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The Timber Design Module Can Be Used To Design Timber Members in Frames and Trusses
The Timber Design Module Can Be Used To Design Timber Members in Frames and Trusses
Timber Design
The timber design module can be used to design timber members in frames and trusses.
Timber Design
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Quick Reference
Timber Design using PROKON Timber Member Design 3 5
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Timber Design
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Design scope
The timber member design module can design timber and glued laminated timber load bearing members. Timsec currently has the following limitations: Only rectangular sections bent about their major or minor axes can be designed. Design of tapered and haunched sections is not supported.
Design codes
The program designs timber members according to the following allowable stress design codes: BS 5268 - 1991. SABS 0163 - 1989.
Units of measurement
Timsec supports Metric units of measurement only.
Symbols
Where possible, the same symbols are used as in the design codes: Dimensions B : Section breadth (mm). D : Section depth (mm). L/r : Slenderness ratio. Leff : Effective length (m). Design parameters Ke : Factor with which the member length is multiplied to obtain the effective length for lateral torsional buckling. Refer to page 8 for detail. Kx : Factor with which the member length is multiplied to obtain the effective length for buckling about the x-x axis of the member. Refer to page 9 for more detail.
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Ky : Factor with which the member length must be multiplied to obtain the effective length for buckling about the local y-y axis of the member. Modification factors k1 to k5 : Stress modification factors for SAB 1063 - 1989. K1 to K14 : Stress and dimensional modification factors for BS 5268 - 1991. Refer to page 11 for detail. Stresses fb : Allowable bending stress (MPa). fc : Allowable compression stress (MPa). ft : Allowable tension stress (MPa). sb : Actual bending stress (MPa) sc : Actual compression stress (MPa) st : Actual tension stress (MPa)
Sign conventions
Member design is done in the local element axes. Bending about the x-x axis corresponds to strong axis bending and bending about the y-y axis to weak axis bending. Axial force and moment The local axes system and force directions are defined as follows: Axial force: The local z-axis and axial force is chosen in the direction from the smaller node number to the larger node number. A positive axial force indicates compression and a negative force tension. Bending: Moments about the x and y-axes represent bending about the sections strong and weak axes respectively. Positive moments are taken anticlockwise in all diagrams.
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P-delta effects
Trusses are normally not sensitive to sway. However, in any structure, if you judge P-delta effects to be an important part of the analysis, you should perform a second order frame analysis.
Design parameters
Different design parameters can be set for each group of elements designed: Effective length factors beams The lateral torsional stability of a beam depends on the degree of restraint to be expected at each end of the beam and of the compression edge along the length of the beam. The codes treat lateral buckling by limiting section dimensions and specifying effective length factor, Ke: BS 5268 - 1991: To ensure there is no risk of lateral buckling of beams, limiting depth to breadth rations are given in clause 14.8, Table 19. Degree of lateral support Maximum D:B ratio 2 3 4
Ends held in position and members held in line at centres not more than 30 times the breadth of the member, e.g. by purlins or tie rods Ends held in position and compression edge held in line, e.g. direct connection of sheathing, deck or joists Ends held in position and compression edge held in line, e.g. direct connection of sheathing, deck or joists, together with adequate bridging or blocking spaced at intervals not exceeding 6 times the depth
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SABS 0163 - 1989: Lateral stability of beams is treated in clause 6.2.3.2. The laterally unsupported should be multiplied with the effective length factor given in Table 11: Effective length factor, Ke at 1.61 1.92 1.84 1.69
Position of applied load Concentrated at centre Uniformly distributed Equal end moments
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The effective length factor may conservatively be taken as 1.92 for all situations. Effective length factors for struts and ties The effective length factors depend on the degree of restraint to be expected at each end of compression members. Guidelines are given in the codes: BS 5268 - 1991: Refer to clause 15.3, Table 21. SABS 0163 - 1989: Compression members are discussed in clause 6.4.3, Table 12
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Effective length factors of compression members are summarised below: Effective length factor 0.7
End condition Fully restrained at both ends in position and direction Restrained at both ends in position and one end in direction Restrained at both ends in position only
0.85
1.0 1.5
Restrained at one end and in position and direction and at the other end in direction only Restrained at one end in position and direction and free at the other end
2.0
Considering a typical plane timber truss, the effective length Lx relates to in-plane buckling. For struts where rotational fixity is provided by the connection, e.g. two or more fasteners, a value between 0.70 and 0.85 is usually appropriate. Where rotation at the joints are possible, e.g. single bolted connection, a value of 1.0 would normally be applicable. For a typical plane truss, the effective length Ly relates to buckling out of the vertical plane. This phenomenon can often govern the design of the top and bottom chords of a truss that can buckle in a snakelike S pattern, giving an effective length equal to unrestrained length. Lateral restraints are normally provided to reduce this effective length. For example, with braced purlins connected to the top chord of the truss, the effective length could be taken equal to the purlin spacing. The effective length Le relates to lateral torsional buckling of a member about its weak axis. The length depends on the spacing and type of restraint of the members compression edge. Using an effective length factor Ke of 1.92 would be conservative for all cases.
