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. , ., .

E : 2008
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Hardy-Weinberg;


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) -6 (G6PD) .
,

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1. ,
2. ,
3. ,
4. ,
5. ,
6. ,
7.
.
1.
1.1.

. ,

, ()
().

, ,

,

(probe).
in situ (FISHFluorescence In Situ Hybridisation) .
5.1.:
1)
21 Down
18 Edwards
13 Patau
Turner
Kleinefelter
:
, .
2) FISH
Di George
Williams
Rett

X
(+)
,
.
(chromosomes),
().

.
.
46
, 22 (
) .

( )
(), ,
(.. , ). ,
23 , 22
.

, .
, ,
, .


23+23=46
.
(
).
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(
1 22
) (,
).
22 1
().
22 ,
. ()
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(
)
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).
Barr (
),
. Barr
, ,
,
( ).


. , ,
Barr,
.

,
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, 1
( -1). ,

,
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,

). , (
skewing), (
).


(=-
)
.

,

.

.
, .
,
,
.
(crossing over)
(
50%
, ,
). [ 5.1.]. ,
, ,
(
, ,
- ).

()

() 1

() 2

() 1

() 2

5.1. 1

.
,
23 .
- - ( ).

( ).
, 4 (,

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,
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(), .
,
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) ( ,
). ,

, . ,
DNA,
,
( ).
DNA
. ,
DNA , ,

,
. ,

, DNA. ,
,
.
5.2: DNA
Kearns-Sayre (-, )
Pearson (
Leber
MERRF (Myoclonic epilepsy, ragged red fibers)
MELAS (Myopathy, Encephalopathy, Lactic Acidosis. Stroke-like symptoms)
,
,

.
() ,
. , ()
. ,


( ).

2.
, ,
,

. 5.3. ,
, ,
.

( )



( )

..

5.3.

.

, Down
Klinefelter. ,
, ,
(
) (3 2) .
Down 21,
21.
, , 21
.
21, .
21
. H Down
.
Down
. ,
(
, ),
Down ,
,
.
Down
35 ,
( in vivo
)
Down. ,
(, ) ,

Down,
.
Down
21. ,
(trans-location),
21,
(.. 15). ( 21-15)
(1/3),
5.2. 21-21,
100%.

5.2. () 21-15
() , , ()
21
Down.
:
() =
() =
() =
() = Down
: Down (
) ,
100%
(.. )
, (de novo) . ,

.


.
To Klinefelter
.
.
Barr. 47 ,
().
- (non-disjunction)
.
Turner . ,
Barr.
(),
45. Turner
,

.
(.. , , ) ,
, ,
.
3. ()
,

.

, (locus)
.
(alleles) ,
( )
(.. , , Huntington .).

,
.
( )
,
,

.
( )
( ).

O, (
) .
,

. ,

,
( ).

3.1.

5.4.

()

()

()

() ()

()

() ()

50% ,
.
5.4.
(= , - =
, )


.
,
. : )
, )
(.. Huntington,
), ) (penetrance)
, ,
.
, ,
,
.

[Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) Variable Number of
Tandem Repeats (VNTRs)]
DNA, .
DNA
, DNA
.
,

.
, ,
.

,

. , ,
,
/ ( )

.
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
,
,
(
).
,

- .


(.. ,
,
). ,
/

( - ).
,
.

. ,

. (..
)
(). ,
,
().
,
,
(.. ,
).
5.5

Friedreich
/ Huntington


GAA
CAG
CTG

CGG

3.2.
,

,
. ,

,
. , ,
,
.
,
q=1/20,
:
1
19
X
0.095
20 20
( p p+q=1).
2 pq 2 X

,
:
q2

1
1

2
400
20


,

.
1/2
. 1/8 .

.

, ,
, .
/
.
To Hardy-Weinberg
. T
" HardyWeinberg". ,
,

.
(A ), :
p+q = 1, p () q
(),
p2+2pq+q2 = 1, p2 , 2pq
q2 .

Hardy-Weinberg
, ,
.
5.5.
.

()

()

()

() ()

()

() ()

25% ,
.
5.5.
. (= , = )
5.6.

.

()

()

()

()

()

100%
.
5.6.
.
(= , = ,
)
5.7.

.

()

()

()

() ()

()

() ()

50% ,
.
5.7.
. (= ,
= , )


""
,
( - imprinting).
,
,
, . ,
""
,
.

Prader-Willi Angelman. ,
15.
15 ,
Prader-Willi (
). 15 ,
Angelman (

.. ).
H

X,
( 5.8).
5.8

Prader Willi
Angelman
Beckwith - Wiedemann
Silver-Russell


15q 1.1-1.3.
15q 1.1.-1.3.
11p 1.5.5.
mUPD7

3.3. ( )


, .

S
.


(balanced polymorphism),

( ) ,
. ,



.
3.4.
,
, .


. ,
,
, 5.9.

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

5.9.
, .

,
.
3.5.


