin nhiu hot ng ng thi c th xy ra trong cng mt thi im. iu kin chuyn tip kp l iu khin kt thc hay iu kin bt u ca mt bc hay mt hot ng k tip khi tt c cc bc hot ng k trc ca cc nhnh song song cng kt thc tai mt thi im. Nu c mt nhnh no trong cc nhnh song song, cha kt thc xong hot ng trong bc ca n th hot ng ca bc k tip cha th xy ra. Trong GRAFCET c ba nguyn tc c bn. Nguyn tc th nht l bc khi ng lun c kch hot u chng trnh. Chng trnh kt thc lnh cui cng l iu kin bt u li bng lnh khi ng cho chu k mi. Nguyn tc th hai l trng thi chuyn tip c kim tra sau khi n kt hp vi bc tip theo v nh vy cc php tnh i qua t bc ny sang bc tip theo khi trng thi chuyn tip c gi tr l gc l 1 (TRUE). Nguyn tc th ba l sau khi trng thi chuyn tip c l gc l 1, b x l qut bc ny mt ln na bt li ton b cc lnh m thi gian sau thc hin bc tip theo. Ln qut ny c gi l qut hu. Nhng qut hu ch dng cho cc bc thng thng. Trong cc tp chuyn tip, khng cn c cc b m thi gian, cho nn b x l khng cn thc hin qut hu. Khi c cc nhnh chng trnh song song vi iu kin n OR th b x l s qut chng trnh ln lt t tri qua phi v t trn xung di ca mi nhnh. Nu cc nhnh ny l cc iu kin kp AND th b x l s tin hnh qut t bn tri qua bn phi v t trn xng di ng thi ca cc nhnh.

ng dng ca Grafcet

97

ng dng ca Grafcet thun tin hn cc ngn ng khc, ch n th hin tng bc hot ng ca my hay qu trnh cng ngh cng vi cc iu kin bt u v kt thc ca mi bc. Ngn ng ny rt n gin v tng t nh thut ton dng trong lp trnh, nn rt d s dng. V d ta c mt my dp bn t ng iu khin qu trnh dp cc sn phm c kh. Khi ngi thao tc n nt iu khin, my i t v tr bt u (v tr cao) i xung dp vo tm tn. Khi u dp t n v tr thp nht tc l chi tit dp xong, u dp chuyn ng ngc lai. Cc hnh trnh ln xung c gii hn bi cc cng tc hnh trnh. Trong hnh trnh dp, nu c s c th u dp s dng li, khc phc xong s c n t ng quay v v tr xut pht.

Bc 1 l bc khi ng, u dp v tr ch trn cao. Khi nt n c n v my khng b trc trc g, u p thc hin bc th hai l dp xung. Khi u dp chm cng tc hnh trnh di, tc l kt thc hnh trnh dp, u dp thc hin bc tip theo l quay tr v v tr xut pht. Hot ng ca bc ny kt thc khi du dp chm cng tc hnh trnh trn cao. My li v trng thi ch. Trng hp u dp di xung v c s c, th bc hot ng ca my l dng u dp, khc phc s c v quay v trng thi ch.