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Stress modification factors The codes list several stress and other modification factors, not all of which are applicable to Timsec. Some factors are not covered by scope of the program and other are supported indirectly only by modification of other factors or design parameters. BS 5268 1991: K1 : Modification factor by which the geometrical properties of timber in the dry condition should be multiplied to obtain values for the wet exposure condition. If applicable, you should manually adjust section sizes for the wet exposure condition. K2 : Modification factor to be applied to dry stresses and moduli (Tables 9 through 13 and 15 of the code) to obtain values for the wet exposure condition. The same K2 factor is applicable to bending and tension while a different factor is applicable to compression. K3 : Modification factor for duration of loading. Values from Table 17 of the code are summarised below: Duration of load Long term, e.g. permanent imposed loads dead and K3 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
Medium term, e.g. snow and temporary imposed loads Short term, imposed loads e.g. temporary
Note: Since load duration factor may differ for different loads on the structure, you should divide the relevant loads with this factor at the analysis stage. K4 : Modification factor for bearing stress. Not applicable. K5 : Shear strength factor to allow for notches. Not applicable. K6 : Form factor for solid non-rectangular sections. Not applicable.
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K7 : Multiplication factor for grade bending stresses for members graded to BS 4978, BS 5756 or "NGLA and NGRDL Joist and Plank rules". Likewise grade tension stresses can be multiplied with K14. The factors K7 and K14 are depended on the section dimensions and are automatically calculated during the design process if required. K8 : Factor for load sharing by members connected in parallel. All grade stresses are multiplied by this factor. Tip: You may use the factor for load sharing to include any other modification factors that are not applicable to standard timber sections, e.g. factors applicable to glued laminated timber. K9 : Load sharing factor for calculating deflections. Not applicable. K10, K11 : Size factor for modification of grade compression stresses and moduli of elasticity for members graded in accordance with North American NLGA and NGRDL rules. If applicable, the K10 and K11 modification factors can be included by adjusting the grade stresses. K12 : Factor for allowable compression stress due to slenderness. This factor is automatically calculated during the design process. K13 : Modification factor for the effective length of spaced columns. Instead of using this factor, you should adjust the effective length factors Kx, Ky and Ke if required. K14 : See K7. SABS 0163 1980: k1 : Load duration factor. Since load duration factor may differ for different loads on the structure, you should divide the relevant loads with the Cr factor at the analysis stage. Load division coefficients are given in Table 9 of the code and summarised below: Duration of load Longer than three months, e.g. dead and permanent imposed loads Medium term (one day to three months), e.g. snow and temporary imposed loads
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Cf 1.0
0.8
0.66
wind loads and infrequently imposed loads k2 : Factor for load sharing by members connected in parallel. All grade stresses are multiplied by this factor. Tip: You may use the factor for load sharing to include any other modification factors that are not applicable to standard timber sections, e.g. factors applicable to glued laminated timber. k3 : Stress modification factor for the type of structure. The value may be taken as 1.10 where the consequences of failure are small. For other structures a value of unity should be used. k4 : Modification factor for quality of fabrication. If the fabricated member complies with an SABS specification, the value may be taken as 1.05. k5 : Stress modification factor for moisture content. If the moisture content in a compression member may occasionally exceed 20%, use a value of 0.75. Slenderness limits BS 5269 - 1991 (clause 15.4) and SABS 0163 - 1989 (clause 6.4.4) specify similar slenderness ratios for members in compression. The slenderness limit for compression is taken as 180 in most cases. For tension members, a maximum slenderness ratio of 250, as specified by BS 5268 - 1991, is generally used. When launching Timsec, the slenderness limits given by the selected design code will be used by default. You are free to alter the maximum slenderness ratio for each individual load case or combination if required. For example, in the case where a member is carrying self-weight and wind load only, the codes allow the maximum slenderness ratio for compression members to be increased to 250.
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The following text gives details of the design techniques and also explains how the database of timber grades and sections sizes can be customised.
Re-analysis of the frame Having evaluated the various member sizes, you may find it necessary to return to the original frame analysis and make some changes to section sizes. Before exiting the member design module, first save the task list using the Save command on the File menu. After re-analysing the frame, you can return to the member design module and recall the task list to have the modified structure re-checked without delay. Note: For a task list to be re-used with a modified frame, a reasonable degree of compatibility is required. Tasks that reference specific laterally supported nodes, for example, will require modification if relevant node numbers have changed.
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To add, delete or modify grade properties or section sizes: Use the Edit Timber Grades (F5) function on the Input page to display the database of grades and sections. Refer to page 15 for details. Edit the properties on the Timber Grades page as required. Note that each grade requires a size number. On the Section Sizes page, enter available section dimensions for each size number used on the Timber Grades page. Press OK to permanently save your changes. Use Save as Default and Load Defaults to record your preferred grades and sections independent from the selected design code.
