Metalworking Brochure Huntsman

Performance Products
Metalworking Chemicals
Product Information
Huntsman Metalworking Chemicals

Table of Contents
Page
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 Huntsman Capabilities Huntsman Products Amines for the Metalworking Industry . . . . . . . . . .4 Comparison of Important Properties DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Bis-(hydroxyethyl) methyl amine (BHEMA) SURFONAMINE MW-781 Amine XTA-771 Ethanolamines Other Amines Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry . . . . . .29 Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Alcohol Alkoxylates EO/PO Block Copolymers Alcohol Ethoxylates Fatty Acid and Castor Oil Ethoxylates Phosphate Esters Formulated Emulsifiers Other Products for the Metalworking Industry . . .45 Alkylate H-230L JEFFOX WL-series Functional Fluids Glycols Regional Product Offerings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .50 Contact Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
DEHSCOFIX, DGA, DIGLYCOLAMINE, EMPICOL, EMPILAN, EMPIPHOS, JEFFAMINE, JEFFOX, LAUREX, POGOL, SURFOL, SURFONAMINE, and SURFONIC are registered trademarks of Huntsman Corporation or an affiliate thereof in one or more, but not all, countries. DMDGA is a trademark of Huntsman Corporation of an affiliate thereof in one or more, but not all, countries. CORFREE is a trademark of Invista North America. TEFLON is a trademark of E. I. DuPont de Nemours & Company. VITON is a trademark of DuPont Dow Elastomers LLC.
SECTION 1
Introduction
Huntsman Capabilities
Huntsman is committed to producing a broad range of the highest quality amines, surfactants and related chemicals for the metalworking industry, and is the logical choice to be your key supplier for the formulation of your metalworking fluids. Huntsman is an integrated supplier, producing not only the finished amines and surfactants but many of the basic raw materials used to manufacture those products. Huntsman is a global supplier, manufacturing products for the metalworking industry in the United States, Australia, and multiple European countries. Our skilled and knowledgeable sales force markets our products worldwide, assisted by an extensive distributor network. Huntsman is an innovative supplier. With the support of state of the art research, development and pilot facilities we will work closely with you to help formulate products that meet your exacting needs.
Huntsman Products
Huntsman manufactures a broad range of amines, surfactants, and related products essential in formulating metalworking fluids. Table 1.1 lists primary application areas for each of the product types. Similar tables including trademarked product names by region can be found in Section 5.
Introduction
Table 1.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry

Hard Water Tolerance Aids
Metal Cleaning Aids
Corrosion Inhibitors
Anti-mist Additives
Lubricity Additives
Alkalinity Control
Coupling Agents
Anti-Foamants
Product Primary Amines Tertiary Amines Polyetheramines Linear Alcohols Alcohol Ethoxylates Alcohol Alkoxylates Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Fatty Acid Ethoxylates Castor Oil Ethoxylates EO/PO Block and Reverse Block Copolymers Phosphate Esters Sodium Isethionate Functional Fluids Glycols Glycol Ethers
Intermediates
Emulsifiers
SECTION 2
Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Huntsman is a major integrated supplier of amines, many of which have application in the metalworking industry. We have developed and continue to support our amine process technologies in fully equipped laboratories and pilot facilities in the United States and Europe. This section demonstrates our ongoing commitment to our amine customers in the metalworking industry. Included in Section 2 is information on various amines commonly used in the metalworking industry. The first part of this section contains comparison data for these amines while the last part of this section individually discusses several Huntsman amines used in the metalworking industry. These products include DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent, bis(hydroxyethyl) methyl amine (BHEMA), SURFONAMINE MW-781 amine, triethanolamine (TEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and others. metalworking. A comparison of cobalt leaching by commonly used metalworking amines is plotted in Figure 2.2. The pH measurements on solutions of various amines at several different concentrations in water are given in Table 2.4. These data are indicative of the relative efficiency of the amines as alkalinity control agents. Generally, DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is less alkaline than MEA and MIPA. It is somewhat more alkaline than either DEA or DIPA (diispropanolamine). Titration curves are presented for several of the more common metalworking amines with some of the more common metalworking acids in Figures 2.3, 2.4 and 2.5. Boric acid is a well-known component of metalworking fluids, which imparts both corrosion resistance and enhanced biostability. Both salts and condensates of boric acid with a variety of amines have been employed. Data in the literature suggest that the boric acid adduct of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is quite effective in maintaining pH and resisting biodegradation (Table 2.5). Published information (Table 2.6) comparing the tendency to form N-nitrosoamines in prototype synthetic and semisynthetic cutting fluids shows a pronounced tendency to form these carcinogenic materials from secondary amines like DEA and diisopropanolamine (DIPA). Primary amines, like DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent, do not show this tendency. Another important aspect in metalworking is corrosion. Aluminum staining/corrosion data is compared in Tables 2.7, 2.8, and 2.9. Figure 2.6 compares magnesium staining by various amines.
Comparison of Important Properties

