J. Ajdukovic, Radovi Iz Lingvisticke Kontaktologije

.
(www.sremskikarlovci.info)
...
, 2012
, 2012
...

Dr Jovan Ajdukovich
THE WORKS ON
LINGUISTIC CONTACTOLOGY

-

14.10.2012.
.
CIP
,
811.16'362(081)
811.161.1:811.163.41(081)
, , 1968 / . 1. . - : , 2012 ( : ). 230 .; 24 cm
. . .: .
- ., . . . - 150. - :
. 225-230. - .
- . - :
. 214-224. - .
ISBN 978-86-83691-47-0
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COBISS.SR-ID 192702988
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About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic
Languages .........................................................................................112

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(Antunovi 1999) G. Antunovi, A dictionary of anglicism in
Swedish, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Hrvatska akademija znanosti i
umjetnosti, Zagreb, 1999, 254.
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Jedan mogui teorijski model pristupa analizi, Jezikoslovlje 8, Zagreb,
2007: 5-25.
25
(Bjelanovi, Marasovi-Alujevi 2008) . Bjelanovi, M. Marasovi-Alujevi Splitska prezimena etnonimskog podrijetla s talijanskohrvatskim jezinim odlikama, Folia onomastica Croatica 17, Zagreb,
2008: 19-35.
(Blaeka 2006) . Blaeka Hungarizmi u govoru Goriana,
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(Vukadinovi 2009) T. Vukadinovi, Morfoloka adaptacija hungarizama iz djela Jurja Habdelia Prvi otca naega Adama greh. Rasprave Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje 35, Zagreb, 2009: 383395.
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izgovoru, Suvremena lingvistika 55-56, Zagreb, 2003: 1-35.
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grkoga u hrvatskim dalmatskim grecizmima, Filologija 55, Zagreb,
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93-104.
(Soanac, agar-Szentesi, Dragievi, Dabo-Denegri, Menac,
Nikoli-Hoyt 2005) Lj. Soanac, O. agar-Szentesi, D. Dragievi, Lj.
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2006: 53-63.
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26
...
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Fluminensia 2, Rijeka, 2005: 1-13.
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27

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proirujemo analizu adaptacije replike na
stadij poslije integracije, tj. na jezik primalac. Na taj nain nije adaptacija
zavrena u trenutku kada se replika integrira u jezik primalac, ve ide
dalje, samo pod novim uvjetima. To su uvjeti jezika primaoca i monolingvalnosti. <...> Pomou tog naina analize mogu se objasniti mnoge pojave u procesu jezikog posuivanja koje su prije ostajale neobjanjene
(Filipovi 1990). .. (
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41
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87

35
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore and describe
the conceptual adaptation in situations of language contact. In the context
of this research, we used the term transconceptualization to designate
the processes of adaptation of model into a replica on a conceptual level.
We identified three types of transconceptualization (zero, partial or free).
Key words: Languages in Contact, Transconceptualization, Concept, Contact-Lexeme, Contact-Phraseme, Lexical Contacts Dictionary
1.
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36. transconceptualization : ,
A Transconceptualization of Concepts in Sociology of Knowledge and
Sociology of Science (G. Zollschan and R. Brym 1976)
Introductory Theology (Zoltan Alszeghy, Maurizio Flick
1982). : This happens
through continual "transconceptualization": the expressive, creative, and
affirmative contents are conceived and uttered in the framework of the
conceptual structure and image of the world as it is today. transconceptualization , . ,
37.
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: Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics
2008, Proceedings of the X-th International Conference, Bechichi, Montenegro, September 06 13, 2008, Vol. 1, Kazan State University Press, 2008: 21-30.
36
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(Zollschan and Brym 1976) G. Zollschan and R. Brym, A transconceptualization of concepts in sociology of knowledge and sociology
of science, in G. Zollschan and W. Hirsch, eds. Social Change: Explorations, Diagnoses and Conjectures (Boston: Schenkman), 1976, pp. 15999
(Zoltan, Maurizio 1982) . Zoltan, F. Maurizio, Introductory
Theology. London, Sheed and Ward, 1982.
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2004, 771.
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( 2008) . , . Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics 2008, Proceedings of the
X-th International Conference, Vol 1. Kazan State University Press,
Kazan, 2008: 21-30.
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, 1934, 330 338.
(Ajdukovich 2009) . Ajdukovich, About the First Volume of a
Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages. Acta Linguistica 3,
Sofia, 2009: 90-101.
jeziku: porijeklo-razvoj-znaenje. Jugoslavanska akademija znanosti i
umjetnosti, kolska knjiga, Zagreb, 1990, 335.
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111
ABOUT THE FIRST VOLUME OF A

CONTACTOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF
SLAVIC LANGUAGES44
: e a ()
-
.
, .
()
, , ()
.
,
.
XIX XX
. ,
XX (. , . ,
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2000)
. 44
This is the extended English version of my talk at the International Conference of

Bulgarian Studies The Bulgarian Language and Literature in Slavic and Non-Slavic
Contexts, Szeged, Hungary, 28th and 29th May 2009. I would like to thank my
colleagues Nenad Tomovich (Serbia) and Motoki Nomachi (Japan) that helped with the
translation. In: Acta Linguistica, Vol. 3, No. 3, Eurasia Academic Publishers, Sofia,
2009: 90-100 (English Version); :
, , 1. No.3, Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University,
2010, 167-182 (English Version); Farkas, Barathi, M. Majoros, H. (ed.), Bulgarian
Language and Literature in Slavic and Non-Slavic Contexts. Szeged, JATE Press, 2011:
119-124 (Serbian Version); : . 1: . ,
, 2010, . 395-406 (Serbian Version).
About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

