Bi ging v Ethernet

bi cheva Thay i ln cui: 02/11/2007 00:40 Bi vit ny nm trong lot bi ging v Communication Networks, ni v Ethernet trn Data Link Layer

Lch s ca Ethernet
Ethernet c pht trin bi Robert Metcalfe v cc ng nghip ca ng ti Xeror vo nhng nm 1970. Robert Mecalfe nhn c bng PhD t MIT, lun vn ca ng l v ARPAnet (tin thn ca mng Internet) v ALOHA. Sau khi hon thnh chong trnh hc PhD, ng vo lm vic ti Xeror v pht trin Ethernet ti y. Vo nm 1979, ng thnh lp cng ty ca ring mnh l 3Com nhm thng mi ha Ethernet. Vo nhng nm 1980 v 1990, c mt vi cng ngh dnh cho mng LAN (l cc mng cc b ging nh mng ca mt cng ty hay ca mt trng i hc) nh Token Ring, FDDI, Ethernet v ATM Ethernet l cng ngh mng LAN ph bin v thnh cng nht. Nguyn nhn ch yu l do n rt n gin (do mt mng LAN dng Ethernet rt d qun l, v cc thit b Ethernet th khng t tin) v cho hiu nng kh cao. Ethernet c chun ha bi IEEE thnh IEEE 802.3 vo nhng nm 1980.

Giao thc Ethernet

Ethernet dng Carrier Sensing Multiple Access - Collision Detection (CSMA-CD) Trc khi mt trm truyn mt frame, n nghe ngng mi trng truyn Nu mi trng ang rnh, n s truyn frame Trong qu trnh truyn, n theo di mi trng truyn pht hin xung t Nu c xung t xy ra, trm hy vic truyn frame Nu mi trng ang bn, s c 3 phng n 1-persistent: lin tc nghe ngng mi trng truyn, ngay khi mi trng ht bn, n s bt u truyn frame non-persistent: ch mt khong thi gian ngu nhin, sau tip tc nghe ngng mi trng truyn p-consistent: lin tc nghe ngng mi trng truyn. Khi mi trng ht bn, vi xc sut p% n s truyn frame , v vi xc sut (1-p)% n s tip tc i nghe ngng sau. Ethernet s dng phng n 1-persistent iu c ngha l Ethernet s khng lm vic hiu qu trong trng hp c nhiu giao

tip trong mng, chng hn mi trm u phi truyn mt s lng frame ln S khc bit gia Ethernet v cc giao thc CSMA-CD thng thng: Khi ang truyn mt frame, trm truyn theo di mi trng pht hin xung t. Nu c xung t th n s hy vic truyn, v dng gii thut Truncated Binary Exponential Backoff truyn li frame Thi gian ch i ca vic truyn frame th k l mt bin ngu nhin phn b ng u gia timeslot 0 v 2^k-1 Mt timeslot tng ong vi thi gian quay vng di nht (the longest roundtrip time) ca Ethernet V d: Chun Ethernet u tin c thit k vn hnh 100Mbps trn khong cch ti a l 2500m thng qua 4 b lp (repeater). Thi gian quay vng di nht bao gm tr ca truyn tn hiu (propagation delay) v thi gian i qua cc b lp l vo khong 50 microsecond i vi vic truyn frame u tin, mt trm ch 0 hoc 1 timeslot i vi vic truyn frame d liu th hai, mt trm ch 0, 1, 2 hoc 3 timeslot Vic la chn gii thut ny l iu chnh s lng cc knh mun truyn mt cch linh ng Nu thi gian ch lun lun nm trong khong 0 ti 1 timeslot, xc sut xy ra xung t l nh khi ch c hai trm ang bn, nhng xc sut ny s rt ln nu c ti 1000 trm ang bn, v xung t s xy ra lin tc trong mt thi gian di Gii thut Binary Exponential Backoff m bo mt xc sut xung t tng i thp v mt thi gian tr tng i ngn trong tt c cc trng hp. Khi k>10, thi gian ch s nm trong khong 0 ti 2^10-1 mini-slot times. iu c ngha l thi gian ch i ti a l 2^10-1 mini-slot times Khi k>16 th trm s hy vic truyn frame

Hiu nng ca Ethernet

Vic phn tch chnh xc Ethernet rt phc tp do gii thut Truncated Binary Exponential Backoff. Do ta s dng phng php xc nh hiu nng ti a ca phng php CSMA-CD thng thng trong n l s lng trm Vi Ethernet c thi gian truyn ti l t_prop v tc 10Mbps, chng ta c hiu nng nh trong hnh sau, khi n thay i:

 Kch thc frame ca Ethernet tc 10Mbps l t 64 Bytes cho ti 1518 Bytes Thi gian truyn ti thiu ca mt frame phi ln hn RTT, nh m mt trm c th pht hin ra xung t trc khi vic truyn ti hon tt Kch thc frame ti thiu = RTT * Tc truyn = 50 microsecond * 10Mbps = 512 bt =64 bytes Kch thc frame ti a phi ln t c hiu nng s dng mng cao, tuy nhin n khng c ln qu, nu khng cc trm s phi ch trong mt thi gian rt lu. 1518 Bytes c chn lm kch thc frame ti a

