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Lec21 Notes
Lec21 Notes
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Laplaces Equation
in 3-D
Put collocation
points at
panel centroids
( )
xci = " j
j =1
1
dS
xci x
"##
#$###
%
Ai , j
panel j
xci Collocation
point
( )
"
hiEGOP;[_<HF@qG:_<;= GOeNI;?>;?>;NI;?9<EFGINODWgWe(= ;gGIDC9\EKGO;Z)NQHJ_W;0tFe(H6GO9<D)E(@HJE5gc@O;Y);NIH)_gW9\+;NO;EFG
GO;0=QPE9AtKe;@z`rD)Ng9<@I= NI; GI9\9\EZnGIP;b>;NI;UgW;@I= NI9<p(;0g"vfh&G>uH)@CM+D)9<EKGO;0g-D)eWGGOP5HJGD)E;
DJ`^GOP;cbcDF@BGM+D)M5e_<H)Nb;0HJE5@D)`D)pGIHJ9<E9<EZnHogW9A@I= NI; GO;c@O; GDJ`;0tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@[9A@GODe5@O;H
M9<;=;>?9A@B;=D)E5@BGIH)EKG= ;EFGINODF9<gf=D)_<_\DW=H6GO9<D)E$@I=QP;b;FvL;= DFE5@O9<gW;NHo@B9<bcM_\;MNID)p_<;b
DJ`:@OD)_<Y9\EZUHJM_AH)=;) @?;tKe5HJGO9<D)En9<E)v(uP;M(D)GO;EKGI9<H)_3"9A@LM5NO;0@O=NO9<p(;0gnD)EGOP5;@OeNB
` H)=;cDJ`GOP;=ep+;UHJE5g>;kE;;0gGID$= DFbM5eWGO;cGIP;U=QP5HJNIZ);kgW9A@BGONI9\peGO9<D)E-.vUhiE}D)NQgW;N
GOD-gWD2GOP(H6GU>;opNI;H)}GOP;$@OeNO` H)=;oD)`[GOP5;n=ep+;feM9<EKGOD}M(HJE;_<@cHJE(gHF@O@Oebc;H
= DFE5@BGIHJEKGz=QP5H)NOZF;cg9<@BGONI9\p5eWGO9<D)E}D)E};0H)=QP}M5HJE5;_vod$HJGOP;bcHJGO9A=H)_\_<a)/GOP9A@=D)NINO;0@BM+D)E5g5@
GODH)@I@Be5b9<EZ$M59\;0= ;>?9A@O;= DFE5@qGQHJEKGp(H)@O9<@z`reE5=GI9\DFE5@;H)=QP-p(H)@O9<@z`reE5=GI9\DFE^.p(;9\EZ
= DFbcM5H)= GO_<a@OeMM+D)NOGO;gUD)EcGOP5;[& CM5H)E;_vuP;LNI;@Oe_\GO9<EZ@O;bc9igW9A@O=NO;GO;?;0tFe(H6GO9<D)Ek9A@^H
`reE5= GO9<D)EUD)`GOP5;@OM5H6GI9<H)_(Y6HJNI9AHJp_<;L/vhiED)NQgW;N^GODDFpWGIH)9\EoHgW9A@O=NO;GO;[@O; GuDJ`;0tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@
>;H)@I@Be5b;zGOP5HJGLGOP9A@@B;b9\igW9<@I= NI; GI;z;tKe5HJGO9<D)Ef9A@[@IH6GI9<@B5;gn;H)=GI_\anH6G[GOP;= ;EKGINODF9<g@
DJ`GIP;M5HJE;_<@vuP9<@Z)9<Y);0@[NI9A@B;CGIDGIP;c@B;GDJ`-;tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@= D)NINI;@OM(DFE5gW9<EZcGODGOP;
M5H)E;_A@vUdH6GOP5;bkH6GI9<=HJ_<_\aF"GOP9A@CMNIDW= ;0@O@D)`u=D)_<_\DW=HJGO9<D)E= D)NINI;@OM(DFE5g@GOD$@O; GOGO9<EZnGOP;
NI;@O9<gWe(HJ_4D)NOGOPDFZ)DFE5HJ_+GODkHc@O; GLDJ`.gW;_\GIH`re5E5=GI9\DFE5@?_<D=H6GI;gH6GuGOP;CM(HJE;_/= ;EFGINODF9<g5@v
