GIO TRNH

MNG MY TNH

H n i 11-2000

Chng 1

S lc lch s pht trin ca mng my tnh

Vo gia nh ng nm 50 khi nhng th h my tnh u tin c a vo ho t ng thc t vi nh ng bng n in t th chng c kch thc rt c ng knh v t n nhiu nng lng. H i vic nhp d liu vo cc my tnh c thng qua cc tm ba m ngi vit chng trnh c l sn. Mi tm ba tng ng vi m t dng lnh m m i mt ct c a n c cha tt c cc k t cn thit m ngi vit chng trnh phi c l vo k t mnh la chn. Cc tm ba c a vo mt "thit b " gi l thit b c ba m qua cc thng tin c a vo my tnh (hay cn gi l trung tm x l) v sau khi tnh ton kt qu s c a ra my in. Nh vy cc thit b c ba v my in c th hin nh cc thit b vo ra (I/O) i vi my tnh. Sau m t thi gian cc th h my m i c a vo hot ng trong m t my tnh trung tm c th c ni vi nhiu thit b vo ra (I/O) m qua n c th thc hin lin tc ht chng trnh ny n chng trnh khc. Cng vi s pht trin ca nhng ng d ng trn my tnh cc phng php nng cao kh nng giao tip vi my tnh trung tm c ng c u t nghin cu rt nhiu. Vo gi a nh ng nm 60 m t s nh ch to my tnh nghin cu thnh cng nh ng thit b truy cp t xa ti my tnh ca h. Mt trong nhng phng php thm nhp t xa c thc hin b ng vic ci t mt thit b u cui mt v tr cch xa trung tm tnh ton, thit b u cu i ny c lin kt vi trung tm bng vic s dng ng dy in thoi v vi hai thit b x l tn hiu (thng gi l Modem) gn hai u v tn hiu c truy n thay v trc tip th thng qua dy in thoi.

Hnh 1.1. M hnh truyn d liu t xa u tin Nhng d ng u tin ca thit b u cu i bao gm my c ba, my in, thit b x l tn hiu, cc thit b cm nhn. Vic lin kt t xa c th thc hin thng qua nhng vng khc nhau v l nhng dng u tin c a h thng mng. Trong lc a ra gii thiu nhng thit b u cui t xa, cc nh khoa hc trin khai mt lot nhng thit b iu khin, nh ng thit b u cu i c bit cho php ngi s dng nng cao c kh nng tng tc vi my tnh. Mt trong nhng sn phm quan tr ng l h th ng thit b u cu i 3270 ca IBM. H th ng bao gm cc mn hnh, cc h thng iu khin, cc thit b truyn thng c lin kt v i cc trung tm tnh ton. H thng 3270 c gii thiu vo nm 1971 v c s d ng dng m rng kh nng tnh ton c a trung tm my tnh ti cc vng xa. lm gim nhim v truyn thng c a my tnh trung tm v s lng cc lin kt gia my tnh trung tm vi cc thit b u cu i, IBM v cc cng ty my tnh khc sn xut mt s cc thit b sau: Thit b kim sot truyn thng: c nhim v nhn cc bit tn hiu t cc knh truyn thng, gom chng li thnh cc byte d liu v chuyn nhm cc byte ti my tnh trung tm x l, thit b ny c ng thc hin cng vic ngc li chuyn tn hiu tr li ca my tnh trung tm ti cc trm xa. Thit b trn cho

php gim bt c thi gian x l trn my tnh trung tm v xy dng cc thit b logic c trng. Thit b kim sot nhiu u cui: cho php cng m t lc kim sot nhiu thit b u cui. My tnh trung tm ch cn lin kt vi mt thit b nh vy l c th ph c v cho tt c cc thit b u cu i ang c gn vi thit b kim sot trn. iu ny c bit c ngha khi thit b kim sot nm cch xa my tnh v ch cn s d ng mt ng in thoi l c th phc v cho nhiu thit b u cui.

Hnh 1.2: M hnh trao i mng ca h thng 3270 Vo gia nh ng nm 1970, cc thit b u cui s d ng nhng phng php lin kt qua ng cp nm trong m t khu vc c ra i. Vi nh ng u im t nng cao t c truyn d liu v qua kt hp c kh nng tnh ton c a cc my tnh li vi nhau. thc hin vic nng cao kh nng tnh ton vi nhiu my tnh cc nh sn xu t b t u xy d ng cc mng phc tp. Vo nhng nm 1980 cc h thng ng truyn t c cao c thit lp Bc M v Chu u v t c ng xut hin cc nh cung cp cc dnh v truyn thng vi nhng ng truyn c tc cao hn nhiu ln so vi ng dy in thoi. Vi nh ng chi ph thu bao chp nhn c, ngi ta c th s d ng c cc ng truyn ny lin kt my tnh li vi nhau v bt u hnh thnh cc mng mt cch rng khp. y cc nh cung cp d ch v xy dng nhng ng truyn d liu lin kt gia cc thnh ph v khu vc vi nhau v sau cung cp cc dch v truyn d liu cho nh ng ngi xy d ng mng. Ngi xy d ng mng lc ny s khng cn xy d ng li ng truyn ca mnh m ch cn s d ng m t phn cc nng lc truyn thng ca cc nh cung cp. Vo nm 1974 cng ty IBM gii thiu mt lot cc thit b u cui c ch to cho lnh vc ngn hng v thng mi, thng qua cc dy cp mng cc thit b u cui c th truy cp cng mt lc vo mt my tnh dng chung. Vi vic lin kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh nh mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh th tin chi ph cho cc thit b v phn mm l thp. T vic nghin cu kh nng s d ng chung mi trng truyn thng v cc ti nguyn ca cc my tnh nhanh chng c u t. Vo nm 1977, cng ty Datapoint Corporation bt u bn h iu hnh mng c a mnh l "Attached Resource Computer Network" (hay gi tt l Arcnet) ra th trng. Mng Arcnet cho php lin kt cc my tnh v cc trm u cui li bng dy cp mng, qua tr thnh l h iu hnh mng c c b u tin.

T n nay c rt nhiu cng ty a ra cc sn phm ca mnh, c bit khi cc my tnh c nhn c s d ng m t cnh rng ri. Khi s l ng my vi tnh trong m t vn phng hay c quan c tng ln nhanh chng th vic kt n i chng tr nn v cng c n thit v s mang li nhiu hiu qu cho ngi s d ng. Ngy nay vi m t lng ln v thng tin, nhu cu x l thng tin ngy cng cao. Mng my tnh hin nay tr nn qu quen thuc i vi chng ta, trong m i lnh vc nh khoa hc, qun s, qu c phng, th ng mi, dch v , gio dc... Hin nay nhiu ni mng tr thnh m t nhu cu khng th thiu c. Ngi ta thy c vic kt n i cc my tnh thnh mng cho chng ta nh ng kh nng mi to ln nh: S dng chung ti nguyn: Nhng ti nguyn ca mng (nh thit b, chng trnh, d liu) khi c tr thnh cc ti nguyn chung th mi thnh vin ca mng u c th tip cn c m khng quan tm ti nhng ti nguyn u. Tng tin cy ca h thng: Ngi ta c th d dng b o tr my mc v lu tr (backup) cc d liu chung v khi c tr c trc trong h thng th chng c th c khi ph c nhanh chng. Trong trng hp c trc trc trn m t trm lm vic th ngi ta c ng c th s dng nhng trm khc thay th. Nng cao cht lng v hiu qu khai thc thng tin: Khi thng tin c th c s dng chung th n mang li cho ngi s d ng kh nng t chc li cc cng vic vi nh ng thay i v cht nh: p ng nhng nhu cu ca h th ng ng dng kinh doanh hin i. Cung cp s thng nht gia cc d liu. Tng cng nng lc x l nh kt hp cc b phn phn tn. Tng cng truy nhp ti cc d ch v mng khc nhau ang c cung cp trn th gii. Vi nhu cu i h i ngy cng cao ca x h i nn vn k thut trong mng l m i quan tm hng u ca cc nh tin h c. V d nh lm th no truy xut thng tin m t cch nhanh chng v t i u nht, trong khi vic x l thng tin trn mng qu nhiu i khi c th lm tc nghn trn mng v gy ra mt thng tin mt cch ng tic. Hin nay vic lm sao c c m t h thng mng ch y tht tt, tht an ton vi li ch kinh t cao ang rt c quan tm. Mt vn t ra c rt nhiu gii php v cng ngh, mt gii php c rt nhiu yu t cu thnh, trong mi yu t c nhiu cch la ch n. Nh vy a ra m t gii php hon chnh, ph hp th phi tri qua mt qu trnh ch n l c d a trn nhng u im c a tng yu t, tng chi tit rt nh. gii quyt mt vn phi da trn nh ng yu cu t ra v da trn cng ngh gii quyt. Nh ng cng ngh cao nht cha chc l cng ngh tt nht, m cng ngh tt nht l cng ngh ph hp nht.

Ch ng 2

Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh

Vi s pht trin c a khoa hc v k thut, hin nay cc mng my tnh pht trin mt cch nhanh chng v a dng c v quy m, h iu hnh v ng d ng. Do vy vic nghin cu chng ngy cng tr nn phc tp. Tuy nhin cc mng my tnh cng c cng cc im chung thng qua chng ta c th nh gi v phn lo i chng. I. nh ngha m ng my tnh Mng my tnh l m t tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi ng truyn theo mt cu trc no v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li cho nhau. ng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy hay khng dy dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu d i dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. y ng truyn c kt ni c th l dy cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang, dy in tho i, sng v tuyn ... Cc ng truyn d liu to nn cu trc c a mng. Hai khi nim ng truyn v cu trc l nhng c trng c bn c a mng my tnh.

Hnh 2.1: Mt m hnh lin kt cc my tnh trong mng

Vi s trao i qua li gia my tnh ny vi my tnh khc phn bit mng my tnh vi cc h thng thu pht m t chiu nh truyn hnh, pht thng tin t v tinh xung cc trm thu th ng... v ti y ch c thng tin mt chiu t ni pht n n i thu m khng quan tm n c bao nhiu ni thu, c thu tt hay khng.

c trng c bn ca ng truyn vt l l gii thng. Gii thng ca mt ng chuyn chnh l o phm vi tn s m n c th p ng c. T c truyn d liu trn ng truyn cn c gi l thng lng ca ng truyn - th ng c tnh bng s lng bit c truyn i trong mt giy (Bps). Thng lng cn c o b ng n v khc l Baud (ly t tn nh bc h c - Emile Baudot). Baud biu th s lng thay i tn hiu trong mt giy. y Baud v Bps khng phi bao gi cng ng nht. V d: nu trn ng dy c 8 mc tn hiu khc nhau th m i mc tn hiu tng ng vi 3 bit hay l 1 Baud tng ng v i 3 bit. Ch khi c 2 mc tn hiu trong m i mc tn hiu tng ng v i 1 bit th 1 Baud mi tng ng vi 1 bit. II. Phn loi m ng my tnh Do hin nay mng my tnh c pht trin khp ni vi nhng ng d ng ngy cng a d ng cho nn vic phn lo i mng my tnh l mt vic rt phc tp. Ngi ta c th chia cc mng my tnh theo khong cch a l ra lm hai loi: Mng din rng v Mng cc b. Mng cc b (Local Area Networks - LAN) l mng c thit lp lin kt cc my tnh trong mt khu vc nh trong m t to nh, mt khu nh. Mng din r ng (Wide Area Networks - WAN) l mng c thit lp lin kt cc my tnh ca hai hay nhiu khu vc khc nhau nh gia cc thnh ph hay cc tnh. S phn bit trn ch c tnh cht c l, cc phn bit trn cng tr nn kh xc nh vi vic pht trin c a khoa hc v k thut c ng nh cc phng tin truyn d n. Tuy nhin vi s phn bit trn ph ng din a l a ti vic phn bit trong nhiu c tnh khc nhau c a hai lo i mng trn, vic nghin cu cc phn bit cho ta hiu r hn v cc lo i mng. III. S phn bit gia mng cc b v mng din rng Mng c c b v mng din rng c th c phn bit bi: a phng ho t ng, t c ng truyn v t l l i trn ng truyn, ch qu n ca mng, ng i ca thng tin trn mng, dng chuyn giao thng tin. a phng hot ng: Lin quan n khu vc a l th mng cc b s l mng lin kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh. Khu vc c th bao gm mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh... iu hn ch bi khong cch ng dy cp c dng lin kt cc my tnh ca mng c c b (Hn ch cn l hn ch c a kh nng k thu t c a ng truyn d liu). Ngc li mng din r ng l mng c kh nng lin kt cc my tnh trong mt vng rng ln nh l m t thnh ph , m t min, mt t nc, mng din r ng c xy d ng n i hai ho c nhiu khu vc a l ring bit. Tc ng truyn v t l l i trn ng truyn: Do cc ng cp ca mng cc b c xy dng trong m t khu vc nh cho nn n t b nh hng bi tc ng c a thin nhin (nh l sm chp, nh sng...). iu cho php mng cc b c th truyn d liu vi t c cao m ch chu m t t l li nh . Ngc li vi mng din r ng do phi

truyn nhng kho ng cch kh xa vi nhng ng truyn dn di c khi ln ti hng ngn km. Do v y mng din rng khng th truyn vi tc qu cao v khi t l l i s tr nn kh chp nhn c. Mng cc b thng c t c truyn d liu t 4 n 16 Mbps v t ti 100 Mbps nu dng cp quang. Cn phn ln cc mng din rng cung cp ng truyn c t c thp hn nhiu nh T1 vi 1.544 Mbps hay E1 vi 2.048 Mbps. ( y bps (Bit Per Second) l m t n v trong truyn thng tng ng vi 1 bit c truyn trong m t giy, v d nh tc ng truyn l 1 Mbps tc l c th truyn t i a 1 Megabit trong 1 giy trn ng truyn ). Thng thng trong mng cc b t l l i trong truyn d liu vo khong 1/107-108 cn trong mng din rng th t l vo khong 1/10 6 - 107 Ch qun v iu hnh ca mng: Do s phc tp trong vic xy d ng, qun l, duy tr cc ng truyn dn nn khi xy d ng mng din r ng ng i ta thng s dng cc ng truyn c thu t cc cng ty vin thng hay cc nh cung cp dch v truy n s liu. Ty theo cu trc c a mng nhng ng truyn thuc c quan qun l khc nhau nh cc nh cung cp ng truyn n i ht, lin tnh, lin quc gia. Cc ng truyn phi tun th cc quy nh ca chnh ph cc khu vc c ng dy i qua nh : t c , vic m ha. Cn i vi mng cc b th cng vic n gin hn nhiu, khi mt c quan ci t mng cc b th ton b mng s thu c quyn qun l ca c quan . ng i ca thng tin trn m ng: Trong mng cc b thng tin c i theo con ng xc nh bi cu trc ca mng. Khi ngi ta xc nh cu trc ca mng th thng tin s lun lun i theo cu trc xc nh . Cn vi mng din r ng d liu cu trc c th phc tp hn nhiu do vic s dng cc d ch v truyn d liu. Trong qu trnh ho t ng cc im nt c th thay i ng i ca cc thng tin khi pht hin ra c trc trc trn ng truyn hay khi pht hin c qu nhiu thng tin cn truyn gia hai im nt no . Trn mng din r ng thng tin c th c cc con ng i khc nhau, iu cho php c th s d ng ti a cc nng lc c a ng truyn hay nng cao iu kin an ton trong truyn d liu. D ng chuyn giao thng tin: Phn ln cc mng din r ng hin nay c pht trin cho vic truyn ng thi trn ng truyn nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau nh : video, ting ni, d liu... Trong khi cc mng cc b ch yu pht trin trong vic truyn d liu thng th ng. iu ny c th gii thch do vic truyn cc dng thng tin nh video, ting ni trong mt khu vc nh t c quan tm hn nh khi truyn qua nhng kho ng cch ln. Cc h thng mng hin nay ngy cng phc tp v cht lng, a d ng v ch ng lo i v pht trin rt nhanh v cht. Trong s pht trin s lng nhng nh sn xut t phn mm, phn cng my tnh, cc sn phm vin thng c ng tng nhanh vi nhiu sn phm a d ng. Chnh v v y vai tr chu n ha c ng mang nhng ngha quan trng. Ti cc nc cc c quan chun qu c gia a ra cc nhng chun v phn cng v cc quy nh

v giao tip nhm gip cho cc nh sn xu t c th lm ra cc sn phm c th kt ni vi cc sn phm do hng khc sn xu t.

Ch ng 3

M hnh truyn thng

I. S c n thit phi c m hnh truyn thng mt mng my tnh tr m t mi trng truyn d liu th n cn phi c nhng yu t sau: Mi my tnh cn phi c mt a ch phn bit trn mng. Vic chuyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc do mng thc hin thng qua nh ng quy nh th ng nht gi l giao thc ca mng. Khi cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau th m t qu trnh truyn giao d liu c thc hin hon chnh. V d nh thc hin vic truyn mt file gia mt my tnh vi mt my tnh khc cng c gn trn mt mng cc cng vic sau y phi c thc hin: My tnh cn truyn cn bit a ch c a my nhn. My tnh cn truyn phi xc nh c my tnh nhn san sng nhn thng tin Chng trnh g i file trn my truyn cn xc nh c rng ch ng trnh nhn file trn my nhn san sng tip nhn file. Nu cu trc file trn hai my khng ging nhau th m t my phi lm nhim v chuyn i file t d ng ny sang d ng kia. Khi truyn file my tnh truyn cn thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca my nhn cc thng tin c mng a ti ch. iu trn cho thy gia hai my tnh c m t s phi hp hot ng mc cao. By gi thay v chng ta xt c qu trnh trn nh l mt qu trnh chung th chng ta s chia qu trnh trn ra thnh mt s cng o n v m i cng on con ho t ng mt cch c lp vi nhau. y chng trnh truyn nhn file ca mi my tnh c chia thnh ba module l: Module truyn v nhn File, Module truyn thng v Module tip cn mng. Hai module tng ng s thc hin vic trao i vi nhau trong : Module truyn v nhn file cn c thc hin tt c cc nhim v trong cc ng dng truyn nhn file. V d: truyn nhn thng s v file, truyn nhn cc mu tin ca file, thc hin chuyn i file sang cc dng khc nhau nu cn. Module truyn v nhn file khng cn thit phi trc tip quan tm ti vic truyn d liu trn mng nh th no m nhim v c giao cho Module truyn thng.

Module truyn thng quan tm ti vic cc my tnh ang hot ng v san sng trao i thng tin v i nhau. N cn kim sot cc d liu sao cho nh ng d liu ny c th trao i mt cch chnh xc v an ton gia hai my tnh. iu c ngha l phi truyn file trn nguyn tc m bo an ton cho d liu, tuy nhin y c th c mt vi mc an ton khc nhau c dnh cho tng ng dng. y vic trao i d liu gia hai my tnh khng ph thu c vo bn cht c a mng ang lin kt chng. Nhng yu cu lin quan n mng c thc hin module th ba l module tip cn mng v nu mng thay i th ch c module tip cn mng b nh hng. Module tip cn mng c xy d ng lin quan n cc quy cch giao tip vi mng v ph thu c vo bn cht c a mng. N m b o vic truyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc trong mng. Nh vy thay v xt c qu trnh truyn file vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau nh mt tin trnh phc tp th chng ta c th xt qu trnh vi nhiu tin trnh con phn bit da trn vic trao i gi a cc Module tng ng trong chng trnh truyn file. Cch ny cho php chng ta phn tch k qu trnh file v d dng trong vic vit chng trnh. Vic xt cc module mt cch c lp vi nhau nh vy cho php gim phc tp cho vic thit k v ci t. Phng php ny c s d ng rng ri trong vic xy dng mng v cc chng trnh truyn thng v c gi l phng php phn tng (layer). Nguyn tc ca phng php phn tng l: Mi h thng thnh phn trong mng c xy d ng nh mt cu trc nhiu tng v u c cu trc gi ng nhau nh: s lng tng v chc nng c a m i tng. Cc tng nm chng ln nhau, d liu c ch trao i trc tip gia hai tng k nhau t tng trn xu ng tng d i v ngc li. Cng vi vic xc nh chc nng ca mi tng chng ta phi xc nh m i quan h gia hai tng k nhau. D liu c truyn i t tng cao nht c a h thng truyn ln lt n tng thp nht sau truyn qua ng n i vt l d i d ng cc bit ti tng thp nht c a h thng nhn, sau d liu c truyn ngc ln ln lt n tng cao nht ca h th ng nhn. Ch c hai tng thp nht c lin kt vt l vi nhau cn cc tng trn cng th t ch c cc lin kt logic vi nhau. Lin kt logic c a mt tng c thc hin thng qua cc tng di v phi tun theo nhng quy nh cht ch, cc quy nh c gi giao thc c a tng.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh phn t ng gm N tng

II. M hnh truyn thng n gi n 3 t ng Ni chung trong truyn thng c s tham gia c a cc thnh phn: cc chng trnh ng dng, cc chng trnh truyn thng, cc my tnh v cc mng. Cc chng trnh ng dng l cc ch ng trnh c a ng i s dng c thc hin trn my tnh v c th tham gia vo qu trnh trao i thng tin gia hai my tnh. Trn m t my tnh vi h iu hnh a nhim (nh Windows, UNIX) thng c thc hin ng thi nhiu ng d ng trong c nhng ng dng lin quan n mng v cc ng d ng khc. Cc my tnh c n i vi mng v cc d liu c trao i thng qua mng t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Vic g i d liu c thc hin gia mt ng dng v i mt ng dng khc trn hai my tnh khc nhau thng qua mng c thc hin nh sau: ng d ng gi chuyn d liu cho chng trnh truyn thng trn my tnh c a n, chng trnh truyn thng s gi chng ti my tnh nhn. Chng trnh truyn thng trn my nhn s tip nhn d liu, kim tra n trc khi chuyn giao cho ng dng ang ch d liu. Vi m hnh truyn thng n gin ngi ta chia ch ng trnh truyn thng thnh ba tng khng ph thuc vo nhau l: tng ng d ng, tng chuyn vn v tng tip cn mng. Tng tip cn mng lin quan ti vic trao i d liu gia my tnh v mng m n c n i vo. d liu n c ch my tnh gi cn phi chuyn a ch ca my tnh nhn cho mng v qua mng s chuyn cc thng tin ti ch. Ngoi ra my gi c th s d ng mt s ph c v khc nhau m mng cung cp nh gi u tin, tc cao. Trong tng ny c th c nhiu phn mm khc nhau c s d ng ph thuc vo cc loi ca mng v d nh mng chuyn mch, mng chuyn mch gi, mng cc b. Tng truyn d liu thc hin qu trnh truyn thng khng lin quan ti mng v nm trn tng tip cn mng. Tng truyn d liu khng quan tm ti b n cht cc ng d ng ang trao i d liu m quan tm ti lm sao cho cc d liu c trao i mt cch an ton. Tng truyn d liu m b o cc d liu n c ch v n theo ng th t m chng c x l. Trong tng truyn d liu ngi ta phi c nhng c ch nhm m bo s chnh xc v r rng cc c ch ny khng ph thuc vo b n cht c a tng ng d ng v chng s ph c v cho tt c cc ng d ng.

Tng ng dng s cha cc module ph c v cho tt c nhng ng d ng ca ngi s d ng. V i cc loi ng d ng khc nhau (nh l truyn file, truyn th m c) cn cc module khc nhau.

Hnh 3.2 M hnh truyn thng 3 tng

Trong mt mng vi nhiu my tnh, mi my tnh m t hay nhiu ng d ng thc hin ng thi (Ti y ta xt trn mt my tnh trong m t thi im c th chy nhiu ng dng v cc ng d ng c th thc hin ng thi vic truyn d liu qua mng). Mt ng d ng khi cn truyn d liu qua mng cho m t ng d ng khc cn phi g i 1 module tng ng dng c a chng trnh truyn thng trn my ca mnh, ng thi ng d ng kia c ng s gi 1 module tng ng dng trn my c a n. Hai module ng d ng s lin kt vi nhau nhm thc hin cc yu cu ca cc chng trnh ng d ng. Cc ng dng s trao i vi nhau thng qua mng, tuy nhin trong 1 thi im trn mt my c th c nhiu ng d ng cng hot ng v vic truyn thng c chnh xc th cc ng d ng trn mt my cn phi c mt a ch ring bit. R rng cn c hai lp a ch: Mi my tnh trn mng cn c mt a ch mng c a mnh, hai my tnh trong cng m t mng khng th c cng a ch, iu cho php mng c th truyn thng tin n tng my tnh mt cch chnh xc. Mi mt ng d ng trn mt my tnh cn phi c a ch phn bit trong my tnh o. N cho php tng truyn d liu giao d liu cho ng ng d ng ang cn. a ch c gi l im tip cn giao dch. iu cho thy mi m t ng d ng s tip cn cc ph c v ca tng truyn d liu m t cch c lp. Cc module cng mt tng trn hai my tnh khc nhau s trao i vi nhau mt cch cht ch theo cc qui tc xc nh trc c gi l giao thc. M t giao thc c th hin mt cch chi tit bi cc chc nng cn phi thc hin nh cc gi tr kim tra li, vic nh d ng cc d liu, cc quy trnh cn phi thc hin trao i thng tin.