.
: , .
In this paper, we will try to answer two questions that arose while
I was working on the Contactological Dictionary of Adaptation of Bulgarian Contact-Lexemes under Russian Influence. The first refers to the
problem of selecting materials for the dictionary. The other is purely of a
conceptual and terminological nature and is related to the first: why do we
use the terminological phrase contact-lexeme under dominant Russian
influence instead of the traditional term Russianism? And why do we
use the term contact-lexeme instead of loanword? The content and
structure of the dictionary will be presented in the third part of the paper.
I
Bulgarian Slavists have always been interested in the problem of
identifying Russianisms. The 20th century was the golden age of Bulgarian Slavistics and it was the period of the most extensive research on
language contacts between Bulgarian and Russian. Several important
works were published during this period, the most notable being the threevolume dictionary by P. Filkova [1], R. Pavlovas monograph [2], and the
works of B. Tsonev [3], L. Andreychin [4], and K. Babov [5]. Although
there are many papers on Russianisms in Bulgarian, specialized dictionaries where they would be treated separately have not been published in
the 20th century. We think that the reason for this is the dominant
influence of 19th and 20th century etymology and historical linguistics on
studying Russianisms, since the modern theory of languages in contact
was established in the mid-20th century. However, R. Pavlova emphasizes the importance of making a complete inventory of loan-words that
came through Russian and says that making this inventory is the task of
future researchers [6].
One of the key issues is certainly a lack of clear criteria for
distinguishing between loanwords from Church Slavic and Russian, or
between indigenous Bulgarian words and those that came through or from
Russian. Attempts were made to establish fixed and systematic criteria,
for example, that Russianisms are all lexemes with the suffix -, or
113
those pointing to the kind of borrowing, that is, whether it is direct or

through Russian. According to K. Babov, Russianisms are words that
have a instead of the Latin h (), a instead of the Greek (),
groups like --, -- (, ), some words with -, (), the group -- instead of -- in adjectives (), those
with the same stress (), words containing the suffix -
(), and international words that can be found in early
translations from Russian conducted during the National Revival [7].
When discussing distinguishing between Russian and Church Slavic
influences on modern standard Bulgarian, L. Andreychin and R. Pavlova
insist that these two languages must be differentiated from one another.
According to proponents of this theory, Russian influence begins in the
1840s due to the strong impact of Russian literature and scientific works.
On the other hand, B. Tsonev thinks that Church Slavic influence is in
fact Russian influence [8]. According to R. Pavlova, contrasting literary
words from the damaskins and Church Slavic words could help in
distinguishing between Russianisms and Church Slavic words in Bulgarian works written between the 17th and 19th centuries [9]. Bulgarian
researchers mostly agree that the majority of the lexis that came into Bulgarian from or through Russian is composed of abstract lexemes, calques,
and internationalisms. In our opinion, we should take into account the
extralinguistic situation in which the influence of the dominant language
in contact is exerted so as to determine the contactological value of a
contact-lexeme. On the other hand, the need to determine contactological
value once and for all does not have a foothold in modern contactology,
but in etymology. Namely, the contactological value of lexemes in
parallel texts can differ, and it depends on the dominant language in
contact and other extralinguistic factors, while the etymological value of a
lexeme is determined in the process of historical reconstruction.
Bulgarian researchers of language contacts between Russian and
Bulgarian also disagree about lexical Russianisms in modern Bulgarian.
In the early 20th century, B. Tsonev said there were 2,000 Russianisms
[10], whereas I. Lekov thought that this number was arbitrary and
exaggerated [11]. R. Pavlova wanted more precise statistic data and
identified 1,070 Russianisms in the Bulgarian Descriptive Dictionary
[12], 838 in the Dictionary of Contemporary Bulgarian [13], and 271
Russianisms in the Dictionary of Foreign Words [14]. In her opinion, it
is necessary to define criteria for differentiation between loanwords from
Church Slavic or Russian and the lexis used in the Bulgarian documentary
tradition in order to establish the exact number of Russianisms in Bulgarian [15]. In other words, it is necessary to make a complex and compre114
hensive research of the lexis of Bulgarian documents from the 17th and
18th centuries.
Therefore, the problem of identifying contact-lexemes under dominant Russian influence was solved in the first volume of the Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages by incorporating the lexis marked with appropriate lexicographical qualifiers in lexicographical sources
and the words that are cited as Russianisms in relevant scientific sources.
The author of the dictionary determined the contactological value of a certain number of lexemes. The complete set of 10 volumes contains more
than 8,500 contact-lexemes under dominant Russian influence and there is
the same number of Russian models, which makes a total of more than
17,000 lexemes. Just for comparison, the Contactological Dictionary of
Adaptation of Russianisms in Eight Slavic Languages contains 3,802
Bulgarian Russianisms, whereas the corpus of all Russianisms in the analyzed languages and of the corresponding Russian models contains 15,424
lexemes. Therefore, the first volume, which is to be published in 2010,
exceeds by far the number of contact-lexemes given in the advance copy.
II
The uniqueness of this dictionary can be seen in the fact that its
concept is based upon the works of R. Filipovi, the founder of the Zagreb
school of contactology [16], on our innovations in and reinterpretations of
Filipovis theory [17], and on the results produced by leading researchers
of inter-Slavic language contacts [18]. In the 1990s, we made significant
reinterpretations of and innovations in R. Filipovis theory of language in
contact and pointed to the necessity of using a cognitive approach in
studying Russianisms. The main characteristics of the Belgrade-Zagreb
school of contactology are synchronic description of the process of adaptation of the model into a replica and denying the possibility of structural
changes in the receiving language. For example, in Filipovis opinion,
phonemic importation does not lead to structural changes in the receiving
language, but is instead a consequence of the activation of latent elements
and of filling empty places in the system [19]. This approach to language
contacts facilitates monitoring of the expansion and restrictions on
linguistic influence. Nowadays, contactologists have started to pay more
attention to the extralinguistic aspects of language contact.
The Contactological Dictionary gives a description of the adaptation strategies of contactological units in terms of the theory we develo115
ped in two monographs and a number of papers. In the 1997 monograph