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Tasks input
On entering Timsec, it defaults to reading the last compatible frame analysis for post-processing. You can then choose to: Read and post-process the frame analysis results: Define one or more design tasks by grouping members with relevant design parameters. Interactive design: Ignore the frame analysis and interactively input and design members.
The text that follows describe the use of the programs for reading and post-processing frame analysis results. Information regarding interactive design is given on page 21.
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However, if you opt for interactive design of members, the Input page displays a table for entering member geometry and loading.
To save a task, enter a Task title and click Add task. Once added to the task list, a task will be automatically performed when you go to the Calcsheet page. Define as many tasks as necessary to design the frame in the required detail.
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Modifying design tasks To modify an exiting task: 1. 2. 3. 4. Click Task title to display a list of defined tasks. Select the task you want to modify. Make the necessary changes to the selected members, design parameters etc. Click Update task to save the changes.
Deleting tasks To remove a task from the list, first select the task and then click Delete task. To save the complete task list to disk, use the Save commands on the File menu. Note: Saving the task list with File | Save also saves the intermediate nodes and effective lengths entered in the Members page.
nodes are not laterally supported, you can indicate them on the Members page. Refer to page 24 for detail. Note: To modify the available section sizes for the selected timber grade, click Edit Timber Grades (F5). Refer to page 15 for details.
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Interactive input
The interactive design mode offers an alternative method of designing members. Instead of performing a frame analysis and then and post-processing the results, you can enter member length and forces and design them interactively. To enable the interactive design mode, select Interactive input of data on the Input page. The pages that follow describe the use of the programs for interactive member design. The procedure to reading and post-processing frame analysis results is explained on page 14.
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Evaluate specific sections: To check specific section sizes, select the required sized for breadth and depth.
Name: A descriptive name for each member. L: Length of the member (m). F: Axial force with compression being positive (kN). X/Y: Axis of bending relating to the values that follow next. Use as many lines as necessary to define the loading on the member about the x-x and y-y axes. M1: Moment applied at the left end (anti-clockwise positive) about the X or Y-axis (kNm). M2: Moment at the right end (anti-clockwise positive) (kNm). W1: Distributed load at the left end. The load works over the whole length of the member load and varies linearly between the left and right ends (downward positive) (kN/m). W2: Value of distributed load on right side (kN/m). P: Point load applied on the member (downward positive) (kN). A: Position of the point load, measured from the left end (m).
Timber Member Design
Note: For allowable stress design with BS 5268 - 1991 or SABS 0163 - 1989, you should enter working loads. The profile of the members to evaluate is chosen using the Profile (F5) function. On opening the Design page, the lightest section will be chosen for each member. Lighter or heavier sections of the same profile can then be browsed as required.
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Member definition
Internal nodes and effective lengths are defined on the Members page. The data entered on the Members page are applicable to all design tasks defined on the Input page.
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You can remove an internal node by deleting it form the list or by clicking it again in the picture. Consolidation of members With the addition of each internal node, the relevant node is removed by joining the two adjacent members into a single member. The table of members is continuously updated to show the new member layout. The program uses the following guidelines to when joining members at an internal node: For the automatic selection of internal nodes, adjoining members must have the same section. Only members with an included angle greater than 100 (where 180 corresponds to a perfectly straight member) are joined. Where members of different sections intersect, the larger section defines the main member that should be joined. Where two or more members intersect, the internal node is taken to belong to one of the intersecting members only. The chosen member will be the straightest member or, if the same, the first in the table of members.
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Design results
Select the Design page to perform all design tasks and display the design results. All specified load cases and combinations are considered for each member designed. Unless a very large number of elements and load cases are involved, the design procedure will normally be completed almost instantaneously. By default, the results for the design task active on the Input page are displayed. The results of any other design task can be displayed by selecting the task from the list (see description below). If an interactive member design was performed, the displayed results will be for the interactive design task instead.
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The slenderness ratio checked against the specified maximum allowable slenderness ratio for compression and tension.
Viewing results
The complete interaction formulae are displayed for the critical load case of the first member of the first design task. Individual calculations have OK and FAIL remarks to indicate success or failure. To view the results of another task, member, section or load case: Use the Up and Down buttons to move up or down the list of available options. Tasks and load cases are listed in the order of definition. Sections are ordered by mass. Alternatively click the item, i.e. sections, and use the Up and Down arrow keys. Alternatively click the relevant input box and select an item from the list that drops down.
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Calcsheet
The design results of all tasks are grouped on the Calcsheet page for sending to Calcpad or immediate printing. Use the Output settings function on the Calcsheet page and Settings function on the Input page for the following: Embed the Data File in the calcsheet for easy recalling from Calcpad. Clear the Calcsheet page.
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