Hnh 3.3 V d m hnh truyn thng n gin

Chng ta hy xt trong v d (nh hnh v trn): gi s c ng dng c im tip cn giao d ch 1 trn my tnh A mun gi thng tin cho m t ng d ng khc trn my tnh B c im tip cn giao d ch 2. ng dng trn my tnh A chuyn cc thng tin xu ng tng truyn d liu ca A vi yu cu gi chng cho im tip cn giao dch 2 trn my tnh B. Tng truyn d liu my A s chuyn cc thng tin xung tng tip cn mng my A vi yu cu chuyn chng cho my tnh B (Ch rng mng khng cn bit a ch ca im tip cn giao d ch m ch cn bit a ch c a my tnh B). thc hin qu trnh ny, cc thng tin kim sot cng s c truyn cng vi d liu. u tin khi ng dng 1 trn my A cn gi m t kh i d liu n chuyn khi cho tng vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn c th chia khi ra thnh nhiu kh i nh ph thuc vo yu cu ca giao thc c a tng v ng gi chng thnh cc gi tin (packet). Mi mt gi tin s c b sung thm cc thng tin kim sot ca giao thc v c g i l phn u (Header) ca gi tin. Thng th ng phn u ca gi tin cn c: a ch ca im tip c n giao d ch ni n ( y l 3): khi tng vn chuyn ca my B nhn c gi tin th n bit c ng d ng no m n cn giao. S th t ca gi tin, khi tng vn chuyn chia mt khi d liu ra thnh nhiu gi tin th n cn phi nh s th t cc gi tin . Nu chng i n ch nu sai th t th tng vn chuyn ca my nhn c th pht hin v chnh li th t. Ngoi ra nu c li trn ng truyn th tng vn chuyn ca my nhn s pht hin ra v yu cu gi li mt cch chnh xc. M sa li: m b o cc d liu c nhn m t cch chnh xc th trn c s cc d liu c a gi tin tng vn chuyn s tnh ra mt gi tr theo m t cng thc c

sn v gi n i trong phn u c a gi tin. Tng vn chuyn ni nhn thng qua gi tr xc nh c gi tin c b l i trn ng truyn hay khng. Bc tip theo tng vn chuyn my A s chuyn tng gi tin v a ch c a my tnh ch ( y l B) xu ng tng tip cn mng vi yu cu chuyn chng i. thc hin c yu cu ny tng tip cn mng c ng to cc gi tin c a mnh trc khi truyn qua mng. Ti y giao thc c a tng tip cn mng s thm cc thng tin iu khin vo phn u ca gi tin mng.

Hnh 3.4: M hnh thit lp gi tin

Trong phn u gi tin mng s bao gm a ch ca my tnh nhn, da trn a ch ny mng truyn gi tin ti ch. Ngoi ra c th c nhng thng s nh l mc u tin. Nh vy thng qua m hnh truyn thng n gin chng ta c ng c th thy c phng thc hot ng c a cc my tnh trn mng, c th xy dng v thay i cc giao thc trong cng m t tng. III. Cc nhu c u v chu n ha i vi mng Trong phn trn chng ta xem xt mt m hnh truyn thng n gin, trong thc t vic phn chia cc tng nh trong m hnh trn thc s cha . Trn th gii hin c m t s c quan nh chun, h a ra hng lo t chu n v mng tuy cc chun c tnh cht khuyn ngh ch khng b t buc nh ng chng rt c cc c quan chu n qu c gia coi tr ng. Hai trong s cc c quan chun quc t l: ISO (The International Standards Organization) - L t chc tiu chun qu c t hot ng di s bo tr c a Lin hp Qu c vi thnh vin l cc c quan chun qu c gia vi s lng khong h n 100 thnh vin vi mc ch h tr s pht trin cc chun trn phm vi ton th gii. M t trong nh ng thnh tu c a ISO trong lnh vc truyn thng l m hnh h thng m (Open Systems Interconnection - g i tt l OSI).

CCITT (Commit Consultatif International pour le Telegraphe et la Tlphone) - T chc t vn quc t v in tn v in thoi lm vic d i s bo tr ca Lin Hip Quc c tr s chnh ti Geneva - Th y s . Cc thnh vin ch yu l cc c quan b u chnh vin thng cc qu c gia. T chc ny c vai tr pht trin cc khuyn ngh trong cc lnh vc vin thng. IV. Mt s m hnh chun ha 1. M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) M hnh OSI l mt c s dnh cho vic chun ho cc h th ng truyn thng, n c nghin cu v xy dng bi ISO. Vic nghin cu v m hnh OSI c b t u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi mc tiu nhm ti vic n i kt cc sn phm c a cc hng sn xu t khc nhau v ph i hp cc ho t ng chun ho trong cc lnh vc vin thng v h thng thng tin. Theo m hnh OSI chng trnh truyn thng c chia ra thnh 7 tng vi nh ng chc nng phn bit cho tng tng. Hai tng ng mc khi lin kt vi nhau phi s d ng mt giao thc chung. Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p d ng: giao thc c lin kt (connection - oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless) Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao an ton trong truyn d liu. Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v m i gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n. Nhim v c a cc tng trong m hnh OSI: Tng ng dng (Application layer): tng ng dng quy nh giao din gia ngi s d ng v mi trng OSI, n cung cp cc phng tin cho ngi s dng truy cp v s d ng cc d ch v c m hnh OSI. Tng trnh by (Presentation layer): tng trnh by chuyn i cc thng tin t c php ngi s d ng sang c php truyn d liu, ngoi ra n c th nn d liu truyn v m ha chng trc khi truyn bo mt. Tng giao dch (Session layer): tng giao dch quy nh m t giao din ng d ng cho tng vn chuyn s d ng. N xc lp nh xa gia cc tn t a ch, to ra cc tip xc ban u gia cc my tnh khc nhau trn c s cc giao d ch truyn thng. N t tn nht qun cho m i thnh phn mu n i thoi ring vi nhau. Tng vn chuyn (Transport layer): tng vn chuyn xc nh a ch trn mng, cch thc chuyn giao gi tin trn c s trc tip gia hai u mt (end-to-end). b o m c vic truyn n nh trn mng tng vn chuyn thng nh s cc gi tin v m b o chng chuyn theo th t.

Hnh 3.5: M hnh 7 tng OSI

Tng mng (Network layer): tng mng c nhim v xc nh vic chuyn h ng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi tin ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. Tng lin kt d liu (Data link layer): tng lin kt d liu c nhim v xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng, cc dng thc chung trong cc gi tin, ng cc gi tin... Tng vt l (Phisical layer): tng vt l cung cp phng thc truy cp vo ng truyn vt l truyn cc dng Bit khng cu trc, ngoi ra n cung cp cc chun v in, dy cp, u n i, k thu t n i mch in, in p, t c cp truyn dn, giao din ni kt v cc mc n i kt.. 2. M hnh SNA (Systems Netword Architecture) Thng 9/1973, Hng IBM gii thiu mt kin trc mng my tnh SNA (System Network Architecture). n nm 1977 c 300 trm SNA c ci t. Cu i nm 1978, s lng tng ln n 1250, ri c theo cho n nay c 20.000 trm SNA ang c ho t ng. Qua con s ny chng ta c th hnh dung c mc quan trng v tm nh h ng ca SNA trn ton th gii. Cn lu rng SNA khng l m t chun qu c t chnh th c nh OSI nhng do vai tr to ln c a hng IBM trn th trng CNTT nn SNA tr thnh m t lo i chu n thc t v kh ph bin. SNA l mt c t gm rt nhiu ti liu m t kin trc ca mng x l d liu phn tn. N nh ngha cc quy tc v cc giao thc cho s tng tc gia cc thnh phn (my tnh, trm cu i, phn mm) trong mng. SNA c t chc xung quanh khi nim min (domain). Mt SNA domain l mt im iu khin cc d ch v h thng (Systems Services control point - SSCP) v n s iu khin tt c cc ti nguyn , Cc ti nguyn y c th l cc n v vt l, cc n v logic, cc lin kt d liu v cc thit b. C th v SSCP nh l "tri tim v khi c" ca SNA. N iu khin SNA domain bng cch gi cc lnh ti m t n v vt l, n v vt l ny sau khi nhn c lnh s qun l tt c cc ti nguyn trc tip vi n. n v vt

l thc s l m t "i tc" ca SSCP v cha mt tp con cc kh nng ca SSCP. Cc n v vt l m nhim vic qu n l ca mi nt SNA. SNA phn bit gia cc nt min con (Subarea node) v cc nt ngoi vi (peripheral node). Mt nt min con c th d n ng cho d liu ca ngi s dng qua ton b mng. N dng a ch mng v mt s hiu ng (router suember) xc nh ng truyn i ti nt k tip trong mng. Mt nt ngo i vi c tnh c c b hn. N khng d n ng gia cc nt min con. Cc nt c ni v iu khin theo giao thc SDLC (Synchronous Data Link Control). Mi nt ngoi vi ch lin lc c vi nt min con m n n i vo. Mng SNA da trn c ch phn tng, trc y th 2 h th ng ngang hng khng c trao i trc tip. Sau ny pht trin thnh SNA m r ng: Lc ny hai tng ngang hng nhau c th trao i trc tip. Vi 6 tng c tn g i v chc nng tt nh sau: Tng qun tr chc n ng SNA (SNA Function Manegement) Tng ny tht ra c th chia tng ny lm hai tng nh sau: Tng dch v giao tc (Transaction) cung cp cc dch v ng d ng n ngi dng m t mng SNA. Nhng d ch v nh : DIA cung cp cc ti liu phn b gia cc h thng vn phng, SNA DS (vn phng dch v phn ph i) cho vic truyn thng b t ng b gia cc ng dng phn tn v h th ng vn phng. Tng d ch v giao tc c ng cung cp cc dch v v cu hnh, cc dch v qun l iu khin cc hot ng mng. Tng dch v trnh din (Presentation Services): tng ny th lin quan vi s hin th cc ng dng, ngi s dng u cui v cc d liu h th ng. Tng ny cng nh ngha cc giao thc cho vic truyn thng gi a cc chng trnh v iu khin truyn thng mc hi thoi. Tng kim sot lung d liu (Data flow control) tng ny cung cp cc d ch v iu khinlu ng lu thng cho cc phin t logic ny n n v logic khc (LU - LU). N thc hin iu ny bng cch gn cc s trnh t, cc yu cu v p ng, thc hin cc giao thc yu cu v p ng giao dch v hp tc gia cc giao dch gi v nhn. Ni chung n ym tr phng th c khai thc hai chiu ng thi (Full duplex). Tng kim sot truyn (Transmission control): Tng ny cung cp cc iu khin c b n ca cc phn ti nguyn truyn trong mng, bng cch xc nh s trnh t nhn c, v qu n l vic theo di mc phin. Tng ny cng h tr cho vic m ha d liu v cung cp h thng h tr cho cc nt ngo i vi. Tng kim sot ng d n (Path control): Tng ny cung cp cc giao thc tm ng cho mt gi tin qua mng SNA v kt ni vi cc mng SNA khc, ng th i n cng kim sot cc ng truyn ny. Tng kim sot lin kt d liu (Data Link Control): Tng ny cung cp cc giao thc cho vic truyn cc gi tin thng qua ng truyn vt l gia hai node

v c ng cung cp cc iu khin lu thng v phc hi li, cc h tr cho tng ny l cc giao thc SDLC, System/370, X25, IEEE 802.2 v 802.5. Tng kim sot vt l (Physical control): Tng ny cung cp m t giao din vt l cho b t c mi trng truyn thng no m gn vi n. Tng no nh ngha cc c trng ca tn hiu cn thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc ng n i vt l cho vic h tr kt ni.

Hnh 3.6: Tng ng cc tng cc kin trc SNI v OSI Chng 4

M hnh k t ni cc h thng m Open Systems Interconection

Vic nghin cu v OSI c bt u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi cc m c tiu nhm ni kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc. u im chnh c a OSI l ch n ha hn gii php cho vn truyn thng gia cc my tnh khng gi ng nhau. Hai h thng, d c khc nhau u c th truyn thng vi nhau mt cc hiu qu nu chng m bo nhng iu kin chung sau y: Chng ci t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng. Cc chc nng c t chc thnh cng m t tp cc tng. cc tng ng mc phi cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau. Cc tng ng mc khi trao i vi nhau s d ng chung mt giao thc M hnh OSI tch cc mt khc nhau ca mt mng my tnh thnh by tng theo m hnh phn tng. M hnh OSI l m t khung m cc tiu chun lp mng khc nhau c th khp vo. M hnh OSI nh r cc mt no c a ho t ng ca mng c th nhm n b i cc

tiu chun mng khc nhau. V vy, theo m t ngha no , m hnh OSI l mt loi tiu chun c a cc chun. I. Nguyn t c s dng khi nh ngha cc t ng h th ng m: Sau y l cc nguyn tc m ISO quy nh dng trong qu trnh xy dng m hnh OSI Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng vic xc nh v ghp ni cc tng khng qu phc tp. To cc ranh gii cc tng sao cho vic gii thch cc phc v v s cc tng tc qua li hai tng l nh nht. To cc tng ring bit cho cc chc nng khc bit nhau hon ton v k thu t s dng ho c qu trnh thc hin. Cc chc nng ging nhau c t trong cng mt tng. La ch n ranh gii cc tng ti cc im m nhng th nghim trong qu kh thnh cng. Cc chc nng c xc nh sao cho chng c th d dng xc nh li, v cc nghi thc ca chng c th thay i trn mi hng. To ranh gii cc tng m cn c nhng mc tru tng khc nhau trong vic s d ng s liu. Cho php thay i cc chc nng hoc giao thc trong tng khng nh hng n cc tng khc. To cc ranh gii gia mi tng vi tng trn v di n. II. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI Trong m hnh OSI c hai lo i giao thc chnh c p d ng: giao thc c lin kt (connection - oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless). Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao an ton trong truyn d liu. Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v mi gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc ho c sau n. Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn thng phi gm 3 giai on phn bit: Thit lp lin kt (logic): hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s d ng trong giai o n sau (truyn d liu).

Truyn d liu : d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo (nh kim sot li, kim sot lu ng d liu, ct/hp d liu...) tng cng tin cy v hiu qu c a vic truyn d liu. H y b lin kt (logic): gii phng ti nguyn h th ng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho lin kt khc. i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht m t giai o n truyn d liu m thi. Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet) c hiu nh l m t n v thng tin dng trong vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh. Nhng thng ip (message) trao i gi a cc my tnh trong mng, c to d ng thnh cc gi tin my ngu n. V nh ng gi tin ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh thng ip ban u. M t gi tin c th cha ng cc yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.

Hnh 4.1: Phng thc xc lp cc gi tin trong m hnh OSI

Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng tng mi tng ch thc hin m t chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc nng ny th c cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao g m phn u (header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn. Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l nguyn l c a bt c m hnh phn tng no. Ch : Trong m hnh OSI phn kim li c a gi tin tng lin kt d liu t cui gi tin

III. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI. Tng 1: Vt l (Physical)

Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng d i cng c a m hnh OSI l. N m t cc c trng vt l c a mng: Cc lo i cp c dng n i cc thit b, cc lo i u n i c dng , cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu v.v... Mt khc cc tng vt l cung cp cc c trng in c a cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n m t my khc ca mng, k thut ni mch in, t c cp truyn d n. Tng vt l khng qui nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn 0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI ngha ca cc bit c truyn tng vt l s c xc nh. V d: Tiu chun Ethernet cho cp xo n i 10 baseT nh r cc c trng in ca cp xon i, kch thc v d ng c a cc u n i, di ti a ca cp. Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c phn u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit. Mt giao thc tng vt l t n ti gi a cc tng vt l quy nh v phng thc truyn (ng b, phi ng b ), t c truyn. Cc giao thc c xy d ng cho tng vt l c phn chia thnh phn chia thnh hai loi giao thc s d ng phng thc truyn thng d b (asynchronous) v phng thc truyn thng ng b (synchronous). Phng thc truyn d b : khng c mt tn hiu quy nh cho s ng b gia cc bit gi a my g i v my nhn, trong qu trnh gi tn hiu my gi s d ng cc bit c bit START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng d liu cn truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i b t k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc . Phng thc truyn ng b: s d ng phng thc truyn cn c ng b gia my gi v my nhn, n chn cc k t c bit nh SYN (Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hay n gin hn, m t ci "c " (flag) gia cc d liu c a my gi bo hiu cho my nhn bit c d liu ang n ho c n. Tng 2: Lin kt d liu (Data link) Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc, a ch my gi v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin g i mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt n i cc my tnh, l phng thc "mt im - mt im" v phng thc "mt im - nhiu im". Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l.

Hnh 4.2: Cc ng truyn kt ni kiu "mt im - mt im" v "mt im - nhi u im".

Tng lin kt d liu c ng cung cp cch pht hin v sa l i c b n m bo cho d liu nhn c gi ng hon ton vi d liu g i i. Nu m t gi tin c l i khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni g i bit gi tin c l i n gi li. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm 2 loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy d ng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc h ng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu, cc th tc.) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. Tng 3: Mng (Network) Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn h ng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch. Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu kiu d ch v cung cp b i cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l ch n ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan tr ng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng m t b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h th ng m ti m t h th ng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua m t chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t m t ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti m t ng ra (outgoing link) hng n ch c a d liu. Nh v y mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Vic ch n ng l s la ch n mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi tin chng hn) t trm ngu n ti trm ch c a n. M t k thu t chn ng phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y:

Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im thng qua nhng tiu chu n ti u nht nh. Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.

Hnh 4. 3: M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi

Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp trung v x l ti ch . Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc b ng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng. Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic ch n ng c thc hin ti m i nt c a mng. Trong tng thi im, mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v t xy dng bng ch n ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic ch n ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti m i nt. Thng thng cc thng tin c o lng v s d ng cho vic ch n ng bao gm: Trng thi c a ng truyn. Thi gian tr khi truyn trn mi ng dn. Mc lu thng trn m i ng. Cc ti nguyn kh d ng ca mng. Khi c s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc ca mng do s c ti m t vi nt, ph c h i ca mt nt mng, ni thm m t nt mi... hoc thay i v mc lu thng) cc thng tin trn cn c cp nht vo cc c s d liu v trng thi ca mng. Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn b n, ho , hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i h i cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cao nn vic pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm.

Tng 4: Vn chuyn (Transport) Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gi a tng mng v cc tng trn. n l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. N cng cc tng d i cung cp cho ngi s d ng cc ph c v vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh c a mng chia s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht m i trm bng mt a ch duy nht v qu n l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn c ng chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi g i i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s cc gi tin v m b o chng chuyn theo ng th t. Tng vn chuyn l tng cu i cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht c a tng mng. Ng i ta chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc lo i sau: Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng cn cung cp cc d ch v phc hi ho c sp xp th t li. Mng loi B: C t su t li chp nhn c nhng t su t s c c bo hiu li khng chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng ph c h i li khi x y ra s c . Mng loi C: C t su t li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc h i li khi xy ra l i v sp xp li th t cc gi tin. Trn c s loi giao thc tng mng chng ta c 5 lp giao thc tng vn chuyn l: Giao thc lp 0 (Simple Class - lp n gin): cung cp cc kh nng rt n gin thit lp lin kt, truyn d liu v h y b lin kt trn mng "c lin kt" loi A. N c kh nng pht hin v bo hiu cc li nhng khng c kh nng ph c h i. Giao thc lp 1 (Basic Error Recovery Class - Lp phc hi li c bn) dng vi cc lo i mng B, y cc gi tin (TPDU) c nh s. Ngoi ra giao thc cn c kh nng bo nhn cho ni gi v truyn d liu khn. So vi giao thc lp 0 giao thc lp 1 c thm kh nng ph c h i l i. Giao thc lp 2 (Multiplexing Class - lp dn knh) l mt ci tin ca lp 0 cho php d n m t s lin kt chuyn vn vo mt lin kt mng duy nht, ng thi c th kim sot lu ng d liu trnh tc nghn. Giao thc lp 2 khng c kh nng pht hin v phc hi li. Do vy n cn t trn mt tng mng loi A. Giao thc lp 3 (Error Recovery and Multiplexing Class - lp phc hi li c bn v dn knh) l s m rng giao thc lp 2 vi kh nng pht hin v phc hi li, n cn t trn mt tng mng loi B.

Giao thc lp 4 (Error Detection and Recovery Class - Lp pht hin v phc hi li) l lp c hu ht cc chc nng ca cc lp trc v cn b sung thm mt s kh nng khc kim sot vic truyn d liu. Tng 5: Giao dch (Session) Tng giao d ch (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng, n t tn nht qun cho m i thnh phn mu n i thoi vi nhau v lp nh xa gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. M t giao d ch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng giao d ch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh. Tng giao d ch cn cung cp cho ng i s d ng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc giao d nh ng d ng ca h, c th l: iu phi vic trao i d liu gi a cc ng d ng bng cch thit lp v gii phng (mt cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi tho i - dialogues) Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng d ng ca ngi s d ng. Cung cp c ch "l y lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu. Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th n y sinh vn : hai ngi s d ng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s d ng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn ng b ha trong tng giao d ch c ng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/ph c h i, dch v ny cho php ngi s d ng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu ang chuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im m t thi im ch c m t ngi s d ng quyn c bit c gi cc d ch v nht nh ca tng giao d ch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi (token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi . Tng giao d ch c cc hm c bn sau: Give Token cho php ngi s d ng chuyn m t token cho m t ngi s d ng khc ca mt lin kt giao dch. Please Token cho php m t ngi s d ng cha c token c th yu cu token . Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ng i s d ng sang m t ngi s d ng khc. Tng 6: Trnh by (Presentation)

Trong giao tip gia cc ng d ng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng b i ng d ng ngu n v dng biu din dng bi ng d ng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng d ng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh by (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t d ng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thu t m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din c ng c th dng cc k thu t nn sao cho ch cn m t t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u. Tng 7: ng dng (Application) Tng ng d ng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng d ng dng giao tip vi mng. cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng, Ngi ta thit lp cc thc th ng d ng (AE), cc thc th ng d ng s gi n cc phn t d ch v ng d ng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) c a chng. M i thc th ng dng c th g m m t hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng d ng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt (association) gi l i tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php tu n t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE thnh t ca n.

Chng 5

Cc c tnh k thut ca mng cc b

Trn thc t mng c c b l mt h thng truyn d liu gia cc my tnh vi mt khong cch tng i hp, iu cho php c nhng la ch n a dng v thit b . Tuy nhin nh ng la chn a d ng ny li b hn ch bi cc c tnh k thut c a mng cc b, l tp hp cc quy tc chu n c quy c m tt c cc thc th tham gia truyn thng trn mng phi tun theo m bo cho mng hot ng tt. Cc c tnh chnh ca mng cc b m chng ta ni ti sau y l: Cu trc c a mng (hay topology ca mng m qua th hin cch n i cc mng my tnh vi nhau ra sao). Cc nghi thc truyn d liu trn mng (cc th tc hng dn trm lm vic lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi thng tin ). Cc lo i ng truyn v cc chun ca chng . Cc phng thc tn hiu I. Cu trc ca mng (Topology) Hnh trng c a mng cc b th hin qua cu trc hay hnh dng hnh hc cu cc ng dy cp mng dng lin kt cc my tnh thuc mng vi nhau. Cc mng cc b thng hot ng d a trn cu trc nh san lin kt cc my tnh v cc thit b c lin quan. Trc ht chng ta xem xt hai phng thc ni mng ch yu c s dng trong vic lin kt cc my tnh l "m t im - m t im" v "mt im - nhiu im ". Vi phng thc "m t im - m t im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp n i cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Mi my tnh c th truyn v nhn trc tip d liu hoc c th lm trung gian nh lu tr nh ng d liu m n nhn c r i sau chuyn tip d liu i cho mt my khc d liu t ti ch. Theo phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc trm phn chia chung m t ng truyn vt l. D liu c gi i t mt my tnh s c th c tip nhn b i tt c cc my tnh cn li, b i vy cn ch ra i ch ch c a d liu mi my tnh cn c vo kim tra xem d liu c phi dnh cho mnh khng nu ng th nhn cn nu khng th b qua.

