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Medicinal Plants-Hibiscus, Roselle
Medicinal Plants-Hibiscus, Roselle
Introduction
Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (common name Roselle ) is a medicinal plant in the Malvaceae family that originated in Egypt. Its original Arabic name is Karkade. Other common names are Sorrel, Jamaica Sorrel, Lozey, Cabitutu, Vinuela, Oseille de Guinee, Pink Lemonade Flower, Vinagrillo, and Afrika Bamyasi. [1] Hibiscus is considered to be a tropical plant that grows annually. There are a lot of different varieties of Hibiscus seeds around the world, including India, Africa, Sudan, Jamaica, China, Philippines, and the United States. The largest germoplasm collections are stored in Maryland and Australia. All the parts of Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. are used for medicinal purposes, especially in alternative medicine.
Preparation
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The Hibiscus calyx is used mostly for food production and treatment purposes. The calyx is obtained from the plant and processed to a dry consistency. In some applications, chemical components are extracted from dried calyces and then used in experiments or treatments. But for food and tea production, whole dried calyces and even leaves are used as a raw component.
Physical Characteristics
Copyright Blog OF Lionel Aranha Permission requested. Link to source Hibiscus is a tall branched plant with a stem length of about 2 meters (6 feet) with large red to purple flowers. The flowers have a berry-like aroma with a balanced tart flavor. In its Sabdariffa variety, flowers can be pale yellow with pink circles on the petals. Both varieties of Hibiscus have poor quality fiber. The flowers are hermaphroditic (posses characteristics of both sexes) and are propagated by insects. Hibiscus's leaves are alternate, glabrous, long-petiolate, palmately divided into 37 lobes. Calyces can be different sizes but mostly differentiate in diameter (from 0.5 to 1.5 inches).[5]
Cultivation
Hibiscus should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season usually in April, but in August in Florida. Seeds have to be planted about 1cm deep into the ground and about 50 cm apart one from another in order to obtain a good yield of large calyces. Manure and weeding will increase the calyx yield. Cuttings of Hibiscus can be used for the cultivation as a parent source. The soil must be moist and well-drained but can be acidic or basic, light or heavy. It requires significant sunlight but tolerate heavy winds and rains and temperatures ranging from 12.5 C to 27.5 C and a pH range from 4.5 to 8.0.[6] Hibiscus growth is also very sensitive to the solar calendar. It blooms better during the short days with a less light. Blooms can survive for up to two months. Its total cultivating and maturing time is approximately four months. Hibiscus is susceptible to fungi, virus and bacteria attack. There are several insects that attack it as well.
Chemical Components
There are three major effective agents present in Hibiscus:[13]
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Hibiscus flowers contain gossypetin, anthocyanin, and glycoside hibiscin, which have diuretic and choleretic effects controling the proper level of blood viscosity, reducing blood pressure and enhancing activity of intestinalperistalsis.[6], [8]Dried flowers contain ascorbic acid and have antiscorbutic effects. One of the benefits of chemical components of Hibiscus is the ability to oxidize lipoproteins that can contribute to atherosclerosis if present in the body in high concentration. Chemical components that contribute to the oxidation of phospholipids are flavonoids, polyphenolics and anthocyanins. They act by diluting the concentration of waxy buildup in the arteries due to the action of lipoproteins.