[20], we introduced t r a n s d e r i v a t i o n as the basic principle of
formational adaptation of the model into a replica. Within morphological
adaptation we defined t r a n s m o r p h e m i z a t i o n as adaptation of
the basic morphological form of the replica, whereas t r a n s mo r p h ol o g i z a t i o n was defined as adaptation of morphological categories. In
t r a n s s e m a n t i z a t i o n, we introduced ten new semantic changes
within partial semantic adaptation. At the level of lexis and stylistics, we
developed three types of lexical-stylistic adaptation. We took into account
these innovations while compiling the dictionary of adaptations of Russianisms in Serbo-Croat [21]. We analyzed a total of 1,089 Russianisms at
the levels of phonology, derivation, morphology, semantics, lexis, and
stylistics. In the 2004 monograph [22], we introduced the concept of t e rt i a r y adaptation (that is, primary-tertiary and secondary-tertiary adaptation), which refers to the influence of the intermediary language in primary and secondary adaptations. In transsemantization, we identified 28
semantic changes, whereas the level of verbal contact-syntaxeme government adaptation has three types of t r a n s s y n t a c t i z a t i o n. In this
book, we define adaptation as the process of activating latent elements or
filling empty places in the system of the receiving language according to
certain rules. In that respect, a c o n t a c t - l e x e m e under Russian influence is a word containing at least one independent contacteme made by
mapping the Russian model and/or internal activization of the receiving
language under the dominant influence of Russian. At different linguistic
levels, a contacteme can be manifested as a contact-phoneme, contactmorpheme, contact-prosodeme, contact-derivateme, distributive
contacteme, contact-grapheme, contact-grammeme, contact-styleme, contact-syntaxeme, contact-seme, contact-lexeme, contactphraseme or contact-concepteme. In our latest works, we completely
abandoned the terms borrowing and loanword, because they belong
to a theory of transfer that interprets language contact as the transfer of
elements from the donor language into the borrowing language.
A c o n t a c t e m e, or the general unit of contactology is a
quantum of structured knowledge about the dominant language influence.
A contacteme is each linguistic element formed in a particular dominant
contact situation through the activation or mapping of latent elements and
empty places. Contactological cognitive sense, some knowledge and information underlie each contactologically marked element. A researcher in this field is supposed to notice the correlation between a certain
contact situation and the linguistic unit realized within it, to note the changes in contactological value and to manage them. As a result of this
116
correlation, various kinds of relational and contextually marked classes

appear at different levels. That element can be a linguistic unit or class at
any level. At the level of phonetics, we can discern segmental and suprasegmental contactemes (sounds, syllables, words, utterances, stress in
all its aspects, and intonation), whereas at other levels, contactemes are
phonemes, graphemes, morphemes, words, grammemes, sememes, etc.
For example, a phoneme in a certain position or sequence within a word
represents a class [23]. Once determined, a contactological value can
change under the influence of another dominant language, that is it can
change in the course of time. A contacteme can remember something
from its past, and memory of that past can have an impact on its usage
[24]. Marking of contactological units can depend on the typology of
linguistic structures, psychological, communicative, pragmatic, and sociolinguistic factors. Contactemes can be found in the individuals language
awareness. Identifying them and determining their contactological value
can be achieved through an associative experiment. Concerning psychological factors, the most important are strategies, opinions, affective
states, attitudes, age, sex, abilities, motivation, and personality features. In
terms of sociolinguistics, one language dominates through common
language acceptance, ideology and practical usage. In the contactological
dictionary, Russian is represented as the linguistically and extralinguistically dominant language, while the political impact of the subordinate
language and the impact of the language with equal political power are of
secondary importance.
III
The advance copy of the contactological dictionary was published
in 2004 [25] and has been very well accepted among Slavists in Serbia
and abroad [26]. Unlike the dictionary of identification where we
primarily determine the contactological value of contact-lexemes with an
obligatory citation of the source and examples that proves a particular
dominant influence, this dictionary is an adaptation dictionary because
it describes the way that contactological units are adapted in the receiving
language. A contact-lexeme can be a whole word as well as a word that is
related to Russian just in traces. It does not have to have Russian origins,
but it can instead originate from contact with dominant Russian where it
is an integral part of the vocabulary. It can belong to just one part of
speech, one variant of the basic form, or a homonym, if the model is a
homonym. Apart from that, a contact-lexeme can be a non-derivated word
or a word derived from it.
117
A dictionary article of the Contactological Dictionary of Adaptation of Bulgarian Contact-Lexemes under Russian Influence contains six
sections. Sections 1, 3, 4, 5, and parti-ally 6 deal with the contact-lexeme,
whereas parts 2 and partly part 6 deal with the Russian model.
SECTION 1. The first section of the dictionary article provides a