Hnh 5.1: Cc phng thc lin kt mng

Ty theo cu trc c a m i mng chng s thu c vo mt trong hai phng thc ni mng v m i phng thc ni mng s c nhng yu cu khc nhau v phn cng v phn mm. II. Nhng cu trc chnh ca mng cc b 1. D ng ng thng (Bus) Trong d ng ng thng cc my tnh u c ni vo m t ng dy truyn chnh (bus). ng truyn chnh ny c gii hn hai u b i m t lo i u n i c bit gi l terminator (dng nhn bit l u cui kt thc ng truyn ti y). Mi trm c ni vo bus qua m t u ni ch T (T_connector) hoc m t b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm truyn d liu, tn hiu c truyn trn c hai chiu c a ng truyn theo tng gi m t, mi gi u phi mang a ch trm ch. Cc trm khi thy d liu i qua nhn ly, kim tra, nu ng vi a ch c a mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th b qua. Sau y l vi thng s k thut ca topology bus. Theo chu n IEEE 802.3 (cho mng cc b) vi cch t tn qui c theo thng s : t c truyn tnh hiu (1,10 hoc 100 Mb/s); BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband). 10BASE5: Dng cp ng trc ng knh ln (10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, t c 10 Mb/s, phm vi tn hiu 500m/segment, c ti a 100 trm, khong cch gia 2 tranceiver t i thiu 2,5m (Phng n ny cn g i l Thick Ethernet hay Thicknet) 10BASE2: tng t nh Thicknet nhng dng cp ng tr c nh (RG 58A), c th ch y vi khong cch 185m, s trm t i a trong 1 segment l 30, khong cch gia hai my t i thiu l 0,5m. Dng kt n i ny c u im l t tn dy cp, t c truyn d liu cao tuy nhin nu lu lng truyn tng cao th d gy ch tc v nu c tr c trc trn hnh lang chnh th kh pht hin ra. Hin nay cc mng s d ng hnh d ng ng thng l mng Ethernet v G-net. 2. D ng vng trn (Ring) Cc my tnh c lin kt vi nhau thnh m t vng trn theo phng thc "m t im mt im ", qua m i mt trm c th nhn v truyn d liu theo vng mt chiu v d liu c truyn theo tng gi mt. M i gi d liu u c mang a ch trm ch, m i trm khi nhn c mt gi d liu n kim tra nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th n s pht li cho trm k tip, c nh vy gi d liu i c n ch. Vi d ng kt ni ny c u im l khng t n nhiu dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao, khng gy ch tc tuy nhin cc giao thc truyn d liu phc tp v nu c tr c trc trn mt trm th c ng nh hng n ton mng. Hin nay cc mng s d ng hnh d ng vng trn l mng Tocken ring c a IBM. 3. D ng hnh sao (Star)

 d ng hnh sao, tt c cc trm c ni vo m t thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l phng thc "mt im - mt im ". Thit b trung tm hot ng ging nh mt tng i cho php thc hin vic nhn v truyn d liu t trm ny t i cc trm khc. Ty theo yu cu truyn thng trong mng , thit b trung tm c th l mt b chuyn mch (switch), m t b chn ng (router) ho c n gin l mt b phn knh (Hub). C nhiu cng ra v mi cng ni v i mt my. Theo chu n IEEE 802.3 m hnh dng Star thng dng: 10BASE-T: dng cp UTP, tc 10 Mb/s, khong cch t thit b trung tm ti trm t i a l 100m. 100BASE-T tng t nh 10BASE-T nh ng tc cao hn 100 Mb/s. u v khuyt im u im: Vi d ng kt ni ny c u im l khng ng hay ch tc trn ng truyn, lp t n gin, d dng cu hnh li (thm, b t trm). Nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng khng gy nh hng n ton mng qua d dng kim sot v khc phc s c. Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100 m vi cng ngh hin i) t n ng dy cp nhiu, tc truyn d liu khng cao. Hin nay cc mng s d ng hnh d ng hnh sao l mng STARLAN c a AT&T v S-NET ca Novell.

Hnh 5.2 : Cc loi cu trc chnh ca mng cc b. ng thng ng dng Tt cho trng hp mng nh v mng c giao thng thp v Vng Trn Tt cho trng hp mng c s trm t hot ng vi tc cao,khng cch nhau xa lm hoc mng c lu lng d Hnh sao hin nay mng sao l cch tt nht cho trng hp phi tch hp d liu v tn hiuting.Cc

lu lng d liu thp phc tp Tng i khng ph c tp

liu phn b khng u. i hi thit b tng i phc tp .Mt khc vic a thng ip i trn tuyn l n gin, v ch c 1 con ng, trm pht ch cn bit a ch ca trm nhn , cc thng tin dn ng khc th khng cn thit C hiu qu trong trng hp lng lu thng cao v kh n nh nh s tng chm thi gian tr v s xung cp so vi cc mng khc

mng n thoi cng cng c cu trc ny Mng sao c xem l kh phc tp . Cc trm c ni vi thit b trung tm v ln lt hot ng nh thit b trung tm hoc ni c ti cc dy dn truyn t xa Tt cho trng hp ti va tuy nhin kch thc v kh nng , suy ra hiu sut ca mng ph thuc trc tip vo sc mnh ca thit b trung tm. Tng ph rt cao khi lm nhim v ca thit b trung tm, thit b trung tm khng c dng vo vic khc .S lng dy ring cng nhiu.

Hiu sut

Rt tt di ti thp c th gim hiu sut rt mau khi t i tng

Tng ph

Tng i thp c bit do nhiu thit b pht tri n ha chnh v bn sm ph m th trng .S d tha knh truyn c khuyn gim bt nguy c xut hin s c trn mng Mt trm b hng khng nh hng n c mng. Tuy nhin mng s c nguy c b tn hi khi s c trn ng dy dn chnh hoc c vn vi tuyn. Vn trn rt kh xc nh c li rt d sa cha Vic thm v nh hnh li mng ny rt d.Tuy nhin vic kt ni gia cc my tnh v thit b ca cc hng khc nhau kh c th v chng phi c th nhn cng

Phi d tr gp i ngun lc hoc phi c 1 phng thc thay th khi 1 nt khng hot ng nu vn mu n mng hot ng bnh thng

Nguy c

Mt trm b hng c th nh hng n c h thng v cc trm phc thuc vo nhau. Tm 1 repeater hng rt kh ,v li vic sa ch a thng hay dng mu mo xc nh im hng trn mng c a bn rng rt kh

tin cy ca h thng ph thuc vo thit b trung tm, .nu b hng th mng ngng hot ng S ngng hot ng ti thit b trung tm thng khng nh hdng n ton b h thng .

Kh nng m rng

Tng i d thm v bt cc trm lm vic m khng phi ni kt nhiu cho mi thay i Gi thnh cho vic thay i tng i thp

Kh nng m rng hn ch, a s cc thit b trung tm ch chu ng ni 1 s nht nh lin kt. S hn ch v tc truyn d liu v bng tn thng c i hi mi ngi s dng. Cc hn ch ny gip cho cc chc nng x l trung tm khng

a ch v d liu

b qu ti bi tc thu np ti ti cng truyn v gi thnh mi cng truyn ca thit b trung tm thp .

Hnh 6.4 : Bng so snh tnh nng gia cc cu trc ca mng LAN

III. Phng thc truyn tn hiu Thng thng c hai phng thc truyn tn hiu trong mng c c b l dng b ng tn c s (baseband) v b ng tn r ng (broadband). S khc nhau ch yu gia hai phng thc truyn tn hiu ny l b ng tng c s ch chp nhn mt knh d liu duy nht trong khi b ng rng c th chp nhn ng thi hai ho c nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia gii thng c a ng truyn. Hu ht cc mng cc b s d ng phng thc bng tn c s. Vi phng thc truyn tn hiu ny ny tn hiu c th c truyn i d i c hai dng: tng t (analog) ho c s (digital). Phng thc truyn bng tn rng chia gii thng (tn s ) ca ng truyn thnh nhiu gii tn con trong mi d i tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit nh s dng m t cp modem c bit gi l b gii / iu bin RF cai qu n vic bin i cc tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t c tn s v tuyn (RF) b ng k thu t ghp knh. IV. Cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn trn mng LAN truyn c d liu trn mng ngi ta phi c cc th tc nhm h ng d n cc my tnh ca mng lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi d kin. V d nh i vi cc dng bus v ring th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht n i cc trm vi nhau, cho nn cn phi c cc quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng m bo rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s d ng mt cch hp l. C nhiu giao thc khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l nhng phn thnh hai loi: cc giao thc truy nhp ngu nhin v cc giao thc truy nhp c iu khin. 1. Giao thc chuyn mch (yu cu v ch p nhn) Giao thc chuyn mch l lo i giao thc ho t ng theo cch thc sau: m t my tnh c a mng khi cn c th pht tn hiu thm nhp vo mng, nu vo lc ny ng cp khng b n th mch iu khin s cho trm ny thm nhp vo ng cp cn nu ng cp ang bn, ngha l ang c giao lu gia cc trm khc, th vic thm nhp s b t ch i. 2. Giao thc ng dy a truy c p vi c m nhn va ch m (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection hay CSMA/CD ) Giao thc ng dy a truy cp cho php nhiu trm thm nhp cng mt lc vo mng, giao thc ny thng dng trong s mng d ng ng thng. Mi trm u c th c truy nhp vo ng dy chung m t cch ngu nhin v do vy c th d n n xung t (hai ho c nhiu trm ng thi cng truyn d liu). Cc trm phi kim tra ng truyn gi d liu i qua c phi ca n hay khng. Khi mt trm mu n truyn d liu n phi

kim tra ng truyn xem c rnh hay khng gi gi d liu ca, nu ng truyn ang bn trm phi ch i ch c truyn khi thy ng truyn rnh. Nu cng m t lc c hai trm cng s d ng ng truyn th giao thc phi pht hin iu ny v cc trm phi ng ng thm nhp, ch i ln sau cc thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau. Khi ng cp ang b n trm phi ch i theo mt trong ba phng thc sau: Trm tm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u kim tra ng truyn. Trm tip t c kim tra ng truyn n khi ng truyn rnh th truyn d liu i. Trm tip t c kim tra ng truynn khi ng truyn rnh th truyn d liu i vi xc su t p xc nh trc (0 < p < 1). Ti y phng thc 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi th y ng truyn bn s cng rt lui v ch i trong cc thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau. Ngc li phng thc 2 c gng gim thi gian tr ng ca ng truyn b ng cc cho php trm c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc song nu lc c thm mt trm khc ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao. Phng thc 3 vi gi tr p phi la ch n hp l c th ti thiu ha c kh nng xung t ln thi gian trng c a ng truyn. Khi lu lng cc gi d liu cn di chuyn trn mng qu cao, th vic ng c th x y ra vi s lng ln c gy tc nghn ng truyn dn n lm chm t c truyn tin c a h th ng. 3. Giao thc dng th bi vng (Token ring) y l giao thc truy nhp c iu khin ch yu dng k thut chuyn th bi (token) cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn tc l quyn c truyn d liu i. Th bi ay l m t n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v n i dung (g m cc thng tin iu khin) c quy nh ring cho mi giao thc. Theo giao thc dng th bi vng trong ng cp lin t c c mt th bi ch y quanh trong mng Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bit biu din trng thi s d ng ca n (bn ho c r i). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c m t th bi rnh. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh b n, np gi d liu c km theo a ch ni nhn vo th bi v truyn i theo chiu ca vng. V th bi chy vng quang trong mng kn v ch c mt th nn vic ng d liu khng th x y ra, do vy hiu sut truyn d liu ca mng khng thay i. Trong cc giao thc ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. M t l vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na. Hai l m t th bi b n lu chuyn khng dng trn vng. 4. Giao thc dung th bi cho d ng ng th ng (Token bus)

y l giao thc truy nhp c iu khin trong cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, m t th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit lp b i cc trm . Khi m t trm c th bi th n c quyn s d ng ng truyn trong m t thi gian xc nh trc. Khi ht d liu ho c ht thi on cho php, trm chuyn th bi n trm tip theo trong vng logic. Nh vy trong mng phi thit lp c vng logic (hay cn g i l vng o) bao g m cc trm ang hot ng n i trong mng c xc nh v tr theo m t chui th t m trm cu i cng c a chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. M i trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n trong th t c a cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cng vi vic thit lp vng th giao thc phi lun lun theo di s thay i theo trng thi thc t ca mng. V. ng cp truyn m ng ng cp truyn mng l c s h tng ca mt h thng mng, nn n rt quan trng v nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng ho t ng ca mng. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng 3 loi dy cp l cp xon cp, cp ng trc v cp quang. 1. Cp xo n c p y l loi cp gm hai ng dy dn ng c xo n vo nhau nhm lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c hai loi cp xon l cp c bc kim lo i ( STP - Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP -Unshield Twisted Pair). Cp c bc kim lo i (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc d ng ch ng nhiu in t, c loi c mt i giy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i giy xo n vi nhau. Cp khng b c kim loi (UTP): Tnh tng t nh STP nhng km h n v kh nng chng nhiu v suy hao v khng c v b c. STP v UTP c cc lo i (Category - Cat) thng dng: Loi 1 & 2 (Cat 1 & Cat 2): Thng dng cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc thp (nh hn 4Mb/s). Loi 3 (Cat 3): t c truyn d liu kho ng 16 Mb/s , n l chun cho hu ht cc mng in thoi. Loi 4 (Cat 4): Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s. Loi 5 (Cat 5): Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s. Loi 6 (Cat 6): Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s. y l loi cp r, d ci t tuy nhin n d b nh hng c a mi trng.

2. Cp ng trc Cp ng tr c c hai ng dy dn v chng c cng mt trc chung, m t dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy d n trung tm (dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim lo i v v n c chc nng chng nhiu nn cn g i l lp bc kim). Gia hai dy d n trn c mt lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic b o v cp.
Cc loi cp Chi tit Dy xon cp Bng ng, c 4 v 25 cp dy (loi 3, 4, 5) RJ-25 hoc 50-pin telco 100m Cp ng trc mng Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 5mm Cp ng trc dy Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 10mm Cp quang Th y tinh, 2 si

Loi kt ni Chiu di on ti a S u ni ti a trn 1 on Chy 10 Mbit/s Chy 100 Mbit/s Chng nhiu Bo mt tin cy Lp t Khc phc l i Qun l Chi ph cho 1 trm ng dng tt nht

BNC

N-series

ST

185m

500m

1000m

30

100

c c Tt

c c

Khng Tt

Khng Rt tt

Hon ton

Trung bnh Tt D dng Tt D dng Rt thp H thng Workgroup

Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh D

Trung bnh Tt Kh D

Hon ton Tt Kh Tt

Kh Th p ng backbone

Kh Trung bnh ng backbone trong t mng

Trung bnh Cao ng backbone di trong t mng hoc cc ta nh

Hnh 5.3: Tnh nng k thut ca mt s loi cp mng

Cp ng tr c c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc (v d nh cp xon i) do t b nh hng c a mi trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng tr c c th c kch thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s d ng nhiu trong cc mng d ng ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s d ng l cp ng trc mng v cp ng tr c dy trong ng knh cp ng tr c m ng l 0,25 inch, cp ng trc dy l 0,5 inch. C hai lo i cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn Hin nay c cp ng trc sau: RG -58,50 ohm: dng cho mng Thin Ethernet RG -59,75 ohm: dng cho truyn hnh cp RG -62,93 ohm: dng cho mng ARCnet Cc mng c c b thng s d ng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10 Mb/s, cp ng tr c c suy hao t hn so vi cc lo i cp ng khc v n c lp v b c bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt o n cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s d ng cho dng Bus. 3. Cp si quang (Fiber - Optic Cable) Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt ho c m t b si th y tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic b o v cp. Nh v y cp si quang khng truyn d n cc tn hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang (cc tn hiu d liu phi c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in). Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, Do ng knh li si thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u n i, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao i h i chi ph cao. Di thng c a cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php kho ng cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra, v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh h ng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng th b pht hin v thu tr m bi cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Ch tr nhc im kh lp t v gi thnh cn cao , nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny. 4. Cc yu c u cho mt h thng cp An ton, thm m: tt c cc dy m ng phi c bao bc cn thn, cch xa cc ngu n in, cc my c kh nng pht sng trnh trng hp b nhiu. Cc u n i phi m b o cht lng, trnh tnh trng h thng mng b chp chn. ng chu n: h thng cp phi thc hin ng chun, m b o cho kh nng nng cp sau ny c ng nh d dng cho vic kt ni cc thit b khc nhau c a cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Tiu chu n qu c t dng cho cc h th ng mng hin nay l EIA/TIA 568B.

Tit kim v "linh hot" (flexible): h th ng cp phi c thit k sao cho kinh t nht, d dng trong vic di chuyn cc trm lm vic v c kh nng m rng sau ny.
Chng 6

Cc thit b lin kt mng

I. Repeater (B tip sc) Repeater l lo i thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI. Repeater dng n i 2 mng ging nhau hoc cc phn m t mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater nhn c mt tn hiu t m t pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.

Hnh 6.1: M hnh lin kt mng ca Repeater.

Repeater khng c x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khu ch i tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s d ng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.

Hnh 6.2: Hot ng ca b tip sc trong m hnh OSI

Hin nay c hai loi Repeater ang c s dng l Repeater in v Repeater in quang. Repeater in n i vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n nhn tn hiu in t mt pha v pht li v pha kia. Khi m t mng s dng Repeater in ni cc

phn c a mng li th c th lm tng khong cch c a mng, nhng kho ng cch lun b hn ch b i mt kho ng cch ti a do tr c a tn hiu. V d vi mng s d ng cp ng tr c 50 th khong cch ti a l 2.8 km, khong cch khng th ko thm cho d s dng thm Repeater. Repeater in quang lin kt vi mt u cp quang v m t u l cp in, n chuyn mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s dng Repeater in quang c ng lm tng thm chiu di ca mng. Vic s d ng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua nn n ch c dng n i hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token ring) nh ng khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring). Thm na Repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s d ng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng c a mng. Khi la ch n s d ng Repeater cn ch la ch n loi c tc chuyn vn ph hp vi tc ca mng. II. Bridge (Cu n i) Bridge l m t thit b c x l dng ni hai mng gi ng nhau hoc khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni ho t ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn l c v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi n i mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n ho t ng mt cch mm d o. thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc trm c kt n i vo pha , khi hot ng cu n i xem xt m i gi tin n nhn c b ng cch c a ch c a ni gi v nhn v da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng v b xung b ng a ch.

Hnh 6.3: Hot ng ca Bridge

Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th Bridge t ng b xung b ng a ch (c ch c g i l t hc ca cu ni). Khi c a ch ni nhn Bridge kim tra xem trong b ng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin n i b thu c phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi chuyn sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.

Hnh 6.4: Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI

nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta a ra hai khi nim : L c v chuyn vn. Qu trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc l c th hin trc tip kh nng ho t ng c a Bridge. T c chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/giy trong th hin kh nng c a Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc. Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin d ch. Bridge v n chuyn dng n i hai mng cc b cng s dng m t giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s d ng lo i dy n i khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. Bridge bin d ch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thu c mng ny sang gi tin thu c mng kia trc khi chuyn qua V d : Bridge bin d ch ni m t mng Ethernet v m t mng Token ring. Khi Cu ni thc hin nh mt nt token ring trn mng Token ring v m t nt Enthernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chu n ang s d ng trn mng Token ring. Tuy nhin ch y cu n i khng th chia m t gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phi hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a

ca gi tin trn mng Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng byte d s b cht b .

Hnh 6.5: V d v Bridge bin dch

Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau : M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi s l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu t t hn b tip sc. Gim b t tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge, khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc. ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau. Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nh ng gi tin c a nhng a ch xc nh. V d : cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.

Hnh 6.6 : Lin kt mng vi 2 Bridge

Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh m t b ring bit, ch cn ni dy v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card chuyn dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my tnh s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn c ng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng c a Bridge. III. Router (B tm ng) Router l m t thit b ho t ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i t t nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thu c mng cu i. Router c th c s dng trong vic n i nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.

Hnh 6.7: Hot ng ca Router.

Khc vi Bridge ho t ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin g i n n m thi. Khi m t trm mu n gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router (Trong gi tin phi ch a cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v g i tip. Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng d a trn cc thng tin n c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table). Da trn d liu v Router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c b ng ch ng (Router table) ti u da trn m t thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thu c giao thc (The protocol dependent routers) v Router khng ph thu c vo giao thc (The protocol independent router) d a vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router. Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi c a gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin c a giao thc ny sang gi tin

ca giao thc kia, Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng).

Hnh 6.8: Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI

ngn chn vic mt mt s liu Router cn nhn bit c ng no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc. Cc l do s dng Router : Router c cc phn mm l c u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. Router thng c s d ng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua cc ng dy thu bao t tin do n khng truyn d ln ng truyn. Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng c giao thc ring bit. Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v t t nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m b o hn. Trong m t mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn c a mng th cc Router c th c ci t cc phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn.

Hnh 6.9: V d v bng ch ng (Routing table) ca Router.

Cc phng thc ho t ng ca Router l phng thc m m t Router c th ni vi cc Router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin co. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc. Phng thc vc t kho ng cch : mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v b ng ch ng ca mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln b ng ch ng ca mnh. Phng thc trng thi tnh : Router ch truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay i trong mng vch khi cc Routerkhc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn. Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router RIP(Routing Information Protocol) c pht trin b i Xerox Network system v s d ng SPX/IPX v TCP/IP. RIP ho t ng theo phng thc vc t khong cch. NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) c pht trin b i Novell dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi Router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc b ng ch ng gim i.. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l m t phn c a TCP/IP vi phng th c trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng... OSPF-IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng...

IV. Gateway (cng ni) Gateway dng kt ni cc mng khng thun nht chng hn nh cc mng cc b v cc mng my tnh ln (Mainframe), do cc mng hon ton khng thu n nht nn vic chuyn i thc hin trn c 7 tng c a h thng m OSI. Thng c s d ng n i cc mng LAN vo my tnh ln. Gateway c cc giao thc xc nh trc thng l nhiu giao thc, m t Gateway a giao thc thng c ch to nh cc Card c cha cc b x l ring v ci t trn cc my tnh hoc thit b chuyn bit.

Hnh 6.10: Hot ng ca Gateway trong m hnh OSI

Ho t ng ca Gateway thng thng phc tp hn l Router nn thng sut ca n thng chm hn v thng khng dng n i mng LAN -LAN. V. Hub (B tp trung) Hub thng c dng n i mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin kt vi cc my tnh di d ng hnh sao. Ngi ta phn bit cc Hub thnh 3 loi nh sau sau : Hub b ng (Passive Hub) : Hub b ng khng cha cc linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. Kho ng cch gia mt my tnh v Hub khng th ln hn mt na khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh trn mng (v d kho ng cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh c a mng l 200m th khong cch t i a gia m t my tnh v hub l 100m). Cc mng ARCnet thng dng Hub b ng. Hub ch ng (Active Hub) : Hub ch ng c cc linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l cc tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qa trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nh y cm vi l i do vy kho ng cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nh ng u im c ng ko theo gi thnh ca Hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi Hub b ng. Cc mng Token ring c xu hng dng Hub ch ng.

Hub thng minh (Intelligent Hub): cng l Hub ch ng nhng c thm cc chc nng mi so vi loi trc, n c th c b vi x l ca mnh v b nh m qua n khng ch cho php iu khin hot ng thng qua cc chng trnh qun tr mng m n c th ho t ng nh b tm ng hay m t cu ni. N c th cho php tm ng cho gi tin rt nhanh trn cc cng c a n, thay v pht li gi tin trn m i cng th n c th chuyn mch pht trn mt c ng c th ni ti trm ch.