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portions of plant respectevely. After several steps 1Butanol was isolated that induced a production of 1 mol of quercetin and glucose.Protocatechuic acid was obtained by the process of alkaline degradation.[18] Hibiscus anthocyanins (HAs) Cyanidin Delphinidin Isolation of Anthocyanins pigments was studied in 1917 by isolating it from flowers such as poppies, peonies and etc.Different colors that were present in the plants was thought coming from the reaction of anthocyanins. Willstatter was one of the sintists who devided plants and fruit pigments into 3 different groups depending on the type of anthocyanins present. Two of the groups were cyanidin and delphinidin that were isolated from Hibiscus today. Cyannidin is one Anthocyanin that was synthesised by the reaction ofguercetin and magnesium at 35 degree Celcius.Willatter was working on isolation of cyanidin from yellow and red flower pettals that were 0.7 percent and 13-14 percent of the dry weight.[15] Anthocyanins pigments
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present in the plant as glucosides mixed with sugar.Isolating pigments, flowers have to be boiled in water and then pigments will precipitate (as lead salts) following the process of isolation by adding lead acetate.Lead pigments are filtered, decomposed by two dilute acids (sulfuric acid).later, solutions are boiled for several hours in order to split glucoside and less soluble pigments that filtered out.[19] Today synthesis of anthocyanin genes can be done by such procedures as protein purification, transposon tagging, deffirential screening and etc. Mutation of genes during the synthesis of anthocyanincs was possible, although today mutation causing genes can be isolated. Synthesis starts with malonyl-CoA and pcoumaroyl-CoA. Both coenzymes produce tetrahydroxychalcone from three acetate units and with the help chalcone synthase (CHS).In the next step, colorless niringenin product is produced with the help of chalcone isomerase (CHI) and then converted to dihydrokaempferol (DHK) with the help of flavonone 3hydroxylase (F3H). In the next step dihydroquercetin
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(DHQ) and dihydromyrecetin (DHM) are produced when DHK get hdroxylated by flavonoid 3hydroxylase or flavonoid 3,5hydroxylase respectevely. In the siries of enzymeatic reactions colorless DHK, DHQ and DHM converted to anthocyanins. In first enzymatic reaction Leucoanthocyanidins are produced with the help of dihydroflavonol 4-reductase(DFR). Two other enzymatic reacions convert Leucoanthocyanidins to red cyanidin and blue delphinidin pigments.[17] Organic Acids. Ascorbic Acid Organic acids such as ascorbic acid(Vitaminc), oxalic acid, tartaic and etc. were isolated from the plant Hibiscus. Ascorbic acid was found to convey a greater pharmacoloogical effect indicated in the studies on animals and humans. Hhibiscus cold drink contain great amount of ascorbic acid. In Charles E. Bills article in 1935 ascrbic acid was thought as reducing substance that relatively stable in acid but get easily oxidized in alkaline.Bills obtained extract from lemon juice and converted it to alkaline testing it on
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lighted photograph that fainted black. Leter he discovered that Vitamin C (l-ascorbic acid) was a substance that apperred in lemon and used it in his other photographic experimetns.[20]
Use in Industry
The most common use of Hibiscus in industry is the production of fiber extracted from the stalk. About 1,700 kg/ha of fiber is produced from Hibiscus's stalk, which contains 5% fiber.[5] The fiber is used in the production of cord. Also, Hibiscus petals are used in the production of yellow dye commonly used in medicine. Hibiscus seeds are used for the production of cooking oil, with a yield of 20% by weight. [6]
Interesting Facts
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Since Hibiscus is a tropical plant, it grows well in Florida, especially its Victor variety. And for that reason it carries the common name of Florida cranberry. In fact, sometimes it is even substituted for cranberry.[3] Blogs.ibiblio.org Site rated Hibiscus Sabdariffa L. (Roselle) as high as the 3rd from 5 in its usefulness.[4]
Definition List
Antioxidant A naturally occurring or synthetic substances that inhibit or retard the oxidation of a substance to which it is added. Anthocyanins A group of FLAVONOIDS derived from FLAVONOLS, which lack the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated versions of cyanidin, pelargonidin or delphinidin. The conjugated bonds result in blue, red, and purple colors in flowers of plants. Diuretics Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function. Calyx (Calix) A flower-shaped or funnel-shaped structure Antiscorbutic Effective in the prevention or relief of scurvy. Scurvy A disease caused by deficiency of vitamin C and characterized by spongy bleeding gums, bleeding under the skin, and weakness Systolic pressure The highest arterial blood pressure reached during any given ventricular cycle. Diastolic pressure The lowest arterial blood pressure reached during any given ventricular cycle. Peristalsis A movement, caused by sequential muscle contraction, that pushes the contents of the intestines or other tubular organs in one direction. Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances Low-molecular-weight end products, probably malondialdehyde, that are formed during the decomposition of lipid peroxidation products. These compounds react with thiobarbituric acid to form a fluorescent red adduct.