description of contactological adaptation of a contact-lexeme. Entry
words are printed in bold capitals and arranged alphabetically. Homonyms are followed by number tags ( 1). If we determine that a certain
contact-lexeme is a homonym ( 2), then we put the number tag into
angle brackets (< >). The form variant of the Russianism ( 3,4) is given
as a separate entry.
( 1) 2
( 2) <1>
( 3)
( 4)
The entry word is followed by the symbols for t r a n s g r a p h em a t i z a t i o n and t r a n s a c c e n t u a t i o n (Acc). The orthography
of a contact-lexeme can be formed according to (a) the pronunciation of
the Russian model (, ), (b) the orthography of the
Russian model (graphemes of the contact-lexeme and of the model
coincide; , ), (v) the orthography of the Russian model
(graphemes of the contact-lexeme and of the model do not coincide;
, ), (c) the pronunciation and orthography of the Russian model (, ), (g) the pronunciation of the Russian
model and formational/ morphological features of the receiving language
(, ), and (e) the orthography of the Russian model
and formationnal /morphological features of the receiving language (, ). The influence of the intermediary language (, ) is marked by (d).
The type of t r a n s p h o n e m i z a t i o n of a contact-lexeme is
determined according to the highest index of individual adaptations. Zerotransphonemization (F0) was not attested. The first subtype of first partial
transphonemization (F1/1) involves the adaptation of the Russian stressed
vowels <>, <>, <()>, , and , of the unstressed <> and open
<> in foreign words, adaptation of Russian hard geminate consonants
whose Bulgarian counterparts are short consonants and adaptation of
Russian hard dentals and the palatal <r> (). The second subtype of
118
the first partial transphonemization (F1/2) involves adaptation of a

number of Russian soft consonants (). The third subtype of the first
partial transphonemization (F1/3) involves quantitative adaptation of 
and in the first or second degrees of reduction and adaptation of the
Russian soft dental consonants [t] and [d] (). The fourth subtype
of the first partial transphonemization (F1/4) involves substitution of the
Russian vowel <y> with the Bulgarian vowel (). The first subtype of the second partial transphonemization (F2/1) involves adaptation
of the Russian consonants <>, <>, <d>, and <l> (). The second
subtype of the second partial transphonemization (F2/2) involves
substitution of the Russian <a> in the first-degree reduction with the
Bulgarian vowel <> (). The third subtype of the second partial
transphonemization (F2/3) involves substitution of the Russian seconddegree reduction vowel <> with the Bulgarian vowel <a> ().
The fourth subtype of the second partial transphonemization (F2/4) involves adaptation of fifteen Russian palatalized consonants by Bulgarian
hard consonants, substitution of the palatal <> with the Bulgarian consonant <>, and transphonemization of Russian long soft consonants by
Bulgarian hard consonants (). The first subtype of free transphonemization (F3/1) involves adaptation of the Russian unstressed <> in
first or second-degree reduction by the Bulgarian <> (). The
second subtype of free transphonemization (F3/2) involves substitution of
the Russian <> and <> with the Bulgarian <> (). The third
subtype of free transphonemization (F3/3) involves adaptation of Russian
<':> into Bulgarian <> and substitution of Russian hard consonants with
Bulgarian palatalized consonants (). The fourth subtype of free
transphonemization (F3/4) involves substitution of Russian vowels and
consonants with Bulgarian sounds of different quality and articulation and
substitution of Russian soft consonants with a Bulgarian consonant cluster
().
T r a n s d e r i v a t i o n is a general word formation principle
according to which a contact-lexeme is adapted. A contact-lexeme
() that shares the same derivational stem and derivational morpheme as the Russian model is adapted through zero-transderivation (D0).
A contact-lexeme () that has an identical derivational morpheme to that of the model and a different derivational stem is adapted
through first partial transderivation (D1/1). A contact-lexeme () that shares the derivational stem with the model and a different
derivational morpheme is adapted through second partial transderivation
(D1/2). A contact-lexeme ( ) that has a different derivational stem and different derivational morpheme is adapted through free
119
transderivation (D2). Contact-lexemes that are not derived are marked

with the Roman numeral I ().
Our Dictionary records the part of speech that a contact-lexeme
belongs to, its grammar categories of gender, number, reflexiveness, and
transitivity/intransitivity. Contact-lexemes undergo all three types of
t r a n s m o r p h e m i z a t i o n of the basic morphological form. A
contact-lexeme () that consists of a free morpheme adapted
according to pronunciation, to orthography, or both together and a zero
bound morpheme of the model, that is, a bound morpheme of the model
adapted according orthography, undergoes zero-transmorphemization
(M0). A contact-lexeme () that consists of a free morpheme
adapted according to pronunciation, orthography, or both together and a
bound morpheme of the receiving language, undergoes partial transmorphemization (M1). A contact-lexeme (, ) that consists of a changed free morpheme of the model
and a bound morpheme of the giving or receiving language undergoes
free transmorphemization (2).
The label of t r a n s m o r p h o l o g i z a t i o n of the gender
and number of the noun and of the verbal aspect is only used in case of
partial or free adaptation. A contact-lexeme () that has
identical gender to the model and different sound-endings undergoes
partial transmorphologization of the noun-gender (TMR1). A contactlexeme () with different gender from the model undergoes
free transmorphologization (TMR2). The basic form of a contact-lexeme
() that takes only one number from the model, most often nominative singular, undergoes partial transmorphologization of the number
(TMB1). Free transmorphologization of the number (TMB2) was not
attested. A contact-lexeme () whose aspect is formally the same
as that of the model, but has different semantics, undergoes partial
transmorphologization of the verbal aspect (TMGv1). Adaptation of
biaspectual verbs typical of one of the languages falls into this group. A
contact-lexeme () whose aspect is different from that of the
model undergoes free transmorphologization of the verbal aspect
(TMGv2).
T r a n s s e m a n t i z a t i o n can be zero, partial, or free. At this
moment there are 28 semantic changes within partial transsemantization
(five one-member changes, ten two-member changes, nine three-member
changes, three four-member change, and one five-member change). The
type of semantic adaptation is determined for each source individually. A
120
contact-lexeme whose meaning is identical to the meaning of the model

