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1111015BIO CHip27-Bio-Chip
1111015BIO CHip27-Bio-Chip
1111015BIO CHip27-Bio-Chip
BIO-CHIPS
Submitted to
By
SHAIK MASOOD AHEMAD
(10G21D0512)
2012
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Technical seminar entitled BIO-CHIPS is the bonafide work done by SHAIK MASOOD AHEMAD Regd.No-10G21D0512, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Computer Science, from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur during the year 2010-2012.
DECLARATION
I Mr. SHAIK MASOOD AHEMAD Regd.No-10G21D0512, hereby declare that the seminar report entitled BIO-CHIPS done by me under the esteemed guidance of Prof. C.RAJENDRA,
M.E., Ph.D., MISTE.,
Date: Place:
ABSTRACT
The human body is the next big target of chipmakers. It wont be long before biochip implants will come to the rescue of sick, those who are lost, gunned soldiers and wandering mental patients etc. A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (micro arrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to get higher throughput and speed. Medical researchers have been working to integrate chips and people for many years, often plucking devices from well known electronic appliances. Biochips are being used to genetic, toxicological, protein and biochemical researches. It can also be used to rapidly detect chemical agents used in biological warfare so that defensive measures can be taken. Currently implanted systems have got a range of about two to twelve inches. A genetic biochip is designed to freeze into place the structures of many short strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the basic chemical instruction that determines the characteristics of an organism. Effectively, it is used as a kind of test tube for real chemical samples. The civil liberties debate over biochips has obscured more ethically benign and medically useful applications. By using Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer streamline processes of RNA isolation, gene expression analysis, protein expression, protein purification and more.
CONTENTS
CHAPTER NO. &TITLE
ABSTRACT TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVATIONS AND ACRONYMS LIST OF FIGURES
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04 05 06 07
08 08
09 10 10 11 11 12
CHAPTER 3: BIOCHIPS
3.1. Chips that Follow Footsteps 3.2. Glucose Level Detectors 3.3. OXY Sensors 3.4. The AGILENT 2100 Bio Analyzer
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13 13 14 14
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List of Figures Fig 2.1 Transponder Fig 2.2 Micro Chips Fig 2.5 Readers Fig 3.2 S4MS Chips
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CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
Most of the people wont like the idea of implanting a biochip in their body that identifies uniquely and can be used to track our location. That would be a major loss of privacy. But there is a flip side to this! Such biochips could help agencies to locate lost children, downed soldiers and wandering Alzheimers patients. The human body is the next big target of chipmakers. It wont be long before biochip implants will come to the rescue of sick, or those who are handicapped in some way. Large amount of money and research has already gone into this area of technology. Anyway, such implants have already experimented with. A few US companies are selling both chips and their detectors. The chips are of size of an uncooked grain of rice, small enough to be injected under the skin using a syringe needle. They respond to a signal from the detector, held just a few feet away, by transmitting an identification number. This number is then compared with the database listings of register pets. A biochip is a collection of miniaturized test sites (micro arrays) arranged on a solid substrate that permits many tests to be performed at the same time in order to get higher throughput and speed. Typically, a biochips surface area is not longer than a fingernail. Like a computer chip that can perform millions of mathematical operation in one second, a biochip can perform thousands of biological operations, such as decoding genes, in a few seconds. A genetic biochip is designed to freeze into place the structures of many short strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), the basic chemical instruction that determines the characteristics of an organism. Effectively, it is used as a kind of test tube for real chemical samples. A specifically designed microscope can determine where the sample hybridized with DNA strands in the biochip. Biochips helped to dramatically increase the speed of the identification of the estimated 80,000 genes in human DNA, in the world wide research collaboration known as the Human Genome Project. The microchip is described as a sort of word search function that can quickly sequence DNA. In addition to genetic applications, the biochip is being used in toxicological, protein, and biochemical research.
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Fig: 2.5 Readers 2.5.1. Working Principle: The reader generates a low-power, electromagnetic field, in this case via radio signals, which activates the implanted biochip. This activation enables the biochip to send the ID code back to the reader via radio signals. The reader amplifies the received code, converts it to digital format, decodes and displays the ID number on the readers LCD display. The reader must normally be between 2 and 12 inches near the biochip to communicate. The reader and biochip can communicate through most materials, except metal.
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supplied from outside, by a process called induction. The fluorescent detection itself does not consume any chemicals or proteins, so the device is self sustaining.
LED
FLUORESCENT MOLECULES
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miniature radio frequency transmitters, and foam-rubber earplugs to hold the chip in place, the device is complete.
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simultaneously identify hundreds or thousands of proteins and peptides bound to a single site. Because of these capabilities, SELDI biochip surfaces can be prepared with diverse chemistries that have varying degrees of protein-binding specificity, and their selectivity may be further enhanced through variations in protein capture and retention protocols.
For biological scientists, sequencing proteins that are discovered with SELDI-TOF MS and interpreting the complex network of revealed proteins are tasks that expand with every new sample set. For applied mathematicians and software engineers, creating new pattern recognition tools is important as we attempt to identify weaker and weaker signals in the protein map capture.
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CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
Within ten years people will have a biochip implanted in their head consisting of financial status, employment and medical records. Even in a grocery store, sensor will read the credit chip and will automatically debit the account for purchase. A biochip implanted in human body can serve as a combination of credit ca5rd, passport, drivers license and personal diary. And there is nothing to worry about losing them. All members of typical American family including their pets will have microchips under their skin with ID and medical data. It has grown from a chip testing strategy in the semi conductor industry to an indispensable enabling tool for a wide range of manufacturing and consumer industries to better meet the ever-increasing demand for quality, safety and reliability. This trend will continue to grow supported by the continued development of enabling tools such as wireless data communication and component and system miniaturization using micro electro mechanical systems. Accompanying the growth will be a range of new research challenges that need to be addressed to formulate systematic guidelines for the built-intest design process and answer question regarding the interface and interactions between the builtin component and host structure. A main impediment to wide spread implementation of Bio Chip would be the associated cost, which can be substantial complex systems such as sophisticated IC chips. In any case incorporating an effective built-in-test strategy at the initial system design stage will prove to be critical to reducing the overall final costs.
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REFERENCES:
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochip 2. http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/biochip 3. http://www.biochipnet.de/ 4. http://www.av1611.org/666/biochip.html 5. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11327117
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