Chng 7

Giao thc TCP/IP

Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thu c tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thu c tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng. Hin nay cc my tnh c a hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP lin kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h th ng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP thc cht l m t h giao thc cho php cc h th ng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng. I. Giao thc IP 1. Tng qut Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr c a IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu. S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 a ch IP (m t my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di d ng thp phn, bt phn, thp l c phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c d u chm (dotted decimal notation) tch cc vng. M c ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho m t my tnh bt k trn lin mng. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) c a lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nh ng ng d ng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng t ng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho m i mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 lp E). y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C Cu trc ca cc a ch IP nh sau: Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte.

Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte. Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi t i a 16 triu host trn m i mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn m i mng. Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi t i a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.

Hnh 7.1: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Mt s a ch c tnh ch t c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh b i vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host n i vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng g m ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng

Hnh 7.2: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP

Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng c a m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:

Hnh 7.3: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid

n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng

Hnh 7.4: Dng thc ca gi tin IP

ngha ca thng s nh sau: VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh c a giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s d ng version c v h thng s dng version mi. IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) c a gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny b t but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di t i thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v d ch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit d ch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny.

Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh th ng D = 1 gi tin tr thp

T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng su t thp hay ng thng sut cao. T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v T = 1 thng lng cao R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu R = 0 tin c y bnh thng R = 1 tin c y cao Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di t i a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nh ng trong tng lai v i nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho m t datagram trong kho ng thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng. Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn o n (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn o n th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn o n v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn o n, c th phn o n hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn o n tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu g c. ngha c th ca trng Flags l:

bit 0: reserved - cha s d ng, lun ly gi tr 0. bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr c a o n (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha m t vng d liu c di l b i s c a 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte. Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) c a gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gim i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua m i router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xu ng ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti c a cc gi tin v kt thc nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live:

Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng ho t ng t t. Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17 Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot l i ca header gi tin IP. Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngu n. Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc m t mc 32 bits. Data ( di thay i): Trn m t mng cc b nh v y, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh v y vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm. 2. Cc giao thc trong mng IP mng v i giao thc IP ho t ng c tt ngi ta cn m t s giao thc b sung, cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn c a giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n chng khi cn. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) c a cc trm trn m t mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trn m t mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc v i nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l c a nhau. Nh v y vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thit. Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao th c ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l. Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng.) gia cc gateway ho c mt nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch c a n, hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc"

(encapsulate) thng bo vi m t IP header v truyn n cho router ho c trm ch. 3. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh m t thc th tn ti trong my tnh v b t u thc hin nh ng chc nng c a mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn yu cu t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xu ng cc tng d i n. i vi thc th IP my ngu n, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc hin cc bc sau y: To mt IP datagram d a trn tham s nhn c. Tnh checksum v ghp vo header c a gi tin. Ra quyt nh ch n ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo. Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng. i vi router, khi nhn c m t gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau: 1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin. 3) Ra quyt nh chn ng. 4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn. 5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live, Fragmentation v Checksum. 6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng. Cui cng khi m t datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin b i cc cng vic sau: 1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Tp hp cc o n ca gi tin (nu c phn on) 3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn. II. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. M t tin trnh ng

dng trong m t my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) c a TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin b i 2 bytes.

Hnh 7.5: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP

Mt c ng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u n i TCP/IP (socket) duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh m t lin kt logic gia m t cp u ni TCP/IP. M t u n i TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u n i TCP/IP xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp m t lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cc thc th c a tng trn s d ng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong m i hm cn c cc tham s dnh cho vic trao i d liu. Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) ho c b ng (passive). Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i m t yu cu lin kt g i n t xa thng qua m t u n i TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai bo c ng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton) Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m m t lin kt vi m t mt u n i TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng c thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa . B ng lit k mt vi cng TCP ph bin. S hiu cng 0 M t Reserved

5 7 9 11 13 15 17 20 21 23 25 37 53 102 103 104 111 139 160 - 223

Remote job entry Echo Discard Systat Daytime Nestat Quotd (quote odd day ftp-data ftp (control) Telnet SMTP Time Name Server ISO - TSAP X.400 X.400 Sending Sun RPC Net BIOS Session source Reserved

Khi ngi s d ng g i i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP. Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b (local connection name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c dng tham chiu ti lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp c lin kt yu cu th n phi gi tham s Open Failure thng bo.) Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny d c chuyn n trong c hai trng hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi m t lin kt c m, vic truyn d liu trn lin kt c th c thc hin.

Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu: Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s d ng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v receive. Hm Send: D liu c gi xu ng TCP theo cc kh i (block). Khi nhn c m t kh i d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (buffer). Nu c PUSH c d ng th ton b d liu trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng c d ng th d liu c gi li trong b m v s gi i khi c c h i thch hp (chng hn ch thm d liu na gi i vi hiu qu hn). Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn v i mi lin kt. Nu d liu c nh d u vi m t c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m (k c cc d liu c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s d ng. Cn nu d liu n khng c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu vi m c tiu tng hiu qu h th ng. Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s d ng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s d ng th c th dng c URGENT v nh d u d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn phi s l khn cp d liu . Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt: Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn thit c thc hin theo m t trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort. Hm Close: yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic truyn d liu trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP s truyn i tt c d liu cn trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt. Lu rng khi mt ng i s dng gi i mt hm Close th n vn phi tip t c nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo cho pha bn kia bit v vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s d ng ca mnh. Hm Abort: Ngi s d ng c th ng mt lin kt bt v s khng chp nhn d liu qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP xa bit rng lin kt c h y b v TCP xa s thng bo cho ngi s d ng ca mnh. Mt s hm khc ca TCP: Hm Status: cho php ngi s d ng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin kt c th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s d ng. Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP v cc yu cu d ch v bt hp l lin quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc ho c v cc l i lin quan n mi trng.

n v d liu s dng trong TCP c g i l segment (on d liu), c cc tham s vi ngha nh sau:

Hnh 7.5: Dng thc ca segment TCP

Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngu n. Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch. Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngu n ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngu n. Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi c a 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngu n d liu). Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai Control bit (cc bit iu khin): URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc. ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. PSH: Chc nng PUSH. RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number). FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngu n.

Window (16 bit): cp pht credit kim sot ngu n d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, b t u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngu n san sng nhn. Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot l i cho ton b segment (header + data) Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t c a byte i theo sau d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option c a TCP, trong c di t i a ca vng TCP data trong m t segment. Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m b o phn header lun kt thc m t mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0. TCP data ( di thay i): ch a d liu c a tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options. III. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo ph ng thc khng lin kt c s d ng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu c a tng ng d ng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo l i cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP. Khun d ng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment.

Hnh 7.7: Dng thc ca gi tin UDP

UDP c ng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu c ng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng d ng ch y trn m t trm c a mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP thng c xu th ho t ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.

Hnh 7.8: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP

Chng 8

Cc dch v ca mng din rng (WAN)

Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu d ch v dnh cho vic chuyn thng tin t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc nhm lin kt cc mng LAN ca cc khu vc khc nhau li. c c nhng lin kt nh vy ng i ta thng s dng cc dch v ca cc mng din r ng. Hin nay trong khi giao thc truyn thng c b n ca LAN l Ethernet, Token Ring th giao thc dng tng ni cc LAN thng thng d a trn chun TCP/IP. Ngy nay khi cc dng kt n i c xu hng ngy cng a dng v phn tn cho nn cc mng WAN ang thin v truyn theo n v tp tin thay v truyn mt ln x l. C nhiu cch phn loi mng din r ng, y nu phn lo i theo phng php truyn thng tin th c th chia thnh 3 loi mng nh sau: Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network) Mng thu bao (Leased lines Network) Mng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching Network) I. Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network) thc hin c vic lin kt gia hai im nt, mt ng ni gia im nt ny v im nt kia c thit lp trong mng th hin d i d ng cu c gi thng qua cc thit b chuyn mch.

Hnh 8.1: M hnh mng chuyn mch

Mt v d c a mng chuyn mch l ho t ng ca mng in thoi, cc thu bao khi bit s ca nhau c th gi cho nhau v c mt ng ni vt l tm thi c thit lp gia hai thu bao. Vi m hnh ny mi ng u c th mt ng b t k khc, thng qua nh ng ng ni v cc thit b chuyn dng ngi ta c th lin kt m t ng tm thi t ni gi ti ni nhn mt ng ni vt l, ng n i trn duy tr trong su t phin lm vic v ch gii phng sau khi phin lm vic kt thc. thc hin mt phin lm vic cn c cc th tc y cho vic thit lp lin kt trong c vic thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca nt nhn. Hin nay c 2 loi mng chuyn mch l chuyn mch tng t (analog) v chuyn mch s (digital) Chuyn mch tng t (Analog): Vic chuyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch tng t c thc hin qua mng in thoi. Cc trm s dng m t thit b c tn l modem, thit b ny s chuyn cc tn hiu s t my tnh sao tn hiu tun t c tr truyn i trn mng in thoi v ngc li.

Hnh 8.2: M hnh chuyn mch tng t

Khi s dng ng truyn in thoi truyn s liu th cc chun ca modem v cc tnh cht ca n s quyt nh tc c a ng truyn. Cng vi cc k thu t chuyn i tn hiu cc tnh nng mi nh nn tn hiu cho php nng tc truyn d liu ln rt cao. Lo i T c (bps) Bell 212A CCITT V22 CCITT V22 bis CCITT V32 CCITT V32 bis 1200 1200 2400 9600 14400 MNP Class 5 MNP Class 5, V42 bis MNP Class 5, V42 bis 2400 - 3600 9600 - 19200 14400 - 33600 Loi nn Tc thc t (bps)

Hnh 8.3: Bng k thut modem

Cc k thut nn thng dng l MNP Class 5 v V42 bis, MNP Class 5 cho php nn vi t l 1.5:1 v V42 bis nn vi t l 2:1. Tuy nhin trn thc t t l nn c th thay i da vo d ng d liu c truyn. Chuyn mch s (Digital): ng truyn chuyn mch s ln u tin c AT&T thiu vo cui 1980 khi AT&T gii thiu mng chuyn mch s Acnet vi ng truyn 56 kbs. Vic s dng ng chuyn mch s c ng i h i s dng thit b ph c v truyn d liu s (Data Service Unit - DSU) vo v tr modem trong chuyn mch tng t. Thit b phc v truyn d liu s c nhim v chuyn cc tn hiu s n chiu (unipolar) t my tnh ra thnh tn hiu s hai chiu (bipolar) truyn trn ng truyn.

Hnh 8.3: M hnh chuyn mch s

Mng chuyn mch s cho php ngi s dng nng cao t c truyn ( y do khc bit gia k thu t truyn s v k thu t truyn tng t nn hiu nng ca truyn mch s cao hn nhiu so vi truyn tng t cho d cng tc ), an ton. Vo nm 1991 AT&T gii thiu mng chuyn mch s c tc 384 Kbps. Ngi ta c th dng mng chuyn mch s to cc lin kt gia cc mng LAN v lm cc ng truyn d phng. II. Mng thu bao (Leased line Network) Vi k thut chuyn mch gia cc nt c a mng (tng t hoc s) c m t s lng ln ng dy truyn d liu, vi m i ng dy trong m t thi im ch c nhiu nht m t phin giao dch, khi s lng cc trm s d ng tng cao ngi ta nhn thy vic s d ng mng chuyn mch tr nn khng kinh t. gim bt s lng cc ng dy kt ni gia cc nt mng ngi ta a ra m t k thu t gi l ghp knh.

Hnh 8.4: M hnh ghp knh

M hnh c m t nh sau: ti m t nt ngi ta tp hp cc tn hiu trn ca nhiu ngi s d ng ghp li truyn trn m t knh ni duy nht n cc nt khc, ti nt cui ngi ta phn knh ghp ra thnh cc knh ring bit v truyn ti cc ngi nhn. C hai phng th c ghp knh chnh l ghp knh theo tn s v ghp knh theo thi gian, hai phng thc ny tng ng v i mng thu bao tun t v mng thu bao k thu t s. trong thi gian hin nay mng thu bao k thu t s s d ng k thu t ghp knh theo thi gian vi ng truyn T ang c s dng ngy mt rng ri v dn dn thay th mng thu bao tu n t. 1. Phng thc ghp knh theo tn s s dng phng thc ghp knh theo tn s gia cc nt c a mng c lin kt bi ng truyn b ng tn r ng. Bng tn ny c chia thnh nhiu knh con c phn bit bi tn s khc nhau. Khi truyn d liu, m i knh truyn t ng i s d ng n nt s c chuyn thnh m t knh con vi tn s xc nh v c truyn thng qua b ghp knh n nt cu i v ti y n c tch ra thnh knh ring bit truyn ti ngi nhn. Theo cc chun c a CCITT c cc phng thc ghp knh cho php ghp 12, 60, 300 knh n. Ngi ta c th dng ng thu bao tun t (Analog) ni gia my c a ngi s dng ti nt mng thu bao gn nht. Khi my c a ngi s dng gi d liu th knh d liu c

ghp vi cc knh khc v truyn trn ng truyn ti nt ch v c phn ra thnh knh ring bit trc khi gi ti my ca ngi s d ng. ng ni gia my trm c a ngi s d ng ti nt mng thu bao cng gi ng nh mng chuyn mch tun t s d ng ng dy in thoi vi cc k thut chuyn i tn hiu nh V22, V22 bis, V32, V32 bis, cc k thut nn V42 bis, MNP class 5. 2.Phng thc ghp knh theo thi gian: Khc vi phng thc ghp knh theo tn s, phng thc ghp knh theo thi gian chia mt chu k thi gian ho t ng ca ng truyn tr c thnh nhiu khong nh v m i knh tuyn d liu c m t khong. Sau khi ghp knh li thnh m t knh chung d liu c truyn i tng t nh phng thc ghp knh theo tn s. Ngi ta dng ng thu bao l ng truyn k thut s n i gia my ca ngi s d ng ti nt mng thu bao gn nht. Hin nay ngi ta c cc ng truyn thu bao nh sau : ng T1 vi tc 1.544 Mbps n bao gm 24 knh vp tc 64 kbps v 8000 bits iu khin trong 1 giy. III. M ng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching NetWork) Mng chuyn mch gi hot ng theo nguyn tc sau : Khi mt trm trn mng cn g i d liu n cn phi ng d liu thnh tng gi tin, cc gi tin c i trn mng t nt ny ti nt khc ti khi n c ch. Do vic s dng k thut trn nn khi mt trm khng gi tin th m i ti nguyn c a mng s dnh cho cc trm khc, do vy mng tit kim c cc ti nguyn v c th s dng chng m t cch t t nht. Ngi ta chia cc phng th c chuyn mch gi ra lm 2 phng thc: Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc. Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh. Vi phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc cc gi tin c chuyn i trn mng mt cch c lp, mi gi tin u c mang a ch n i gi v n i nhn. M i nt trong mng khi tip nhn gi tin s quyt nh xenm ng i ca gi tin ph thuc vo thut ton tm ng ti nt v nh ng thng tin v mng m nt c. Vic truyn theo phng thc ny cho ta s mm do nht nh do ng i vi mi gi tin tr nn mm do tuy nhin iu ny yu cu mt s lng tnh ton rt ln ti m i nt nn hin nay phn ln cc mng chuyn sang dng phng chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.

Hnh 8.5: V d phng thc s ri rc.

Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh: Trc khi truyn d liu mt ng i (hay cn gi l ng i o) c thit lp gia trm gi v trm nhn thng qua cc nt ca mng. ng i trn mang s hiu phn bit vi cc ng i khc, sau cc gi tin c gi i theo ng thit lp ti ch, cc gi tin mang s hiu c ng o c th c nhn bit khi qua cc nt. iu ny khin cho vic tnh ton ng i cho phin lin lc ch cn thc hin mt ln.

Hnh 8.6: V d phng thc ng i xc nh

1. Mng X25 c CCITT cng b ln u tin vo 1970 lc lnh vc vin thng ln u tin tham gia vo th gii truyn d liu vi cc c tnh: X25 cung cp quy trnh kim sot lung gi a cc u cui em li cht lng ng truyn cao cho d cht lng ng dy truyn khng cao. X25 c thit k cho c truyn thng chuyn mch ln truyn thng kiu im ni im. c quan tm v tham gia nhanh chng trn ton cu.

Trong X25 c chc nng d n knh (multiplexing) i vi lin kt logic (virtual circuits) ch lm nhim v kim sot l i cho cc frame i qua. iu ny lm tng phc tp trong vic phi hp cc th tc gia hai tng k nhau, d n n thng lng b hn ch do tng ph x l m i gi tin tng ln. X25 kim tra l i ti m i nt trc khi truyn tip, iu ny lm cho ng truyn ch cht lng rt cao gn nh phi li. Tuy nhin do vy kh i lng tch ton ti m i nt kh ln, i vi nhng ng truyn c a nhng nm 1970 th iu l cn thit nh ng hin nay khi k thu t truyn dn t c nhng tin b rt cao th vic tr nn lng ph 2. Mng Frame Relay Mi gi tin trong mng g i l Frame, do vy mng g i l Frame relay. c im khc bit gia mng Frame Relay v mng X25 mng Frame Relay l ch kim tra l i ti hai trm gi v trm nhn cn trong qu trnh chuyn vn qua cc nt trung gian gi tin s khng c kim li na. Do vy thi gian x l trn m i nt nhanh hn, tuy nhin khi c l i th gi tin phi c pht li t trm u. Vi an ton cao c a ng truyn hin nay th chi ph vic pht li ch chim m t t l nh nu so vi khi lng tnh ton c gim i ti cc nt nn mng Frame Relay tit kim c ti nguyn ca mng h n so vi mng X25. Frame relay khng ch l m t k thu t m cn l th hin mt phng php t chc mi. Vi nguyn l l truyn mch gi nh ng cc thao tc kim sot gi a cc u cui gim ng k K thu t Frame Relay cho php thng lung t i a t ti 2Mbps v hin nay n ang cung cp cc gii php tng ni cc mng c c b LAN trong mt kin trc x ng sng to nn mi trng cho ng dng multimedia. 3. Mng ATM (Cell relay) Hin nay k thut Cell Relay da trn phng thc truyn thng khng ng b (ATM) c th cho php thng l ng hng trm Mbps. n v d liu dng trong ATM c gi l t bo (cell). cc t bo trong ATM c di c nh l 53 bytes, trong 5 bytes dnh cho phn cha thng tin iu khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu c a tng trn. Trong k thu t ATM, cc t bo cha cc kiu d liu khc nhau c ghp knh ti m t ng dn chung c g i l ng dn o (virtual path). Trong ng dn o c th gm nhiu knh o (virtual chanell) khc nhau, mi knh o c s dng b i m t ng dung no ti mt thi im. ATM kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca d ng chuyn mch lin tc v dng chuyn mch gi, n c th kt hp d i thng linh hot v kh nng chuyn tip cao t c v c kh nng qu n l ng thi d liu s, ting ni, hnh nh v multimedia tng tc. Mc tiu c a k thut ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng dn knh, v chuyn mch tc cao, tr nh dp ng cho cc d ng truyn thng a phng tin (multimecdia) Chuyn mch cell cn thit cho vic cung cp cc kt ni i hi bng thng cao, tnh trng tt nghn thp, h tr cho lp d ch v tch hp lu thng d liu m thanh hnh nh. c tnh t c cao l c tnh ni b t nht ca ATM.

ATM s dng c cu chuyn mch c bit: ma trn nh phn cc thnh t chuyn mch (a matrix of binary switching elements) vn hnh lu thng. Kh nng v hng (scalability) l mt c tnh c a c cu chuyn mch ATM. c tnh ny tng phn trc tip vi nh ng g din ra khi cc trm cui c thm vo mt thit b lin mng nh router. Cc router c nng sut tng c nh c chia cho cc trm cu i c kt ni vi chng. Khi s lng trm cui gia tng, nng su t c a router tng thch cho trm cui thu nh li. Khi c cu ATM m rng, m i thit b thu trm cu i, bng con ng c a chnh n i qua b chuyn mch bng cch cho mi trm cui b ng thng ch nh. Bng thng r ng c ch nh c a ATM vi c tnh c th xc nhn khin n tr thnh mt k thut tuyt ho dng cho bt k ni no trong mng cc b c a doanh nghip. Nh tn g i ca n ch r, k thu t ATM s d ng phng php truyn khng ng b (asynchronouns) cc t bo t ngu n ti ch c a chng. Trong khi , tng vt l ngi ta c th s d ng cc k thu t truyn thng ng b nh SDH (hoc SONET). Nhn thc c v tr cha th thay th c (t nht cho n nhng nm u c a th k 21) ca k thu t ATM, hu ht cc hng khng l v my tnh v truyn thng nh IBM, ATT, Digital, Hewlett - Packard, Cisco Systems, Cabletron, Bay Network,... u ang quan tm c bit n dng sn phm hng n ATM ca mnh tung ra th trng. C th k ra y mt s sn phm nh DEC 900 Multiwitch, IBM 8250 hub, Cisco 7000 rounter, Cablectron, ATM module for MMAC hub. Nhn chung th trng ATM si ng do nhu cu thc s c a cc ng dng a phng tin. S nhp cuc ngy m t ng c a cc hng sn xu t lm gim ng k gi bn c a cc sn phm lo i ny, t cng m rng thm th trng. Ngay Vit Nam, cc d n ln v mng tin hc u c thit k vi h tng chp nhn c vi cng ngh ATM trong tng lai.

Chng 9

V d mt s mng LAN v WAN

Hin nay trn th gii c rt nhiu mng my tnh, chng c s dng ph c v cho nhiu lnh vc khc nhau nh nghin cu khoa hc, truyn d liu, kinh doanh. V v y nn cc mng ny cng rt a dng v ch ng loi. Trong phn ny ta xem xt m t s mng LAN v WAN thng dng. I. Mng Novell NetWare c a ra bi hng Novell t nh ng nm 80 v c s d ng nhiu trong cc mng cc b vi s lng c tnh hin nay vo khong 50 -60%. H iu hnh mng Novell NetWare l m t h iu hnh c an ton cao c bit l vi cc mng c nhiu ngi s dng. H iu hnh mng Netware kh phc tp lp t v qun l nhng n l mt h iu hnh mng ang c dng ph bin nht hin nay. H iu hnh mng Novell NetWare c thit k nh mt h thng mng client-server trong cc my tnh c chia thnh hai loi: Nhng my tnh cung cp ti nguyn cho mng gi l server hay cn gi l my ch mng. My s d ng ti nguyn mng gi l clients hay cn gi l trm lm vic. Cc server (File server) ca Netware khng ch y DOS m bn thn Netware l mt h iu hnh cho server iu gii phng Netware ra khi nhng hn ch c a DOS. Server ca Netware dng m t cu trc hiu qu hn DOS t chc cc tp tin v th mc, vi Netware, chng ta c th chia mi a thnh m t hoc nhiu tp a (volumes), tng t nh cc a logic c a DOS. Cc tp a ca Novell c tn ch khng phi l ch ci. Tuy nhin, truy cp mt tp a c a Netware t m t trm lm vic ch y DOS, mt ch ci c gn cho tp a. Vi cc h iu hnh Netware 3.x v 4.x cc server phi c dnh ring, trong chng ta khng th dng mt file server lm thm vic ca Workstation, tuy iu tn km hn v phi mua m t my tnh lm server nhng n c hiu qu hn v my tnh server c th tp trung phc v mng. Cn vi Netware 2.x th c th la ch n trong m t file server c th lm vic nh mt Workstation nh hai tin trnh Server v Workstation tch ti nhau hon ton. Cc trm lm vic trn mt mng Netware c th l cc my tnh DOS, ch y OS/2 ho c cc my Macintosh. Nu mng va c my PC v Macintosh th Netware c th l s l a chn tt. Tt c cc phin bn ca Netware u c c trng c gi l tnh chu ng sai h ng ca h (System Fault Tolerance SFT) c thit k gi cho mng vn ch y ngay c khi phn c ng c sai hng. NetWare l m t h iu hnh nh ng khng phi l mt h iu hnh a nng m tp trung ch yu cho cc ng d ng truy xu t ti nguyn trn mng, n c m t tp hp xc nh san

cc dch v dnh cho ngi s d ng. Ti y Novell NetWare c m t h th ng cc yu cu v tr li m Client v Server u hiu, n bao gm: Nhm chng trnh trn my ng i dng: H iu hnh trm, cc giao din cho php nhi s d ng chi xut cc ti nguyn ca mng nh l cc ti nguyn c a my c c b, chng trnh truyn s liu qua mng. H iu hnh trn my my ch: Chng trnh thc hin t DOS, Lu cc thng s ca DOS, chuyn CPU c a server qua ch protectied mode, qun l vic s dng ti nguyn ca mng cho ngi s dng. Cc tin ch trn mng: dnh cho ngi s d ng v ngi qu n tr mng. Novell NetWare h tr cc giao thc c bn sau: Giao thc truy xut (Access Protocol) (Ethernet, Token Ring, ARCnet, ProNET10, FDDI) Giao thc trao i gi tin trn mng (Internet Packet Exchange -IPX) Giao thc thng tin tm ng (Routing Information Protocol - RIP) Giao thc thng bo d ch v (Sevice Advertising Protocol - SAP) Giao thc nhn NetWare (NetWare Core Protocol - NCP) cho php ngi dng truy xu t vo file server Do nhu cu cn thch nghi vi nhiu kiu mng v d dng nng cp v qun l, Novell NetWare c ng c chia thnh nhiu tng giao thc tng t cu trc 7 tng cu h thng m OSI.

