This chapter comes under Paper-II.

It is easiest chapter in all and also have lot of

weightage. From this chapter 2 Long answer type questions (24 = 8M), 2 short answer type
questions (22 = 4M) and 2 very short answer type questions (21 = 2M), and 6 objective
bits (61/2 = 3M) altogether 17 marks very easily can be scored. The following material will
help the students very much in the S.S.C public exams.
Matrix: An arrangement of number in to rows and columns is called a "matrix".
Concept of matrices was introduced by "Sir Arthurcayley".
The name "matrix" was given by "J.J. Sylvestor".
The symbol of matrix is "[ ]" or "( )".
If a matrix has 'm' rows and 'n' columns then "m

n" is called "order of matrix".

Addition and subtraction of matrices is possible if and only if they are of the same order.
Multiplication of matrices is possible if the number of columns of first matrix is equals to
number of rows of second matrix. i.e. A
mn
B
np
= AB
mp
.
If A
T
= A or A
T
A = 0 or A A
T
= 0 then A is called symmetric matrix.
If A
T
= A or A
T
+ A = 0 then 'A' is called skew-symmetric matrix.
A square matrix in which principle diagonal elements are equal is called "scalar matrix".
Eg: is a scalar matrix.
If is a scalar matrix then = _____ (Ans: 3)

If then t = ______ (Ans: 4)

Problem: 1
Find x and y if
Sol:
[ ] [ ]
2 3
x y 6 10
0 1
, ]

, ]
]
[ ] [ ]
2 3
x y 6 10
0 1
, ]

, ]
]
t
4 3
4 3
2 16
2 2
, ] , ]

, ]
, ]
]
]
[ ] ( ) [ ]
( )
, ]
+
, ]
]
, ]

, ]
]
x
A 5 2 B then i AB 5x 2y
y
5x 2x
ii BA
5y 2y
3 0
0
, ]
, ]

]
7 0
A
0 7
, ]

, ]
]
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MATRICES
[ ] [ ]
2x 0 3x y 6 10 + +
3x + y = 10
3(3) + y = 10
9 + y = 10
y = 10 9
x = 3, y = 1
Problem: 2
find m if AB = BA.
Sol:
2 0 8 m
1
0 0 0
2
+ , ]
, ]

, ]
+ +
]
1 4
2 m
BA
1
0 1
0
2
, ]
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

]
, ]
]
( )
2 m 2
____ 1
1
0
2
, ]
, ]

, ]
]
2 0 m 4 + +

2
1
2

1
1
0 0 0 1
2
, ]
j \
, ] , (
, ] , (
, (
, ]
( ,
, ]
j \
, ]
+ +
, (
, ]
( ,
]
2 m
1 4
AB
1
0 1 0
2
, ]
, ]
, ]

, ]
, ]

]
]
2 m
1 4
A B
1
0 1 0
2
, ]
, ]
, ]

, ]
, ]

]
]
2 m
1 4
A B ,
1
0 1 0
2
, ]
, ]
, ]

, ]
, ]

]
]
y 1
x 3
2
1
x 6
3
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Given that AB = BA
From (1) & (2)
m 2 = 8 m
m + m = 8 + 2
Problem: 3
then show that A
2
(a + d) A = (bc ad)I
Sol:
L.H.S
A
2
(a + d)A
= A A (a + d)A
( )
1 0
bc ad
0 1
, ]

, ]
]
bc ad 0
0 bc ad
, ]

, ]

]
2
a

2
bc a + ad ab bd + ab bd
ca dc + ac dc
2
cb d +
2
ad d
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
2 2
2 2
a bc ab bd a ad ab bd
ca dc cb d ac dc ad d
, ] , ]
+ + + +

, ] , ]
+ + + + , ] , ]
] ]
( )
a b a b a b
a d
c d c d c d
, ] , ] , ]
+
, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
I
a b 1 0
A
c d 0 1
, ] , ]

, ] , ]
] ]
I
a b 1 0
A
c d 0 1
, ] , ]

, ] , ]
] ]
m 5
2
1
m 10
5
( )
2 8 m
____ 2
1
0
2
, ]
, ]

, ]
]
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2 m 2 2 8 m
1 1
0 0
2 2
, ] , ]
, ] ,

, ] ,
] ]
= (bc ad) I
R.H.S.
Determinant of square matrix:
Then ad bc is called determinant of A and it is denoted by |A| ie |A| = ad bc
Eg:
Eg:
Note: A matrix whose determinant is zero is called "singular matrix".
A matrix whose determinant is not equals to zero is called "non singular matrix".
Multiplicative inverse of a square matrix:
A & B are any two non-singular matrices and AB = BA = I then each is called multiplicative
inverse of other ie A
1
= B and B
1
= A.