undergoes zero-transsemantization (S0). A contact-lexeme with restriction
of meaning in number (S1Nm) or in a semantic field (S1Fm; S1Fr) and
expansion of meaning in number (S2Nr), or expansion of meaning in a
semantic field (S2Fr), undergoes partial transsemantization. When the
semantics of a contact-lexeme are differrent from the semantics of the
model, it is a case of free transsemantization (S#).
1. Zero-transsemantization (S0)
2. Restriction of meaning in number of the model (S1Nm)
3. Restriction in a semantic field of the model (S1Fm)
4. Restriction in a semantic field of the replica (S1Fr)
5. Expansion of meaning in number of the replica (S2Nr)
6. Expansion of meaning in a semantic field of the replica (S2Fr)
7. Two-member type of semantic change S1Fm+S1Fr
8. Two-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fm
9. Two-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fr
10. Two-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S2Nr
11. Two-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S2Fr
12. Two-member type of semantic change S1Fm+S2Nr
13. Two-member type of semantic change S1Fr+S2Nr
14. Two-member type of semantic change S1Fm+S2Fr
15. Two-member type of semantic change S1Fr+S2Fr
16. Two-member change of meaning S2Nr+S2Fr
17. Three-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fm+S1Fr
18. Three-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fm+S2Nr
19. Three-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fr+ S2Nr
20. Three-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fm+ S2Fr
21. Three-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fr+ S2Fr
22. Three-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S2Nr+ S2Fr
23. Three-member type of semantic change S1Fm+S1Fr+S2Fr
24. Three-member type of semantic change S1Fm+S1Fr+ S2Nr
25. Three-member type of semantic change S1Fm+S2Nr+S2Fr
26. Four-member change of meaning S1Nm+S1Fm+S1Fr+S2Fr
27. Four-member change of meaning S1Nm+S1Fm+S2Nr+ S2Fr
28. Four-member change of meaning S1Nm+S1Fm+S1Fr+ S2Nr
29. Five-member type of semantic change S1Nm+S1Fm+S1Fr+
S2Nr+S2Fr
30. Free transsemantization (S#)
The type of transsemantization is followed by a label for the type
of l e x i c a l - s t y l i s t i c adaptation, which can be zero (),
121
partial (), or free (). If two sources share the same LSA,
then only the first one is followed by a type label. A contact-lexeme that
has under-gone zero or partial transsemantization and whose certain lexical and stylistic values differ from the model undergoes partial adaptation
(LSA1). A contact-lexeme whose lexical-stylistic values are different
from the model and that is adapted through free transsemantization
undergoes free LSA (LSA2).
Several contact-lexemes in our dictionary have a type of t r a n sc o n c e p t u a l i z a t i o n label. Contact-lexemes that share identical
concepts to the model [27] undergo zero-transconceptualization (, ). If the number of basic meanings of the concept of the
contact-lexeme (, , ) and the model
partly coincide, it is a case of partial transconceptualization (K1). The
type free transconceptualization (K2) is identified in the word .
Most dictionaries do not provide sufficient information about verb
government. A contact-lexeme ( ) whose pattern partly
coincides with the pattern of the model undergoes partial t r a n s s y nt a c t i z a t i o n of verb government (SIA1). A contact-lexeme whose
pattern differs from the pattern of the model undergoes free transsyntactization of the verb government (SIA2). In the first volume of the
dictionnary we have not identified any cases of free-transsyntactization.
At the end of the first section of each dictionary article, we provide information about the source and the type of o v e r a l l a d a p t at i o n of the contact-lexeme. The type of overall adaptation is determined
according to the highest level of individual adaptations. A contact-lexeme
() that is adapted through partial adaptation at one level at least
undergoes overall partial adaptation (A1). A contact-lexeme () that is adapted through free adaptation at one level at least undergoes over-all free adaptation (A2).
SECTION 2. The Russian model is written in italics and its stress

is not marked ( 5). The number in the fourth section of the dictionary
article points to the place of stress. Abbreviations referring to derivational
pattern, part of speech, gender, number, ( 6) aspect, and transitivity/
intransitivity are given after the entry word. Underived models are marked
by the Roman numeral I ( 7). Variants are given after the basic entry
(8).
122
( 5) S, adv () [28]
( 6) S, v-ipm-tr ()
( 7) I, n-f () [29]
( 8) Comp, n-m ()
() [30]
SECTION 3. The abbreviation . is followed by phonological,
morphological, and derivational variants of the lexeme ( 9).
( 9)
: () [31]
SECTION 4. The abbreviation is followed by contactological
synonyms [32] of the contact-lexeme ( 10).
(10)
: , ; , ; , , , , ,
, , ; ,
SECTION 5. The symbol is followed by the information
concerning the origin, morphology, formation, stress, the number of
meanings, syntactic features, and lexical-stylistic aspects of the model and
of the contact-lexeme according to cited sources. Information about the
model is given in parentheses ( ), whereas our interventions are given in
angle brackets < >. Information about stress and frequency of the contactlexeme and the model are given in square brackets [ ]. The symbol <
refers to the direction of interlingual influence.
SECTION 6. The meanings of the contact-lexeme and dictionary

sources are cited at the end of each dictionary article.
The label is followed by a description of semantic changes. The
hash mark (#) refers to narrowed meanings of the contact-lexeme,
whereas the asterisk (*) refers to widened meanings. Three dots (<...>)
mean that some parts of the text are omitted. The meaning and description
of semantic changes can be cited from two or more sources preceded by
.
123
( 11) -d, Acc0 [33], F3/4, D0, adj, 1,

