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Induction 1
Induction 1
Advantages
It is very simple and almost unbreakable construction. Its cost is low and it is very reliable. It requires minimum of maintenance.
Disadvantages
Its speed can not be varied without sacrificing some of its effieciency. Just like a d.c. shunt motor, its speed decreaes with increase in load. Its starting torque is somewhat inferior to that of d.c. shunt motor.
Construction
An induction motor consists of two main parts Stator Rotor
Stator
The stator consists of wound 'poles' that carry the supply current to induce a magnetic field that penetrates the rotor .
Rotor
Squirrel- cage rotor Motor employing this type of rotor is known as squirrel-cage induction motor. Phase wound or wound rotors- Motors employing this type of rotor are known as phase wound motors or wound motors or as slip ring motors.
In overall shape, it is a cylinder mounted on a shaft. Internally it contains longitudinal conductive bars (usually made of aluminum or copper) set into grooves and connected together at both ends by shorting rings forming a cage-like shape. The name is derived from the similarity between this rings-and-bars winding and a squirrel cage (or, as it is commonly known, a hamster wheel). The core of the rotor is built with stacks of electrical steel laminations.
Let the maximum value of flux due to any one of the three phases be m. The resultant flux r at any instant, is given by the vector sum of the individual fluxes 1, 2, 3 due to three phases. We will consider values of r at four instants 1/6th time-period apart corresponding to points marked 0,1,2,3.
When =0 corresponding to point 0. here 1=0, 2=- 3 /2 m, 3=3/2 m r= 2 * 3/2 m cos60/2 =3/2 m When =60 corresponding to point 1 1= 3/2 m, 2=-3/2 m, 3=0 r= 2*3/2 m cos 30 = 3/2 m When =120 corresponding to point 2
1 3/2 m, 2=0, 3=-3/2m r= 3/2 m When =120 corresponding to point 3 1=0, 2=3/2m, 3=-3/2m r=3/2 m
Conclusion
The resultant flux is of constant value =3/2 m i.e. 1.5 times the maximum value of the flux due to any phase. The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speed given by Ns= 120f/P.
Slip
The difference between the synchronous speed Ns and the actual speed N of the rotor is known as slip. It is expressed in terms of percentage of the synchronous speed. The term slip is descriptive of the way in which the rotor slips back from synchronism.
slip s= ((Ns-N )/Ns )*100 Slip Speed = Ns-N
f=sfs
Consider the case of when 2=0 i.e. rotor assumed non inductive Consider the case of when rotor assumed inductive.
Rotor Current
Standstill Conditions let E20=e.m.f induced per phase of the rotor at standstill. R2= resistance per phase of the rotor X20==resistance per phase of the rotor at standstill = 2f1L2 Z20= rotor impedance per phase at standstill I20= rotor current per phase at standstill Z20= R2+jX20 I20= E20/Z20 power factor at standstill cos20 =R2/Z20 =R2/(R2+X202
Pg= wsd=2ns d= input power to the rotor Total Mechanical power developed by the rotor Pmd=wr d=2 nr d Total I2R loss in rotor =(power transferred from stator to rotor)-(Total Mechanical power developed by rotor) Prc=Pg-Pmd =2 (ns-nr) d Total I2R loss in rotor/ input power to rotor =(2 (ns-nr) d)/(2ns d) =s Rotor copper loss= s * rotor input power Prc= sPg Thus, The rotor copper loss is equal to slip times the rotor input.The term sPg is known as slip power.It is the portion of the air gap power which is not converted into mechanical power.
Starting Torque
At start ,s=1 .Therefore ,starting torque may be obtained by putting s=1 in torque equation
d =ksE202R2/(R22+(sX20)2))
d =kE202R2/(R22+(sX20)2)) The starting torque is also known as standstill torque