Hnh 9.1: Cu trc ca H iu hnh Novell NetWare

II. Mng Windows NT Mng dng h iu hnh Windows NT c a ra bi hng Microsoft vi phin bn mi nht hin nay l Windows NT 5.0, cm t windows NT c hiu l cng ngh mng trong mi trng Windows (Windows Network Technology). Hin mng Windows NT ang c nh gi cao v c ua vo s d ng ngy m t nhiu. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh a nhim, a x l vi a ch 32 bit b nh. Ngoi vic ym tr cc ng d ng DOS, Windows 3.x, Win32 GUI v cc ng d ng da trn k t, Windows NT cn bao gm cc thnh phn mng, c ch an ton, cc cng c qu n tr c kh nng mng din r ng, cc phn mm truy cp t xa. Windows NT cho php kt ni vi my tnh ln, mini v my Mac. H iu hnh mng Windows NT c th chay trn my c mt CPU cng nh nhiu CPU. H iu hnh mng cn c a vo k thu t gng a qua s dng tt h thng nhiu a nng cao nng lc hot ng. H iu hnh mng Windows NT m bo trnh c nh ng ngi khng c php vo trong h th ng hoc thm nhp vo cc file v chng trnh trn a cng. H iu hnh mng Windows NT cung cp cc cng c thit lp cc lp quyn dnh cho nhiu nhim v khc nhau lm cho php xy dng h thng an ton mt cch mm do. Windows NT c thit k dnh cho gii php nhm (Workgroup) khi b n mu n c kim sot nhiu hn i vi mng ngang hng (nh Windows For Workgroup, LANtastic hay Novell lite). Ngoi ra chc nng mi c a Windows NT server l m hnh vng (Domain) c thit lp cho cc mng l n vi kh nng kt n i cc mng ton x nghip hay lin kt cc kt ni mng vi cc mng khc v nhng cng c cn thit iu hnh.

Hnh 9.2: Cu trc ca H iu hnh Windows NT

III. M ng Apple talk Vo u nh ng nm 1980, khi cng ty my tnh Apple chun b gii thiu my tnh Macintosh, cc k s Apple thy rng mng s tr nn rt cn thit. H mun rng mng MAC cng l m t b c tin m trong cuc cch mng v giao din thn thin ngi dng do Apple khi xng. Vi nh nh vy, Apple xy d ng m t giao thc mng cho

h my Macintosh, v tch hp giao thc trn vo my tnh bn. Cu trc mng mi do Apple xy d ng c gi l Apple Talk. Mc d Apple Talk l giao thc mng c quyn c a Apple, nhng Apple c ng n hnh nhiu ti liu v Apple Talk trong c gng khuyn khch cc nh sn xut phn mm khc pht trin trn Apple Talk. Ngy nay c nhiu sn phm thng mi trn nn Apple Talk nh c a Novell, Microsoft. Ban u AppleTalk ch ci t trn h thng cp ring c a hng l LocalTalk v c phm vi ng d ng rt hn ch. Phin bn u c a Apple Talk c thit k cho nhm ngi dng cc b hay c g i l Apple Talk phase 1. Sau khi tung ra th trng 5 nm, s ngi dng vt qu 1,5 triu ngi ci t, Apple nhn thy nhng nhm ngi dng ln vt qu gii hn c a Apple Talk phase 1, nn h nng cp giao thc. Giao thc c ci tin c bit di ci tn Apple Talk phase 2, ci tin kh nng tm ng ca Apple Talk v cho php Apple Talk chy trn nhng mng ln hn.

Hnh 9.3: Cu trc ca H iu hnh Appletalk

Hng Apple thit k Apple Talk c lp vi tng lin kt d liu. Apple h tr nhiu lo i ci t c a tng lin kt d liu, bao gm Ethernet, Token Ring, Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), v Local Talk. Trn Apple Talk, Apple xem Ethernet nh ethertalk, Token Ring nh tokentalk, v FDDI nh fdditalk. Cc giao thc chnh ca m ng AppleTalk: LLAP (Local Talk Link Access) l giao thc do Apple pht trin hot ng vi cp ring c a hng (cng c g i l LocalTalk) d trn cp xon i bc kim

(STP), thch hp vi cc mng nh, hiu nng thp. Tc ti a l 230,4 Kb/s v kho ng cch cc an cp c di gii hn l 300m, s lng trm t i a l 32. ELAP (Ethertalk Link Access) v TLAP (tokentalk Link Access) l cc giao thc cho php s dng cc mng vt l tng ng l Ethernet v Token Ring. AARP (AppleTalk Addresss Resolution Protocol) l cc giao thc cho php nh x gia cc a ch vt l c a Ethernet v Token Ring, l giao din gia cc tng cao ca AppleTalk vi cc tng vt l ca Ethernet v Token Ring. DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol) l giao thc tng Mng cung cp d ch v theo phng thc khng lin kt gia 2 sockets ( ch 1 a ch dch v ; mt t hp ca a ch thit b , a ch mng v socket s nh danh 1 cch duy nht cho mi tin trnh). DDP thc hin chc nng chn ng (routing) da trn cc bng chn ng cho RTMP b o tr. RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance protocol) cung cp cho DDP thng tin chn ng trn phng php vector khong cch tng t nh RIP (Routing Information Protocol) dng trong Netware IPX/SPX. NBP (Naming Binding Protocol): cho php nh danh cc thit b b i cc tn lgic (ngoi i ch ca chng). Cc tn ny n d u i ch tng thp i vi ngi s d ng v i vi cc tng cao hn. ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol) l giao thc thc tng vn chuyn hot ng vi phng thc khng lin kt. Dich v vn chuyn ny c cung cp thng qua m t h th ng cc thng bo nhn v truyn li. tin c y ca ATP d trn cc thao tc (transaction) (mt thao tc bao gm mt cp cc thao tc hi- p). ASP (AppleTalk Section Protocol) l giao thc tng giao dch ca AppleTalk, cho php thit lp, duy tr v h y b cc phin lin lc gia ngi yu cu dch v v ngi cung cp dch v. ADSP (AppleTalk Data Stream Protocol) l mt giao thc ph c tng vn chuyn v tng giao d ch, c th thay cho nhm giao thc dng vi ATP. ZIP (Zone Information Protocol) l giao thc c chc nng t chc cc thit b thnh cc vng (zone) lm gim phc tp ca 1 mng bng cch gii hn s tng tc ca ngi s d ng vo ng cc thit b m anh ta cn. PAP (Printer Access protocol) cng l 1 giao thc ca tng giao d ch tng t nh ASP. N khng ch cung cp cc dch v in nh tn gi m cn ym tr cc kiu lin kt gia ngi yu cu v ngi cung cp d ch v. AFP (AppleTalk Filling Protocol) l giao thc cung cp d ch v File v m nhn vic chuyn i c php d liu, bo v an ton d liu (tng t tng trnh by trong m hnh OSI). IV. Mng Arpanet

y l mng c thit lp ti M vo gia nh ng nm 60 khi b quc phng M mu n c mt mng dng ra lnh v kim sot m c kh nng s ng cn cao trong trng hp c chin tranh ht nhn. Nhng mng s dng ng in thoi thng thng vo lc t ra khng an ton khi m m t ng dy hay m t tng i b ph h y c ng c th dn n mi cu c ni chuyn hay lin lc thng qua n b gin on, vic cn i khi d n n ct ri lin lc. lm c iu ny khi b quc phng M a ra chng trnh ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) vi s tham gia c a nhiu trng i hc v cng ty di s qun l c a khi b qu c phng M. Vo u nh ng nm 1960 nh ng tung ch yu ca chuyn mch gi c Paul Baran cng b v sau khi tham kho nhiu chuyn gia th ch ng trnh ARPA quyt nh mng tng lai c a khi b qu c phng M s l mng chuyn mch gi v n bao gm mt mng lin kt v cc trm (host). Mng lin kt bao gm cc my tnh dng lin kt cc ng truyn d liu c g i l cc im trung chuyn thng tin (IMP - Interface Message Processor). Mt IMP s c lin kt vi t nht l hai IMP khc vi an ton cao, cc thng tin c chuyn trn mng lin kt di d ng cc gi d liu tch ri, c ngha l khi c mt s ng v nt b ph h y th cc gi tin t ng c chuyn theo nhng ng khc. Mi nt mt my tnh ca h th ng bao gm mt trm c c kt n i vi mt IMP trn mng, n gi thng tin ca mnh n IMP ri sau IMP s phn gi, ri ln lt gi cc gi tin theo nh ng ng m n la chn n ch. Thng 10 nm 1968 ARPA quyt nh la chn hng BBN m t hng t vn ti Cambridge, Massachsetts lm tng thu. Lc BBN la chon my DDP-316 lm IMP, cc IMP c ni vi ng thu bao 56 Kbps t cc cng ty in tho i. Phn mm c chia lm hai phn: phn lin kt mng v phn cho nt, vi phn mm cho lin kt mng bao gm phn mm ti cc IMP u cu i v cc IMP trung gian, cc giao thc lin kt IMP vi kh nng m bo an ton cao. Phn mm ti nt bao gm phn mm danh cho vic lin kt gia nt vi IMP, cc giao thc gia cc nt vi nhau trong qu trnh truyn d liu.

Hnh 9.4: Cu trc ban u ca mng ARPANET

Vo thng 10 nm 1969 mng ARPANET bt u c a vo hot ng th nghim vi 4 nt l nhng trng i hc v trung tm nghin cu tham gia chnh vo d n, mng pht trin rt nhanh n thng 3 nm 1971 c 15 nt v thng 9 nm 1972 c ti 35 nt. Cc ci tin tip theo cho php nhiu trm c th lin kt vi mt IMP do vy s tit kim ti nguyn v m t trm c th lin kt vi nhiu IMP nhm trnh vic IMP h hng lm gin on lin lc. Cng vi vic pht trin cc nt ARPA cng dnh ngn khon cho pht trin cc mng truyn d liu dng k thut v tinh v dng k thu t radio. iu cho php thit lp cc nt ti nhng im cc kho ng cch rt xa. V cc giao thc truyn thng th sau khi thy rng cc giao thc c a mnh khng chy c trn nhiu lin kt mng vo nm 1974 ARPA u t nghin cu h giao thc TCP/IP v da trn hp ng gia BBN v Trng i hc t ng hp Berkeley - California cc nh nghin cu ca trng i hc vit rt nhiu phn mm, ch ng trnh qun tr trn c h iu hnh UNIX. Da trn cc phn mm mi v truyn thng trn c s TCP/IP cho php d dnh lin kt cc mng LAN vo mng ARPANET. Vo nm 1983 khi mng ho t ng n ng th phn quc phng ca mng (g m khong 160 IMP vi 110 IMP ti nc M v 50 IMP nc ngoi, hng trm nt) c tch ra thnh mng MILNETv phn cn li vn tip tc hot ng nh l mt mng nghin cu. Trong nh ng nm 1980 khi c nhiu mng LAN c ni vo ARPANET gim vic tm kim a ch trn mng ngi ta chia vng cc my tnh a tn cc my vo a ch IP v xy dng h qun tr c s phn tn cc tn cc trm ca mng H c s d liu gi l DNS (Domain Naming System) trong c chc mi thng tin lin quan n tn cc trm. Vo nm 1990 vi s pht trin c a nhiu mng khc m ARPANET l khi xng th ARPANET kt thc hot ng ca mnh, tuy nhin MILNET vn hot ng cho n ngy nay. V. Mng NFSNET Vo cui nhng nm 1970 khi Qu khoa hc qu c gia Hoa k (NFS - The U.S. National Science Foundation) thy c s thu ht ca ARPANET trong nghin cu khoa hc m qua cc nh khoa hc c th chia s thng tin hay cng nhau nghin cu cc n. Tuy nhin vic s d ng ARPANET cn thng qua b quc phng M vi nhiu hn ch v nhiu c s nghin cu khoa hc khng c kh nng . iu khin NFS thit lp m t mng o c tn l CSNET trong s d ng cc my tnh ti cng ty BBN cho php cc nh nghin cu c th kt n i vo tip t c n i vi mng ARPANET hay gi th in t cho nhau. Vo nm 1984 NFS b t u nghin cu ti vic thit lp m t mng tc cao dnh cho cc nhm nghin cu khoa h c nhm thay th mng ARPANET, b c u NFS quyt nh xy dng c ng trc truyn s liu ni 6 my tnh ln (Supercomputer) ti 6 trung tm my tnh. Ti mi trung tm my tnh l n ti y c n i vi m t my mini lo i LSI-11 v cc my mini c ni vi nhau b ng ng thu bao 56 Kbps tng t nh k thut s dng mng ARPANET. ng thi NFS cng cung cp ngn khon cho kho ng 20 mng vng lin kt vi cc my tnh ln trn v qua ti cc my tnh ln khc. Ton b mng bao gm mng trc v cc mng vng c gi l NFSNET, mng NFS c c kt n i vi mng ARPANET.

Mng NFS c pht trin rt nhanh, sau m t thi gian hot ng ng trc chnh c thay th bng ng cp quang 448 Kbps v cc my IBM RS6000 c s dng lm cng vic kt n i. n nm 1990 ng trc c nng ln n 1.5 Mbps. Vi vic pht trin rt nhanh v NFS th y rng chnh quyn khng c kh nng tip t c ti tr nhng do cc cng ty kinh doanh khng th s dng mng NFSNET (do bin cm theo lut) nn NFS ym tr cc cng ty MERIT, MCI, IBM thnh lp mt cng ty khng sinh li (nonprofit corporation) c tn l ANS (Advanced Networks and Services) nhm pht trin vic kinh doanh ha mng. ASN tip nhn mng NFSNET v b t u nng cp ng tr c ln t 1.5 Mbps ln 45 Mbps thnh lp mng ANSNET. Vo nm 1995 khi cc cng ty cung cp d ch v lin kt pht trin khp ni th mng tr c ANSNET khng cn cn thit na v ANSNET c bn cho cng ty America Online. Hin nay cc mng vng c a NFS mua cc dch v truyn d liu lin kt vi nhau, mng NFS ang s dng dch v ca 4 mng truyn d liu l PacBell, Ameritech, MFS, Sprint m qua cc mng vng NFS c th la ch n kt n i vi nhau. VI. Mng Internet Cng vi s pht trin c a NFSNET v ARPANET nht l khi giao thc TCP/IP tr thnh giao thc chnh thc duy nht trn cc mng trn th s lng cc mng, nt mu n tham gia kt n i vo hai mng trn tng ln rt nhanh. Rt nhiu cc mng vng c kt n i vi nhau v cn lin kt vi cc mng Canada, chu Au. Vo khong gia nhng nm 1980 ngi ta b t u th y c s hnh thnh ca mt h thng lin mng l n m sau ny c gi l Internet. S pht trin ca Internet c tnh theo cp s nhn, nu nh nm 1990 c khong 200.000 my tnh vi 3.000 mng con th nm 1992 c khong 1.000.000 my tnh c kt n i, n nm 1995 c hng trm mng cp vng, chc ngn mng con v nhiu triu my tnh. Rt nhiu mng ln ang hot ng c ng c kt ni vo Internet nh cc mng SPAN, NASA network, HEPNET, BITNET, IBM network, EARN. Vic lin kt cc mng c thc hin thng qua rt nhiu ng ni c t c rt cao. Hin nay m t my tnh c gi l thnh vin ca Internet nu my tnh c giao thc truyn d liu TCP/IP, c m t a ch IP trn mng v n c th g i cc gi tin IP n tt c cc my tnh khc trn mng Internet. Tuy nhin trong nhiu trng hp thng qua mt nh cung cp dch v Internet ngi s dng kt ni my c a mnh vi my ch ca nh ph c v v c cung cp mt a ch tm thi trc khi khai thc cc ti nguyn ca Internet. My tnh c a ng i c th gi cc gi tin cho cc my khc bng a ch tm thi v a ch s tr li cho nh cung cp khi kt thc lin lc. V my tnh ca ngi s dng trong thi gian lin kt vi Internet cng c mt a ch IP nn ngi ta vn coi my tnh l thnh vin c a Internet. Vo nm 1992 cng ng Internet ra i nhm thc y s pht trin ca Internet v iu hnh n. Hin nay Internet c 5 dch v chnh: Th in t (Email): y l dch v c t khi mng ARPANET mi c thit lp, n cho php gi v nhn th in t cho mi thnh vin khc trong mng.

Thng tin mi (News): Cc vn thi s c chuyn thnh cc din n cho php m i ngi quan tm c th trao i cc thng tin cho nhau, hin nay hin nay c hng nghn di n v m i mt trn Internet. ng nhp t xa (Remote Login): Bng cc ch ng trnh nh Telnet, Rlogin ngi s d ng c th t mt trm ca Internet ng nhp (logon) vo m t trm khc nu nh ngi c ng k trn my tnh kia. Chuyn file (File transfer): Bng ch ng trnh FTP ng i s dng c th chp cc file t mt my tnh trn mng Internet ti mt my tnh khc. Ngi ta c th chp nhiu phn mm, c s d liu, bi bo bng cch trn. Dch v WWW (World Wide Web): WWW l mt dch v c bit cung cp thng tin t xa trn mng Internet. Cc tp tin siu vn bn c lu tr trn my ch s cung cp cc thng tin v dn ng trn mng cho php ngi s d ng d dng Truy cp cc tp tin vn b n, ha, m thanh.

Hnh 9.5: V d mt trang Web cho php d dng khai thc cc trang Web khc

Ngi s dng nhn c thng tin di d ng cc trang vn b n, mt trang l mt n th nm trong my chu. y l dch v ang mang li sc thu ht to ln cho mng Internet, chng ta c th xy d ng cc trang Web b ng ngn ng HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) v i nhiu dng phong ph nh vn b n, hnh v, video, ting ni v c th c

cc kt ni vi cc trang Web khc. Khi cc trang c t trn cc my ch Web th thng qua Internet ngi ta c th xem c s th hin ca cc trang Web trn v c th xem cc trang web khc m n ch n. Cc phn mm thng d ng c s d ng hin nay xy dng v duyt cc trang Web l Mosaic, Navigator ca Netscape, Internet Explorer c a Microsoft, Web Access c a Novell.

Chng 10 :

Gii thiu v h iu hnh mng Windows NT

I. Th no l mt h iu hnh mng Vi vic ghp n i cc my tnh thnh mng th cn thit phi c m t h th ng phn mm c chc nng qu n l ti nguyn, tnh ton v x l truy nhp m t cch thng nht trn mng, h nh vy c gi l h iu hnh mng. Mi ti nguyn c a mng nh tp, a, thit b ngo i vi c qu n l bi m t tin trnh nht nh v h iu hnh mng iu khin s tng tc gia cc tin trnh v truy cp ti cc tin trnh . Cn c vo vic truy nhp ti nguyn trn mng ngi ta chia cc thc th trong mng thnh hai loi ch v khch, trong my khch (Client) truy nhp c vo ti nguyn ca mng nhng khng chia s ti nguyn ca n vi mng, cn my ch (Server) l my tnh nm trn mng v chia s ti nguyn ca n vi cc ngi dng mng. Hin nay cc h iu hnh mng thng c chia lm hai lo i l h iu hnh mng ngang hng (Peer-to-peer) v h iu hnh mng phn bit (client/server). Vi h iu hnh mng ngang hng mi my tnh trn mng c th va ng vai tr ch ln khch tc l chng va c th s d ng ti nguyn c a mng ln chia s ti nguyn c a n cho mng, v d : LANtastic c a Artisoft, NetWare lite c a Novell, Windows (for Workgroup, 95, NT Client) c a Microsoft. Vi h iu hnh mng phn bit cc my tnh c phn bit ch v khch, trong my ch mng (Server) gi vai tr ch v cc my cho ngi s d ng gi vai tr khch (cc trm). Khi c nhu cu truy nhp ti nguyn trn mng cc trm to ra cc yu cu v gi chng ti my ch sau my ch thc hin v gi tr li. V d cc h iu hnh mng phn bit: Novell Netware, LAN Manager c a Microsoft, Windows NT Server ca Microsoft, LAN Server c a IBM, Vines c a Banyan System vi server dng h iu hnh Unix. II. H iu hnh mng Windows NT Windows NT l h iu hnh mng cao cp ca hng Microsoft. Phin bn u c tn l Windows NT 3.1 pht hnh nm 1993, v phin bn server l Windows NT Advanced Server (trc l LAN Manager for NT). Nm 1994 phin b n Windows NT Server v Windows NT Workstation version 3.5 c pht hnh. Tip theo ra i cc b n version 3.51. Cc phin bn workstation c s d ng thnh lp mng ngang hng; cn cc bn server dnh cho qun l file tp trung, in n v chia s cc ng d ng. Nm 1995, Windows NT Workstation v Windows NT Server version 4.0 ra i kt hp shell c a ngi anh em Windows 95 ni ting pht hnh trc khng lu (trc y shell ca Windows NT ging shell ca Windows 3.1) kt hp c giao din quen thu c, d s d ng ca Windows 95 v s mnh m, an ton, bo mt cao c a Windows NT. Windows NT c hai b n m n i i vi hai cch tip cn mng khc nhau. Hai bn ny gi l Windows NT Workstation v Windows NT server. Vi h iu hnh chun c a NT ta c th xy d ng mng ngang hng, my ch mng v m i cng c qu n tr cn thit cho

mt my ch mng ngoi ra cn c th c nhiu gii php v xy d ng mng din r ng. C hai bn Windows NT station v Windows NT server cng c xy dng trn c s nhn NT chung v cc giao din v c hai cng c nhng c trng an ton theo tiu chun C2. Windows NT Wordstation c s dng kt n i nhng nhm ngi s d ng nh, thng cng lm vic trong mt vn phng. Tuy nhin vi Windows NT server ta c c mt kh nng ch ng hng hc cao, nhng kh nng cung cp d ch v mng ln v nhng la chon kt n i khc nhau, Windows NT Server khng hn ch v s ngi c th thm nhp vo mng. Vi Windows NT ta cng c nhng cng c qun tr t xa vo mng m c th thc hin c vic qu n tr t nhng my tnh xa. N thch hp vi tt c cc s mng BUS, STAR, RING v hn hp. Windows NT l h iu hnh c sc mnh cng nghip u tin cho s lng kh ng l cc my tnh IBM compatible. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh thc s dnh cho ngi s dng, cc c quan, cc cng ty x nghip. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh a nhim, a x l vi a ch 32 bit b nh. N ym tr cc ng d ng DOS, Windows, Win32 GUI v cc ng d ng d a trn k t. Windows NT server l mt h iu hnh mng hon chnh, n nhanh chng c tha nhn l mt trong nhng h iu hnh t t nht hin nay v: L h iu hnh mng p ng tt c cc giao thc truyn thng ph d ng nht. Ngoi ra n va cho php giao lu gia cc my trong mng, va cho php truy nhp t xa, cho php truyn file v.v... Windows NT l h iu hnh va p ng cho mng c c b (LAN) va p ng cho mng din r ng (WAN) nh Intranet, Internet. Windows NT server hn hn cc h iu hnh khc bi tnh mm do, a dng trong qun l. N va cho php qun l mng theo m hnh mng phn bit (Clien/Server), va cho php qu n l theo m hnh mng ngang hng (peer to peer). Windows NT server p ng t t nht cc d ch v vin thng, m t d ch v c s dng rng ri trong tng lai. Windows NT server ci t n gin, nh nhng v iu quan trng nht l n tng thch v i hu nh tt c cc h mng, n khng i hi ng i ta phi thay i nhng g c. Cho php dng cc dch v truy cp t xa (Remote access service - RAS), c kh nng php v n 64 cng truy nhp t xa (trong Lan manager 16 c ng). p ng cho c cc my trm Macintosh n i vi Windows NT server. Windows NT ym tr mi nghi thc mng chu n nh NetBUEI, IPX/SPX, TCP/IP v cc nghi th c khc. Windows NT cng tng thch vi nhng mng thng d ng hin nay nh Novell NetWare, Banyan VINES, v Microsoft LAN Manager. i vi mng ln v kh nng thm nhp t xa sn phm Windows NT Server c ng cng cp cc chc nng b xung nhu kh nng kt ni v i my tnh ln v my MAC. III. C u trc ca h iu hnh Windows NT

Windows NT c thit k s d ng cch tip cn theo n th (modular). Cc n th khc nhau (cn c gi l cc b phn, thnh phn) ca Windows NT c trnh by trong hnh 1 Cc b phn ca Windows NT c th ch y di hai ch : User (ngi s dng) v Kernel (ct li c a h iu hnh). Khi mt thnh phn ca h iu hnh chy d i ct li c a h iu hnh (Kernel), n truy cp y cc ch th my cho b x l v c th truy cp t ng qut ton b ti nguyn trn h thng my tnh. Trong Windows NT: Executive Services, Kernel v HAL chy d i ch ct li ca h iu hnh. H thng con (Subsystem) Win 32 v cc h thng con v mi trng, chng hn nh DOS/Win 16.0S/2 v h th ng con POSIX chy di ch user. Bng cch t cc h thng con ny trong ch user, cc nh thit k Windows NT c th hiu chnh chng d dng hn m khng cn thay i cc thnh phn c thit k chy d i ch Kernel.