u P9A@[M5NODW= ;0@O@_<;HY);0@Le5@>?9\GOP2Ho@B;GD)`:_<9\E;0HJNHJ_<Z);pNIH)9<=;0tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@LGIDo@OD)_<Y);FvuP;
tKe5HJEKGI9GI9\;0@.DJ`49\EKGO;NO;0@qGp+;9<EZGOP5;[= DF_\_<DW=H6GI9\DFEM+D)9<EKG:>;9\ZFPFGQ@) @vhiEGODWgHa4 @._\;0=GIeNO;
>;>?9<_<_= DFE5= ;EKGONQH6GO;D)EnDFpWGIH)9\E9<EZGOP5;z;EKGONI9<;@uDJ`GOP5;C4paK2bkH6GONI9\o@BP5D6>?Eo9<EnGOP;
@O_\9AgW;oH)p(D6YF;)v2hiEGOP5;o= ;EKGONID)9Ag= DF_\_<DW=H6GI9\DFE}GO;0=QPE9AtFe5;).GOP5;obkH6GINO9\-;EKGONI9<;@9\EY)DF_\YF;
9<EFGI;ZFNIH)_<@D)`GIP; NI;;E @C`reE5=GI9\DFED6Y);NGOP;M5HJE;_<@v8:Pa@O9A=HJ_<_<a)GOP;GO;NI
b D)`
GOP59<@?bkHJGONI9o=D)NINO;0@BM+D)E(g@GODcGOP5;CM(D)GO;EKGI9<H)_H6G?GOP5;z= ;EKGINODF9<goDJ`GOP;C& cM(HJE;_gWe;GOD
eE9\G[=QP5H)NOZF;gW;E5@O9Gqag9<@BGONI9\p5eWGO9<D)EnD)EoGOP5
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+A 73)!7 W0 1W'6
7 *4
3-D Laplaces
Equation
xci Collocation
point
Ai , j =
!
panel j
1
dS
xci x
Panel j
One point
quadrature
Approximation
Four point
quadrature
Approximation
Panel Area
Ai , j
xci xcentroid j
4
Ai , j "
j =1
0.25* Area
xci x po int j
"
E;cY);NOa2@B9<bcM_\;>HafD)`u=D)bcMeWGI9\EZnGIP;U9<EKGO;ZFNIH)_.9\EF/`rD)NHM5H)E;_ f>?P9A=QP}9<@
` HJNkNI;bcD6YF;g-`rNID)b M5HJE;_?Q9A@GOD-@O9\bcM_<a NI;M_AH)=;GIP;f9<EFGI;ZFNIH)_pa-GIP;f9<EFGI;ZFNIH)E5g
;Y6H)_\e5HJGO;0g-H6GGIP;o=;EKGONID)9AgDJ`?GIP;M5H)E;_ (v `[= DFeNQ@B;F/GIP9<@9A@CGODD@B9<bcM_\9A@BGO9A=k`rD)N
M5H)E;_A@>?P9<=QP29\EKGI;NQH)=G @BGONID)E5Z)_<a C>?9GIPGIP;cM5HJE;_Qv DFNGIP;@O;cM5HJE5;_A@>?P59<=QPHJNI;
= _<DF@O;Npa)>;bkHa2e5@B;kH`rDFeNB&M+D)9<EFGC9<EKGO;ZFNIHJGO9<D)E}@O=QP5;bc;)vkhiE-DFeNCbc9\E5g5@C>;U@OM_<9G
GOP5;M5H)E;_eM9<EKGOD$`rDFeN;0tKe5HJ_@Bep5M5HJE;_<@HJE(g->?NO9\GO;UGOP;9\EKGI;Z)NQHJ_^D6Y);NzGOP;;EKGO9<NI;
M5H)E;_ H)@cGIP;$@Be5b DJ``rD)e5Nk9\EKGO;Z)NQHJ_A@cD)EGOP;0@B;n`rDFeN@OepM5H)E;_A@vuP;Ee5@O;nGOP;
@IHJbc;uGONI9<=QcH)@:p(;`rD)NI;))NI;M5_<HF= 9<EZC;HF=QPD)`4GOP;0@B;?`rDFeN^9<EKGO;Z)NQHJ_A@pazGOP5;[MNIDWgWe5=GDJ`4GOP;
9<EFGI;ZFNIH)E5g";YH)_\e(H6GO;0gnH6G?GOP5;= ;EKGONID)9AgD)`.;0H)=QPnDJ`.GIP;@O;z@Be5pM5HJE5;_A@LHJE5gGIP;H)NO;0HD)`