Bibliography
1. United Nations Industrial Development Organization, International Centre for Science and High Technology: Database on Important Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.ics.trieste.it/MedicinalPlant/_MedicinalPlant_References.aspx?id=101 2. King Tut Shop: Egyption Herbs: Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.kingtutshop.com/Egyptian-Herb/hibiscus.htm 3. University of Florida: Institute of Food and Agricultural sciences (IFAS): Roselle -- Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/MV126 4. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill: iBiblio.org: Plants For A Future: Database Search Results. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.ibiblio.org/pfaf/cgi-bin/arr_html? Hibiscus+sabdariffa 5. Purdue University: Center for New Crops and Plant Products: Hibiscus sabdariffa L.. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Hibiscus_sabdariffa.html 6. Plants for a Future: Edible, medicinal and useful plants for a healthier world: Hibiscus sabdariffa - L. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php? Hibiscus+sabdariffa 7. National Genetic Resources Program (NGRIP): Plant Germplasm Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?19078 8. Truestar Personal health Guidance system: Hibiscus. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.truestarhealth.com/Notes/4373005.html
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9. Ahmed H. Eissa's Home Page: Egyptian Medicinal Plants. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://members.cox.net/ahmedheissa/medplnts.htm 10. Asia Society's Asia Food: Roselle Hibiscus sabdariffa. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.asiafood.org/glossary_1.cfm?alpha=R&wordid=2897&startno=27&endno=51 11. Ageless Herbal products.Ageless - the herbal anti-aging site: Herbal remedies using Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa). Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.ageless.co.za/rosella.htm 12. Tropilab, Inc.: Hibiscus Sabdariffa L.-Roselle. Retrieved on Thursday, February 25, 2008 from http://www.tropilab.com/roselle.html 13. National Institute of Health. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved on Thursday, February 27, 2008 from http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 14. The Free Medical Dictionary by Farlex. Retrieved on Thursday, February 27, 2008 from http://medicaldictionary.thefreedictionary.com/ 15. West C.J.Botanical Gazette.,1917,64,255-260."Anthocyans". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0006-8071%28191709%2964%3A3%3C255%3AA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Z/ 16. Everest A.E.;Hall A.J.Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B,Containing Papers of a Biogical Character.,1921,92,150-162."Anthocyanins and Anthocyanidins. Part IV.--Observations on: (a) Anthocyan Colours in Flowers, and (b) the Formation of Anthocyans in Plants". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=09501193%2819210502%2992%3A644%3C150%3AAAAPIO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y/ 17. Holton T.A.;Cornish E.C.The Plant Cell.,1995,7,1071-1083."Genetics and Biochemistry of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=10404651%28199507%297%3A7%3C1071%3AGABOAB%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7/ 18. Hedin P.A.;Lamar III P.L.;Thompson A.C.;Minyard J.P.American Journal of Botany.,1968,55,431-437." Isolation and Structural Determination of 13 Flavonoid Glycosides in Hibiscus Besculentus (Okra)". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9122%28196804%2955%3A4%3C431%3AIASDO1%3E2.0.CO%3B2X/ 19. Bills C.E.Science.,1935,81,257-258." Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C) and Photographic Developing Action". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=00368075%2819350308%293%3A81%3A2097%3C257%3AAA%28CAP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8/ 20. M.W.The American Naturalist.,1915,49,256."Flower Pigments". http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0003-0147%28191504%2949%3A580%3C256%3AFP%3E2.0.CO%3B2-3/ Log File
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