A list of amines commonly used in metalworking is given in Table 2.1, with Huntsman product offerings highlighted. Table 2.2 further discusses commonly used amines in metalworking, listing the CAS numbers, as well as regulatory information. Volatility is an important consideration in metalworking applications where misting is a concern. Data included in Table 2.3 and Figure 2.1 illustrate the low volatility of Huntsman products, such as DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent, monoethanolamine (MEA), DEA, TEA and BHEMA, relative to other amines commonly used in metalworking applications. Cobalt leaching is another important factor in
Table 2.1 - Amines for Metalworking

Physical Properties
Amine Type Appearance Color, Pt-Co Equivalent Weight pKa, 20C pH, 5% aqueous solution Boiling Point, C, 760 mmHg Vapor Pressure, 20C, mmHg Freezing Point, C Flash Point, C Viscosity, cSt, 30C <15 105 9.45 11.30 223 0.004 -12.5 124 20 <15 61 10.03 11.56 171 0.4 10 95 18.9 DGA Agent Primary MEA Primary AMP Primary MIPA Primary DEA DIPA TEA BHEMA Tertiary APM Prim/Tert
Secondary* Secondary* Tertiary
Clear and free of suspended material <15 94 9.82 11.46 165 0.7 30 (dry) 78 90 <15 75 9.40 11.40 158 0.6 25 71 23 <15 105 8.88 10.98 268 <0.01 28 149 352 <15 133 8.70 10.84 246 <0.01 44 260 870 <15 149 7.76 10.38 340 <0.01 21 202 429 <15 119 8.59 10.79 247 <0.01 -21 126 56 <15 144** 10.04 11.59 224 <1 <-45 86
Environmental, Health & Safety Concerns

Dermal LD50, mg/kg Oral LD50, mg/kg Acute Fish LC50, mg/l Acute Daphnia EC50, mg/l Acute Algae IC50, mg/l Mutagenic Dermal Sensitizer WGK Classification >3000 2560 460 190 160 No No 1 1025 2100 >500 >100 7.575 No No 1 >2000 2900 331 193 520 No No 1600 2700 220-460 108 23 No No 1 >3000 1410 0.1 55 >10 (*) No 1 (*) No 1 >3000 >2000 >450 1530 169 No No 1 No No 1
* Secondary amines prone to N-nitrosamine formation **Equivalent weight is for primary amine function only
Data sources: Huntsman, literature Huntsman products in bold type.
SECTION 2
Table 2.2 - Common Amine Components of Metalworking Fluid Formulations

CAS# DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol MIPA Isopropanolamine AMP amino methyl propanol alternative BHEMA Bis-(hydroxyethyl)methylamine TEA Triethanolamine DEA Diethanolamine MEA Monoethanolamine European Classification U.S. DOT Classification Packing Group Exposure Limits Authority
929-06-6
Corrosive
Corrosive
III
None
78-96-6
Corrosive
Corrosive
II
None
124-68-5
Irritant
None
None
105-59-9
Irritant
None
None
102-71-6
None
None
5 mg/m3 TWA
ACGIH TLV
111-42-2
Irritant
None
15 mg/m3 TWA
ACGIH TLV
141-43-5
Harmful
Corrosive
III
6 mg/m3 TWA
OSHA PEL
Table 2.3 - Relative Volatility of Selected Amines Used in Metalworking

Vapor Pressure, mmHg 20C 100C 150C DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent MEA MIPA AMP 0.004 0.2 0.5 0.7 5.5 48.2 79.8 59 68.5 387 560 457 Boiling Point,C, 760 mmHg 223 171 158 165 Flash Point, C 124 95 71
Figure 2.1 - Volatility of Some Common Metalworking Amine Solutions*
*Plots correspond to a 10 wt% aqueous amine sample and were constructed using data obtained in vapor-liquid equilibrium determinations.
Amine in Vapor Phase (Wt%)
SECTION 2
Figure 2.2 - Cobalt Leaching by Commonly Used Metalworking Amines*
*Samples are 1 wt% aqueous solutions of amine containing 1500 ppm cobalt powder. The pH of each solution is adjusted to the desired pH level with acetic acid. Dissolved cobalt is measured after 21 days.
Table 2.4 - pH of Metalworking Amines as a Function of Concentration at 25C1