GOP5;c@OepM(HJE;_3v 5NODFb 9\EKGIeWGO9<D)E2>;p(;_\9<;YF;GOP5HJGGIP9<@C@I=QP;b;9A@ZFD)9<EZUGIDnZ)9<Y);e(@H
bcD)NI;H)== eNQH6GI;H)E5@B>;N0vuP5;tKe;@BGO9<D)E/+P5D6>;Y);N059A@>?P; GIP;NGOP59<@9A@LGIP;p+;@BG>Ha
GODCZFDCD)N^H)NO;GIP;NI;Lp+; GBGI;N^GO;=QP5E9<tKe;0@ X H)E>;LgWDCGIP;[@IHJbc;?9\E(gcDJ`49\EKGO;Z)NQH6GI9\DFEDFE
M5H)E;_ }DUp+;H)p_\;zGODH)E5@B>;NLGOP;0@B;tKe;0@qGI9\DFE5@?>;z>?9<_\_GIH));zHkpNI9<; `_\DDFHJG[PD6>
Eebc;NI9<=HJ_49<EFGI;ZFNIHJGO9<D)E9<@uM+;NO`rD)NIbc;g"H5;_<gDJ`@BGOe5gWaKE5D6>?EHF@ tKe5H)gNIHJGOeNI; Jv
+K/
Normalized 1-D
Problem
Collocation Discretization of
1-D Equation
x = g x, x x dS
x 0,1
xc1
x0 = 0
xc2
x1
xcn
xn 1
x2
xn = 1
xci =
j =1
xj
g x, x dS
j 1
!"
"#""
$
to be evaluated
"VU
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_<9\E;Fv;?>uHJEKGGIDz@BDF_\YF;^GIP;?9<EFGI;ZFNIH)_K;0tKe5H6GI9\DFE@OPD6>?EHJG.GOP;uGID)MDJ`+GOP;?@O_\9AgW;?D)EGOP59<@
gWDFbcH)9\E/vuuP5; NO;;E @u`reE(=GO9<D)E9<@gW;ED)GO;0gnpKa rY !O # vuhiE$HU=;EKGONID)9Agn= DF_\_<DW=H6GI9\DFE
@I=QP;bc;)>;UgW9\Y9AgW;kGIP;gWDFbcH)9\E}9<EKGOD$T@O;Z)bc;EFGQZ@ , !B 5[ 1 \]-.!X^0^X^!O.>?9GIP
-H)E5gk 8`_ v.uP;=QP(HJNIZ);LgW;E5@B9\Gqakf9A@HF@O@Oebc;gcGIDp+;[ M9<;=;>?9A@B;= DFE5@qGQHJEKG^DFE
;HF=QPD)`GIP;@O;9\EKGO;NOY6H)_<@vuP;M(D)GO;EKGI9<H)_3( 9<@uGIP;E;Y6H)_\e5HJGO;0goHJGGIP;z= ;EKGONID)9Ag@ 243v
uP9A@NO;0@Be_\GI@9<E;tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@9\EUY6HJNI9AHJp_<;@GOP;u= DF_\_<DW=HJGO9<D)E>;9<Z)PKGQ@ !O; a/b!X^0^X^!O
>?P9A=QP2=HJEp+;c>?NO9\GBGI;E9\EbkH6GINO9\f`rD)NIbnv eNGIHF@Bf9A@GODo5NQ@qGC;Y6H)_\e5HJGO;GOP;c;EFGINO9<; @
DJ`GOP;kbkHJGONI9H)E5g2@Oep5@O;tKe;EKGO_<a@BDF_\YF;GIP;U@O; GCDJ`;tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@v c[DJGO;GIP5H6GCGIP;c
;EKGINOa DJ`CGIP;bkH6GINO9\T9<@HJET9<EKGO;Z)NQHJ_[D)`CGOP; NO;;E @`reE5=GI9\DFEL;YH)_\e(H6GO;0gH6GoGOP;
= DF_\_<DW=HJGO9<D)ETM+D)9<EFGf 2 3QD6YF;NUGIP;9\EKGO;NOY6H)d_ , b!O 5[ 1&[>?P9A=QP9A@oGOP;9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_D6Y);N
>?P9A=QPfGOP5;p5HF@B9A@?`reE(=GO9<D)E 9<@ED)E5;NI+D erNI;=HJ_<_GIP5H6G>;P5HY);=QP5DF@O;E$HUM59\;0= ;>?9A@O;