Ethernet Frame
Mt frame ca Ethernet bao gm cc phn sau: Phn m u: 7 bytes (khng c tnh vo kch thc frame ca Ethernet) Tt c cc byte u c gi tr 10101010 c dng ng b ng h gia ni nhn v gi frame SD (Start frame delimiter): 1 byte (khng c tnh vo kch thc Ethernet frame) Byte ny c gi tr 10101011 c dng nh du bt u mt frame Tuy vy, khng c end-frame-delimieter cho Ethernet frame. Vic thm bit/byte (stuffing) cng khng c s dng cho cc bit thng tin. Kt thc ca mt frame c pht hin bng vic s dng tn hiu vt l a ch ni n: 6 bytes y l a ch MAC ca Ethernet card ca ni n ngha ca bit thp nht (least-significant bit) xc nh 6 bytes ny: 0: a ch unicast 3 bytes u tin c dng ch nh sn xut 00-00-0C: CISCO 00-00-3D: AT&T

3 bytes tip theo do nh sn xut quyt nh 1: a ch multicast 01-80-c2-00-00-00: c dng bi cc bridges cho gii thut cy tn rng (spanning tree algorithm) ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff-ff: a ch qung b (broadcast)p ch hot ng bnh thng, Ethernet ch tip nhn nhng frame c a ch ni n trng vi i ch (duy nht) ca n, hoc a ch ni n th hin mt thng ip qung b. Tuy vy, hu ht cc Ethernet card u c th c t ch "promiscuous". Trong ch ny, n s nhn tt c cc frame xut hin trong mng LAN. a ch ngun: 6 bytes y l a ch MAC ca Ethernet card ngun Loi/ di: 2 bytes C hai loi cu trc Ethernet frame IEEE 802.3 MAC Dng ch di ca Ethernet frame DIX Ethernet: c cng b bi DEC, Intel v Xeror vo nm 1980 (ph bin hn) Dng ch giao thc ca lp pha trn 0800: IP 0806: ARP Phn thng tin: T 46 ti 1500 bytes: Do kch thc frame ti thiu l 64 bytes, kch thc ti thiu ca phn thng tin l 6418=46 bytes Kch thc phn thng tin ti a l 1500 bytes. Do , kch thc gi IP trong Ethernet ti a l 1500 bytes, y cng l mt trong ba kch thc gi IP thng dng nht (40, 576, 1500). FCS (Frame Check Sequence): 4 bytes CCITT 32-bit CRC

Thit b Ethernet
Ethernet card c hai ch hot ng: Ch Half-Duplex ch ny, mi trm gi nh rng mi trng truyn c chia s bi nhiu hn hai trm, do n dng CSMA-CD ch ny, mt trm khng th va nhn va gi d liu ti cng mt thi im Tt c cc cp mng Ethernet u h tr ch Half-Duplex, v d cp ng trc (hin khng c dng na m ch yu dng cho cable TV), cp xon (loi ny ph bin nht), v cp quang (dng cho cc mng Ethernet nhanh vi phm vi rng) Ch Full-Duplex: ch ny, mt trm gi nh rng mi trng truyn c chia s bi ch hai my trm, v c knh truyn ring cho vic gi v nhn d liu. Do , CSMA-

CD khng cn cn thit na, mi trm c th gi v nhn d liu cng lc Cp xon v cp quang h tr ch ny Ch : Mc d cp xon v cp quang cung cp cc knh truyn ring cho vic gi v nhn d liu, mt my trm ch half-duplex vn khng th gi v nhn d liu cng lc c (iu ny l do vi CSMA-CD, nu mt trm nhn c mt frame trong khi ang truyn mt fram khc, n s coi y l xung t) B lp y l mt thit b Physical Layer: n thao tc vi cc bit (tn hiu) ch khng phi vi cc frame Dng ni hai cp Ethernet vi nhau Khuch i tn hiu t mt cp v gi tn hiu qua on cp kia Trong trng hp n nhn c tn hiu ng thi t hai on cp, mt tn hiu jamming s c gi ti c hai on cp, thng bo xung t V d, mt mng Ethernet 10Mbps c th dng 4 b lp m rng chiu di ti a ca cp t 500m ti 2500m Hub y l mt thit b Physical Layer: n thao tc vi cc bit (tn hiu) ch khng phi vi cc frame Dng kt ni cc my trm hot ng ch Half-Duplex vi nhau Sao chp tn hiu t mt trm ti cc trm khc. Mt vi loi hub khuch i tn hiu, cc loi khc th khng Trong trng hp n nhn c nhiu tn hiu ng thi t cc trm khc nhau, mt tn hiu jamming s c gi ti tt c cc trm, thng bo xung t Tt c cc trm kt ni vi mt hub c cng mt min xung t (collision domain) Ethernet switch y l mt thit b Data Link Layer: n thao tc vi cc frame, c th c c header ca mt frame Thng c dng kt ni cc my trm hot ng ch Full-Duplex vi nhau Truyn frame ti mt my trm thch hp da trn a ch MAC ch ca frame Thng thng, mt Ethernet switch c vng m lu-v-truyn cc frame Lu rng ch Full-Fuplex khng c xung t, nn khng c frame no b mt do xung t, tuy nhin, mt vi frame c th b mt do trn b m Ethernet bridge Mt Ethernet switch cn c th c dng kt ni hai hay nhiu mng LAN vi nhau. Trong trng hp ny, n c gi l mt Ethernet bridge y l thit b Data Link Layer: n thao tc vi cc frame c dng kt ni nhiu mang LAN vi nhau, mi mng ny bao gm nhiu my trm kt ni vi nhau bng mt hub N truyn frame ti mt mng LAN ph hp da trn a ch MAC ch ca frame Nu mt mng LAN c hn hai my trm (bao gm tt c cc bridge ni vi n), th cng tng ng trn bridge phi hot ng ch Half-Duplex Mi mng LAN c mt min xung t ring. iu ny c ngha l vic truyn nhiu ng thi trn mt mng LAN s gy ra xung t, nhng vic truyn ng thi trn nhiu mng LAN c th khng gy xung t. Mt vi loi bridge cao cp c th kt ni hai loi mng LAN khc nhau, v d ni