98

Chng 6 Ngn ng dng son tho cu trc ST v ngn ng bng lnh stl y l ngn ng lp trnh bc cao thit k cho t ng ho cc qu trnh phc tp. Ngn ng ny ch yu dng thc hin cc qu trnh phc tp m cc ngn ng ho nh LAD, FBD, hay ngn ng n gin kiu bng lnh STT kh din t c. Ngn ng son tho cu trc ST cng c s dng thc hin cc bc ca qu trnh v cc iu kin chuyn tip trong cc hm nhim v k tip. Mt chng trnh ST l danh cc lnh lp trnh. Mi lnh kt thc bng du cch (;). Cc tn c dng trong m ngun, nh cc cc bin nhn dng, cc hng s, v cc t kho ca ngn ng, c tch ra bi cc du cch th ng nh du cch trng, du ht dng, du chm. Cc lnh thng c tch ring bng cc du cch tc ng v d du < hay du >. Ngi lp trnh c th chn cc ghi ch cho ngi c c th hiu c. Phn ch thch phi bt u bng hai k t (* v kt thc bng hai k t *). Mi lnh kt thc bng du ; (du cch). Cc lnh c bn ca chng trnh ST l: 1. Lnh gn tn bin (Assignment) variable:=expression (bin:=hm din t) 2. Lnh gi cc hm hay chng trnh con : Subprogram or functions call 3. Lnh gi hm khi: C function block call 4. Lnh chn iu kin: Selection statement (IF, THEN, ELSE, CASE, ..) 5. Lnh lp : Iteration statement (FOR, WHILE, REPEAT,) 6. Lnh iu khin: Control statement (RETURN, EXIT,) 7. Cc lnh c bit c th lin kt vi cc ngn ng khc. Ngi lp trnh c th chn tu cc du cch th ng gia cc du cch tc ng, gia cc din t hng s, cc bin nhn dng gip ci thin kh nng c cho chng trnh. Cc du cch th ng ca ngn ng ST l du trng, du tabs, v du ht dng. Khng ging nh cc ngn ng hnh thc nh bng lnh STL, kt thc dng c c nhp vo bt k ca chng trnh. iu ny nng rt cao kh nng c ca chng trnh khi s dng cc du cch th ng. Mt s qui tc cn nh khi lp trnh l: 1. Khng vit lnh di qu mt dng. 2. S dng du cch tabs lm cc lnh phc hp li vo. 3. Chn cc ch thch c c cc dng lnh. V d v mt on chng trnh trong ngn ng ST: (*imax: s vng lp*) (*i: ch s ca lnh vng FOR*) (*cond: bin iu khin t qu trnh cng ngh*) imax:=max_ite; cond:=X12 if not(cond(*bo ng*)) then return; end_if (* Vng lp ca qu trnh cng ngh*) for i (*ch s*):=1 to max_ite do if 1<>2 then SPcall();

99

End_if; End_for; Ngn ng son tho cu trc ST hay ngn ng lp trnh bc cao ca PLC khng khc nhiu so vi cc ngn ng lp trnh cho my tnh. Ngn ng bng lnh tiu chun i vi cc PLC ca hng Siemens th ngi ta hay dng ngn ng bng lnh STL cho c cc th h PLC mi nht PLC S7-300 v S7-400. Ngn ng ny l ngn ng ng lp trnh bng cc cu lnh c cu trc tng t nh ngn ng my ASSEMBLER. Cc lnh thng i vi a ch, ch ra ni m cc lnh s thc hin. Ngn ng bng lnh STL cha mt mng cc lnh d hiu c th to ra mt chng trnh iu khin hon chnh. Cc PLC S7 ca Siemens s dng hn 130 lnh STL c bn cng vi mt min rng cc a ch sn c ph thuc vo kiu PLC. Phn ln cc nh sn xut PLC cng s dng th h tng t ca ngn ng STL. Cu trc ca lnh STL Lnh STL c hai cu trc c bn. Cu trc th nht l lnh khng cn a ch, v d nh lnh ph nh NOT. Cu trc th hai l lnh c km theo a ch. y l loi lnh dng nhiu nht. a ch ca lnh ch th mt hng s hay mt v tr nh m trn lnh tm c gi tr thc hin mt php tnh. a ch c th c tn bng k hiu hay mt v tr nh c nh. a ch c th ch n s ca phn t no nh mt hng s, bit trng thi, tn bng k hiu, khi d liu nh vv. Cc PLC S7 ca Siemens s dng t 32 bit, k hiu t o n 31.

V d lnh np hng s +77 v chui k t END vo c qui 1.