Hnh 10.1: Cu trc Windows NT

Cc lp chnh ca h iu hnh WINDOWS NT SERVER gm: Lp phn cng tru tng (Hardware Astraction Layer - HAL): L phn c ng my tnh m c t li ca h iu hnh (Kernel) c th c ghi vo giao din phn cng o, thay v vo phn c ng my tnh thc s. Phn ln ct li c a h iu hnh s d ng HAL truy cp cc ti nguyn my tnh. iu ny c ngha l ct li ca h iu hnh v tt c cc thnh phn khc ph thu c vo ct li c th d dng xut (Ported) thng qua Microsoft n cc nn ( Platform ) phn cng khc. Mt thnh phn nh trong ct li c a h iu hnh, cng nh b qun l Nhp / Xut truy cp phn cng my tnh trc tip m khng cn bao g m HAL.

Lp Kernel ct li ca h iu hnh): Cung cp cc chc nng h iu hnh c b n c s d ng b i cc thnh phn thc thi khc. Thnh phn Kernel tng i nh v cung cp cc thnh phn ct yu cho nhng chc nng ca h iu hnh. Kernel ch yu chu trch nhim qun l lu ng, qun l phn cng v ng b a s l. Cc thnh ph n Executive: L cc thnh phn h iu hnh ch Kernel thi hnh cc dch v nh : Qu n l i tng (object manager) Bo mt (security reference monitor) Qu n l tin trnh (process manager) Qu n l b nh o (virtual memory manager) Th t c c c b g i tin ch, v qun tr nhp/xu t (I/O Manager) IV.C ch qun l ca Windows NT 1. Qu n l i tng (Object Manager): Tt c ti nguyn ca h iu hnh c thc thi nh cc i tng. M t i tng l m t i din tru tng c a m t ti nguyn. N m t trng thi bn trong v cc tham s ca ti nguyn v tp hp cc phng thc (method) c th c s d ng truy cp v iu khin i tng. V d m t i tng tp tin s c mt tn tp tin, thng tin trng thi trn file v danh sch cc phng thc, nh to, m,ng v xa, i tng m t cc thao tc c th c thc hin trn i tng file. Bng cch x l ton b ti nguyn nh i tng Windows NT c th thc hin cc phng thc ging nhau nh: to i tng, b o v i tng, gim st vic s dng i tng (Client object) gim st nhng ti nguyn c s dng bi mt i tng. Vic qu n l i tng (Object Manager) cung cp mt h thng t tn phn cp cho tt c cc i tng trong h thng. Do , tn i tng t n ti nh mt phn c a khng gian tn ton cc v c s dng theo di vic to v s d ng i tng. Sau y l mt s v d ca loi i tng Windows NT : i tng Directory (th m c). i tng File (tp tin). i tng kiu object. i tng Process (tin trnh).

 i tng thread (lung). i tng Section and segment (m t b nh). i tng Port (c ng). i tng Semaphore v bin c. i tng lin kt Symbolic (k hiu). 2. C ch bo m t (SRM - Security Reference Monitor): c s dng thc hin vn an ninh trong h thng Windows NT. Cc yu cu to mt i tng phi c chuyn qua SRM quyt nh vic truy cp ti nguyn c cho php hay khng. SRM lm vic vi h thng con bo mt trong ch user. H th ng con ny c s d ng xc nhn user login vo h th ng Windows NT. kim sot vic truy cp, m i i tng Windows NT c mt danh sch an ton (Access Control List - ACL). Danh sch an ton ca mi i tng gm nhng phn t ring bit gi l Access Control Entry (ACE). Mi ACE ch a mt SecurityID (SID: s hiu an ton) ca ngi s d ng hoc nhm. Mt SID l mt s bn trong s d ng vi my tnh Windows NT m t m t ngi s dng hoc mt nhm duy nht gi a cc my tnh Windows NT. Ngoi SID, ACE cha m t danh sch cc hnh ng (action) c cho php ho c b t chi c a m t user hoc mt nhm. Khi ngi s dng ng nhp vo mng Windows NT, sau khi vic nhn dng thnh cng, mt Security Access Token (SAT) c to cho ngi dng . SAT cha SID c a ngi dng v SID ca tt c cc nhm ngi dng thu c mng Windows NT. Sau SAT ho t ng nh m t "passcard" (th chuyn) cho phin lm vic ca ngi dng v c s dng kim tra tt c hot ng ca ngi dng. Khi ngi dng tham gia mng truy cp m t i tng, Security Reference Monitor kim tra b m t b o mt c a i tng xem SID lit k trong SAT c ph hp vi gi tr trong ACE khng. Nu ph hp, cc quyn v an ninh c lit trong ACE p d ng cho ngi dng .

Hnh 10.2: V d v danh sch an ton (Access Control List).

3. Qu n l nhp / xut (I/O Manager) :

Chu trch nhim cho ton b cc chc nng nhp / xu t trong h iu hnh Windows NT. I/O Manager lin lc vi trnh iu khin ca cc thit b khc nhau. 4. I/O Manager: Ss dng mt kin trc lp cho cc trnh iu khin. Mi b phn iu khin trong lp ny thc hin mt chc nng c xc nh r. Phng php tip cn ny cho php m t thnh phn iu khin c thay th d dng m khng nh hng phn cn li c a cc b phn iu khin.

Hnh 10.3:Cc trnh iu khin thit b theo lp ca I / O Manager

V. Cc c ch bo v d liu trong Windows NT C ch bo v d liu ca Windows NT gi l fault tolerance, n cho php h thng kh nng tip tc lm vic v bo ton d liu ca h thng trong trng hp mt phn ca h thng c s c h ng hc sai lch. Trong Windows NT c ch fault tolerance bao gm cc bin php sau: Ch ng cp in bt thng. Cung cp kh nng bo v h th ng a (fault tolerance disk subsystem). Cung cp kh nng sao chp d phng (backup) t bng t. Kh nng bo v h th ng a c a Windows NT l RAID (vit tt c a Redundant Array of Inexpensiredisk). Thc cht RAID l m t lot cc bin php b o v h thng a. Cc bin php trong RIAD c chia thnh 6 mc sau: Mc 0 : y l mc ng vi bin php chia nh a (disk striping). Thc cht ni dung c a bin php ny l phn chia d liu thnh kh i v sau sp xp cc khi d liu theo th t trong tt c cc a thnh 1 mng. Mc 1 : Mc ny ng vi bin php disk Mirroring, bin php ny cho php to ra 2 a gi ng nhau. Nu trong qu trnh vn hnh mng mt a c s c th h thng s d ng d liu ca a kia. Mc 2 : Mc ny ng vi bin php phn chia nh a bng cch phn chia cc file thnh cc byte v sp xp cc byte sang nhiu a. Mc ny s d ng m sa sai

(error correcting code) trong qu trnh phn chia a. Ni chung bin php dng mc ny t t hn bin php dng trong mc 1. Mc 3 : Mc ny s d ng bin php gi ng mc 2. Tuy nhin m sa sai (error correction code) ch s dng cho mt a. Khng p dng cho nhiu a nh mc 2. Ngi ta thng dng mc ny truy nhp vo mt s t file c dung tch ln. Mc 4 : Mc ny s d ng bin php gi ng mc 2 v 3 nhng b ng phng php phn chia a thnh cc kh i ln. Ging nh mc 3 tt c cc m sa sai (error correction code) c hgi vo m t a v tch kh i kh i d liu. Mc 5 : Trong mc ny ngi ta s dng bin php phn chia a thnh tng phn gi l Striping with party. Bin php s dng mc ny t ng t nh c 4, s liu c phn nh thnh cc khi ln v sau ghi vo tt c cc a. Cc thng tin (party Infomation) c coi nh cc d liu dng tm thi (data redundancy). Ngoi ra chng ta cn c th p dng cc bin php bo v d liu trong Windows NT: Bin php Disk mirroring: Disk mirroring l cch sao tm (redundant) li a hoc partition. Bin php ny b o v d liu trnh cc s c bng cch da ra ch thng xuyn backup a hoc partition. Hnh di ch ra cch dng bin php Mirroring: Disk Duplexing: Bin php dng a kp (Disk Duplexing) tng t nh disk mirroring ch khc l chng dng 2 disk controler. Diu ny cho thn h nng b o v khi controler c a m t a c s c. Trong khi bin php Mirror khng th khc phc c tnh hu ng ny. Mirror Set: Cc partition hoc a trong ch Mirror c to ra bng cch lp sao li partition hoc a trn a khc cng mt tn a c gn cho c 2 partition. Ta c th dng establish Mirror trong menu Fault tolerance. Nu a ho c partition trong ch Mirror b li th ch Mirror cn phi ngt thc hin ch sao chp d phng vo mt a ring. Sau sao backup tr li. VI. Gii thiu v hot ng ca Windows NT Server Khi chng ta khi ng Windows NT Server hp Begin logon s hin ra, server ch i chng ta b m Ctrl+Alt +Del c th tip tc hot ng. y c im khc vi cc h iu hnh DOS, Windows 95 l t hp Ctrl+Alt +Del khng phi l kh i ng li my. Trong trng hp ny Windows NT lo i b mi chng trnh Virus hay khng c php ang ho t ng trc khi b c vo lm vic.

Hnh 10.4: Thng bo gia nhp mng

Lc ny chng ta s th y h p Logon Information xut hin v yu cu chng ta phi nh ng tn v mt khu th mi c ng nhp vo Server. Nu l ngi dng mi th phi c ngi qu n tr khai bo tn v mt khu trc khi ng nhp..

Hnh 10.5: Mn hnh gia nhp mng

C ng ging nh mn hnh nn ca h iu hnh Windows 95 khi mu n thc hin cc trnh, gi cc menu h thng chng ta dng nt Start cu i mn hnh

Hnh 10.6: im khi u ca Windows

Trc mu n kt thc chng trnh v tt my chng ta phi bm phm Start ri chn ShutDown, mn hnh kt thc s hin ra cho chng ta la chon cng yu cu v tt hay khi ng li.

Hnh 10.7: Mn hnh thot khi Windows

Chng 11

H thng qun l ca mng Windows NT

Cc mng my tnh hin nay c thit k rt a dng v ang thc hin nhng ng d ng trn nhiu lnh vc ca i s ng x hi. iu c ngha l cc thng tin lu tr trn mng v cc thng tin truyn giao trn mng ngy cng mang nhiu gi tr c ngha sng cn. Do vy nhng ngi qu n tr mng ngy cng phi quan tm n vic bo v cc ti nguyn c a mnh. Vic bo v an ton l qu trnh bo v mng kh i b xm nhp ho c mt mt, khi thit k cc h iu hnh mng ngi ta phi xy d ng m t h th ng qu n l nhiu tng v linh hot gip cho ngi qun tr mng c th thc hin nhng phng n v qu n l t n gin mc thp cho n phc tp mc cao trong nhng mng c nhiu ngi tham gia. Thng qua nhng cng c qun tr c xy dng san ngi qu n tr c th xy dng nh ng c ch v an ton ph hp vi c quan c a mnh. Thng thng h thng mng c nh ng mc qu n l chnh sau: Mc qun l vic thm nh p mng (Login/Password): Mc qun l vic thm nhp mng (Login/Password) xc nh nhng ai v lc no c th vo mng. i vi ngi qu n tr v ngi s d ng mng, mc an ton ny d ng nh kh n gin m theo mi ngi s d ng (ngi s dng) c mt tn login v mt khu duy nht. Mc qun l trong vic qun l s dng cc ti nguyn ca mng: Kim sot nh ng ti nguyn no m ngi s d ng c php truy cp, s d ng v s d ng nh th no. Mc qun l vi th mc v file: Mc an ton ca file kim sot nhng file v th m c no ngi s d ng c dng trn mng v c s dng mc no Mc qun l vic iu khin File Server: Mc an ton trn my ch kim sot ai c th c thc hin cc thao tc trn my ch nh bt, tt, chy cc chng trnh khc. Ngi ta cn c c ch nh mt khu bo v. I. Qun l cc ti nguyn trong mng Nh chng ta bit, mng LAN cung cp cc d ch v theo hai cch: qua cch chia s ti nguyn theo nguyn tc ngang hng v thng qua nhng my ch trung tm. D bt c phng php no c s dng, vn cn phi gii quyt l l gip ngi s dng xc nh c cc ti nguyn c san u c th s d ng. Cc k thut sau y c s d ng t chc ti nguyn mng my tnh: Qu n l n l tng my ch (stand-alone services). Qu n l theo dch v th mc (directory services). Qu n l theo nhm (workgroups).

Qu n l theo domain (domains). 1. Qun l n l tng my ch (Stand-alone Services) Vi cch qu n l ny trong mng LAN thng ch c mt vi my ch, m i my ch s qun l ti nguyn ca mnh, m i ngi s d ng mu n thm nhp nh ng ti nguyn c a my ch no th phi khai bo v chu s qun l c a my ch . M hnh trn ph hp vi nhng mng nh vi t my ch v khi c trc trc trn mt my ch th ton mng vn hot ng. Cng v trong mng LAN ch c t my ch, do ngi s d ng khng my kh khn tm cc tp tin, my in v cc ti nguyn khc ca mng (plotter, CDRom, modem...). Vic t chc nh v y khng cn nhng d ch v qun l ti nguyn phc tp. Tuy nhin khi trong mng c t hai my ch tr ln vn tr nn phc tp hn v m i my ch ring l gi ring bng danh sch cc ngi s dng v ti nguyn c a mnh. Khi mi ngi s dng phi to lp v b o tr ti khon ca mnh hai my ch khc nhau mi c th ng nhp (logon) v truy xut n cc my ch ny. Ngoi ra vic xc nh v tr ca cc ti nguyn trong mng cng rt kh khn khi mng c qui m ln. 2. Qun l theo dch v th mc (Directory Services) H thng cc dch v th mc cho php lm vic vi mng nh l mt h th ng thng nht, ti nguyn mng c nhm li m t cch logic d tm hn. Gii php ny c th c dng cho nhng mng ln. y thay v phi ng nhp vo nhiu my ch, ng i s dng ch cn ng nhp vo mng v c cc d ch v th mc cp quyn truy cp n ti nguyn mng, cho d c cung cp bi bt k my ch no. Ngi qu n tr mng ch cn thc hin cng vic ca mnh ti mt trm trn mng mc d cc im nt ca n c th nm trn c th gii. H iu hnh Netware 4.x cung cp dch v n i ting v y u th cnh tranh ny vi tn g i Netware Directory Services (NDS). Gii php ny thch hp vi nhng mng l n. Cc thng tin ca NDS c t trong mt h th ng c s d liu ng b, rng khp c gi l DIB (Data Information Base). C s d liu trn qu n l cc d liu d i dng cc i tng phn bit trn ton mng. Cc nh ngha i tng s c t trn cc tp tin ring c a m t s my ch c bit, mi i tng c cc tnh cht v gi tr ca mi tnh cht. i tng bao hm tt c nhng g c tn phn bit nh Ngi s dng, File server, Print server, group. Mi loi i tng c nh ng tnh cht khc nhau v d nh i tng Ngi s dng c tnh cht v nhm m ngi s d ng thuc, cn nhm c cc tnh cht v ngi s dng m nhm cha. Vic thit lp cc dch v nh v y cn c lp k ho ch, thit k rt cn thn, lin quan n tt c cc n v phng ban c lin quan. Loi mng ny c khuyt im l vic thit k, thit lp mng rt phc tp, mt nhiu thi gian nn khng thch hp cho cc mng nh. 3. Qun l theo nhm (Workgroup) Cc nhm lm vic lm vic theo tng ngc li vi cc dch v th m c. Nhm lm vic da trn nguyn tc mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer network), cc ngi s d ng chia s ti nguyn trn my tnh ca mnh vi nhng ngi khc, my no cng va l ch

(server) va l khch (client). Ngi s d ng c th cho php cc ngi s d ng khc s dng tp tin, my in, modem... c a mnh, v n lt mnh c th s dng cc ti nguyn c cc ng i s dng khc chia s trn mng. Mi c nhn ngi s d ng qu n l vic chia s ti nguyn trn my c a mnh bng cch xc nh ci g s c chia s v ai s c quyn truy cp. Mng ny hot ng n gin: sau khi logon vo, ngi s dng c th duyt (browse) tm cc ti nguyn c san trn mng. Workgroup l nhm logic cc my tnh v cc ti nguyn c a chng n i vi nhau trn mng m cc my tnh trong cng m t nhm c th cung cp ti nguyn cho nhau. Mi my tnh trong mt workgroup duy tr chnh sch bo mt v CSDL qun l ti khon bo mt SAM (Security Account Manager) ring mi my. Do qun tr workgroup bao gm vic qun tr CSDL ti kho n b o mt trn m i my tnh m t cch ring l, mang tnh cc b, phn tn. iu ny r rng rt phin phc v c th khng th lm c i vi mt mng rt ln. Nhng workgroup cng c im l n gin, tin li v chia s ti nguyn hiu qu, do thch hp vi cc mng nh , gm cc nhm ngi s d ng tng t nhau. Tuy nhin Workgroup da trn c s mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer), nn c hai tr ngi i vi cc mng ln nh sau: i vi mng ln, c qu nhiu ti nguyn c san trn mng lm cho cc ngi s d ng kh xc nh chng khai thc. Ng i s d ng mun chia s ti nguyn thng s dng m t cch d hn chia s ti nguyn ch vi m t s hn ch ngi s dng khc. in hnh cho loi mng ny l Windws for Workgroups, LANtastic, LAN Manager... Window 95, Windows NT Workstation. 4. Qun l theo vng (Domain) Domain mn tng t th mc v nhm lm vic. Gi ng nh m t workgroup, domain c th c qun tr bng h n hp cc bin php qun l tp trung v a phng. Domain l m t tp hp cc my tnh dng chung mt nguyn tc b o mt v CSDL ti khon ngi dng (ngi s dng account). Nhng ti khon ngi dng v nguyn tc an ton c th c nhn th y khi thu c vo m t CSDL chung v c tp trung. Gi ng nh m t th m c, mt domain t chc ti nguyn ca mt vi my ch vo mt c cu qun tr. Ngi s d ng c cp quyn logon vo domain ch khng phi vo tng my ch ring l. Ngoi ra, v domain iu khin ti nguyn ca m t s my ch, nn vic qun l cc ti kho n ca ngi s d ng c tp trung v do tr nn d dng hn l phi qun l mt mng v i nhiu my ch c lp. Cc my ch trong m t domain cung cp d ch v cho cc ngi s d ng. M t ngi s dng khi logon vo domain th c th truy cp n tt c ti nguyn thuc domain m h c cp quyn truy cp. H c th d tm (browse) cc ti nguyn ca domain ging nh trong mt workgroup, nhng n an ton, bo mt hn.

 xy d ng mng da trn domain, ta phi c t nht m t my Windows NT Server trn mng. Mt my tnh Windows NT c th thu c vo m t workgroup hoc mt domain, nh ng khng th ng thi thu c c hai. M hnh domain c thit lp cho cc mng ln vi kh nng kt n i cc mng ton x nghip hay lin kt cc kt ni mng vi cc mng khc v nh ng cng c cn thit iu hnh. Vic nhm nh ng ngi s d ng mng v ti nguyn trn mng thnh domain c li ch sau: M s c a ngi s d ng c qu n l tp trung mt ni trong mt c s d liu ca my ch , do vy qu n l cht ch hn. Cc ngu n ti nguyn c c b c nhm vo trong m t domain nn d khai thc hn. Qun l theo Workgroup v domain l hai m hnh m Windows NT la chn. S khc nhau cn bn gia Workgroup v domain l trong mt domain phi c t nht mt my ch (my ch) v ti nguyn ngi s dng ph i c qun l bi my ch . II. H th ng qun l trn H iu hnh m ng Windows NT Server Windows NT cung cp nhng chc nng tun theo chun C2 (chu n v an ton qu c t) trong Windows NT m bo trnh c nhng ngi khng c php vo trong h thng ho c thm nhp vo cc file v ch ng trnh trn a cng. Ngi ta khng th thm nhp vo c nu khng c mt khu ng. v qua bo v c cc file. Windows NT cung cp cng c xy d ng cc lp quyn dnh cho nhiu nhim v khc nhau nhm xy dng h th ng an ton mt cch mm do. Nhiu ngi s d ng c th c quyn vo m t my ch Windows NT. Mt ti khon c a ngi s d ng trn my bao g m tn, mt khu v nhiu tnh cht c cho bi ng i qun tr mng. Ngi s d ng c th che cc th mc hay file ca mnh t nh ng ngi khc v ci t cc thng s ca File manager, Programe Manager, Control Panel mt cch ph hp. Khi ngi dng thm nhp vo h th ng th t ng khi ng mi thng s c lu tr t trc. Nu ngi s d ng c quyn cao hn th h c th chia s ho c ng ng cc ti nguyn ang dng chung trn mng nh my in hay file hoc h c th thay i quyn c a nh ng ngi dng mng khc khi thm nhp vo mng. 1. M hnh Workgroup (nhm) ca mng Windows NT Mi ngi truy cp vo mng Windows NT t chc theo m hnh Workgroup cn phi ng k: Tn vo mng Mt khu vo mng Da vo tn v mt khu cho, Windows NT cung cp cho ngi m t s g i l m s ca ngi s d ng (user account). M s ny c lu d trong c s d liu l h thng

qun tr ti nguyn (SAM - Security Account Manager database). H thng qun tr ti nguyn dng m b o an ton v ti nguyn trn mng. Ngi vo mng mu n truy nhp vo ti nguyn phi qua s kim duyt c a h thng qun tr ti nguyn. Trong m hnh Workgroup m i my trm c m t ngu n ti nguyn tng ng vi m t h th ng qun tr ti nguyn bo v n. Ch : M i ng i khai thc mng phi nh nhiu m s, v ng vi mi my trm c m t h th ng qun tr ti nguyn ring ca n. 2. M hnh vng (Domain) Domain l mt khi nim rt c b n trong Windows NT server, n l ht nhn t chc cc mng c quy m ln. Mi ngi tham gia trong Domain cn phi ng k thng tin sau: Tn Domain Tn ngi s d ng Mt khu Cc thng tin ny c lu my ch d i d ng m t m s, g i l ti kho n ngi s dng (user account) v cc m s c a ngi s d ng trong m t domain c t chc thnh mt c s d liu trn my ch . Khi ngi s d ng mu n truy nhp vo mt Domain ngi phi ch n tn Domain trong hp thoi trn my trm. My trm s chuyn cc thng tin v h th ng qun tr ti nguyn (SAM - Security Account Manager database) c a Domain kim tra. Khi h thng qu n tr ti nguyn trn my ch s kim tra cc thng tin ny, nu kt qu kim tra l ng, ngi khai thc mi c quyn truy nhp vo ti nguyn ca Domain. Mt my Windows NT m khng tham gia vo mt Domain c nhc im sau: My trm ch c th cung cp cc m s c to ra trn n. Nu my ny b h hng th nhng ngi khai thc mng khng th truy nhp bng m s ca h. Nu my ny nm trong mt Domain no th cc m s ny cn c lu trong SAM ca mt Domain trn my My ch . Qua my trm khng tham gia vo Domain, ngi khai thc mng khng th truy nhp vo ti nguyn ca Domain, mc d m s ca ca ngi ny c trong SAM ca Domain Trong mt Domain thng c cc loi my thc hin nhng cng vic sau: Primary domain Controller (PDC), bao gi cng phi c qu n tr h thng cc ngi s d ng v cc ti kho n trong Domain (h thng ny gi l c s d liu SAM - Security Account Manager ca Domain). SAM trn my ch c thit k nh h th ng kim sot Domain. Trong mt Domain ch c duy nht mt PDC.