= DFE5@BGIHJEKGH)MMNID9<bkH6GI9\DF`E fvoh&`qPD6>;YF;N0/>;UgW;=9<g;gGOD2=QPDDF@O;cHfg94;NI;EKG@O; GD)`
p5HF@B9A@`reE5=GI9\DFE5@GOP9A@u9\EKGI;Z)NQHJ_4>D)e_AgUp+;ED)E5;NIDDFE_<aUD)EGOP;C@OeMM+D)NOGuD)`/GIP;p5H)@O9<@
`reE5= GO9<D)E5g@ e D)N0?GOD p(;MNI;=9<@O;)LDFETGOP5;29<EKGO;NQ@O;=GI9\DFEDJ`GOP;}@Be5MM(DFNBGDJ`zGIP;p5H)@O9<@
`reE5= GO9<D)EfHJE(\g , -.!0/1%fv
+K/
u3
L LL ?5
r '&F
1-D
Normalized
+K/
Simple
Quadrature Scheme
Problem
/
f ( x)
"
DFN:GIP;LGI9\bc;p(;9\EZ_\;GI@= DFE5= ;EFGINIHJGO;LDFEcGOP;GODFM9A=?DJ`/gW;Y);_\DFM9\E5ZHzZFDKDWgcEebc;NI9A=HJ_
GO;0=QPE9AtKe;L`rDFN;YH)_\e(H6GO9<EZCGIP;9\EKGO;Z)NQHJ_(DJ`/HC`re5E5=GI9\DFE r ^DFEkGOP5;gWDFbkHJ9<E+, - !X/1&v.2;
H)@I@Oebc;GIP5H6G[GOP;C9<EKGO;ZFNIH)E5go9<@LH O@ObDD)GOP `reE5=GI9\DFEGIPD)e5Z)Pn>;C>?9<_<_; HJbc9<E;GOP59<@
H)@I@OebcMWGO9<D)E_<HJGO;Nv 9\NQ@BGL>;CHJNI;Z)DF9\EZGODUg;Y);_\DFMHE5H)9\YF;CHJMMNIDFHF=QPU`rDFN?D)pWGQHJ9<E9\E5Z
HZ)DDWgUHJMM5NODW9<bcHJGO9<D)EUD)`GOP5;9<EKGO;Z)NQHJ_+DJ`/GIP9A@^`re5E5=GI9\DFEoDFEUGOP59<@u9<EKGO;NIY6HJ_>?P9<=QPo>;
=H)_\_4GIP; @O9<bM5_\;CtKe5H)gNIHJGOeNI;@I=QP;b; 6v
uP;@O9<bM5_\;0@qGzGIP9<EZ>;=H)E-gWD$9A@CGOD2NO;M_AH)= ;cGIP;U9<EKGO;ZFNIH)_:>?9\GOP-GIP;UGIP;UMNIDWgWe5=G
DJ`GOP5;C9\EKGO;Z)NQHJE5gW;Y6HJ_<e5H6GI;gH6G[HM+D)9<EFGL9<E5@O9<g;GOP;z9<EKGO;NOY6HJ_HJE(gGIP;C_<;EZ)GOPnDJ`GOP;
9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_W>?P9<=QPn9<EGOP9A@L=HF@B;9A@?eE9\Gqa)v^h&`>;z=QPDDF@O;[GIP;zM+D)9<EKGLDJ`;Y6HJ_<e5H6GI9\DFEnHF@GOP;
= ;EKGONID)9AgD)`4GOP;L9<EKGO;NOY6HJ_)9v ;)v. 9- ^ )>;L=H)_\_5GOP;[@I=QP;b; bc9<gWM+D)9<EKGtKe5H)gNIHJGOeNI; Jv
m bc9<gM(DF9\EKGotKe5HFgWNIHJGOeNI;n@O=QP;bc;NI;M5_<HF= ;@GIP;$HJNI;HeE(gW;NkGIP;$= e5NOYF; cpa H
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; HF=G:>?P;E r 9A@^HC= DFE5@BGIHJEKG0v [D6>;Y);N0J>?P5HJG^9A@:_<;@I@:D)pY9<D)e5@9A@GIP5H6G^GOP;@O=QP;bc;
9A@;H)=G>?P;E r 9<@Ho_\9<E;H)N[`re5E5=GI9\DFE2D)`^-H)@>;_\_vuP;bcDF@BGDFpKY9<D)e5@>uHaD)`
@O;;9<EZGOP59<@?9A@?paUNI;H)_\9<9<EZGOP5HJGL>?P;E 9A@LHc@qGINIH)9\ZFPFG?_<9\E5;)WGIP;zHJNI;HeE5gW;NL9\GL9<@