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

Cch biu din lnh v du ngoc Lp trnh bng ngn ng bng lnh Cu trc ca bng lnh Lnh bit l gc Lnh AND Lnh OR Lnh EXCLUSIVE OR Lnh AND NOT Lnh OR NOT Lnh thi gian Cu trc t ca b m thi gian Lp trnh ngn ng lnh cho mt b m gi ng dng ca lp trnh b m gi Lnh m Cu trc t ca b m ng dng ca lp trnh b m Cc lnh tnh ton vi s nguyn Php cng s nguyn 108

Php tr s nguyn Php nhn s nguyn Php chia s nguyn Cc lnh ton c du phy Lnh cng s thc Lnh tr Lnh nhn Lnh chia Cc lnh so snh So snh s nguyn n So snh s nguyn kp So snh s thc

Chng 7 ngn ng lp trnh bng s hm l gc tiu chun Gii thiu

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

Phn t v cu trc hp Cc lnh bit l gic Lnh AND Lnh OR Lnh EXCLUSIVE OR Ph nh bit vo Lnh gn Lnh ra Lnh duy tr lnh ra ng dng ca cc lnh bit Cc lnh thi gian Cu trc t ca b nh thi gian Cu hnh ca S khi ca b m thi gian B m xung thi gian S5 B m xung m rng S5 B m thi gian tr S5 B m tr c nh B m sm S5 Cc lnh m Cu trc t ca b m Cu hnh ca S khi ca b m B m tng/gim B m tng B m gim Cc lnh tnh s nguyn Cc lnh tnh vi s thc Cc lnh so snh So snh s nguyn So snh s thc

Chng 8 Mng v h thng truyn d liu C s v truyn thng

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

Truyn thng n hng Truyn thng bn hai chiu Truyn thng hai chiu Phng php truyn tin Truyn song song Truyn ni tip B dn tn hiu B dn knh tn s Dn knh thi gian Dn knh bng thng k Li iu khin v kim tra Kim tra n Kim tra mc lng d dc Kim tra lng d ngang Kim tra lng d tr Cc qui chun truyn thng Truyn ni tip ng b Qui phm truen ni tip ng b Qui phm truyn nh phn ng b Qui phm HDLC Mng ni b LAN Cu hnh mng LAN Qui phm mng LAN Cu trc mng tiu chun Tiu chun phn cng ni tip Tiu chun EIA232

133

Tiu chun RS-422 Tiu chun RS-485 Tiu chun mch vng dong 20-mA

Chng 9 Cc ng dng cng nghip 1. iu khin bng ti: V d 9.1 Trong cng nghip ta hay gp vn cn iu khin xe cp phi iu khin t ng AGV (Automated Guided Vehicle) trong cc phn xng. Mt v d n gin l ta cn iu khin Xe C gia hai im A v B. Cc im ny c ch th bi cc cc cng tc mini M1 v M2. Xe c iu khin bng hai nt n P1 v P2. Ban u xe dng ti im A, cng tc mini M1 c bt v xe s ng yn cho ti khi no nt P1 c n. Khi u ra Z1 c kch hot v ng c ca xe c bt ln, xe bt u chuyn ng hng n im B. Chuyn ng ny s tip tc ngay c khi P1 hay P2 c n. Khi xe t n im B, n lm bt cng tc mini M2. Cng tc M2 bt lm cho u ra Z2 c kch hot v ngt u ra Z1. Xe bt u chuyn ng theo chiu ngc li t B n A. Trong qu trnh chuyn ng nu ta n nt P2, xe s o chiu chuyn ng v li chuyn ng theo hng n B. Nh vy l u ra Z2 c ngt v u ra Z1 c kch hot. Nu P2 khng c bm, xe tip tc i v n im A v s dng khi cng tc mini M1 c bt.

