Lec21 Notes

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Basis Function Approach

Laplaces Equation
in 3-D
Put collocation
points at
panel centroids

( )

xci = " j
j =1

1
dS
xci x
"##
#$###
%
Ai , j

panel j

xci Collocation
point

# A1,1 & & A1,n $ #1 $ # ( xc1 ) $


%
&
% ' (
' && % ' & % ' &
%
% &=
%
% '
( ' &% ' &
' &&
%
&% & %
%
A
A
&
&
%' n ,1
n,n &
( %' n &( ' xcn &(

( )

"
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GO;0=QPE9AtKe;@z`rD)Ng9<@I= NI; GI9\9\EZnGIP;b>;NI;UgW;@I= NI9<p(;0g"vfh&G>uH)@CM+D)9<EKGO;0g-D)eWGGOP5HJGD)E;
DJ`^GOP;cbcDF@BGM+D)M5e_<H)Nb;0HJE5@D)`D)pGIHJ9<E9<EZnHogW9A@I= NI; GO;c@O; GDJ`;0tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@[9A@GOD e5@O;H
M9<;=;>?9A@B;=D)E5@BGIH)EKG= ;EFGINODF9<gf=D)_<_\DW=H6GO9<D)E$@I=QP;b;FvL;= DFE5@O9<gW;NHo@B9<bcM_\;MNID)p_<;b
DJ`:@OD)_<Y9\EZUHJM_AH)=;) @?;tKe5HJGO9<D)En9<E)v(uP;M(D)GO;EKGI9<H)_3"9A@LM5NO;0@O=NO9<p(;0gnD)E GOP5;@OeNB
` H)=;cDJ`GOP;=ep+;UHJE5g>;kE;;0gGID$= DFbM5eWGO;cGIP;U=QP5HJNIZ);kgW9A@BGONI9\peGO9<D)E-.vUhiE}D)NQgW;N
GOD-gWD2GOP(H6GU>;opNI;H)}GOP;$@OeNO` H)=;oD)`[GOP5;n=ep+;feM9<EKGOD}M(HJE;_<@cHJE(gHF@O@Oebc; H
= DFE5@BGIHJEKGz=QP5H)NOZF;cg9<@BGONI9\p5eWGO9<D)E}D)E};0H)=QP}M5HJE5;_vod$HJGOP;bcHJGO9A=H)_\_<a)/GOP9A@=D)NINO;0@BM+D)E5g5@
GODH)@I@Be5b9<EZ$M59\;0= ;>?9A@O;= DFE5@qGQHJEKGp(H)@O9<@z`reE5=GI9\DFE5@;H)=QP-p(H)@O9<@z`reE5=GI9\DFE^.p(;9\EZ
= DFbcM5H)= GO_<a@OeMM+D)NOGO;gUD)EcGOP5;[& CM5H)E;_vuP;LNI;@Oe_\GO9<EZ@O;bc9igW9A@O=NO;GO;?;0tFe(H6GO9<D)Ek9A@^H
`reE5= GO9<D)EUD)`GOP5;@OM5H6GI9<H)_(Y6HJNI9AHJp_<;L/vhiED)NQgW;N^GODDFpWGIH)9\EoHgW9A@O=NO;GO;[@O; GuDJ`;0tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@
>;H)@I@Be5b;zGOP5HJGLGOP9A@@B;b9\igW9<@I= NI; GI;z;tKe5HJGO9<D)Ef9A@[@IH6GI9<@B5;gn;H)=GI_\anH6G[GOP;= ;EKGINODF9<g@
DJ`GIP;M5HJE;_<@vuP9<@Z)9<Y);0@[NI9A@B;CGIDGIP;c@B;GDJ`-;tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@= D)NINI;@OM(DFE5gW9<EZcGODGOP;
M5H)E;_A@vUdH6GOP5;bkH6GI9<=HJ_<_\aF"GOP9A@CMNIDW= ;0@O@D)`u=D)_<_\DW=HJGO9<D)E= D)NINI;@OM(DFE5g@GOD$@O; GOGO9<EZnGOP;
NI;@O9<gWe(HJ_4D)NOGOPDFZ)DFE5HJ_+GODkHc@O; GLDJ`.gW;_\GIH`re5E5=GI9\DFE5@?_<D=H6GI;g H6GuGOP;CM(HJE;_/= ;EFGINODF9<g5@v

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

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>;>?9<_<_= DFE5= ;EKGONQH6GO;D)EnDFpWGIH)9\E9<EZGOP5;z;EKGONI9<;@uDJ`GOP5;C4paK2bkH6GONI9\o@BP5D6>?Eo9<EnGOP;
@O_\9AgW;oH)p(D6YF;)v2hiEGOP5;o= ;EKGONID)9Ag= DF_\_<DW=H6GI9\DFE}GO;0=QPE9AtFe5;).GOP5;obkH6GINO9\-;EKGONI9<;@9\EY)DF_\YF;
9<EFGI;ZFNIH)_<@D)`GIP; NI;;E @C`reE5=GI9\DFED6Y);NGOP;M5HJE;_<@v 8:Pa@O9A=HJ_<_<a)GOP;GO;NI
b    D)`
GOP59<@?bkHJGONI9o=D)NINO;0@BM+D)E(g@GODcGOP5;CM(D)GO;EKGI9<H)_H6G?GOP5;z= ;EKGINODF9<goDJ`GOP;C& cM(HJE;_gWe;GOD
eE9\G[=QP5H)NOZF;gW;E5@O9Gqag9<@BGONI9\p5eWGO9<D)EnD)EoGOP5
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Basis Function Approach

3-D Laplaces
Equation

xci Collocation

point

Ai , j =

!
panel j

1
dS
xci x

Panel j
One point
quadrature
Approximation
Four point
quadrature
Approximation

Panel Area

Ai , j

xci xcentroid j
4

Ai , j "
j =1

0.25* Area
xci x po int j

"
 E;cY);NOa2@B9<bcM_\;>HafD)`u=D)bcMeWGI9\EZnGIP;U9<EKGO;ZFNIH)_.9\EF/`rD)NH M5H)E;_ f>?P9A=QP}9<@
` HJNkNI;bcD6YF;g-`rNID)b M5HJE;_?Q9A@GOD-@O9\bcM_<a NI;M_AH)=;GIP;f9<EFGI;ZFNIH)_pa-GIP;f9<EFGI;ZFNIH)E5g
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M5H)E;_A@>?P9<=QP29\EKGI;NQH)=G  @BGONID)E5Z)_<a C>?9GIPGIP;cM5HJE;_Qv DFNGIP;@O;cM5HJE5;_A@>?P59<=QPHJNI;
= _<DF@O;Npa)>;bkHa2e5@B;kH `rDFeNB&M+D)9<EFGC9<EKGO;ZFNIHJGO9<D)E}@O=QP5;bc;)vkhiE-DFeNCbc9\E5g5@C>;U@OM_<9G
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M5H)E;_ H)@cGIP;$@Be5b DJ``rD)e5Nk9\EKGO;Z)NQHJ_A@cD)EGOP;0@B;n`rDFeN@OepM5H)E;_A@vuP;Ee5@O;nGOP;
@IHJbc;uGONI9<=QcH)@:p(;`rD)NI;))NI;M5_<HF= 9<EZC;HF=QPD)`4GOP;0@B;?`rDFeN^9<EKGO;Z)NQHJ_A@pazGOP5;[MNIDWgWe5=GDJ`4GOP;
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GOP5;c@OepM(HJE;_3v 5NODFb 9\EKGIeWGO9<D)E2>;p(;_\9<;YF;GOP5HJGGIP9<@C@I=QP;b;9A@ZFD)9<EZUGIDnZ)9<Y);e(@H
bcD)NI;H)== eNQH6GI;H)E5@B>;N0vuP5;tKe;@BGO9<D)E/+P5D6>;Y);N059A@>?P; GIP;NGOP59<@9A@LGIP;p+;@BG>Ha
GODCZFDCD)N^H)NO;GIP;NI;Lp+; GBGI;N^GO;=QP5E9<tKe;0@  X H)E>;LgWDCGIP;[@IHJbc;?9\E(gcDJ`49\EKGO;Z)NQH6GI9\DFEDFE
M5H)E;_ }DUp+;H)p_\;zGODH)E5@B>;NLGOP;0@B;tKe;0@qGI9\DFE5@?>;z>?9<_\_GIH));zHkpNI9<; `_\DDF HJG[PD6>
Eebc;NI9<=HJ_49<EFGI;ZFNIHJGO9<D)E 9<@uM+;NO`rD)NIbc;g"H5;_<g DJ`@BGOe5gWaKE5D6>?E HF@  tKe5H)gNIHJGOeNI; Jv

+K/

 |z   Ly


 n 

uB }BL[+q[^.(
   0J'6K )W0 %+T%(#  "!W0 %+
/ + %+7 7 %/)W0 %+
     r" !B #$B r #%'&)(# + *, -.!0/1

X ;EKGINODF9<go= (D)_<)_<D=" H6GI( ;go)M9\(;0= );>?9<@O;C= [D)E(]@qGQHJEKGL@O=QP;bc;
Basis Function Approach

Normalized 1-D
Problem

Collocation Discretization of
1-D Equation

x = g x, x x dS

x 0,1

xc1

x0 = 0

xc2

x1

xcn

xn 1

x2

xn = 1

r2435769( 58) : ! ;=" <0(>  ) 243B!O # '&)( #


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F
H GI4JKJMLNBOQPRNQHJTS
n

xci =

j =1

xj

g x, x dS

j 1
!"
"#""
$
to be evaluated

"VU
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  -H)E5gk 8`_ v.uP;=QP(HJNIZ);LgW;E5@B9\Gqakf9A@HF@O@Oebc;gcGIDp+;[ M9<;=;>?9A@B;= DFE5@qGQHJEKG^DFE
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uP9A@NO;0@Be_\GI@9<E;tKe5H6GI9\DFE5@9\EUY6HJNI9AHJp_<;@GOP;u= DF_\_<DW=HJGO9<D)E>;9<Z)PKGQ@ !O; a/b!X^0^X^!O
>?P9A=QP2=HJEp+;c>?NO9\GBGI;E9\EbkH6GINO9\f`rD)NIbnv  eNGIHF@Bf9A@GODo5NQ@qGC;Y6H)_\e5HJGO;GOP;c;EFGINO9<; @
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= DF_\_<DW=HJGO9<D)ETM+D)9<EFGf 2 3QD6YF;NUGIP;9\EKGO;NOY6H)d_ , b!O 5[ 1&[>?P9A=QP9A@oGOP;9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_D6Y);N
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= DFE5@BGIHJEKGH)MMNID9<bkH6GI9\DF`E fvoh&`qPD6>;YF;N0/>;UgW;=9<g;gGOD2=QPDDF@O;cHfg94;NI;EKG@O; GD)`
p5HF@B9A@`reE5=GI9\DFE5@GOP9A@u9\EKGI;Z)NQHJ_4>D)e_AgUp+;ED)E5;NIDDFE_<aUD)EGOP;C@OeMM+D)NOGuD)`/GIP;p5H)@O9<@
`reE5= GO9<D)E5g@ e D)N0?GOD p(;MNI;=9<@O;)LDFETGOP5;29<EKGO;NQ@O;=GI9\DFEDJ`GOP;}@Be5MM(DFNBG DJ`zGIP;p5H)@O9<@
`reE5= GO9<D)EfHJE(\g , -.!0/1%fv

+K/

u3

L LL ?5
  r '&F


1-D 
Normalized




+K/

Simple

 Quadrature Scheme

Problem







/





f ( x)

Area under the


curve is
approximated by
a rectangle
1
2

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D 


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Problem

D 


Area under the


curve is
approximated by
two rectangles
1
4

1
2

3
4

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Problem

(x)

'
SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

+K/%

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Problem

Simple Quadrature Scheme




Numerical Example

E
r
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o
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n

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SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

2

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criteria

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= _<DF@O;GODUGOP;z;H)=G@BDF_\eWGI9\DFE5HU=NO9\GO;NO9<D)E GIP5H6G=HJEfp+;gW9U= e_\G[GIDUY);NO9\`ra)vKcL;>uGOD)E/ @
bc; GIPDWggWD;0@E5DJG:HJ_<>HaW@= D)EYF;NIZ);)6HMP;ED)bc;E5D)EzGIP5H6G9A@.bcD)NI;_<9\F;_<aC>?P;E  
9A@/E;0HJNI_\a@O9\EZFe_AHJN0v DFN/bcD)NI;H)p(DFeWG c[;>uGODFE @/bc; GIPDWg"J@O;;:GIP; # v F #  # v  v #
= DFeNQ@B;EDJGI;@v
 













%+*-,!312!%(34cV  1+4


cL;>uGODFE df;GOPDWg KH)= DFp9AHJENI;YF;H)_<@MNID)p_<;b
/ /

"

# General Quadrature Scheme

Normalized 1-D
Problem

Computing the points and


weights

#

#1
%
) w * % x1
JF + , =
- x. % &
% l
%' x1

1
x2
&
x2l

2n
01
01
% xn w1
w2
' &
&
&
% xnl lw1 x1l 1 %
%

01 $
wn &&
'
& &
&
% lw1 xnl 1 &(

%
%

Columns become
linearly dependent for
high order

"
DDFK9<EZfH6GCGIP; KH)=D)p9AHJE2DJ`uGOP;kM5NODFp_\;bn>;kNO;0HJ_<9\;GOP5HJGCGOP;k(NI@BG  = D)_<ebcE5@
p+;= DFbc;9\E5=NO;0H)@O9\E5Z)_<aL_\9<E;0HJNI_\agW;M+;E5g;EKG`rD)N/_<H)NOZF; Bv/uP9A@9A@"p+D)eE5gGIDLP5H)MM(;EC@B9<E5= ;
)
1

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9A@ EDFNObkHJ_<9<;g L9<E @OD)bc;C@O;E5@O;z@BDGOP(H6GL9\GL9<@?M5NODFM(;NO_<aU= DFE5gW9\GO9<D)E;0g"v
 



0 + ^K'64 !%(7 %+*37 


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/ / 

General Quadrature Scheme

Normalized 1-D
Problem

+K/ 

Use different polynomials

" c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )
0

i 0

i =1

0
1

BUT

Each ci polynomial must

" c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )
1

i 1

i =1

Contain an x i term

Be linearly independent
1

" c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )
l

i l

i =1

"
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/ / +

5476

General Quadrature Scheme

Normalized 1-D
Problem

Exploiting the different


polynomials

" c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )
0

0
1

i =1

i 0

" c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )

0
1

i =1

i n

" c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x ) " c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )
n 1

i n 1

2 n 1

i =1
0
!""""
"#""""
"
$
Low order terms

i =1

i 2 n 1

0
!""""
"#"""""
$
High Order Terms

?;=HJ_<_4GOP5HJG


T

 




4

/A

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4E<E 

<

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2=D)E5g9GI9\DFE5@?H)@GIP; P9<Z)P5;NuD)NQgW;NuGI;NIbk@ Jv
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" 
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0 1 ' %+1(%+57 rQ V o%%(


Normalized
1-D
Problem

General Quadrature Scheme


Using orthogonality and
roots

i =1

" cn0( x ) c0 ( x ) dx = ! wi cn 0( xi ) c0 ( xi )
[@O;D)NOGOPDFZ)DFE5HJ_4M+D)_<aKE5D)bc9<H)_<@

" c ( x0) c ( x ) dx = ! w c ( x )0c ( x )


n

n 1

i n

n 1

8:9A=QkGOP5;C(O @uGIDcp(;CNODD)GI@DJ`
8 r 
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"
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EDFb9AHJ_
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SMA-HPC 2000 MIT

i =1

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T.KB [ LL ?

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u L LL ?5
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    '&F & 8 / 
:







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?
Simple Quadrature
Scheme

Normalized 1-D =
Problem





 ?



+K/

(x)

; aMNODFM(;NBGqakD)`GIP;Cbc; GIPDWg
]^NONID)Nu9A@?MNID)M+D)NOGO9<D)E5H)_(GID 8  
) 2[D a)DFe2@O;;zGIP5H6GGIP;@O9<bM5_\;ctKe5H)gWNQH6GIeNI;@I=QP;bc;9<@H@OM+;= 9AHJ_=H)@O;
DJ` HJe5@I@?tKe5H)gNIHJGOeNI; 
0

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

u

2 (B u [ T. L








Simple Quad
E
r
r
o
r

Approximately
Integrating

Gauss-Quad

" cos 2 xdx

Number of Points

"/
cLD)GO9A= ;GOP(H6G?`rD)NLHc@ObcDKD)GOP `reE5= GO9<D)E r  
 5>?P59<=QPn9A@u9\EW(E9GI;_<aogW9\4;NI;EW
GO9AHJp5_\;F HJe5@I@?tKe5H)gWNQH6GIeNI;[` H)N?D)eWGIM(;NB`rDFNObk@GO
P5;z@B9<bcM_\;ztKe5HFgWNQH6GOe5NO;@O=QP5;bc;
SMA-HPC 1999 MIT



4 8

'

+K/ %

2 (B u [ T. L
! 7 F*4
/  7 !W0 %+ ![%+ 4  C
u







Symmetrically
Normalized 1-D
Problem



Comparing Quadratures

Evaluation Point Placement

+K/ 

Simple-Quadrature Points

-1

0
Gauss-Quadrature Points

-1

cLD)GO9A= ;GOP5;z= _<e5@qGI;NI9\E5ZcHJG?9\EKGO;NOY6H)_";E5g@

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

" 
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M+D)_<aKE5D)bc9<H)_<@>?P9A=QPfHJNI;=_\e(@qGI;NI;gnH6GuGOP5;C;E5g@uD)`GIP;C9<EFGI;NIY6HJ_v
k
o |  K
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.  

LB z. B ?
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5




 Basis Function Approach

 
3-D Laplaces
Equation

xci Collocation

point

Ai ,i =

!
panel i

1
dS
xci x

Panel i
Ai ,i

One point
quadrature
Approximation

Ai ,i =

!
panel i

Panel Area
xci xci
"
#$#
%
0

1
dS is an integrable singularity
xci x

" U
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L3

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)& = 6 8 :
 


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Symmetrized 1-D Exmaple

The Singular
Kernel Problem



 3 
<

+K/


Quad Point
Note no xi = 0

1
x

"
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?

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f(x)

f(x)

2 (B




L L5[ u5

E
r
r
o
r

1
x

Area

Area finite

L

+K/



Approximately
Integrating
Gauss-Quad

"

Large errors
even with many
points!

Simple Quad

Number of Points

dx

+K/"

"
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Improved Techniques

1
x

s ep4gW9<Y9<gW;GIP;C9<EF GI ; ZFNIHJGO9<D)E9<EKGO;NO Y6HJ_


 
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x

 

SMA-HPC 1999 MIT

 

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