Ngoi ra h thng cn c m t hay nhiu my lm Backup Domain Controller (BDC). Cc BDC c th dng thay th cho my PDC trong trng hp cn thit, chng hn my PDC b h Ngi qu n tr Domain ch cn to ti khon ng i s dng (user account) ch m t ln trn my Primary Domain Controller, thng tin c t dng copy n cc my Backup Domain Controller. 3. M hnh quan h gia cc Domain trong mng Windows NT Trong mt mng c th c nhiu Domain nhng m t my tnh Windows NT l thnh vin ca ch mt domain ti mi thi im. Tuy nhin, c mt vi trng hp i khi chng ta cn truy cp ti nguyn trong nhng domain khc, l c iu ny h iu hnh Windows NT server cho php gia cc Domain c th tn ti mt quan h gi l quan h tin c y (trust relationship). Chng ta c th s dng quan h tin cy gia cc Domain cho php ngi dng trn m t Domain truy cp ti nguyn trong Domain khc. Hai Domain A, B gi l quan h tin cy (trust relationship) m trong Domain A tin c y Domain B nu gia chng c mt mi lin kt sao cho ngi khai thc mng ca Domain B c th truy nhp vo Domain A t m t my trm trong Domain B. T gc ca ngi qun tr mng mc ch ca vic thit lp quan h tin cy gia cc Domain l lm cho vic qu n l mng tr ln n gin hn bng cch kt hp cc Domain vo mt n v qun l. Trong quan h tin cy cc Domain c chia ra nh sau: Domain c tin cy (trusted domain) Domain tin c y (trusting domain) Mt Domain l lo i ny ho c loi kia thng th ng ph thuc vo n cha m s ca ngi s d ng (ngi s d ng account) hay ch cha ti nguyn (resource) Domain tin c y (trusting domain) l Domain cha ti nguyn. Domain c tin cy (trusted domain) l Domain cha m s ngi s d ng. Khi ngi s d ng truy nhp t m t my trm trong Domain tin c y (trusting domain) vo Domain c tin cy (trusted domain) th qu trnh kim sot din ra nh sau: Ng i s d ng phi cho m s (m s ny ng vi tn, mt khu, tn domain cn truy nhp) M s c chuyn v my ch c a Domain tin cy. My ch ca Domain tin cy chuyn m s ny sang Domain c tin c y. Kt qu kim tra c a my ch trong Domain c tin c y din ra theo qu trnh ngc li. y chng ta ch :

Vic lin kt gia cc Domain khng c tnh b c cu. Thng qua vic thit lp m i quan h tin tng, chng ta c th s dng m t ti kho n truy xut n nhiu ti nguyn ca nhiu Domain. C th qun tr nhiu Domain t m t v tr tp trung.

Hnh 11.1: M hnh tin cy ca cc Domain trong mng Windows NT

4. Nhm (group) trong Windows NT Trong mng Windows NT khi nim nhm (group) l mt trong nh ng khi nim quan tr ng i vi cng vic qu n l, iu hnh mng Windows NT. Nhm lm cho vic khai thc ti nguyn c d dng thun li v n gin ha vic qun tr. Mi nhm c ng k bi mt ti khon (group account) v c cc thnh vin c a n. Cc quyn c gn cho nhm s t ng gn cho cc ngi s d ng l thnh vin ca nhm. Cc tin li ca nhm nh sau: Quyn c th c gn cho, hoc h y i trn mi thnh vin ca nhm. Khi mt ngi s d ng b loi ra khi nhm, th t ng b mt cc quyn c cp khi cn trong nhm. Trong mng Windows NT ngi ta phn bit phn bit hai lo i nhm l nhm ton c c (global group) v nhm cc b (local group). 5. Nhm ton cc (global group) Nhm ton cc cn c gi l nhm vng (domain group). Thnh vin ca nhm l cc ngi dng cp vng (domain user). H ngc li vi ngi dng cc b (local user) l ngi c phm vi gii hn trong my tnh m h c xc nh. Thnh vin c a nhm ton cc c php chuyn ra ngoi (export) m t Domain khc. Phm vi ca nhm ton c c l ton b vng trn user dc xc nh, v thy c t bt k my tnh NT no trong vng . Quyn c th c gn cho nhm ton cc cho cc ti nguyn trn m t my NT Server hay NT Workstation trong vng.

Cc ti kho n nhm ton c c c lu PDC (Primary DomainController) ca Domain, v c sao lu n cc BDC (Backup Domain Controller) trong Domain . Nhm ton cc c nhng c trng sau: Thnh vin ca nhm phi l cc ngi s d ng ca domain (domain user account). Nhm ton c c c th c gn quyn cho ti nguyn b t k trong vng m chng c xc nh. Nhm ton c c c th c gn quyn n cc ti nguyn trong vng khc vi vng chng c xc nh khi quan h tin cy (trust relationship) gia cc vng c hiu lc. Cc thnh vin ca nhm ton c c c th s dng ngu n ti nguyn trong vng b t k m nhm ton cc c quyn. Nhm ton c c ch cha m s c a ngi s dng trong Domain ca n. N khng th cha cc nhm c c b v nhm ton cc khc. 6. Nhm cc b (local group) Nhm cc b, tri li, c gn quyn cho ngu n ti nguyn trn my NT m n c xc nh. Nu my NT l mt phn ca vng, th tin cho vic gn quyn, mt nhm cc b c th cha cc ti kho n ngi dng cp vng (domain user account) v cc nhm ton cc trong Domain , ni my tnh NT l thnh vin, hoc nh ng ngi dng t Domain c tin c y. Cc ngi dng cp vng (domain user) c th c gn quyn truy cp n ti nguyn bt k trong Domain . Nu Windows NT computer khng ni v i mng th cc thnh vin trong local group c th c gn quyn truy xu t n ti nguyn trn my tnh m trong cc thnh vin c to ra cn nu Windows NT computer n i vo mng th tin li cho vic phn quyn th ngi qun tr mng c th a global group v domain user vo trong local group . C hai loi nhm c c b : nhm cc b trm lm vic (workstation local group) v nhm cc b vng (domain local group). M t mng lm vic theo c ch vng bao gm c Windows NT Server v Windows NT Workstation vic hiu r s khc nhau gia hai loi nhm c c b l rt quan trng. a. Nhm cc b tr m lm vic (Workstation local group): Nhm cc b trm lm vic hin din trn Windows NT Workstation trn chng c to ra. Chng c cha trong d liu SAM lu tr trn Windows NT Workstation. M t ngi dng c c b c to ra bng cng c User Manager c a Windows NT Workstation (khc vi cng c User Manager for Domains trn Windows NT Server) c th c quan h thnh vin ch trong nhm cc b ca trm lm vic . Mt nhm cc b trong m t trm lm vic ch c th c dng trn my tnh trn nhm c to ra, v khng th lm vic rn bt k my Windows NT no khc.

Nhm cc b trm lm vic c th cha: Cc ti kho n ngi dng cc b t trm lm vic trn n c xc nh. Cc ti kho n ngi dng cp vng (domain user account) v cc nhm ton cc t vng trong h c xc nh. Cc ti kho n ngi dng cp vng (domain user account) v cc nhm ton cc t cc vng c y quyn. b. Nhm cc b vng (Domain local group): Nhm cc b vng ho t ng trn Windows NT Server mc vng, v c to ra b ng User Manager for Domains (trn Windows NT Server). Cc nhm c c b vng ch c th hin hu trn my Windows NT Server to ra n. Do , cc nhm cc b vng c th dng truy cp ngun ti nguyn trn my tnh Windows NT Server trong vng , m khng dng truy cp ngu n ti nguyn trn my tnh Windows NT Workstation trong vng ny. Nhm c c b vng khng th c gn quyn trn b iu khin khng c cp vng, thm ch c cc my ch. III. Cc m hnh Domain trong mng Windows NT Windows NT my ch cung cp 4 kiu t chc domain gi tt l cc m hnh domain (domain models). Di y l 4 m hnh t chc ca n: M hnh domain n (single domain) M hnh domain chnh (master domain) M hnh multiple master domain M hnh complete truts 1. M hnh Domain n (single domain) M hnh domain n l m hnh trong mng ch c mt domain. M hnh ny thch hp cho mng t ngi khai thc, cn qun l tp trung. M hnh n ni chung tng t nh m hnh workgroup, trong m hnh ny ngi s d ng c th xem xt, khai thc ti nguyn theo c m hnh workgroup v m hnh domain. Lo i m hnh ny khng c cc quan h y quyn v ch c mt domain duy nht, domain ny cng cha CSDL SAM cho ton b mng v vic qu n tr mng c th thc hin t mt v tr trung tm. Cc ti kho n ngi dng trong vng (domain user account) v ti khon nhm trong vng (domain group acconunt) c th c xy d ng v c cc quyn truy cp ti nguyn c gn trn cc nhm v ngi dng ring r v c mt phm vi bao gm tt c cc my vi tnh trong vng.

Trong m hnh Domain n vn an ton d liu, qu n l h th ng c xem xt mt cch t t hn so vi Workgroup. 2. M hnh Domain chnh (Master domain) M hnh Domain chnh c th c s dng cho cc c quan khi h mu n t chc mng thnh nhiu Domain ti nguyn (Resource domain) nhng vn c nhng tin li trong vic qun l tp trung. Bng cch phn chia ti nguyn mng vo nhiu Domain, chng ta s tin t chc v qu n l mt lng ti nguyn ln. Mt Domain ch (master domain) c s d ng h tr vic qu n tr tp trung m trong tt c m s ca ngi s d ng v m s cc nhm ton c c (global group) trn mng c lu gi. c im ca m hnh domain chnh : M hnh Master Domain l m hnh c nhiu Domain, trong c 1 Domain l Domain chnh (premery domain). M hnh ny thch hp cho mng c s ngi dng khng qu ln, nhng cn phi phn chia thnh cc n v nh hn nh ng vic qun l c tin hnh tp trung. Trong m hnh ny tt c m s c a ngi khai thc mng v m s c a cc nhm ton cc (global group) u cha trn server trn Domain chnh. Trong m hnh ny tt c cc khc Domain u tin cy v i Domain chnh.

Hnh 11.2: M hnh Domain chnh

Trong m hnh ny m s c a ngi s dng qu n l tp trung v cc nhm ton c c ch cn xc nh mt ln trong Domain chnh. Ti nguyn c nhm logic thnh cc n v nh hn c th qun l bi tng Domain. M hnh Domain chnh l m hnh qu n l tp trung v v y chin lc pht trin mng cn d a vo cc nhm c c b v cc nhm ton cc. M hnh ny khng nhng qu n l tp trung cc m s c a ngi s d ng m cn cung cp cc dch v nh ci t phn mm, sao chp backup cho tt c cc my ch trn mng. Tuy nhin m hnh ny c nhc im c th gy n tc nu c qu nhiu nhm v nhiu ngi dng v cc nhm c c b cn phi xc nh trong mi Domain m chng c s dng. 3. M hnh nhiu Domain chnh (muliple master domain)

M hnh nhiu Domain chnh (muliple master domain) c th c s d ng cho cc t chc c nhiu khu vc v m i khu vc c nhiu b phn. Trong nhiu mng kiu nh v y, b phn iu hnh ring bit cho mi khu vc mun qu n l tp trung cc ti nguyn mng trong khu vc. Chng ta xy d ng m t Domain ch (master domain) cho mi khu vc v chia cc ti nguyn trong m i khu vc thnh nhiu Domain ti nguyn (resoure domain) ring bit. Trn m hnh ny t n ti cc quan h sau: Mi Domain chnh quan h tin cy hai chiu vi cc domain chnh khc. iu ny cho php m i Domain chnh c th qun l cc domain chnh khc. Cc Domain khng phi l chnh khng c m s c a ngi s d ng m ch cung cp ti nguyn trn mng. Cc Domain khng phi l chnh tin c y i vi tt c cc Domain chnh. Nh iu ny mi m s ca ngi s d ng s c s dng trn tt c cc Domain chnh v c c quyn truy nhp vo ti nguyn trong cc ti nguyn trn cc Domain khc c a mng. Bng cch phn chia ti nguyn mng thnh nhiu Domain, chng ta c nhiu thun li trong vic t chc qu n l mt s lng ln cc ti nguyn trong cc n v ph hp. M hnh nhiu Domain chnh c u im i vi mng nhiu ng i dng trong cc ti nguyn c nhm mt cch logic theo cng vic. Tuy nhin cc nhm c c b v ton c c phi xc nh nhiu ln v m s ca ngi s d ng phi ch a nhiu Domain chnh .

Hnh 11.3: M hnh nhiu Domain chnh

4. M hnh tin c y hon ton (complete trust) M hnh tin c y hon ton l m hnh m trong mi Domain l quan h tin cy 2 chiu vi cc Domain khc. Vi m hnh ny, ngi s dng c th truy nhp vo b t k Domain no trn mng t m t my trm no . M hnh ny c th p d ng v i qui m mng ty v ph hp cho cc c quan khng c nhm qu n tr tp trung, n cho php khng hn ch s ngi khai thc mng v s nhm. Mi b phn trong n v c th kim sot c m s c a ngi s dng c ng nh ti nguyn c a b phn mnh trong ti nguyn v m s ngi s d ng c nhm thnh mt Domain.

Hnh 11.4: M hnh nhiu M hnh tin cy hon ton

IV. Cc m t h n ch ca nhng m hnh Domain M hnh vng c mt s k h v cu trc. Nhng hn ch v domain c tho lu n y nhm m c ch gip bn thit k mng chnh xc v hon ho. Domain NT n iu theo ngha l khng c cch no din t quan h phn cp hoc nhm ti nguyn trong mt vng n. Ngi dng c th s d ng nh ng quyn c y thc th hin cc quan h gia nhng vng, nhng y l quan h s d ng v khng thch hp cho vic t chc mng d a trn phm vi a l, ti nguyn s hu, logic hoc nn tng s t chc. M hnh vng Domain chnh duy nht theo Microsoft thch hp cho cc mng t hn 40.000 ngi dng v nhm. Khi s ng i dng v nhm tng ln, s quan h y quyn v chi ph qu n l quan h cng tng. Ni cch khc chi ph qu n l mng c th tng b t thnh lnh khi kch thc mng tng. Ng i dng phi cn trng v k h c a quan h y quyn - c bit quan h y quyn hai chiu. Nu khng cn thn trong vic gn cc quan h y quyn v khng c k ho ch ng n, ngi s dng c th kt thc bng mt m hnh y quyn tr n vn, vi tt c nhng hn ch c a m hnh i km. Ngoi ra c mt nguy c thc s s xy ra l ngi ci t mng c th ci t mt mng hot ng tt trong thi gian ngn cn khi mng ho t ng di hn ny s ny sinh vn v mt chnh sch l ai y quyn cho ai.

Chng 12

Ci t, qun tr, s dng mng Windows NT

I. Ci t h iu hnh mng Windows NT server Trc khi ci t mng Windows NT th c ng ging nh ci cc h iu hnh khc chng ta phi cm card mng vo my, thit lp mng v m b o n c ho t ng t t. Khi ci chng ta c th s d ng phn mm trn a CD ROM (nu my c a chng ta l PC th chng ta s d ng th mc I386) hoc chng ta chp th m c I386 ln a cng trc khi ci t. ci t Windows NT ta v trong th m c I386 v ch y lnh "WINNT" Ch trong trng hp ny chng trnh s yu cu chun b 3 a mm lo i 1.44Mb ci cc chng trnh khi ng cn thit v trong qu trnh ci t cc a mm trn s c s d ng. Nu ta khng mun th thc hin lnh "WINNT /B" v phi ch ng d n ca chng trnh ngun nh d:\I386. Yu cu v phn cng cho vic ci t windows NT Thit b ph n cng Processor Yu cu Intel 486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, nhng h th ng ch y trn RISC (Ex: MIPS R4x00, DEC?s Alpha AXP). Windows NT h tr ln n 4 CPU Mode Symmetriccal Multi-Processing VGA hay nh ng thit b c phn gii cao hn Ti thiu phi c 110 MB Hard Disk cn trng trong su t qu trnh ci t 31/2 inch hay 51/4 inch CD-ROM drive hay a CD-ROM m ta c th truy xut c thng qua ng mng M t hay nhiu card mng, card mng khng c cng c nhng chc nng mng s khng c NT khuyn co t nht phi c 16 MB Ram cho c hai h th ng ch y trn Intel v RISC

Display device Hard disk

Floppy disk CD-ROM

Network adapter Memory

Chng 13 :

Qun l v khai thc File, th mc trong mng Windows NT

Trong s cc ti nguyn c a mng chia s cho ngi s d ng thng tin lu tr trn a cng c a cc my ch l ti nguyn quan tr ng nht. Khng phi ngu nhin m ci tn "File server" tr nn rt quen thuc vi nhng ngi dng mng ging nh "Network server". Tuy nhin lm sao c th s dng, qu n l cc ti nguyn mt cch tt nht Windows NT cung cp cho chng ta m t c ch qu n l v phng thc khai thc. Thng thng chng ta phi khai bo cc ti nguyn trc khi chng c ngi s d ng khai thc. Ngoi ra ngi s dng c ng c cung cp quyn s d ng mt cch ph hp. I. C ch an ton ca File v th mc trong Windows NT Qu trnh truy cp tp tin (File hoc th mc) trong Windows NT: Khi m t ngi s dng mun truy cp m t tp tin th tt c cc thng tin v phng thc phc hi giao dch v phc hi giao dch khi b l i s c ng k bi Log File Server. Nu giao d ch thnh cng, tp tin s truy xut c, ngc li giao dch sc ph c h i. Nu c l i trong qu trnh giao dch, tin trnh giao dch s kt thc. Vic truy xut tp tin (File ho c th m c) c qun l thng qua cc quyn truy cp (right), quyn s quyt nh ai c th truy xut v truy xut n tp tin vi mc gii hn no. Nhng Quyn l Read, Execute, Delete, Write, Set Permission, Take Ownership. Trong : Read (R): c c d liu, cc thu c tnh, ch quyn c a tp tin. Execute (X): c chy tp tin. Write (W): c php ghi hay thay i thu c tnh. Delete (D): c php xa tp tin. Set Permission (P): c php thay i quyn hn c a tp tin. Take Ownership (O): c t quyn ch s hu c a tp tin. Bng tm t t cc mc cho php Permission No Access Read X X R X W D P O

Change Full Control Special Access

X X ?

X X ?

X X ?

X X ? X ? X ?

m b o an ton khi truy xut n tp tin (File v th mc), chng ta c th gn nhiu mc truy cp (permission) khc nhau n cc tp tin thng qua cc quyn c gn trn tp tin. C 5 mc truy cp c nh ngha trc lin quan n vic truy xu t tp tin (File v th mc) l: No Access, Read, Change, FullControl, Special Access. Special Access c to bi ngi qu n tr cho bt c vic chn t s kt hp ca R, X, W, D, P, O. Nhng ngi c quyn hn Full Control, P, O th h c quyn thay i vic gn cc quyn hn cho Special Access. Khi mt ngi qun tr mng nh dng mt partition trong Windows NT, h thng s mc nh c cp cho quyn Full Control ti partition cho nhm Everyone. iu ny c ngha khng hn ch truy xu t ca tt c ngi dng. Ty thu c trn yu cu b o mt cho cc tp ngi qu n l s cn nhc vic xa b nhm Everyone trong danh sch cc quyn hn sau khi nh d ng hay hn ch nhm Everyone vi quyn Read. Nu s hn ch ny l cn thit, ngi qun tr nn cp quyn hn Full Control cho nhm Administrators ti partition gc. y quyn truy cp c gn cho ngi s dng v nhm ngi s d ng do v y quyn truy cp c a mt ngi s dng c tnh bi quyn hn ngi v cc nhm m ngi l thnh vin. Khi ngi dng truy xut ti nguyn, cc quyn hn c a ngi dng c tnh theo l i sau: Nhng quyn hn c a ng dng v cc nhm trng nhau. Nu mt trong nh ng quyn l No Access th quyn hn chung l No Access. Nu nhng quyn hn yu cu c lit k khng r rng trong danh sch cc quyn hn, yu cu truy xu t ny l khng chp nhn. Mt ngi s d ng thu c hai nhm, nu mt nhm quyn hn ca ngi dng l No Access, n lun c lit k u tin trong danh sch Access Control List. Quyn s hu ca cc t p tin: Ngi to ra tp tin c th cho cc nhm khc hay ngi dng khc kh nng lm quyn s hu. Administrator lun c kh nng lm quyn s hu c a cc tp tin. Nu thnh vin ca nhm Administrator c quyn s hu m t tp tin th nhm nh ng Aministrator tr thnh ch nhn. Nu ngi dng khng phi l thnh vin c a nhm Administrator c quyn s hu th ch ng i dng l ch nhn. Nhng ch nhn c a tp tin c quyn iu khin ca tp tin v c th lun lun thay i cc quyn hn. Trong File Manager, di Security Menu, sau khi xut hin hp thoi

Owner, chng ta la ch n tp tin, ch nhn hin thi v nhn nt Take Ownership, cho php lp quyn s hu nu c cp quyn . c quyn s hu mt tp tin chng ta c n mt trong nhng iu kin sau: C quyn Full Control. C nh ng quyn Special Access bao gm Take Ownership. L thnh vin c a nhm Administrator. II. Cc thu c tnh ca File v th mc Archive: Thu c tnh ny c gn bi h iu hnh ch nh rng m t File c sa i t khi n c Backup. Cc phn mm Backup thng xa thu c tnh lu tr . Thuc tnh lu tr ny c th ch nh cc File c thay i khi thc thi vic Backup. Compress: Ch nh rng cc File hay cc th mc c nn hay nn c nn. Thng s ny ch c s d ng trn cc partition loi NTFS. Hidden: Cc File v cc th m c c thu c tnh ny th ng khng xu t hin trong cc danh sch th mc. Read Only: Cc File v cc th mc c thuc tnh ny s khng th b xa hay sa i. System: Cc File thng c cho thuc tnh ny bi h iu hnh hay bi chng trnh OS setup. Thuc tnh ny t khi c sa i bi ngi qun tr mng hay b i cc User. Ngoi ra cc File h th ng v cc th mc cn c c hai thu c tnh ch c v n. Lu : Vic gn thu c tnh nn cho cc File hay th m c m ta mu n Windows NT nn s xy ra trong ch ngm (background). Vic nn ny lm gim vng khng gian i m File chim ch. C m t vi thao tc chu vic x l chm v cc File nn phi c gii nn trc khi s d ng. Tuy nhin vic nn File thng x y ra thng xuyn nh l cc File d liu qu ln m c nhiu ng i dng chia s. III. Chia s Th mc trn mng Khng c m t ngi s dng no c th truy xu t cc File hay th m c trn mng bng cch ng nhp vo mng khi khng c mt th mc no c chia se. Vic chia s ny s lm vic vi bng FAT v NTFS file system. nng cao kh nng an ton cho vic chia s, chng ta cn phi gn cc m c truy cp cho File v Th mc. Khi chng ta chia s mt th mc, th chng ta s chia s tt c cc File v cc Th m c con. Nu cn thit phi hn ch vic truy xut ti m t phn c a cy th mc, chng ta phi

s d ng vic cp cc quyn cho m t user hay mt nhm i vi cc Th m c v cc File . chia s mt Th mc, ta phi Login nh mt thnh vin c a nhm qu n tr mng hay nhm iu hnh server. Tt c cc th tc chia s th m c c thc thi trong Windows NT Explorer. chia s m t th mc ta phi thc hin cc bc sau: Right-click ln Th m c trong Windows NT Explorer. Hin ra menu

Click Properties trong Menu. Hin ra hp i thoi sau:

Ch n Sharing tab hin ra h p i tho i sau: Ch n Shared As kch ho t vic chia s. a m t tn cn chia s vo hp Share name. Mc nhin tn Th mc c chn s hin ra. a dng ghi ch lin quan n vic chia s th m c vo hp Comment Thit lp gii hn s lng cc user bng cch g mt con s vo hp Allow Nu mun hn ch vic truy xut th click Permissions button. Click OK.