Z1

Z2 C

M1 P1 P2 PLC

M2

Hnh 1*** H thng iu khin hot ng khi bt u cng tc ngun trn PLC c bt v trng thi khi ng c kch hot. u ra Z1 v Z2 ang trng thi tt. Nu nt n P1 cha c n, xe nguyn trng thi khi ng. Khi nt n P1 chuyn t trng thi 0 sang 1, thit b iu khin thay i trng thi bn trong n v u ra Z1 c kch hot. Ti B, khi xe n th cng tc mini M2 chuyn t 0 sang 1, Z1 c tt v Z2 c kch hot. Xe chuyn ng v A. Nu nt P2 khng c n, xe chy v n A, cng tc mini M1 chuyn trng thi t 0 sang 1, xe dng ti v tr khi ng. Nu nt P2 c n trc khi

134

xe quay v n A, Z2 tt v Z1 c kch hot, xe quay li im B v lp li hnh trnh t B v A. Nu th hin chc nng ca h thng iu khin bng cc hm l gc th ta s c: Z 1 = M 1 .P1 + M 1 .M 2 + Z 2 .P2

Z 2 = ( M 2 + M 1 ).P2 .Z 1 Chng trnh iu khin ca h thng vit bng ngn ng bng lnh c bn s c dng: STR M1 AND P1 STR NOT M1 AND M2 OR STR STR NOT Z2 AND P2 OR STR OUT Z1 STR M2 OR NOT M1 AND NOT P2 AND NOT Z1 OUT Z2 Chng trnh iu khin vit trong ngn ng LAD:
M1 IR0 P1 M2 IR1 P2 IR1 M2 IR2 IR2 M1 IR1 Z2 IR2 M2 IR1 IR0 Z1 IR2 IR0

135

Chng trnh th hin bng ngn ng Grafcet:

Khi ng h thng & M1=1 P1 =1

Chuyn ng n B : Z1 =1, Z2=0 M2 = 1

Chuyn ng v A: Z2 = 1, Z1=0

P2 = 1

M1 = 1

V d 9.2. Mt sn phm c kh dng thanh sn xut trn dy chuyn t ng c chuyn ra trn bng ti. Chiu di ca sn phm khng c vt qua kch thc L. H thng phn loi sn phm (hnh **. ) bao gm bng ti, hai cm bin quang in t cch nhau mt khong ng bng L. Cc cm bin ny gm mt u pht sng v mt u thu. u ra ca cc cm bin quang in ny l tn hiu in p tng ng vi mc l gc 0 hay 1, khi c sn phm i qua gia chng v cc u pht. Pha sau cm bin th hai l mt ca x, iu khin bng ng c M. Nu thanh sn phm no di hn L, ng c phi c kch hot thanh sn phm ri xung. Nu sn phm khng di hn L, ng c M khng hot ng v thanh sn phm i ra. Mt khi thanh sn phm ri, ng c M c tt v ca x c ng li v h thng li sn sng cho chn sn phm tip theo. Khong cch gia cc thanh sn phm la chn, phu m bo c iu kin l ch c 1 thanh i vo vng kim tra mi ln. Vn y l thit k h thng iu khin l gc, m u vo ca n l cc u ra t cm bin x1 v x2 v u ra Z kch hot ng c M.

136

Ngun sng Sn phm Ca x Bng ti

Cm bin quang X1 X2 M

X2 X1

PLC

Hnh **. H thng phn loi sn phm Nh vy ta thy rng khi khi ng h thng th X1=0 v X2=0. Nu sn phm i qua cc cm bin th c th X1=1, sau X2=1. Nu X1=1 khi X2 chuyn t 0 thnh 1, th sn phm ny di hn yu cu. ng c dng khi X2=0 Chng trnh trong ngn ng bng lnh c bn s c dng: STR X1 AND X2 OUT Z Chng trnh bng ngn ng Grafcet: 1 Khi ng h thng phn loi X1.X2=1 M ca x: Z=1 2 X2=0

137

1. iu khin cp phi t ng cho my CNC 4.1 ng dng PLC trong iu khin h thng cp phi cho my cng c Ta c h thng t ng cp phi cho my cng c phc v bi mt r bt cng nghip nh hnh v. Cm bin m vch C1/R1 Tm chn R4 Phi Bng ti Cm bin tip xc MS1 R bt C2, R2, R3