Amine Concentrate (wt%) DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol MEA Monoethanolamine JEFFAMINE D-400 Polyetheramine AMP amino methyl propanol alternative MIPA Monoisopropanolamine DEA Diethanolamine DIPA Diisopropanolamine TEA Triethanolamine BHEMA Bis-(hydroxyethyl)methylamine DMDGATM Aminoalcohol N,N-dimethyl-2-(2-aminoethoxy)-ethanol APM Aminopropylmorpholine
1
10
15
20
11.30
11.57
11.74
11.86
11.56
11.79
11.94
12.03
11.00
11.19
11.27
11.35
11.40
11.69
11.84
11.95
11.40
11.66
11.81
11.95
10.98
11.18
11.31
11.38
10.84
10.90
10.97
11.02
10.38
10.61
10.73
10.80
10.79
10.97
11.07
11.13
11.12
11.87
11.47
11.58
11.59
11.87
12.05
12.23
pH data was determined using a pre-calibrated Beckman 12pH Meter and Cole Parmer sealed combination electrode with a silver/silver chloride reference electrode. Solutions were allowed to equilibrate 10 minutes prior to measurement.
SECTION 2
Figure 2.3 - Titration Curves of Various Metalworking Amines with Decanoic Acid
Figure 2.4 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines with Isononaoic Acid
10
Figure 2.5 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines with CORFREE M1 Corrosion Inhibitor
mL of 5% amine solution
Table 2.5 - pH Stability of Boric Acid Derivative of Aminoalcohols1

pH
Initial Adduct with DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Odor 10.20 none 10.0 none 10.41 none 10.10 none 6 days 10.18 none 9.98 none 10.36 none 10.08 none 12 days 10.08 none 9.80 none 10.21 none 10.05 none 18 days 10.05 none 9.70 weak 10.07 none 10.02 none 30 days 10.01 none 9.60 weak 9.99 none 9.80 none % Change -1.9
Adduct with MEA Odor
-10.0
Adduct with DEA Odor
-4.0
Adduct with TEA Odor
-2.2
Antimicrobial Properties of the Products from the Reaction of Various Aminoalcohols and Boric Anhydride S. Wantanabe, T. Fujita, M. Sakamoto, and W. Aono Materials Chemistry and Physics, Volume 19 (1988), pp 191-195
1
11
SECTION 2
Table 2.6 - Nitrosoamine Formation in Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Cutting Fluids

Semi-synthetic Cutting Fluid1 Secondary Amine DEA Diisopropanol Amine Primary Amine MEA Monoisopropanol Amine DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Tertiary Amine TEA Control Synthetic Cutting Fluid2 Secondary Amine DEA Primary Amine MEA DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent
1
ppb Nitrosoamine
336 414
14 18 24
113 9 ppb Nitrosoamine
609,000
None detected None detected
Conditions: 5% emulsion, 50 ppm Na nitrite, 60C, 1 week Reference: J. Hbner in T + S Tribologie und Schmierungstechnik, 3, 1996 Literature: R.N. Loeppky, T.J. Hansen, and L.K. Keefter, Food and Chemical Toxicology, Vol. 21, 607-613, 1993 Nitrite-free cutting fluid after exposure to nitric oxide in air for three hours
Table 2.7 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion Summary of Results

Aluminum staining/corrosion is pH dependent Aluminum staining/corrosion is also dependent on the presence of other common additives (such as fatty acids) Tests run at pH=8.8 suggest that DGA Agent may provide an advantage over other amines Solutions of TEA showed much more significant staining/corrosion than any other amines tested Test time was 24 hours at ambient temperature Corrosion documented by weighing the test coupons before and after the test; dissolved Al in solution measured by ICP
12
Table 2.8 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion

Amine* DGA Agent AMP TEA XTA-771 BHEMA DEA MEA Blank * 2.5 weight % aqueous solution of amine; pH adjusted with acetic acid Al 7075 5 9 155 11 7.2 7.9 <1 Dissolved Al (ppm) Al 6061 Al 2024 5.5 7.9 195 9.3 4.8 9.3 <1 7.6 12 235 14 8.6 10 <1 Al 390 9 11.5 215 14 9 11 10 <1
13
SECTION 2
Table 2.9 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion with Fatty Acid

Amine Isononanoic acid salt* DGA Agent AMP TEA XTA-771 BHEMA DEA MEA Blank * 2.5 weight % aqueous solution of salt (1:1); pH adjusted with KOH Al 7075 2.6 3.6 10 3.0 2.2 2.5 1.9 4.1 Dissolved Al (ppm) Al 6061 Al 2024 3.4 3.4 30 2.6 3.0 <1 <1 <1 5 3.7 3.7 2.7 <1 1.2 2.6 6.7 Al 390 3.9 2.2 2.2 2.2 <1 <1 <1 6.0
Figure 2.6 - Effect of Amines on Magnesium % Wt Loss From Coupons
14

DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent
DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is an essentially colorless, slightly viscous liquid. The product is a non-volatile primary amine with a low tendency to leach cobalt, aluminum, or copper. Features and benefits of DGA Agent are listed in Table 2.10. DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent has an excellent toxicity profile as summarized in Table 2.11. Numerous physical properties of DGA Agent are listed in Table 2.12. Table 2.13 lists the countries with DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent registrations. Table 2.14 lists TSCA registrations for amides and salts of DGA Agent. A comparison of hard water tolerance of salts of neodecanoic acid with either DGA agent or DEA is presented in Table 2.15.
Table 2.10 - Features and Benefits of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent in Metalworking