S0, LS0/1, 2 ( [34]/ [35]); S1N2m (/ [36])
S1Fm (/ )
S, adj (; ; )
var: ()
rus. (; ); <- ->; [vowel under
stress: Rus:6/ Bul:6; frequency: [37]/[38]: +30/6]
() #2: , (); #
; ().
Some of the future volumes of the Contactological Dictionary of
Slavic Languages will be devoted to the adaptation of contact-phrasemes. And when the Russian influence is analyzed, we can switch to describing contact-lexemes and contact-phrasemes created under Turkish,
English, French, German, or any other influence. We can than describe
the pro-cesses of adaptation in all other contact situations and compile a
complete computer database. We would be happy if the International
Committee of Slavists started a long-term contactology project that
gathered teams from different countries.
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[24] . , . Rije, god. 15, sv. 2, Rijeka, 2009: 19-28.
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[26] See Recensions/Reviews by P. Piper, B. Stankovich, M.
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.
,
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. ,
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), . // . - // .
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. (. ), . (.
), . (. ), . - (. - ), . (.
), . (. ), . (. ), . (. ), .
(. ), . -
(. - ), . (. ), . - (. -
), . (. ),
. (. ), .
(. ), .
(. ), .
(. ), . (. 130
), . (.
), . (. ),
. (. ), .
(. ), .
(. ), . (. ), . (. ), . (. ), .
(. ), . (.
), . (. ), .
(. ), . (. ), .
(. ), . (.
), . (.
), . (. ), . (. ), .
(. ), . (.
), . ( ),
. (. ), .
vsjo ravno . 2004 (. ), .
,
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(. ,
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- // ,
- //
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).
.

, , ,
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,
,
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,
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.
,
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. , a .
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.
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.
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,
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.
,
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; , , ;
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, ,
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. ,
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,
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. , , c .
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( 2000) .. , ( , , , ,
).
, . . , , 2000, 16.
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( /
). .
, 200 , 7 - 10
1997 .,
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( 1991) .. ,
. , , 1991: 36-40.
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, , 2007, 20.
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: .
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2006, , , 2006.
( 2007) .. ,
.
, , , 23.
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. , 1974, .
(, 2002) .. , .. ,

. Rossica Olomucensia 40, Univerzita Palackho v Olomouci, 1734.
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( 2000) . ,
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( 2002) . , . Rossica Olomucensia
40, Univerzita Palackho v Olomouci, 2002: 361-370.
( 2002) . , .
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( 2006) . ,
( ).
, , , 2006, 24.
( 2004) .. , - : . - () "INTERCUL-TUR@L-NET, 3, 2004.
( 2000) . , : . Rossica Olomucensia XXXVIII
(za rok 1999), Univerzita Palackho v Olomouci, 2000: 453-460.
139

46
:

// .
, : , , , , , , , , , .
: , ,
0.
( . 2004, 2004)47. : 1) 46

29. 2. 2008. .
: XXXV . .
: . ,
, , 2010: 15-23; , , 2010: 69-81.
13. 2008. .
: Rije,
Hrvatsko filoloko drutvo, Rijeka, 2009: 19-28. ,
.
47
2004a, 2010.
...
, ( 2009; 2010); 2)

; 3)
.
. . (, 1997),
.
(, 2004)
(, 2004), , (Filipovi 1986,
1990).
(Filipovi 1990)
.
(Haugen 1953) (Weinreich
1953) XX

( . : Filipovi 1986; 1990; Filipovi, Menac 2005; 2000: 204-211; 2004; Soanac i dr. 2005).
.
, .
. , , , , , . .
, , , .
,

().
. , , . Sisyphius labor.
(. ...vel tu Sisyphi141
os licet admirere labores [Propertius 1912]). ,

. . ( 1973; 1995).
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56
Abstract: In this paper we present a general structure of the Contactological Atlas of inter-Slavic language contacts (ISCA). ISCA deals
with contacts at the borders of one language and related languages within
the Slavic language sub-group. ISCA presents and describes the contactological units (contactemes) at different linguistic levels. Some changes
that have occurred in the ISCA as a result of the processes of direct and
indirect language contact between Slavic and non-Slavic languages.
Finally, in this paper we offer a comparative analysis of some Bulgarian/
Macedonian/Serbian/Croatian/Slovenian contact-lexemes under the dominant influence of Russian.
Key words: Contactological Atlas of inter-Slavic language contacts, contactemes

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. . 95
. . 105
. 7,9,12-14,20,2224,30-32,34,35,38,44,48,54,55,
62,70,74,80,89,91,94,98-100
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144
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21
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168
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195
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71
6,7,9-15,18-24,28,
30-35,37,38,44-48,53-55,61,63
65,74,77,79,88,89,92,94,98101,103,105-109,115-124,128,
129,133,135-137,140,141-144,
148-158,160,164,165,167,170,
175,179,181,183,186,188,189,
195,197,198
12
102
9,
13,23,30,31,93,100,101,132,
168,175,176,179
141,187,188
71
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117,118,122,123,149,152-156,
180,181,186,187
16
10,11,19,20,80,141
10
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44,66
43,44,55
44-47,58
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47,54
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170-172
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. 33,58,
90,91,94,107,108,143,176,188
193,194,197
147
. 13,32,33,45,
54,74,91,101,132,153
34
71
68,69
10
15,21,22,46,104,105,
123,137,145,151,153,154,159,
160,169,180,181,186,187
44
195-199
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71
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80
82,170
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187
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19
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135
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101
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12
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133,143
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31-33,43,
45,58,61,66,69,98,109,112-114
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81
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176