My CNC

C3, C4

R bt cp phi vo my CNC v ly chi tit t my CNC ra bng ti. Khi phi chy trn bng ti, chm vo cm bin tip xc MS1, cm bin m vch s qut nhn dng phi. Nu ng chi tit yu cu, tm chn s c y ra dng phi li. R bt s kp phi v g vo my nu my ang trng thi khng lm vic. Ngc li, r bt phi ch tho chi tit gia cng xong t my CNC ra bng ti. Cc thnh phn ca h thng iu khin gm:
TT K hiu M t Trn g thi Ch thch

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

MS1 R1 C1 R2 R3 C2 R4 C3 C4

Cm bin tip xc u ra ca cm bin m vch u vo ca cm bin m vch u ra ca r bt u ra ca r bt u vo ca r bt u ra ca c cu y tm chn u vo t my CNC u vo t my CNC

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Phi n Qut m vch ng loi phi G lp phi Tho chi tit R bt ang bn y tm chn ra My CNC ang bn Gia cng xong

2. iu khin thang my 3. iu khin my ra xe 4. iu khin l hi

138

H thng cp du cho l hi trong cc nh my nhit in hot ng theo nguyn tc sau: 1. Du trong thng cha c sy n mt nhit nht nh bng b sy bng in ( hoc bng chnh hi nc). Cm bin nhit TSL s ch th mc nhit cn sy (TSL=1). 2. Trong thng cha du cn c cm bin mc du LSL. Nu cm bin ny bo mc du thp hn mc cho php, phi dng bm P (LSL=1, PP=1), van in t XV3 m du tr v thng cha v ng thi n RL c bt ln bo hiu h thng ng b dng (XV3=1, RL=1) . 3. Nu p sut ca du tn tht qua b lc F, lm tng p trn trn u ra ca bm (cm bin cao p DPSH = 1) hay p sut du trn u ra ca b lc gim (cm bin p thp PSL=1), nh vy hot ng th hai c lp li. 4. Nu p sut du trn u ra ca ca b lc vt qu mt mc cho php (cm bin PSH=1), van in t XV3 phi c m (XV3=1). 5. Nu mt trong cc sng bm du b tt la (BS1 = 1 hay BS2 = 1) th cc van in t tng ng XV1 hay XV2 phi c ng (XV1=0 hay XV2=0) v XV3 phi c m (XV3=1). 6. Nu khng c sng phun no hot ng (BS1=1 v BS2=1), h thng phi dng hot ng nh bc 2. 7. Trong iu kin hot ng bnh thng n xanh GL c bt (GL=1). Vi hot ng nh vy, iu kin bm ngng hot ng c th biu din bng hm l gc sau: PP = LSL + TSL + DPSH + PSL + BS1.BS 2 RL = PP

GL = PP XV 1 = BS1 XV 2 = BS 2 XV 3 = LSL + TSL + DPSH + PSL + BS1 + BS 2

Qui c cc bin vo/ra c th hin trn bng sau: STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Tn bin LSL TSL DPSH PSL PSH BS1 BS2 PP XV1 XV2 XV3 GL RL K hiu bin cho PLC X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6

139

Chng trnh th hin bng ngn ng bng lnh: STR X0 OR X1 OR X2 OR X3 STR X5 AND X6 OR STR OUT Y1 STR NOT X5 OUT Y2 STR NOT X6 OUT Y3 STR Y1 OR X4 OUT Y4 STR NOT Y1 OUT Y5 STR Y1 OUT Y6 Ngn ng LAD: X0 X1 X2 X3 X5 X5 X6 Y1 X4 Y1 Y1 Y5 Y6 X6 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y1