Features Primary Amine Isomeric with DEA Inventory listed (TSCA, EINECS, MITI, DSL, AICS) Used commercially in U.S. and Europe as DEA replacement Huntsman manufactures in U.S. and Europe Low toxicity profile Non-mutagenic Non-dermal sensitizer Lower volatility, higher boiling and flash points than other DEA substitutes Lower freezing points than other DEA substitutes Provides buffering and corrosion protection Lime-tolerant Readily forms amides Benefits DEA free Reacts readily with acids to form amides and salts Stoichiometrically equivalent to DEA Readily available globally Minimal disposal problems Reduced volatility and respiratory concerns; Good cold weather handling Similar to DEA in providing buffering capacity Amides provide lubricity, emulsification, hard water stability
15
SECTION 2
Table 2.11 - DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Toxicity Profile

Mammalian Toxicity Oral LD50 Dermal LD50 Dermal Irritation Ocular Irritation 2.56 g/kg in rats; considered slightly toxic by ingestion (1991). Greater than 3.0 g/kg in rabbits; considered practically non-toxic by dermal absorption (1990). Draize dermal irritation score in rabbits is 8.0 of 8.0; considered to be a dermal corrosive (1992). Due to dermal corrosivity, an ocular irritation study is considered to be inappropriate and has not been performed. Draize ocular irritation score (rabbit) is estimated to be 50 to 80/100; considered to be severely irritating/corrosive to the eyes. Not a sensitizer in guinea pigs when induced and challenged at 105 using the Beuhler study protocol (1991). Genetic Toxicity Ames Assay Negative with and without metabolic activation in a plate incorporation assay, using concentrations up to 10,000 ug/plate in Salmonella tester strains TA 98, TA 100, TA 1535, TA 1537, and TA 1538 (1982). Negative at culture concentrations up to 1% in DMSO. This concentration was the maximum non-cytotoxic dosage under the test protocol (1982). Negative at culture concentration up to 1563 nl/ml. This concentration was the maximum non-cytotoxic dosage under the test protocol (1982).
Dermal Sensitization
UDS Assay
Cell Transformation Test
16
Table 2.12 - Physical Properties of DIGYCOLAMINE Agent

Boiling point, C , 760 mmHg Critical constants* Critical temperature, C Critical pressure, psi Critical density, g/cc Density, g/ml 60F 77F Flash point, F, PMCC Freezing point, C Heat of vaporization, 760 mmHg, Btu/lb Ionization constant, 25C, KD Refractive index, nD, 20C Specific gravity, 20/20C Specific heat of liquid, Btu/lb/F 60F 180F Thermal conductivity, 68F, Btu/hr, sq ft, F/ft Vapor pressure, 68F, mmHg Viscosity, 60F, cp Weight, 60F, lb/gal * calculated 221
401.40 42.98 0.322
1.0585 1.0508 255 -12.5 219.14 3.6 x 10-5 1.4598 1.0560
0.571 0.623 0.121 0.004* 40 8.8
Table 2.13 - DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Registrations

Country United States Europe Canada Australia Japan Korea Inventory TSCA EINECS DSL AICS MITI ECL CAS# 929-06-6 213-195-5 929-06-6 929-06-6 (2)-3202 2-709
17
SECTION 2
Table 2.14 - DIGLYCOLAMINE Amide and Salt Registrations

Inventory TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA Testing Required Testing Required Testing Required Testing Required PMN# 99-350 99-351 99-352 99-353 99-358 99-354 99-355 99-356 99-357 Amides DGA Amide of Neodecanoic acid DGA Amide of Coco Fatty acid DGA Amide of Dodecanoic acid DGA Amide of Decanoic acid DGA Amide of Castor-oil Fatty acid DGA Amide of Tall Oil Fatty acid DGA Amide of Octadecanoic acid DGA Amide of Isooctadecanoic acid DGA Amide of Soya Fatty acid Salts TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA 99-544 99-545 99-546 99-547 99-548 99-583 99-584 99-585 99-586 99-587 99-588 01-308 01-309 01-310 01-307 01-311 DGA Salt of Tall Oil Fatty acid DGA Salt of Octadecanoic acid DGA Salt of Isooctadecanoic acid DGA Salt of Soya Fatty acid DGA Salt of Castor-oil Fatty acid DGA Salt of Coco Fatty acid DGA Salt of Dodecanoic acid DGA Salt of Neodecanoic acid DGA Salt of Decanoic acid DGA Salt of Nonanoic acid DGA Salt of Boric acid DGA Salt of Dodecanedioic acid DGA Salt of Undecanedioic acid DGA Salt of Decanedioic acid DGA Salt of CORFREE M1 inhibitor DGA Salt of 3,5,5-Trimethyl-hexanoic acid 216593-48-5 216583-60-7 216583-91-4 216593-49-6 216593-54-3 216593-55-4 78543-39-2 216853-95-8 216583-94-7 216583-66-3 124756-59-8 292601-80-0 292601-81-1 292601-82-2 292849-36-6 292601-83-3 CAS# 212335-62-1 212335-59-6 20138-28-7 158948-13-1 212335-58-5 213702-37-5 32425-87-9 212335-61-0 212335-57-4
18
Table 2.15 - Hard Water Tolerance of Neodecanoic Acid Salts of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent vs. DEA
Hardness, ppm 0 Temperature, 25C DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent DEA Temperature, 60C DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent DEA Notes: Salts used at 1% level Acid type influences hard water tolerance C = Clear SH = Slight Haze 114 342 1000
C C
C C
C SH
C SH
C C
C SH
C SH
C SH
19
SECTION 2

DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent
Data comparing the physical properties of DGA Agent and another commonly used metalworking amine are given in Table 2.16. Both products are relatively strong amines with about the same equivalent weight. The boiling point, flash point, and vapor pressure of DGA Agent indicate DGA Agent is a less volatile amine. This could be an important factor where misting and odor are concerns. Both amines have similar toxicity profiles.
Table 2.16 - DGA Agent Physical Properties

Physical Properties
Amine type Equivalent weight Boiling point, C, 760 mmHg Vapor Pressure, 20C, mmHg Freezing Point, C Viscosity, cSt, 10C 25C pH, 5% aqueous solution Flash point, C DGA Agent Primary 105 223 0.004 -12.5 63 27 11.3 124 AMP Primary 93.7 165 0.08 -2 561 147 11.4 78
Environmental, Health, and Safety

Dermal LD50, mg/kg Oral LD50, mg/kg Acute fish LC50, mg/l Acute daphnia EC50, mg/l Acute algae IC50, mg/l Mutagenic Dermal Sensitizer >3000 2560 460 190 160 No No >2000 2900 331 193 520 No No
20

Because AMP is a slightly stronger amine than DGA Agent, it gives a directionally higher pH in solution (Table 2.17). When these amines are used to provide reserve alkalinity (buffering), we recommend the inclusion of a weaker amine like TEA (Triethanolamine). Reserve alkalinity is a function of the amount of amine present. With strong amines, less amine is required to reach a given pH target, hence reducing the amount available for buffering. Inclusion of TEA will increase the amount of amine present without appreciably increasing the pH. The effect of blending TEA with either DGA Agent or AMP on pH and alkalinity of 5% aqueous solutions is given in Table 2.17. The data indicate AMP is a more basic amine giving a directionally lower reserve alkalinity with TEA than DGA Agent with TEA.
Table 2.17 - pH and Reserve Alkalinity of 5% Aqueous Amine Solutions

pH TEA DGA Agent AMP DGA Agent/TEA (2.5%/2.5%) AMP/TEA (2.5%/2.5%)
1
Reserve Alkalinity 1 17.8 16.8 21.6 20.6
10.4 11.3 11.4 11.1 11.3
As neodecanoic acid salt (ASTM D1121)
The breakpoints obtained from iron chip corrosion tests on borate salts of DGA Agent and AMP are provided in Table 2.18. DGA Agent and AMP are seen to be equivalent in their effect on corrosion of cast iron chips as defined by the ASTM D4627 test. The test solutions were made up of 1:1 amine/boric acid, at 1.5M concentration. This corresponds to 15.75 weight %
DGA Agent, 13.35 weight % AMP, and 9.27 weight % boric acid. The pH of all solutions was 10.1. The tests were run according to ASTM D4627-92, utilizing 10 dilutions of the test solutions in calcium chloride water. A second set of tests were also performed by making the dilutions using calcium chloride water containing 10 times the standard method concentration. There was no observable effect on the breakpoints.
Table 2.18 - Amine Borate Chip Rust Test Results

Amine DGA Agent/Borate DGA Agent/Borate - repeat AMP/Borate AMP/Borate - repeat Breakpoint 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 Breakpoint (10X) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0
21
SECTION 2
DGA Agent and AMP have a similar cobalt leaching profile, while DGA Agent is better toward copper (Table 2.19). Foam properties, as measured on 1%
solutions of the neodecanoic acid salts of both amines, are essentially equivalent.
Table 2.19* - Cobalt and Copper Leaching Comparison

Co DI water (control) DGA Agent AMP *Angus Chemical Company data 11.0 24.4 17.8 Cu 0 107.5 207.5
Electrochemical tests1 were performed to measure the corrosion rate of aluminum and carbon steel in amineborate solutions. The corrosion rate of aluminum in the presence of only the amine borates or amine borates and KOH, used to adjust to a constant pH, was moderate, in the range of 2.4 to 6.0 mpy. There was essentially no difference among the three amines.
Corrosion of carbon steel was very low, at an average of 0.05 mpy. The data are given in the table below. We conclude on the basis of this testing there are no difference in the corrosion protection for aluminum and steel provided by the amine borates prepared from DGA Agent, DEA, and AMP.
Table 2.20 - Aluminum Corrosion Rates