Problem: 4
and A doesn't have multiplicative inverse then find x.
Sol:
A doesn't have multiplicative inverse
A is singular matrix
|A| = 0
(4 9) (x x) = 0
36 x
2
= 0
x
2
= 36
x = 6
Problem: 5
If show that 'P' is it's own inverse.
1 4
P ,
0 1
, ]

, ]

]
4 x
0
x 9

4 x
A
x 9
, ]

, ]
]
4 x
A
x 9
, ]

, ]
]
1
a b d b
1
A A
ad bc c d c a

, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
( )
1 2
____ Ans : 10
3 4

( )
2 3
____ Ans : 0
6 9

a b
If A
c d
, ]

, ]
]
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Proof:
= P
Here P
1
= P
P is it's own inverse
Problem: 6
If then show that B + B
1
= 4I
Sol:
3 2
1 1
, ]

, ]

]
3 2
1
1 1 1
, ]

, ]

]
3 2
1
3 2 1 1
, ]

, ]

]
( ) ( )
1
1 2 3 2
1
B B
1 3 1 2 1 3 1 1

, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1
a b d b
1
A A
ad bc c d c a

, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1 2
B
1 3
, ]

, ]
]
1 2
B
1 3
, ]

, ]
]
1 4
0 1
, ]

, ]

]
1 4
1
0 1
, ]

, ]
]
1 4
1
1 0 1
, ]

, ]

]
( ) ( )
1
1 4 1 4
1
P P
1 1 4 0 0 1 0 1

, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
1
a b d b
1
A A
ad bc c d c a

, ] , ]

, ] , ]
+
] ]
1 4
P ,
0 1
, ]

, ]

]
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Consider
L.H.S
= B + B
1
=
= R.H.S
Cramer's method: (Procedure)
ax + by = p
cx + dy = q
Matrix equation form is
AX = B
|A| = ad bc
0
Cramer's rule can be applicable.
Here
Problem: 7
Solve by using Cramer's method.
Sol:
2x = 7 3y 6x + y = 13
2x + 3y = 7
2x + 3y = 7
6x + y = 13
Matrix equation form is
7 3y
x , y 13 6x
2

7 3y
x , y 13 6x
2

1 2
B B
x and y
A A

2 2
a p
B B aq pc
c q
, ]

, ]
]
1 1
p b
B B pd bq
q d
, ]

, ]
]
a b x p
c d y q
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
I
4 0
4
0 4
, ]

, ]
]
1 2 3 2
1 3 1 1
, ] , ]
+
, ] , ]

] ]
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co-efficient
matrix
variable
matrix
constant
matrix
AX = B
|A| = ad bc
= (2 1) (3 6)
= 2 18
= 1 0
Cramer's rule is applicable.
= 7 39
= 32
= 26 42
= 16
x = 2, y = 1
Matrix inversion method: (Procedure)
ax + by = p
cx + dy = q
Matrix equation form is
AX = B
X = A
1
.B
|A| = ad bc
0
Matrix inversion method is applicable.
X = A
1
.B
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] ,
] ] ]
a b x p
A , X ,B
c d y q
a b x p
c d y q
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
2
B
16
y 1
A 16

1
B
32
x 2
A 16

( ) ( )
2 2
2 7
B B 2 13 7 6
6 13
, ]

, ]
]
( ) ( )
1 1
7 3
B B 7 1 3 13
13 1
, ]

, ]
]
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] ,
] ] ]
2 3 x 7
A , X ,B
6 1 y 13
2 3 x 7
6 1 y 13
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
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Problem: 8
Solve 2x 3y + 6 = 0 and
by using matrix inversion method.
Sol:
2x 3y + 6 = 0
2x 3y = 6
Matrix equation form is
AX = B X = A
1
.B
|A| = ad bc
= (2 1) (3 6)
= 2 + 18
= 20 0
Matrix inversion method is applicable.
X = A
1
.B
X = 3/2 , y = 1
Assignment:
1. If find x and y.
3x 2y 6 5 6
2 2x 3y 2 8
+ , ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
30
3
20
2
20
1
20
, ]
, ]
, ]
, ]
, ]
, ]
]
]
30
1
20 20
, ]

, ]
]
6 24
1
20 36 16
, ]

, ]

]
1 3 6
1
20 6 2 8
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
d b p
1
X
ad bc c a q
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]

] ] ]
2 3 x 6
A , X ,B
6 1 y 8
2 3 x 6
6 1 y 8
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]

] ] ]
8 y
x
6

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6x = 8 y
6x + y = 8

8 y
x
6
2. then show that A(B+C) = AB + AC.
3.
then show that (AB)
1
= B
1
.A
1
4. Solve by using Cramer's rule.
5. Solve by using 'matrix inversion method'.
Fill in the blanks:
1. If then P = ______
2. AB = K.I where KR, then A
1
= ______
3. then d = ______
4. then a = ______
5. ______
6. then order of A is ______
7. (AB)
T
= ______
8. |A| = 0 then A is ______ matrix
9. ______
10. In AX = B ; the coefficient matrix is ______,
variable matrix is ______,
constant matrix is ______.
1
1 4
P P
2 3

, ]

, ]
]
[ ]
1 1
AX 1 2
0 2
, ]

, ]
]
[ ]
a h x
x y
h b y
, ] , ]

, ] , ]
] ]
2a 5
0
6 3

2 4
0
5 d 2

1 3 2 P
0 1 1 1
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]

] ] ]
13 y 17 x
x , y
5 5


7 3x
y , x by 10 0
8

2 1 2 0
A B
3 1 5 3
, ] , ]

, ] , ]

] ]
2 4 2 5 1 2
A B C
3 6 6 1 3 0
, ] , ] , ]

, ] , ] , ]
] ] ]
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