140

5. iu khin ga ra t ng C mt ga ra t ng iu khin bng PLC. Ga ra ny c dung lng cha l 10 xe. Trn u vo v u ra ca ga ra c hai ba ri iu khin bng hai ng c M1 v M2. Mi ba ri u c hai cm bin t pha trc v pha sau ca ba ri bo c xe pha trc hay xe i qua ba ri (S1, S2, S3 v S4). Khng bao gi ng thi c S1 v S2 hoc S3 v S4 u c bt ng thi. Trn u ra c mt cm bin S5 kim sot v ra. H thng iu khin ca ga ra s iu khin cc hot ng sau: 1. ng v m ba ri t ng. Ba ri vo s m nu trong ga ra c t hn 10 xe v cm bin S1 = 1, bo c xe vo trc ba ri . Khi xe i qua ba ri s ng li nu cm bin S2 chuyn trng thi t 1 sang 0. Ba ri ra s m nu S5 bt v S3 chuyn trng thi t 0 sang 1. V ba ri ra ng li khi S4 chuyn t trng thi 1 sang 0, bo xe i qua. 2. Trn u vo ca ga ra nu n xanh bt, bo hiu ga ra ang cn ch. 3. Nu trn u vo c n , bo hiu ga ra y. H thng iu khin c cc u vo sau: - Nt khi ng M: t khi ngun c cp vo PLC, khng c mt xe no c vo hay ra khi cha n nt ny. - Nt dng P: nu nt ny c bt, khng xe no c vo hay ra khi cha n li nt M. Trng hp c hai nt P v M n ng thi, th nt P c u tin. - Nt n R: t li s ca b m xe khi PLC c bt ln. Cm bin S4 M2 Ba ri ra Cm bin S3 Ra P Cm bin S5 M R Vo Cm bin S2 RL M1 GL Cm bin S1 Ba ri vo

Hnh **..

141

 xc nh c chng trnh iu khin ca h thng ny, trc ht ta phi qui c cc bin vo/ra: Bin ngoi S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 M P R M1 M2 GL RL Bin trong PLC X0 X1 X2 X3 X4 X5 X6 X7 Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3

Cc hm l gc tng ng vi cc chc nng ca h thng iu khin gm: Y0 = X 5 . X 0 .Y2 Y1 = X 5 . X 4 . X 2

Y2 = X 5 .CTR

Y3 = X 5 .CTR Do cn s dng b m, cho nn ta phi s dng cc bin trung gian to xung v to cc mch duy tr cc trng thi ca cc bin vo. Trong chng trnh ny s dng 6 bin trung gian t IR0 n IR6. Chng trnh PLC bng ngn ng bng lnh c bn ca h thng iu khin c th hin nh sau: STR X5 OR IRO ( To mch duy tr) AND NOT X6 OUT IR0 STR OR AND NOT AND AND NOT OUT STR OR AND NOT AND OUT STR NOT X0 Y0 IR2 IR0 Y3 Y0 X1 IR1 IR2 Y0 IR1 X1

(Gn mch duy tr cho u ra Y0)

(To xung m xe vo ga ra cho b m v h ba ri )

142

AND OUT STR OR AND NOT AND OUT STR AND OR AND NOT OUT STR AND OR AND NOT AND OUT STR NOT AND OUT STR AND STR STR OR CTR OUT STR AND NOT OUT END

IR1 IR2 X4 IR3 IR5 IR0 IR3 IR3 X2 Y1 IR5 Y1 X3 Y1 IR4 IR5 IR0 IR4 X3 IR4 IR5 X7 Y1 IR5 IR2 IR5 45 10 Y3 IR0 Y3 Y2

(To mch duy tr cho trng thi sot v ra)

( To mch duy tr cho u ra Y1)

(To xung m cho xe ra )

( m xe v bt n khi s xe bng 10)

( To tn hiu n xanh)

Chng trnh vit bng ngn ng LAD:

143

X5 IR0 X0 Y0 X1 IR1 X1 X4 IR3

X6

IR0

IR2

IR0

Y3

Y0

IR2

Y0

IR1

IR1 IR5 IR0

IR2 IR3

IR3 Y1 X3 IR4 X3 X7 IR5

X2

IR5

Y1

Y1

IR5

IR0

IR4

IR4 IR0 CTR 45 10

IR5

IR2 IR5 IR0 Y3

Y3

Y2

144