HoGONQHJM+;D)9Ag"vuP59<@GINIH)M(;D)9Ag$P(H)@; HF=GO_<anGOP5;U@OH)b;cHJNI;HH)@GIP;cNO;0=GQHJEZF_\;>?P9A=QP
GOP59<@L@I=QP;b;e5@O;@GIDkHJMMNIDW9\bkHJGO;GOP;C9<EKGO;ZFNIH)_ e =H)Ena)D)e@B;;C>?Pa f v
;GI@LGONIaoGIDgW;NO9<Y);CGIP9A@[9<EHU@O_\9<Z)PKGI_\angW9\+;NO;EFG>HaFv?hiE5@BGO;HFgnDJ`GIP;9<EKGO;NIY6HJ_p(;9\EZ
, -.!X/X1>;o=D)E5@O9<g;NH)E9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_ , -.! 14!
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; H)ME5g r uH)p(DFeWG?GOP5;z= ;EKGINODF9<gDJ`GOP9A@?9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_
& b
r
r & &F
*g, -.! 1
&F
>?P;NO; = vuP5;2_AH)@BGoGI;NIb 9\E GOP5;;WM5HJE5@O9<D)E9A@oGOP;-HaK_<D)N@B;NO9<;@
NI;bkHJ9<E5gW;Nv.;GI@?9<EKGO;ZFNIHJGO;GOP9A@?;WH)M5HJE(@B9<D)EoD6Y);NGIP;C9\EKGI;NIYH)_ , - ! .1
& b
r '&F
&F
L;E5= ;GIP;C;NINODFNu9\EGOP5;Cb9AgWM+D)9<EKG[tFe(H)gWNQH6GIeNO;HJM5MNODW9<bkH6GO9<D)E9<@
& b
r T&)
&F
"!
$#
%#'&
)(
/(
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10
32
*
547698:47;=<
@?A(
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+( ,
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F2
*
ED
H?>#
/(
#IC
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F2
*
$#
/A
rT&)
/
D
f ( x)
+K/
Problem
D
1
2
3
4
"
E;:>uHaDJ`9<bM5NOD6Y9<EZ?bkHap+;^GID[gW9<Y9<gW;^GOP;9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_`, -.!0/1K9\EKGOD@Bep59\EKGO;NOY6H)_<@ , - !5-.^ 1
HJE(\g , -.^ !0/1HJE5g>?NI9GI;GOP;C9<EKGO;ZFNIH)_
'&F r '&F
'&F
HJE(g HJM5M_\aHbc9AgWM(DF9\EKGkNIe_\;oGODGIP;n9\EKGO;Z)NQHJ_D)E;H)=QP @Be5p9\EKGI;NIYH)_3v 2;nD)pGIHJ9<EH
@I=QP;bc;c@BPD6>?E9<EGIP;U@B_<9AgW;)vkuP;` H)= GODFN HJMM+;H)NO9<EZ9\E2`rNODFEKGD)` H)E5g
HJNI; qe5@qG?GIP;zgWDFbcH)9\En_<;EZ)GOP5@v
X H)EaFD)e=D)bc;eM2>?9GIPH)E$; WMNI;@I@O9\DFEn`rD)NGOP;;NINID)N[9<E$GIP9A@=H)@O;
LD6> be5=QPngWD;@GIP;zH)== eNQH)=ak9\bcMNID6Y);
)
!
/AA
R F'67u "!%(34$#%5'6*!73
'&F & 8 /
:
? * Scheme
Simple Quadrature
Normalized 1-D =
Problem
(x)
'
SMA-HPC 1999 MIT
+K/%
;aotFe5;@BGO9<D)E5@?H)p(DFeWGuGOP;Cbc; GIPDWg
f% #&cV%}$K''6%5'6kVKF)kr0
U'6f0K'6 ^KK'U*K%V
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