Ethernet vi Token Ring. Trong trng hp ny, bridge phi chuyn i nh dng frame t dng ny sang dng kia.

Bridge
Bridge chuyn mt frame n nhn c ti mng LAN thch hp da trn a ch MAC ch ca frame v bng chuyn tip (forwarding table). Bng ny gm hai ct nh sau: a ch MAC: l a ch MAC ca mt Ethernet card Cng: Cng ca bridge m ni vi Ethernet card Mt bridge s t ng in vo bng chuyn tip khi n hot ng (iu ny cng ng vi Ethernet switch). Do , chng ta khng phi cu hnh mt bridge bng tay, iu ny khin cho bridge cn c gi l transparent bridge Mi khi n nhn c mt frame, n s in vo bng chuyn tip a ch MAC ngun ca frame v cng m n nhn c frame Bridge chuyn tip mt frame nh th no? N tm trong bng xem c a ch MAC ch ca frame khng. Nu n tm thy, frame s c chuyn tip qua cng tng ng. Nu cng tng ng ny trng vi cng m n nhn c frame, frame ny s khng c chuyn tip. Nu n khng tm thy, n gi frame ti tt c cc cng, tr cng m n nhn c frame ny

Nu mt trm b tch khi LAN th lm sao?

 Mi dng trong bng c gn vi mt timer. Mi khi nhn c mt frame th timer ca dng tng ng c reset. Khi timer ht hn th dng s b xa Nu mt trm c chuyn qua mt LAN khc th lm sao? Mi khi nhn c mt frame, bridge cp nht dng tng ng trong bng Nu c lp th sao? i khi, chng ta thm cc bridge b sung vo gia hai mng LAN cung cp ng truyn d tha, phng trong trng hp mt ng truyn b gin on th ng truyn kia vn hot ng. Tuy nhin, chng ta phi m bo rng ch mt ng kt ni gia hai mng LAN trong tnh trng hot ng (active), cc ng kt ni khc phi b chn (standby). Nu c nhiu ng kt ni gia hai mng LAN, mt frame vi mt ch n bit s b truyn hai ln, mt frame vi mt ch n cha xc nh s gy ra broadcast nhiu ln (broadcast storm) Tt c cc bridge thc thi gii thut cy tn rng (Spanning Tree Algorithm) tm ngn nga cc vng lp (nhiu ng kt ni) gia hai mng LAN Tn ca gii thut xut pht t vic mt cy tn rng ni tt c cc nt ca mt th vi nhau, nhng khng cha vng lp Gii thut ny xc nh mt bridge c th l root bridge, sau n m bo rng ch c mt ng kt ni tnh trng hot ng (active) t mt mng LAN ti root bridge (v do , ch c mt ng kt ni hot ng gia hai mng LAN) Mi bridge c mt ID duy nht c to bi nh sn xut, bridge vi ID nh nht c chn lm root. Mt mng LAN chn bridge gn vi root bridge nht ca n lm designated bridge, v chn cng tng ng lm designated port. Trong trng hp tie, bridge vi ID thp nht c chn. Mt bridge chn cng gn vi root bridge nht lm root port. Trong trng hp tie, chn cng vi s nh nht. Cui cng, tt c cc cng ni vi root bridge, tt c cc root port, v tt c cc designated port c thit lp trng thi chuyn tip (active), tt c cc cng khc c t trng thi chn (blocking hoc standby). Chng ta c th thy, ch c mt ng kt ni hot ng gia mt mng LAN v root bridge: mng LAN 1 - [designated port ca LAN 1] - designated bridge ca LAN 1 - [root port ca bridge ] - mng LAN 2 - [designated port ca LAN 2] - ... - root bridge Tt c cc bridge thc thi gii thut ny mt cch nh k, do , nu c li xy ra (mt bridge gp s c hoc mt link b hng), th mt cy tn rng mi s c to. V d: