EASUN REYROLLE

CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION

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INTRODUCTION
ES E R SIN Power transfer = X

The phase angle between the voltages at the sending end and receiving end cannot exceed a certain critical value.
Excessive voltage drops between the ends of the feeders. Unequal sharing of the load between parallel feeders.

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REACTIVE POWER EQUIPMENTS

SERIES CAPACITORS SHUNT CAPACITORS SHUNT CONNECTED REACTORS

SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES

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TYPE OF CAPACITORS
TANK TYPE UNIT TYPE

TYPE OF CONNECTIONS
SERIES CONNECTED SHUNT CONNECTED

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ES RL I
ES I ER I ER ES

XL

ER

ES

RL

XL

XC

ER

APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP = I R Cos + I XL Sin

APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP = I R Cos + I (XL - XC ) Sin

Equivalent circuit of a transmission line with a SERIES CAPACITOR at the receiving end

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Distance

Load point

With capacitor Voltage drop

Without capacitor

Effect of SERIES CAPACITOR on line voltage drop

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ES ER
ES

XL

ES I

XL

XC

ER

I ER

ES ER

POWER TRANSFERED

POWER TRANSFERED

ER

ES Sin E E Cos R S Sin X L Cos XL

ER

ES Sin E R ES Cos Sin X L X C Cos X L X C

EFFECT OF SERIES CAPACITOR ON TIE FEEDER

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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION ON THE LINE REACTANCE WITH SERIES CAPACITORS

INCREASED LINE CARRYING CAPACITY IMPROVED LOAD SHARING IF TWO OR MORE PARALLEL FEEDERS ARE CONNECTED AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION AND REDUCE FLICKERING

INCREASE ABILITY OF THE TIE FEEDER TO TRANSFER MORE POWER AND THERE BY INCREASE THE STABILITY OF THE SYSTEM

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EG Z=R+jX IL EM IM M FEEDERS GEN IC SHUNT CAPACITOR

IL

EM

IC IM

SHUNT CAPACITOR SUPPLYING KVAR REQUIRED BY A MOTOR

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ES Z=R+jX I ER

LOAD
GEN FEEDERS IC SHUNT CAPACITOR

ES C IC

X IC B

R IC
ER

R IX X IR OA - VOLTAGE AT LOAD - ER OB - SENDING END VOLTAGE WITHOUT CAPACITOR OC - SENDING END VOLTAGE WITH CAPACITOR - ES

IR I IX

A R IR

X IX

APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP = R IR + X IX - X IC

EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON VOLTAGE DROP

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ES C X IC IC R IC B R IX

X IR
IR A R IR IX I X IX

ER

APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP = R IR + X IX - X IC

EFFECT OF SHUNT CAPACITORS ON VOLTAGE DROP

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Capacitor voltage rise

Voltage

Distance Load point Resultant voltage drop

Voltage drop due to load current

Effect of SHUNT CAPACITOR on line voltage drop

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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION WITH SHUNT CAPACITORS

REDUCES LAGGING COMPONENT OF CIRCUIT CURRENT

INCREASES VOLTAGE REGULATION IF CAPACITOR IS SWITCHED PROPERLY REDUCED LINE CURRENT LOSSES DUE TO THE REDUCTION IN REACTIVE POWER TRANSFER IMPROVE POWER FACTOR OF THE SOURCE GENERATOR DECREASES KVA LOADING OF THE SOURCE GENERATOR AND CIRCUITS TO RELIEVE AN OVERLOADED CONDITION OR RELEASES CAPACITY FOR ADDITIONAL LOAD GROWTH

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EFFECTS OF COMPENSATION WITH SHUNT CAPACITORS
BY REDUCING KVA LOAD ON THE SOURCE GENERATOR, ADDITIONAL KW LOADING MAY BE PLACED ON THE GENERATOR IF TURBINE CAPACITY IS AVAILABLE. TO REDUCE DEMAND KVA WHERE POWER IS PURCHASED CORRECTING TO 100% POWER FACTOR MAY BE ECONOMICAL IN SOME CASES (TWO-PART TARIFF) REDUCES INVESTMENT IN SYSTEM FACILITIES PER KW OF LOAD SUPPLIED.

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SERIES VS SHUNT CONNECTION

SERIES AND SHUNT CAPACITORS SERVE A SIMILAR PURPOSE IN IMPROVING OPERATING CONDITIONS SERIES CAPACITORS COMPENSATE LINE REACTANCE
SHUNT CAPACITORS COMPENSATE THE PHASE ANGLE

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SERIES VS SHUNT CONNECTION

IF THE TOTAL LINE REACTANCE IS HIGH, SERIES CAPACITORS ARE VERY EFFECTIVE AND STABILITY IS IMPROVED IF VOLTAGE DROP IS A LIMITING FACTOR, SERIES CAPACITORS ARE EFFECTIVE AS IT IS AN AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR VOLTAGE REGULATION WILL BE IN DELAYED STEPS FOR SHUNT CAPACITOR BANKS DUE TO NUMBER OF SECTIONS IN SERVICE WITH SERIES CAPACITOR REDUCTION IN LINE CURRENT IS SMALL AS IT COMPENSATES ONLY FOR LINE INDUCTANCE CAPACITOR HAS TO CARRY THE LINE CURRENT AND HAVE SUFFICIENT PROTECTION TO PREVENT DAMAGE FOR LARGE THROUGH FAULT CURRENTS

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GENERAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENT

INDIVIDUAL CAPACITOR FUSING GROUP FUSING PROTECTIVE RELAYS SURGE PROTECTION BY LIGHTNING ARRESTER

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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR SERIES CAPACITORS
UNBALANCE PROTECTION SPARK GAP PROTECTION MOV (NON-LINEAR RESISTOR PROTECTION) SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION

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PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS
FOR SHUNT CAPACITORS
UNBALANCE PROTECTION

OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
OVER VOLTAGE PROTECTION UNDER VOLTAGE PROTECTION TIMER FOR SUCCESSIVE SWITCHING

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R Relay Y Relay B Relay Current Unbalance Protection for Star connected bank (Two limbs per phase)

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R Relay Y Relay B Relay Current Unbalance Protection for Star connected bank (Two limbs per phase)

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R Y B

Relay

Voltage Unbalance Protection for Split star connected bank

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R Y B

Relay

Current Unbalance Protection for Split star connected bank

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R

Y Relay B

Voltage Unbalance Protection for Star connected bank

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Y Relay B

Voltage Unbalance Protection for Delta connected bank

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CAPACITORS CAN WITHSTAND
POWER FREQUENCY OVERVOLTAGE AS PER ANSI 18-1980 & IEC 871-1
MULTIPLES OF RMS VOLTAGE 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.7 2.0 2.2 2.7 3.0 DURATION (SECS) CONTINUOUS 1800 300 60 15 1 0.3 0.12 0.02 0.01

CONTINUOUS CURRENT OF 1.3 TIMES IRMS AT RATED SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGE AND RATED FREQUENCY EXCLUDING TRANSIENTS
CAPACITOR UNITS RATED ABOVE 600V SHALL HAVE AN INTERNAL DISCHARGE DEVICE TO REDUCE THE RESIDUAL VOLTAGE TO 50V OR LESS IN FIVE MINUTES

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TYPICAL UNBALANCE CURRENT FORMULA
IL

NUMBER OF GROUPS IN SERIES PER PARALLEL PATH NUMBER OF UNITS PER GROUP

= 2S = N

GROUP A1
TO

GROUP C1

TO

NUMBER OF UNITS FAILED IN ONE GROUP

= n

GROUP AS
IU

GROUP CS

LOAD CURRENT UNDER HEALTHY CONDITION

P.U. OVER VOLTAGE

V IL XC

GROUP B1 TO GROUP BS

RELAY

GROUP D1 TO GROUP DS

n4 S 3 4 S N n 3n

UNBALANCE CURRENT

n IU IL 4S N n 3n

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TYPICAL CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION

R Y B

MIT 114

MVT 181

MIT 161

CAPACITOR BANK

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TYPICAL CAPACITOR BANK PROTECTION

R Y B

MIT 114
MVT 171 MVT 181
CAPACITOR BANK