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Chapter 36-1 Reproductive Systems
Chapter 36-1 Reproductive Systems
Chapter 36-1 Reproductive Systems
Bio 30 NWRC
Sperm Cells
Sperm Cells
The Head. This has two important features. The acrosome contains lytic enzymes which are released when the sperm reaches an ovum. These enzymes digest the outer membrane of the egg, allowing penetration of the sperm. The head also contains a single set of chromosomes derived from the male. This will include either an 'X' or 'Y' chromosome, because of the way the XY separate during meiosis.
Sperm Cells
The Middle Section. This part, immediately behind the head, contains numerous mitochondria. These respire sugars in the semen to generate ATP in order to provide the energy for movement of the tail.
Sperm Cells
The Tail. This contains microfilaments running the length of the tail (Rhythmic contraction of the filaments causes the tail to wave and move against the fluid environment, providing forward motion.
Path of Sperm
Male Hormones
Testosterone: is a steroid hormone. In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the testes of males (and also the ovaries of females), although small amounts are also secreted by the adrenal glands. It is the principal male sex hormone. It is necessary for the production of sperm and secondary sex characteristics (hair growth, muscle development etc.)
Male Hormones
3 Hormones influence testosterone production Gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GNRH1), is a hormone responsible for the release of FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) and LH (luteinizing hormone) from the anterior pituitary. GNRH1 is synthesized and released by the hypothalamus. Both travel through the bloodstream to the testes. FSH promotes production of sperm and LH stimulates production of testosterone.
Female Hormones
Estrogen and progesterone are the main steroid hormones made by the ovaries. The anterior pituitary also produces LH and FSH which effect estrogen and progesterone levels. Estrogen affects the secondary sex characteristics in women (breasts and fatty tissue increase, menstrual cycle begins)
Assessment
1. FSH and LH are regulated by negative feedback processes involving hormones (testosterone estrogen and progesterone). These hormones regulate sex cell production
Assessment
2. Refer to hand outs!
Assessment
3. Sugars are produced by the seminal vesicles and provide energy for the sperm cells. An alkaline solution is produced by the prostate gland and bulbbourethral glands to neutralize any acidic conditions the sperm cells may encounter is the urethra or vagina
Assessment
4. The endrometrium sheds the blood, tissue fluid, mucus and epithelial cells. After about 5 days the endrometrium begins to repair itself, after about 12 days ovulation occurs. The follicle is changed to the corpus luteum which produces large amounts of progesterone and some estrogen. Late in the cycle the CL breaks down and stops producing hormones. The endrometrium detaches and the cycle begins again