. ,
, 3 ,
.
, .
(5.10.-5.13.):

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

5.10. ,
,


()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

5.11. ,
,

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

5.12.
,

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

()

5.13.
,


,
. ,
,
(.. ). ,

,
. , ,
(
), ,
. ,
DNA,

,
( ).

3.6. (Loci)
,
, .
To Rhesus, ,
( ) ,

, C c, D d, E e.
D Rhesus
D (DD),
(Dd). Rhesus
dd.
Rh(+) Rh(-)
, -D,
Rh(+)
.
Rh(-) Rh(+) :
) Rh(+) DD.
) 50% Rh(+) Dd.
) 0% Rh(-) dd.

()

()

dd ()
(RH-)
d
dD
(RH+)

D
dD
(RH+)

DD ()
(RH+)
D
Dd
(RH+)

D
Dd
(RH+)

5.14.
d
D

()

()

dd ()
(RH-)
d
dD
(RH+)

D
dd
(RH-)

Dd ()
(RH+)
D
Dd
(RH+)

d
dd
(RH-)

5.15.
d

()

()

dd ()
(RH-)
d
dd
(RH-)

d
dd
(RH-)

dd ()
(RH-)
d
dd
(RH-)

d
dd
(RH-)

5.16.
d


,
(..
),
Rhesus
.

- -
-D .


-.
, Duchenne,
() .
:
) -

) -
()
,
, -
,
- .

.
5.17 5.18
.
X*X

( )
( )
*
*

(
(
(
(
)
)
)
)
25% ,
.

()

()

5.17. :
.

.

()

()

XX
( )
*
*
(
(
)
)

*
( )

(
(
)
)

, .
5.18. :
.

.


. ,


( Barr). Lyon,

. , ,

, .
,

.



( ). ,
, ( -
,
1 2,

, ).
,

. ,
.
,
(+),

100% (
).
.
3.8.
,
.
, Mendel.
,
, /
,
.


. , ,

.
4. ()

.
, ,
,
.

, .


(
, locus) , .

:
,
, .
, , 1
. ,
2 , 1 .
, ,
,
.
, 16 5.19.

5.19.


,
16 ,
. 8
, 4
. 7
(4 ), 5 ,
, 6 ( ).
,
- -
. ,
, ,
.

.

,

. ,
(.. ,
)

.

5.20
, 5.21

.


.
,

.
.
,

.

, ,

.
100%,
.
,
,
.
,
.

. ,
, ,
.




. ,

.

.
. 46 ,
22 ( )
.
23 , 22 .

,

.
.

.
,
Down Klinefelter. Down
21,
21.


21, .
21,
. 21,
.
Down
21.
(trans-location)
21,
(.. . 15). ( 21-15)
(1/3).
21-21, 100%.
,
.
,
(locus) .
(alleles),
( ) (..
, , Huntington .).

,
.
( )
,
,
,

.
( )
( ).

O, (
) .
,

.


,
.
,
, ,

.
,
.

) , )
(.. Huntington,
)
(penetrance) (
,
).

,

, .
Hardy-Weinberg
,
Hardy-Weinberg. ,

, ,
, .
( ), :
p+q=1,
p () q (),
p2+2pq+q2=1,
p2 , 2pq q2
.
Hardy-Weinberg
, ,
.

-.
, Duchenne, .


, .

S
.


.
,

( crossing-over).
Mendel.
()
, .

,

.


.
,

. .

. ,
, ,
.


. (2 . .. 20062008,
. (2 ). ..
2005
, .
. 2005, 88(2): 152-166
: . ,
, 1971
: . ,
, 1982
: . . 4 . :
, 1986
, : . , ,
1986
Campbell NA.: Biology. 3rd edition. California: Benjamin/Cummings Publishing
Company; 1993
Connor G, Ferguson-Smith M. .
. . 2006
Gelehrter T, Collins F. , 3 . .
. 2006
Therman E, Susman M: Human Chromosomes: Structure, Behavior, and Effects. 3rd
edition. New York, Springer Verlag, 1993
Hartl DL, Clark AG: Principles of Population Genetics. 3rd edition. Sunderland,
Mass, Sinauer Assoc., 1997
Gersen SL, Keagle MB: The Principles of Clinical Cytogenetics. Totowa, N.J.,
Humana Press, 1999
Mange EJ, Mange AP: Basic human genetics. Sunderland, Mass, Sinauer Associates,
Inc., 1999
Strachan T, Read AP: Human molecular genetics-2. 2nd edition. New York, WileyLiss, 1999

5.20


N

1/ 1 600 ()

Duchenne 1/ 3 000 (, )
Gaucher

1/ 2 500 ()
1/ 75 000 ()

Tay-Sachs

1/ 3 500 ()
1/ 35 000 ()

1/ 15 000

1/ 40 000

1/400 (, )

1/400

1/ 10 000 ( -)

(VIII)

5.21
() ,

()

()

'

40

25

50

50

56

'

25

--

'

7.5

--

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