Amine Salt DGA Agent Borate DEA Borate AMP Borate DGA Agent Borate DEA Borate AMP Borate pH 9.6 9.3 9.8 10.1 10.1 10.1 Aluminum (mpy) 4.9 0.3 2.7 0.3 5.4 0.6 3.2 0.9 5.8 1.9 3.8 1.2 Steel (mpy) 0.040 0.012 0.060 0.016 0.040 0.0006 Not determined Not determined Not determined
The amines were prepared as 1:1 mole ratio salts with boric acid at a concentration of 0.1M. The solutions were tested at the as-prepared pH (shown in Table 2.20) and also at a pH value of 10.1, adjusted using KOH. The corrosion rates were measured using electrochemical polarization resistance over a four-hour period. Aluminum alloy 7075 (UNS A97075) and 1020 carbon steel were freshly polished before each test. All tests were performed at room temperature (22C) under continuous aeration and with moderate stirring.
22

Handling, Storage and Shipping of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent General
The handling and storage of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent present no unusual problems. Huntsman Corporations Technical Services team is available to assist those persons desiring additional information. area to heat the tank contents using low-pressure steam should be built into the tank about six inches above the floor. The coils should be constructed in such a manner as to allow the condensate to drain. Stainless steel coils are preferred, particularly when low color DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is important. If steam heat is to be used continuously to prevent high viscosities or freezing, a temperature regulator that throttles either the steam or condensate should be installed. In situations where the ambient temperature is low, tank insulation is desirable. Asphalt-cork or urethane foam insulation sprayed onto the outer wall is satisfactory. If a nitrogen pad is used, pressure relief and vacuum relief valves of a suitable capacity should be installed. The system may consist of a cylinder of nitrogen, a pressure reducing valve, a pressure relief valve, and a line to the top of the storage tank. Tankage should be diked and electrically bonded and grouped.
Maintaining Specifications
DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is hygroscopic and will absorb water vapor when exposed to a moist atmosphere. If water content is to be minimized, a dry inert gas pad under a few ounces of pressure should be used on the storage tanks. A gas pad should also be used if low color is important, since absorbed atmospheric oxygen and carbon dioxide will cause DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent to develop color. Since DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is basic, it will react with acidic gases; hence carbon dioxide and natural gas containing acidic sulfur compounds cannot be used. Nitrogen is quite suitable. The solvent properties and alkaline nature of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent should also be considered when installing handling and storage facilities. DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent may react with copper to form complex salts. The use of copper and alloys containing copper should be avoided in equipment that will contact DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent or its aqueous solutions. Carbon steel storage tanks constructed according to a recognized code are generally satisfactory. In cases where low color is important, stainless steel is preferred. DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is not compatible with phenolic resin linings. Steam coils with sufficient surface
Transfer Lines
Carbon steel transfer lines at least two inches in diameter and joined by welds or flanges are suitable. Screwed joints are subject to failure unless back-welded because DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent will leach conventional pipe dopes. U.S. Rubber 899 gasket material, polypropylene, Teflon elastomer, or their equivalents are satisfactory for use with flanged connections in DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent service. Avoid the use of nitrile rubbers such as neoprene, Buna-N or Viton rubber. If the ambient temperature is below 20F, the transfer line for the pure product should be steam traced and insulated. Steam tracing can be accomplished by affixing copper tubing of approximately 3/8-inch
23
SECTION 2

diameter to the underside of the line, insulating the tube to the line, and using low-pressure steam in the tubing. For flexible connections, stainless steel hose is preferred to rubber since rubber will generally deteriorate in DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent service and increase the color of the product with time and temperature. Systems that are insulated and steam traced should be preheated in cool weather before being put into service. Normally, 15 to 30 minutes of applying steam to the tubing will adequately warm, but not overheat, the system. Transfer piping and pumps may be equipped with a nitrogen padding system so the DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent can be pressured out of the lines when an extended idle period is contemplated. This practice will help losses and color increases that would result if the DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent were allowed to remain in the lines. constructed of welded carbon steel and have bottomunloading fittings and steam coils. Deliveries can also be made in insulated, stainless steel, full or compartmented tank wagons with steam coils. If requested, tank wagons can be equipped with unloading pumps and hoses. Drums of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent can be shipped in truckload or less-than-truckload quantities. The net weight of a drum is 480 pounds; the gross weight is approximately 519 pounds per drum. Drums are UN1A1 or UN1H1, nonreturnable. Under U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and Canadian Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) regulations, the proper shipping name for DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent is 2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol, identification number UN 3055. This product is considered a corrosive material (TDG hazard class 8) and requires a CORROSIVE label for shipping. For further information, please refer to the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).
Shipping Information
Delivery of Agent can be made in 10,000 and 20,000-gallon tank cars. These cars are DIGLYCOLAMINE
24