Sau khi m t th mc c chia s Icon cho th mc c 1 bn tay ch nh rng th m c c chia s. Nu chng ta mun thm mt chia s mi vi cng mt th mc c chia s (c th vi hai chia s c hai quyn truy cp khc nhau), ta thc hin cc b c sau: Right-click vo th mc c chia s trong Windows NT Explorer. Click Properties trong Menu rt g n, hin ra h p i thoi Properties Click Sharing tab. Click button New Share to mt s chia s mi, hin ra hp i thoi sau

Mi ln to mt s chia s chng ta phi a mt tn mi c ng nh nhng li ch thch vic chia s s cho ai s dng. IV. Thit lp quyn truy cp cho m t ng i s dng hay mt nhm thit lp cc quyn truy cp i vi mt th mc c chia s cho m t ngi s dng hay m t nhm ta thc hin: Right-click ln th m c trong Windows NT Explorer. Click Properties trong menu rt g n. Ch n Sharing tab hin cc tnh cht c a th mc Click button Permissions trong sharing tab . Hin ra Ca s The Access Through Share Permissions. Ch n button Add, hin ra ca s Add User and group.

Ch n m t tn trong hp Names v click button Add. Kt qu l tn c a vo hp Add Names. Ch n quyn truy xu t trong h p Type of Access cho cc tn chn . Click button OK. Khi chng ta to m t s chia s mi, quyn truy cp mc nhin cho nhm Everyone l y (Full Control). Gi s rng chng ta s gn gi tr mc nhin ny cho quyn truy cp ca th m c v File. Khi cn thit s hn ch vic truy xut ti th m c . y c mt vi ch : Cc ngi s d ng thng ch c quyn c trong cc th m c cha cc chng trnh ng dng v h khng cn phi sa i cc File. Trong m t vi trng hp, cc chng trnh ng dng i hi cc user chia s mt th mc cho cc File tm thi. Nu th mc nm trong cng th mc cha trnh ng dng, chng ta c th cho php user to hay xa cc File trong th mc bng vic gn quyn Change. Thng thng cc ngi s d ng cn quyn Change trong b t k th mc no cha cc Files d liu v ch trong cc th m c c nhn ca ho l c y cc quyn truy cp.

 sa i cc quyn truy cp i vi m t th mc c chia s ta thc hin: Right-click ln th m c c chia s trong Windows NT Explorer. Click Properties Click Sharing tab. Click button Permissions hin ra ca s Access Through Share Permissions sau:

Ch n 1 tn trong h p Name Ch n m t quyn khc trong hp Type of Access m ta mun gn. Click OK. Thng qua vic chia s mt th m c cho m t user hay m t nhm c ng gp phn vo vic b o m an ton cho m t th m c khng cho user khc hay nhm khc truy xu t th mc . V. S dng cc th mc m ng Mu n s d ng cc th m c mng th trc ht th mc c cho php chia s, chng ta phi lin kt th mc mng vi tn mt ch ci tng ng nh m t tn a mng (E,F ,G ,H I,...). Sau khi th mc c chia s kt ni vi k t i mng ng i dng c th truy cp th mc c chia s, cc th mc v file con ca n nh l n ang trn my tnh ca mnh . C th dng Network Neighborhood thc hin cng vic trn nh sau : Click p trn Network Neighborhood m trnh duyt mng.

Duyt qua Network Neighborhood tm ni mun lin kt. Click phi vo th m c c chia s m chng ta mu n truy cp v chn Map Network Drive trong thc n Options ta thy hp Map Network Drive hin ra

Trong trng Drive ca hp tho i Map Network Drive, chn i mng chng mu n lin kt vi th m c chia s. Nu thy cn, chn Path v g vo tn theo tng qut UNC (Universal Naming Convention - xem cu trc phn di) sa li ng dn ti ti nguyn c chia s. (Vic ny ch thc hin khi s dng Network Neighborhood.) Nu chng ta khng c quyn truy cp vo ti nguyn chia s trn nhng trong cng v ngi dng khc th chng ta c quyn truy cp, trong trng hp hy g tn ng i dng vo trng Connect As. Kch hot hp kim tra Reconnect at Logon nu mu n lin kt lu di, l loi kt n i c phc h i mi ln ch ta ng nhp vo mng. Ch n OK lu cc thng tin trn. Ngoi ra ta c th dng lnh NET USE thc hin cc cng vic trn. Lnh NET USE dng Universal Naming Convention (UNC) truy cp cc ti nguyn dng chung. Tn UNC b t u bng mt du phn cch t bit \\, du ny ch s bt u ca tn UNC (tn UNC c dng "\\computer_name\share_name[\sub_directory]". NET USE c dng truy cp m t ngu n ti nguyn dng chung. Lnh NET USE dng b h ng dn mng (Network Redirector) trn my tnh NT thit lp s n i kt dng ngu n ti nguyn chung.

Chng ta c th xem ai dng cc file dng chung khi ta ang xem trng thi c a m t file dng chung, File Manager s cung cp cho ta cc thng tin bng dng chn Properties trong thc n File mc Total Opens Total Locks Open By For Locks File ID Ni dung Tng s cc user ang lm vic vi file Tng s cc kha trn file Tn ca ngi dng m file Loi truy xu t m ngi dng m file Mt s kha m ngi dng t trn file Con s nhn din c a file

Khi chng ta dng Windows Explorer xem cc ti nguyn chng ta c th cc a mng xu t hin v cho chng ta khai thc.

Chng 14 :

S dng my in trong mng Windows NT

Hin nay my in trn mng c ng l mt ti nguyn vic chia s ca mng cho ngi s dng. Tuy cc my in ang ngy cng r i nhng vi nhu cu v cht lng ang ngy mt cao th vic chia s cc my in t tin trn mng vn ang cn thit. Windows NT l mt h iu hnh mng m bt k my tnh Windows NT no c ng c th cung cp cc d ch v in n cho ngi s dng trong mng. Khi chia s mt my in trn mng (cho nhiu ngi c th cng s dng) chng ta cn phi gii quyt nhng vn sau : My in khng lm c 2 vic mt lc, nu phi nhn cng mt lc th s c va chm, do vy mng phi c c ch sp xp cng vic sao cho my in c th thc hin m t cch ln lt cc cng vic in. Cc cng vic in c thc hin b i nh ng ngi s d ng khc nhau c th cn nh ng mc u tin khc nhau v h thng quan l in cn c kh nng thc hin iu ny. I. C ch in trong m ng Windows NT Thng thng my in mng c qun l thng qua mt my ch m trn thc hin nhim v qun l cc cng vic in, my ch thng c g i l my ch in (Print server) v chy chng trnh qun l in. Windows NT cho php ci t my in ti b t c u trn mng, m i mt my c ci t Windows NT u c th thc hin nhim v my ch in. N c th qu n l my in gn trc tip vo n hay m t my in gn vo my khc trn mng. gii quyt nh ng vn t ra vi cng vic in trn mng Windows NT s dng k thut g i l Spooling m ch yu nh sau: Khi ngi s dng quyt nh thc hin m t cng vic in th cng vic in khng trc tip gi ra my in m n c t trong mt file ti my ch in. y vic thc hin gi ng nh hng i rp ht, n l mt vng lu tr cc cng vic in v c nhim v ngn chn xung t khi cc user chi xut ng th i ra my in. My ch in duy tr cc hng i ct gi cc cng vic in v a chng ti my in ngay khi c th. Trong khi ngi s dng c th lm tip cng vic ngay khi cng vic in c ct vo hng i. Khi my in rnh my ch in s chuyn ln lt cc cng vic in ang ng i trong hng ti my in. Ti y my ch in phi c m t kh nng lu tr d liu ln c th lu tr nhiu cng vic in mt lc v cn phi c kh nng p ng nh ng yu cu a d ng c a cc cng vic in. gii quyt vn ny sinh vi my in trong mng Windows NT tin hnh phn bit gia my in vt l g i l Printing device v m t thc th logic ca my in gi l logic printer. My in logic c s dng kim sot cc tc v sau y :

Cng vic in c gi i u. Cng vic in n gi i khi no. Th t u tin c a cc tc v in. Ngi s dng in ra spool thng qua vic in ra my in logic, h s d ng my in logic nh l my in ang c gn l my ca h nh ng thc s cc d liu c in ra my in logic c chuyn cho mng v qua n my ch in trc khi c a ra my in mng.

Hnh 14.1: My ch in v spool

My ch in s lin kt cc my in logic vi my in vt l, n phi m bo cc cng vic in phi c a ng n my in vt l. Ti y c 3 trng hp c th i vi mi quan h gia my in logic v my in vt l Mt my in logic lin kt vi m t my in vt l. Nhiu my in logic lin kt vi m t my in vt l. Mt my in logic lin kt vi nhiu my in vt l.

Hnh 14.2: Lin kt gia my in Logic v my in vt l

Nu Server cha ci t my in logic, ta phi ci t my in logic tng ng v i mt my in thc t cho Server. Vo menu Start, chn Settings, chn Printers, ch n Add Printer nh :

H p sau hp h i thoi Add printer winzar hin ra

Ch n My Computer nu my in c a chng ta khng c card mng v c ni trc tip vo Server. Ch n Network printer server nu my in ca chng ta ni trc tip vo mng. Ch n Next, ch n c ng n i vi my in (thng l LPT1). Chn tn hng sn xut v loi my in ta ang dng, chn Next, ta phi tr li thm vi cu h i ph nh ta c mun in trang test khng? C mun t my in ny l ngm nh khng? Sau khi ci t, chng ta s thy xu t hin thm biu tng my in m va c ci t trong khung my in. Chng ta phi cho php dng chung my in nybng cch la chn my in Trong khung Printers

Ta nhp chu t phi vo tn my in , chn Sharing nh hnh sau:

Khung Printer properties hin ra cho chng ta nhp cc thng s nh: tn my in logic (Share namem), cc tnh cht khc nh v an ton. m chng ta mun khi ph c v mng.

Cu i cng chn OK, lc ny, ta s th y di biu tng my in c bn tay chng t my in ny c php dng chung. Nu trn Server ci t nhiu loi my in vi nhiu ch khc nhau, ta c th ch n my in ngm nh bng cch nh du vo m c Set As Default. my trm c th in c qua Server, nu cha ci t chng ta phi ci my in nh sau: nhp p vo tn Server c n i vi my in, khung Shared Printers s hin ra danh sch cc my in ci trn Server, chng ta chn tn my in cn ni r i b m OK.

Quay tr li khung mn hnh Print Manager chng ta nhn thy thng bo my in ny c php s dng. Thot ra kh i Print Manager v chng ta c th in qua my in mng trn bt c m t phn mm no trn Windows nh Winword, Excel, v.v... Bt k my tnh Windows NT c th c cu hnh nh l mt print server. Tuy nhin ch c nh ng ngi l thnh vin ca nhng nhm sau y mi c quyn to ra cc my in: Administrator (NT Worstation and Server). Server Operator (NT Server). Print Operator (NT Server). Power Users (NT Worstation). II. Bo m t ca my in Windows NT c cc mc bo mt trong in n nh sau: Quyn s hu my in (Ownership) : ngi s dng to ra m t my in chnh l ngi ch s hu my in v c ton quyn trn tt c cc thu c tnh c a my in logic. Ngi ch s hu my in c th gn quyn cho nh ng ngi dng khc qu n l ti liu hay ton quyn iu khin vic in n. Mt ng i s d ng c ton quyn th h ton quyn s hu my in logic . Qun l thu c tnh my in (Permissions): quyn qun l my in bao gm 4 quyn sau: No access: khng c php truy cp. Print: in Manage document: qun l vn b n, c kh nng thc hin cc thao tc: iu khin kh i t ti liu, Ngng, ph c h i, khi ng li,v xa cc ti liu. Full control: ton quyn iu khin, th c hin cc quyn qu n l ti liu v cc quyn sau y: Thay i trt t in n ti liu. Ngng, tng hp li,che du cc my in logic. Thay i thu c tnh ca my in logic. H y cc my in logic. Thay i quyn ca my in logic

C th xem ti liu my in logic v qun l chng theo nhiu cch. Ngi s dng lun qun l c tt c cc ti liu m h to ra. qun l c cc ti liu ca cc ngi s dng khc, phi l ngi ch s hu c a my in logic hay l thnh vin ca cc nhm: Administrator. Server Operator Print operator. Bt k m t my in no cng c th lm vic trong mi trng mng nhng iu quan tr ng l xem xt chu k lm vic (duty cycle) c a my in. Ngha l phi xem xt s lng trang in t i a m my in c th in ra trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Cc my in c thit k cho mng thng c chu k lm vic (duty cycle) cao. Cc my in c th gn vo bt c ni u trn mng. Cng vic in khng ph thu c vo cc thit b phn c ng hay cc thit b kt n i m do c qun l bi mt print server v d liu c chuyn vn trn mng.

Chng 15 :

Cc dch v mng ca Windows NT Server

C ng nh cc h iu hnh khc Windows NT c ng c nh ng u, khuyt im c a n, tuy nhin Windows NT hin nay chinh phc c nhiu ngi dng vi nh ng u im khng th ch i ci. L h iu hnh mng cho php t chc qun l m t cch ch ng theo nhiu m hnh khc nhau: peer-to-peer, clien/server. N thch hp vi tt c cc kin trc mng hin nay nh : hnh sao (start), ng thng (bus), vng (ring) v phc hp. N c mt s c tnh u vit bo m thc hin cng lc nhiu chng trnh m khng b li. Bn thn Windows NT p ng c hu ht cc giao thc ph bin nht trn mng v c ng h tr c rt nhiu nh ng dch v truyn thng trn mng. N va p ng c cho mng cc b (LAN) v cho c mng din r ng (WAN). Windows NT cho php dng giao thc Windows NT TCP/IP, vn l mt giao thc c s d ng rt ph bin trn hu ht cc mng din rng v trn Internet. Giao thc TCP/IP dng tt cho nhiu d ch v mng trn mi trng Windows NT. I. Internet Information Server (IIS) Internet Information Server l m t ng d ng ch y trn Windows NT, tch hp cht vi Windows NT, khi ci t IIS, IIS c a thm vo tin ch mn hnh kim sot (Performance monitor) mt s mc nh thng k s lng truy cp, s trang truy cp. Vic kim tra ngi dng truy cp c ng da trn c ch qu n l ngi s d ng ca Windows NT. Sau khi ci t IIS, trong th mc InetSrv s c cc th m c g c tng ng cho tng d ch v chn ci t. IIS bao g m 3 dch v : World Wide Web (WWW), chuyn file (FTP - File Transfer Protocol) v Gopher. C 3 dch v ny u s d ng kt ni theo giao thc TCP/IP. 1. Ci t dch v Internet Information Server Khi ci t h iu hnh Windows NT n phn mng Windows NT s hi chng ta xem c ci t dch v Internet Information Server hay khng vi h p hi thoi

Hnh 15.1: Mn hnh ci t ca IIS

thc hin vic ci t chng ta Click vo phm Next v H thng s b t u ci t cc d ch v Internet Information Server. 2. Cc dch v trong IIS a. WWW (World Wide Web) : L mt trong nhng d ch v chnh trn Internet cho php ngi s d ng xem thng tin m t cch d dng, sinh ng. D liu chuyn gia Web Server v Web Client thng qua nghi thc HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol). Ngi qu n tr c th xem cc thng tin nh cc ngi dng truy cp, cc trang c truy cp, cc yu cu c chp nhn, cc yu cu b t chi. thng qua cc file c th c lu di d ng c s d liu. b. FTP (File Transfer Protocol) S dng giao thc TCP chuyn file gia 2 my v c ng hot ng theo m hnh Client/Server, khi nhn c yu cu t client, u tin FTP Server s kim tra tnh hp l ca ngi dng thng qua tn v mt m. Nu hp l, FTP Server s kim tra quyn ngi dng trn tp tin hay th mc c xc nh trn FTP Server. Nu hp l v h th ng file l NTFS th s c thm kim tra mc th mc, tp tin theo NTFS. Sau khi tt c hp l, ngi dng s c quyn tng ng trn tp tin, th mc . s dng FTP c nhiu cch: S d ng Web Browser.

S d ng Command line. S d ng t <Run> command trong Windows. c. Gopher L mt dch v s d ng giao din menu Gopher Client tm v chuyn bt k thng tin no m Gopher Server c cu hnh. Gopher c ng s dng kt ni theo giao thc TCP/IP. II. Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) : Trong mt mng my tnh, vic cp cc a ch IP tnh c nh cho cc host s dn n tnh trng lng ph a ch IP, v trong cng mt lc khng phi cc host ho t ng ng thi vi nhau, do v y s c m t s a ch IP b tha. khc phc tnh trng , dch v DHCP a ra cp pht cc a ch IP ng trong mng. Trong mng my tnh NT khi mt my pht ra yu cu v cc thng tin ca TCPIP th gi l DHCP client, cn cc my cung cp thng tin c a TCPIP g i l DHCP server. Cc my DHCP server b t buc phi l Windows NT server. Cch cp pht a ch IP trong DHCP: Mt user khi log on vo mng, n cn xin cp 1 a ch IP, theo 4 bc sau : Gi thng bo n tt c cc DHCP server yu cu c cp a ch. Tt c cc DHCP server gi tr li a ch s cp n cho user . User ch n 1 a ch trong s cc a ch, gi thng bo n server c a ch c chn. Server c ch n gi thng bo khng nh n user m n cp a ch. Qun tr cc a ch IP ca DHCP server: Server qu n tr a ch thng qua thi gian thu bao a ch (lease duration). C ba phng php gn a ch IP cho cc Worstation : Gn th cng. Gn t ng. Gn ng . Trong phng php gn a ch IP th cng th a ch IP ca DHCP client c gn th cng bi ngi qun l mng ti DHCP server v DHCP c s d ng chuyn ti DHCP client gi tr a ch IP m c nh bi ngi qun tr mng Trong phng php gn a ch IP t ng DHCP client c gn a ch IP khi ln u tin n ni vo mng. a ch IP c gn bng phng php ny s c gn vnh vin cho DHCP client v a ch ny s khng bao gi uc s dng b i m t DHCP client khc

Trong phng php gn a ch IP ng th DHCP server gn a ch IP cho DHCP client tm thi. Sau a ch IP ny s c DHCP client s d ng trong mt thi gian c bit. n khi thi gian ny ht hn th a ch IP ny s b xa mt. Sau nu DHCP client cn ni kt vo mng th n s c cp mt a ch IP khc Phng php gn a ch IP ng ny c bit hu hiu i vi nhng DHCP client ch cn a ch IP tm thi kt ni vo mng. V d mt tnh hu ng trn mng c 300 users v s d ng subnet l lp C. iu ny cho php trn mng c 253 nodes trn mng. Bi v m i computer ni kt vo mng s d ng TCP/IP cn c mt a ch IP duy nht do tt c 300 computer khng th ng th i ni kt vo mng. V vy nu ta s dng phng php ny ta c th s d ng li nh ng IP m c gii phng t cc DHCP client khc. Ci t DHCP ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc b c thc hin nh sau: Login vo Server vi tn Administrator . Click hai ln vo icon Network . Ta s thy hp h i thoi Network dialog box

Hnh 15.2: Mn hnh ci t ca DHCP

Ch n tab service v click vo nt Add . Ta s thy m t lo t cc service ca Windows NT server nm trong h p h i thoi Select Network Service. Chn Microsoft DHCP server t danh sch cc service c lit k pha di v nhn OK v thc hin cc yu cu tip theo c a Windows NT. cp nht v khai thc DHCP server chng ta ch n m c DHCP manager trong Netwrok Administrator Tools. III. Dch v Domain Name Service (DNS)

Hin nay trong mng Internet s lng cc nt (host) ln ti hng triu nn chng ta khng th nh ht a ch IP c, Mi host ngoi a ch IP cn c m t ci tn phn bit, DNS l 1 c s d liu phn tn cung cp nh x t tn host n a ch IP. Khi a ra 1 tn host, DNS server s tr v a ch IP hay 1 s thng tin ca host . iu ny cho php ng i qun l mng d dng trong vic ch n tn cho host ca mnh DNS server c dng trong cc trng hp sau : Chng ta mu n c 1 tn domain ring trn Interner c th to, tch ri cc domain con bn trong n. Chng ta cn 1 dch v DNS iu khin c c b nhm tng tnh linh hot cho domain c c b ca bn. Chng ta cn mt bc tng la bo v khng cho ngi ngoi thm nhp vo h th ng mng n i b ca mnh C th qu n l trc tip b ng cc trnh son tho text to v sa i cc file hoc dng DNS manager to v qu n l cc i tng ca DNS nh: Servers, Zone, Cc mu tin, cc Domains, Tch hp vi Win, . Ci t DNS ch c th ci trn Windows NT server m khng th ci trn Client. Cc b c thc hin nh sau: Login vo Server vi tn Administrator. Click hai ln vo icon Network. Ta s th y h p hi thoi Network dialog box tng t nh trn v la chn Microsoft DNS Server. cp nht v khai thc DNS server chng ta ch n m c DNS manager trong Netwrok Administrator Tools. H p h i thoi sau y s hin ra

Hnh 15.3: Mn hnh DNS Manager

Mi m t tp hp thng tin cha trong DNS database c coi nh l Resourse record. Nhng Resourse record cn thit s c lit k di y: Tn Record A (Address) CNAME () MX () NS (name server) PTR (Pointer) SOA (Start of authority) M t Dn ng m t tn host computer hay tn ca mt thit b mng khc trn mng ti mt a ch IP trong DNS zone To mt tn Alias cho tn m t host computer trn mng nh ngha m t s trao i mail cho host computer nh ngha tn server DNS cho DNS domain Dn ng m t a ch IP n tn host trong DNS server zone Hin th rng tn server DNS ny th cha nh ng thng tin tt nht

IV. Remote Access Service (RAS) Ngoi nh ng lin kt ti ch vi mng cc b (LAN) cc n i kt t xa vo mng LAN hin ang l nhng yu cu cn thit c a ngi s dng. Vic lin kt cho php mt my t xa nh ca m t ng i s d ng ti nh c th qua ng dy in tho i thm nhp vo m t mng LAN v s d ng ti nguyn ca n. Cch thng d ng nht hin nay l dng modem c th truyn trn ng dy in tho i. Windows NT cung cp Dch v Remote access Service cho php cc my trm c th n i vi ti nguyn ca Windows NT server thng qua ng dy in thoi. RAS cho php truyn n i vi cc server, iu hnh cc user v cc server, thc hin cc chng trnh khai thc s liu, thit lp s an ton trn mng. . My trm c th c n i vi server c d ch v RAS thng qua modem hoc pull modem, cable null modem (RS232) hoc X.25 network. Khi ci t dch v RAS, cn phi m bo quyn truy nhp t xa cho ng i s d ng b ng tin ch remote access amind gn quyn hoc c th ng k ng i s dng remote access server. RAS cng c c ch m bo an ton cho ti nguyn bng cch kim sot cc yu t sau: quyn s d ng, kim tra m s, xc nhn ngi s dng, ng k s dng ti nguyn v xc nhn quyn gi li.

Hnh 15.4: M hnh truy cp t xa bng dch v RAS

ci t RAS chng ta la ch n yu cu hp Windows NT server setup hin ra lc ci t h iu hnh Windows NT.

Vi RAS tt c cc ng d ng u thc hin trn my t xa, thay v kt ni vi mng thng qua card mng v ng dy mng th my xa s lin kt qua modem ti mt RAS Server. Tt c d liu cn thit c truyn qua ng in thoi, mc d t c truyn qua modem chm hn so vi qua card mng nh ng vi nh ng tc v ca LAN khng phi bao gi d liu cng truyn nhiu. Vi nhng kh nng to ln ca mnh trong cc dch v mng, h iu hnh Windows NT l m t trong nhng h iu hnh mng t t nht hin nay. H iu hnh Windows NT va cho php giao lu gia cc my trong mng, va cho php truy nhp t xa, cho php truyn file, va p ng cho mng cc b (LAN) va p ng cho mng din rng (WAN) nh Intranet, Internet. Vi nhng kh nng nh vy hin nay h iu hnh Windows NT c nhng v tr v ng chc trong vic cung cp cc gii php mng trn th gi i.