Chng 8:

H thng tin t quc t

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Ni dung chnh
Tiu chun vng H thng Bretton Wood vi s ra i ca t gi c nh Tha thun Jamaica vi s xut hin ca h thng t gi th ni Chnh sch t gi trn thc tin Bi hc t cc cuc khng hong tin t th gii

Ch bn v vng (tiu chun vng)

Bn v vng c ngun gc s dng ng tin vng lm phng tin trao i, n v tnh ton, v lu gi gi tr Ch tn ti t rt lu i A.D.1200. v ko di cho n Th chin th II (1939) Bn v vng to c ch cho cc nc m bo cn bng cn cn thng mi mt cch ng thi
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Bn cht ca Bn v vng
Hu ht cc nc cng nghip tham gia ngoi thng u chp nhn bn v vng Bn v vng l khi cc nc ng mua v bn vng theo mt s n v tin t nh trc Do tin t c tnh theo gi tr ca vng v cam kt s chuyn i c thnh vng ch bn v vng
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Bn cht ca Bn v vng
VD: theo bn v vng, 1U.S. dollar c nh ngha tng ng vi 23.22 gr vng rng. Do 480 gr = 1 ounce one ounce vng tr gi $20.67. S tin cn thit mua 1 ounce vng c xem l gi tr b mt ca Vng (par value) V th gi b mt ca vng l 20.67 USD.
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Hip nh Bretton Woods

Sau th chin th II, i din ca 44 quc gia gp nhau ti Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, thng nht a ra mt h thng tin t th gii Cc nh lnh o quyt nh lp li trt t kinh t th gii nhm m bo cho tng trng kinh t thi hu chin Hip nh Bretton Woods thit lp cc nh ch: m rng cc hot ng thng mi t do, gip duy tr n nh t gi, v ti tr cc chng trnh pht trin quc gia Thnh lp 2 c ch h tr l IMF v World Bank

IMF (International Monetary Fund)

Mc tiu: To thun li cho thng mi th gii tng trng cn i Khuyn khch s n nh ca t gi hi oi v cc tha thun trao i c h thng Tm cch loi b gii hn trao i lm gii hn s tng trng mu dch th gii To ngun ti tr cho cc thnh vin trn c s tm thi v an ton, cho php h iu chnh mt cn i m khng lm xu i tnh hnh quc gia

World Bank
WB l ngn hng h tr cho vic ti kin thit v pht trin cc quc gia (IBRD). Ngn hng tp trung vo cc d n cng nh cc DA xy dng h thng in, ng giao thng, nng nghip, gio dc WB cho vay theo 2 c ch: IBRD (International bank for Restruction and Development) v IDA (International Development Agency)
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C ch IBRD
Tin c huy ng thng qua bn tri phiu trn th trng ti chnh quc t Ngi vay phi tr li vay theo li sut ca th trng (the banks costs of funds plus a margin for expenses) thng vn thp hn li sut ca ngn hng thng mi Thng WB u li sut thp cho cc nc ngho c nhiu ri ro

C ch IDA
International Development Agency (IDA), bt u t 1960. Ngun vn thng c huy ng t cc nc giu IDA thng ch dnh cho cc nc ngho vay di hn i tng vay c th vay trong 50 nm vi li sut u i 1%/nm

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Ch tin t Jamaica
C ch t gi:
T gi th ni T gi c nh T gi th ni c kim sot

Cc chnh ph cn c cc chnh sch can thip kp thi Cc nc thnh vin khng c li dng t gi thu li v gy ra nhng nh hng tiu cc cho nc khc

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Th trng ngoi hi quc t

L ni din ra cc hot ng mua bn cc ng tin da trn c s quan h cung cu 4 th trng ngoi hi ln nht: London, New York, Tokyo v Singapore

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Chc nng ca th trng ngoi hi quc t

Phc v cho hot ng XNK iu chnh t gi ngoi t trn th trng trong nc Phng nga ri ro n chnh lch, u c

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Thnh phn tham gia th trng ngoi hi

Cc ngn hng trung ng Cc ngn hng thng mi Cc nh mi gii ngoi hi Cc doanh nghip Cc khch hng mua bn l

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T gi hi oi
T l chuyn i mt n v tin t ca nc ny thnh mt n v tin t ca nc khc VD: 1 USD = 21,000 VND Phn loi:
T gi chnh thc T gi kinh doanh T gi th trng t do
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Nhn t tc ng n t gi hi oi
Cn cn thanh ton quc t Mc lm pht gia cc quc gia Mc chnh lch li sut gia cc nc

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Cc bin php iu chnh t gi hi oi

Chnh sch chit khu Chnh sch hi oi Lp qu bnh n hi oi Ph gi tin t

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Th trng ti chnh quc t

Ni gp g gia cung v cu vn, thng qua cc hot ng cho vay, chi tr, chuyn nhng, u t c thc hin bi cc ngn hng, doanh nghip, cc t chc tn dng

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Phn loi th trng ti chnh

Cn c vo phng thc vn ng ca vn
Th trng vn trc tip, cn gi l th trng chng khon Th trng vn gin tip, cn gi l th trng tn dng

Cn c vo thi gian vn ng ca vn
Di hn (trn 1 nm) Ngn hn (di 1 nm)

Cn c vo c cu t chc
Th trng s cp Th trng th cp
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