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187,188
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143
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142
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141,142,181
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158,165-168,195,197-199
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100,101,103,124,128,129,132,
140-142,195
28,31
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12
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66
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45
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54,58
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66,68
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34
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48,54,55,79,82,88,98-102,108,
112,113,115,117,118,140,141,
145,149-153,155,163,165,173,
174,179,180,183,187-189,195,
198
5-7,14,22,24,
31,35,48,54,80,98-101,103106,112,113,115,124,152,189
128,130,137,
140,141,145,149,187
5,22
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53,54,58
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91,94
13,14,116,
197
13,116,197
13,14,80,116,170172,197
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165,197
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173,197
13,14,116,156
197
6,7,9,13,14,
23,88,89,91,93-95,101,108,109
116,124,128-137,140-143,145,
147,149-152,154-156,158-182,
186,187,189
5,13,17,20,21,49,61,
62,65,68,71,94,102,117,129,
174-176,180,187,188,198
61,66,71
-
5,66,67,72
-
5,66,67
43
43
20,32,88-95,106-108,
122,129,136,137,142,144,149,
170,175-179,181
89,90
5,89,90,93,
177,179
144
20
12
92,106,175
13,31,101,175
48
71
- 12,14,22,35,36,86,105,
116,122
71
45,90,91,
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142
144
142
67,69,71,72
69
71
69,70
32,35
6,7,24,193,196-200
11,16

209
10-12,14,22
11,16
24
11-16,19,20,22-24,28,31
-33,35,38,39,44-48,53-55,58,
65-68,69,71,72,74,80,85,88,94,
98,102,104-106,115,116,118,
120,145,147,149,150-152,154156,158-160,162-168,170-175,
177,179-182,185,188
137,180,186
38,45,
54,74,91,132
19,21,58,101,117,119,
120,151,166,167
61
58,118,166,186
11,15,16,18,19,186,
109,124,141-143
10,16,17,142
21,22
32
18
39,44
45
71
77
22,23,71
30
32
71
151
105
45,53,177

19,21,65,173
182
133,
143
12
141,187
210
11,16
81
20
71
12
10
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19,20,23,24,29,31,37,94,100
113,114,116,134,137,142,143
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116,132,142
, ~ 13,14,33,46,74,91
36,37,58
145
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13,31,101
23,32
16,21,32,91,95,186
177
94
168
21
168
158
22
10,11,13,
21,34,37,38,45,46,54,61,63,74
77,81,86,116,153-155
10
- 13,38,74,116
30
, ~ 14,153155
20
11,12,15,
39,80,85,106,121,173,186
117
20
94,142
119,153,157
23,142,144,169
13,18,22,149,158,163,
164,185
12,13,16,19-23,38,4448,54,58,61,65,66,68,69,74,80,
85,94,95,115,116,142,150,151,
153,155,156,159,160,163,164
166-168,170-172,174,175,177
179,181,182,186
91
, ~ , ~ 19,99,134,154,156,
158-164,180,187
31,99,113,
117,148,149,188,189
10,21,99,
141
19
99,148
99
99
15
10,12,99,141
29
21
48,81,102
22,31,35,79,
98,102,103-105,106,140,141,
149,165,166,176,181,183
154
71
84
14,15
7,10-13,30-32,39,48,91
99,100,102,103,112-115,118,
128,141
151
5,6,22,28,30,31,33
35,37-39,43,44,48,53,55,57,98,
99,101,102,104-106,108,112116,118,124,128-131,135,137,
140,142,143,145,147,150,154,
155,165,166,183,186,189,193200
9
93
187
11,13,
15,20,21,34,37,38,45,54,61,63
74,77,86,116,153-155,181
10
45,46,49,
53
- 13,38,74,116,186
12,34,45,84,101,107,117,
122,170-173,175
12,13,
15,19,35,79,80,121,135

135
11,15,
39,80
11-14,16,
31,80,104,106,116,120,121,
123,124,137
- 135
- 135
. 18
142
30
22,28-39,47-49,53,105
12,28-30,32,34,39
35-37,39
28,34,36,37,39
47,48,53,58
211
28,34,36,37,39
28,34
-. 47
17,33,49,54,158-164,
166,168
, 10,
11,22,38,187
9,21,37
9
32
12
71
187,188
13,101
10
62
61-63,68-70,73,
75,76,79,82,109,141,142,150
9
32
188
, 76,84,
94,142,178,179
136
, ~ 33,37,39,100,173,174