BHEMA
BHEMA is a low-volatility tertiary amine which may be useful as an alternative to TEA. It has low acute toxicity, and low nitrosamine potential. These features, as well as other features of BHEMA are summarized in Table 2.21. Toxicity and environmental profiles are presented in Tables 2.22 and 2.23. Registration information for salts of BHEMA are listed in Table 2.24.
Table 2.21 - Features and Benefits of BHEMA

Features Alternative to TEA Low mammalian and aquatic toxicity Low potential for nitrosamine formation Effective in single amine formulations Benefits Low volatility, which reduces airborne exposure Not classified as corrosive under DOT Shows lower tendency to stain than TEA Slightly stronger base and lower molecular weight than TEA, so less amine is required for pH development Good reserve alkalinity Good copper and cobalt leaching characteristics
Table 2.22 - BHEMA Toxicity Profile

Test Dermal LD50 - Rabbit Dermal Irritation - Rabbit Eye Irritation - Rabbit 90-day subchronic dermal study - rat Result >2000 mg/kg None -> slightly irritating Irritating LOAEL: 250 mg/kg/d NOAEL: 100 mg/kg/d Negative BHEMA is alkaline. Effects limited to skin effects from irritation Interpretation Practically nontoxic
Genotoxicity Data Source: IUCLID monograph
In-vivo and in-vitro studies
25
SECTION 2
Table 2.23 - BHEMA Environmental Profile

Test Octanol:water partition coefficient (log Kow) Fish Toxicity 3 species Invertabrate Toxicity (Daphnia) Algal Tox Data Source: IUCLID monograph Value -1.08 Interpretation Very water soluble; low bioaccumulation potential
LC50 760-2000 mg/l
Practically nontoxic
EC50 230 mg/l EC50 26-45 mg/l
Practically nontoxic EPA slightly toxic
Table 2.24 - BHEMA Salt Registrations TSCA, DSL and EINECS Registrations Pending
Inventory TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA TSCA Data Source: IUCLID monograph PMN# P-05-782 P-05-787 P-05-789 P-05-786 P-05-788 Salts BHEMA Salt of CORFREE M1 inhibitor BHEMA Salt of Tall Oil Fatty Acids BHEMA Salt of Neodecanoic Acid BHEMA Salt of Nonanoic Acid BHEMA Salt of Decanoic Acid CAS# 843644-84-8 843644-82-6 842129-84-4 842126-27-6 842126-13-0
26

SURFONAMINE MW-781 Amine
SURFONAMINE MW-781 amine is butoxypropyl amine. It is a water white liquid with a low viscosity and very low molecular weight. More features and benefits are discussed in Table 2.25. Figure 2.7 displays the physical properties for SURFONAMINE MW-781 amine.
Table 2.25 - Features and Benefits of SURFONAMINE MW-781 Amine

Features Strong primary amine (7.6 meq/g total amine) Possible candidate for Borate production Very low molecular weight (131 g/mol) Inventory listed (TSCA, ENICS, NDSL) Benefits Multipurpose additive for synthetic and semi-synthetic formulations Viscosity is 2 cSt; Melting point is -47oC Has surfactant properties; coupling agent/solubilizer (somewhat foamy if neutralized to a low pH) Possible vapor-phase corrosion inhibitor
Figure 2.7 -
SURFONAMINE MW-781 Amine Physical Properties
27
SECTION 2

Ethanolamines
The ethanolamines used for metalworking are MEA (Monoethanolamine), DEA (Diethanolamine), and TEA (Triethanolamine). DEA has been used for a number of years in metalworking applications. MEA and TEA are often used in combination with each other. MEA has a high pH and TEA has a low pH.
Other Amines
Some other metalworking amines that can be used include XTA-771, JEFFAMINE D-2000 polyoxypropylenediamine, JEFFAMINE D-230 polyoxypropylenediamine, JEFFAMINE D-400 polyoxypropylenediamine, and JEFFAMINE T-403 polyetheramine.
XTA-771
XTA-771 is a polyoxyalkylene amine with three primary amine groups per molecule. The features and benefits are listed in Table 2.26.
Table 2.26 - Features and Benefits of XTA-771

Low tendency to leach cobalt from tooling Low tendency to leach copper Provides added lubricity Three primary amine groups per molecule
JEFFAMINE D-2000 Polyoxypropylenediamine

JEFFAMINE D-2000 polyoxypropylenediamine acts as a defoamer in metalworking applications. The features and benefits are listed in Table 2.27.
Table 2.27 - Features and Benefits of JEFFAMINE D-2000 Amine

Hydrophobic amine Gives defoaming performance in semi-synthetic, but especially synthetic formulations Fatty acids amides of JEFFAMINE D-2000 amine may work even better
28
SECTION 3
Surfactants for the Metalworking Industry