9,10,130
158,159
-
149,162,163,185
11,12,15,19,
39,80,85,106,121
177,179
44
44
, ~
11,23
21,54,152,153,
157,165
212
94
. 12,13,
18-21,23,28,37,38,57,74,81,
104,119,129,166
58,166,167
101
58,166
20
71
13,34,
38,46,54,61,63,74,77,86,116
6,22,35,85,
98,105,118,140,149,152-156,
158,179,185
6,22,35,
38,77,85,105,118,140,149-152,
179,185
6,9,12,14,20,
22,23,35,37,38,58,85,105,116,
119,120,134,140,149,150,165167
18
20
5,6,14
22,86,88-90,92-95,98,105-108,
122,137,140,149,175,179,186
19,23
18
12
11,12,17,
19,20,22,35,46,85,105,116,120
134,149,150
5,6,12,
14,20,22,35,39,62,74,85,105,
116,120,134,140,149,150,167,
168
6,140,
149,174,175,186
5,6,12-14,
18,22,35,53,68,73,79,80,85,98,
105,106,116,120,121,135,140,
149,169,171,173,174,186
6,13,14,
22,98,105,116,122,136,140,
149,163,164,185
6,35,140,149,
173,174,186
6,140,
149,150,160,185
9,13,22,23,30,31,116,
142
6,11,14,17,
18,22,35,81,85,105,118,119,
133,140,149,156-158,179,185
10,20
68-70,72,80,109,
124,145
6,22,35,86,
122,149,158,179,186
133
13
15,197
, 80,
130,169,173
5,19,21,34,45,
48,54,55
71
12,14,101,117,119
153,154,158,159
10,11,12,20

10,101,103,104,
129,168
, 19,
101,130,132-136,141-145,147149,151-154,156,158,159,161163,168-171,173,175,186-189
135
133

6,7,89,101,128-132,140
135
135

133,143,144
135
89,
145
135
133,143
133
135
141
135
133
17,133
133
89,93,
133

148,156
135
109,124,141,
143
38,85
187
16
71
32,34,35,98,105,107,
117,118
66,105
71
11,15
21,143
39,43
44,58
213

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224

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( ), Recenzija knjige Jovana Ajdukovia 'Kontaktoloki renik' [. : . , , , , 2008, . 74-75]
<...> Ono to jo valja posebno istai jest injenica da je J. Ajdukovi prvi
kontaktolog koji je izradio rjenik rusizama ne samo u svom materinskom srpskom
jeziku, nego i u jo sedam slavenskih jezika. Rjenik je logian nastavak njegove
nedavno objavljene knjige Uvod u leksiku kontaktologiju, Teorija adaptacije
rusizama i vrlo je vaan za razvoj kontaktologije openito.
( ), Recenzija znanstvenih radova i
doktorske disertacije Jovana Ajdukovia [. : . , , , , 2008, 63-64]
<...> Pratim ve dulje vrijeme znanstveni rad mr sc. Jovana Ajdukovia vezan
za podruje kontaktne lingvistike i mogu zakljuiti da on predstavlja znaajan doprinos
kako navedenoj lingvistikoj grani, tako i irem podruju lingvistike i filologije. Njegov
je rad zanimljiv ne samo rusistima ve i svim slavistima, lingvistima i filolozima.
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. , 2004. 364 S. // ders., 8
8 , 2004. 771 S., Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch,
Band 54, 2008: 267-268; [. : . , ,
, , 2008, . 92-94]
<...> Mit seiner Monographie und vor allem mit seinem groartigen Wrterbuch hat Jovan Ajdukovi Grundlagenarbeit geleistet, deren bleibender, hoch einzuschtzender Wert fr die Slawistik schwerlich in Frage gestellt werden kann.
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2011 2011).
2008. , 2011. . Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics - 2008 (, ), Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics 2009 (, ), . -2010 (), Cognitive Modeling in Linguistics
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(kvass), (. boyar od bojarin) ( >

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35, , 2004: 69-154.

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I/III (), II (), II

22: . baklava (1. ok ince yufkadan yaplarak arasna

23: . tulumba tatls (zel bir makinede ince, uzun, oluklu

(BTS) Byk Trke Szlk, http://tdkterim.gov.tr/bts/

24: . papriks, . ( < paprika + -s) . . -

25: . gulys /guja:/ (1. magyar nemzeti tel. 2.

XV XVI , kebap (kebab .).

(, ) (.) 1 (#: //) + 1

", , , 2004: 53.

ABOUT THE FIRST VOLUME OF A

This is the extended English version of my talk at the International Conference of

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

those pointing to the kind of borrowing, that is, whether it is direct or

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

ped in two monographs and a number of papers. In the 1997 monograph

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

correlation, various kinds of relational and contextually marked classes

SECTION 1. The first section of the dictionary article provides a

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

the first partial transphonemization (F1/2) involves adaptation of a

transderivation (D2). Contact-lexemes that are not derived are marked

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

contact-lexeme whose meaning is identical to the meaning of the model

SECTION 2. The Russian model is written in italics and its stress

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

SECTION 6. The meanings of the contact-lexeme and dictionary

( 11) -d, Acc0 [33], F3/4, D0, adj, 1,

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

About the First Volume of a Contactological Dictionary of Slavic Languages

pragmatika, Rab, 17-19. rujna 2006, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu i

os licet admirere labores [Propertius 1912]). ,

(besprzoran // besprzran // bsprizran).

[+], [], [], []

FinkArsovski 2002: 26-28 Vidovi-Bolt 2011: 30-33. .

( crven kao krv

> > > , > ( ) > ]; [. :

]; [/: Npers/nom-0++Nobj/loc- // Npers/*nom++Nobj/*loc];

( 2007) .. , . , 2007, 207.

, Dialogue across Balkanic Languages, Cultures and Civilizations, 8 10 2010 . . :

* (.); (.); (.); (.); obrt

( 2004) . , . . , , 2004, 364.

buch der russischen Sprache Beschreibung und Charakterisierung des

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]; [/: Npers/nom-0++Nobj/loc- // Npers/nom++Nobj/loc];