Alkylphenol Ethoxylates Nonylphenol Ethoxylates SURFONIC N Series Surfactants
The main area of application in metalworking fluids for the SURFONIC N series surfactants is in the emulsification of oils. Nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs) are highly effective materials for formulating soluble oil, semisynthetic and metal cleaning compounds. These surfactants have excellent emulsification properties when used with naphthenic and paraffinic oils. In general two or three ethoxylates of different Hydrophile/Lipophile Balance (HLB) are blended in order to get the best emulsification, especially when formulating products for high hard water tolerance. Higher HLB products will improve hard water tolerance and hinder soft water tolerance. Combinations of NPEs such as SURFONIC products N-95 with N-40 or N-102 with N-60 are excellent starting points for formulation work. The nonylphenol ethoxylates tend to have lower foam and lower pour points than the equivalent alkyl alcohol ethoxylates. The SURFONIC N series products are biodegradable and are compatible with sulfonates, fatty acid salts and most other metalworking additives. To complete a formulation, products such as an amide based on DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent for corrosion control and lubricity, PEG esters for lubricity, phosphate esters for extreme pressure (EP) enhancement and amines for alkalinity enhancement can be added. Nonylphenol ethoxylates are also widely used in metal cleaning compounds, where they act to scavenge residual fluids, to enhance wetting and rinsing of parts, and to disperse swarf left on parts. Formulations based on NPEs can be used to clean parts from stamping and forming operations where they help to disperse waxy carriers left from the lubricant. The wetting performance of the SURFONIC N series products as a function of ethylene oxide (EO) content is illustrated in Figures 3.1 and 3.2. The maximum wetting performance of the water-soluble SURFONIC N series products is seen with products containing 8.5 - 9.5 moles of EO per mole of nonylphenol. (Fig. 3.1) Products containing 15 or more moles of EO are useful as dispersants for graphite, metal cuttings and the like. Many cleaning formulations use caustic additives to help saponify fatty materials on the substrate. In order to make NPEs soluble in potassium hydroxide (KOH), for instance, a phosphate ester can be used. Figure 3.2 shows the effectiveness of a phosphate ester at solubilizing SURFONIC N-95 surfactant in KOH solutions. The physical and surfactant properties of the SURFONIC N series products are shown in Table 3.1.
29
SECTION 3
Table 3.1 - SURFONIC N-Series Nonylphenol Ethoxylates

SURFONIC Product N-31.5
Appearance at 25C HLB Clear liquid 7.7
Pour Point, C -4
Specific Gravity, 25/25C 1.01
Viscosity, cPs, 25C 294
Cloud Point 243
Wetting Time1, seconds
CMC, ppm
Ross Miles Foam2, 100 SUS mm, Initial Naphthenic 8 S
Solubility 100 SUS Paraffinic S
Water I
Function Emulsifier for soluble oils and semisynthetics Emulsifier for soluble oils and semisynthetics Emulsifier for soluble oils and semisynthetics Emulsifier for soluble oils and semisynthetics Emulsifier for soluble oils & semisynthetics, metal cleaners Emulsifier for soluble oils & semisynthetics, metal cleaners Emulsifier for soluble oils & semisynthetics, metal cleaners Emulsifier for soluble oils & semisynthetics, metal cleaners Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil and semisynthetics Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil and semisynthetics Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil and semisynthetics
N-40
Clear liquid
8.9
-7
1.026
255
343
10
N-60
Clear liquid
10.9
-7
1.041
239
843
12
N-85
Clear liquid
12.6
10
1.056
251
444
6.3
47
14
N-95
Clear liquid
13.1
1.061
293
544
6.4
48
80
N-100
Clear liquid
13.3
1.064
250
654
7.9
50
85
N-102
Clear liquid
13.5
1.065
290
714
10.5
54
85
N-120
Clear liquid
14.1
1.070
308
525
17.1
57
110
N-150
White semisolid 15
23
1.065
306
655
52
100
120
NB-307
Clear liquid
17.1
1.02
785
500
NB-407
Clear liquid
17.8
1.022
765
0.1% solution, 25C
0.1% solution, 120F
Water titration, mls H2O to cloud
C, 1% aqueous solution
C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
30
Figure 3.1 - Draves Wetting Times for Water-Soluble SURFONIC N Series Products
Figure 3.2 - Effect of Phosphate Ester on Solubility of SURFONIC N-95 surfactant KOH Solutions
4% SURFONIC N-95 surfactant in KOH solutions
31
SECTION 3

Octylphenol Ethoxylates SURFONIC OP Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC OP series surfactants are ethoxylates of octylphenol. The properties of octylphenol ethoxylates (OPEs) are similar to those of nonylphenol ethoxylates of similar HLB. Three main application areas exist in metalworking for OPEs: acid-based cleaners, emulsifiers for soluble oils, and semisynthetic formulations. The SURFONIC OP series products are stable in dilute hydrochloric and phosphoric acids. This characteristic suggests usefulness in acid cleaning, pickling and phosphating formulations. The physical and surfactant properties of the SURFONIC OP series products are shown in Table 3.2.
Table 3.2 - SURFONIC OP Series Octylphenol Ethoxylates

SURFONIC Product OP-15
Appearance at 25C Liquid
HLB 5.1
Pour Point, C -9
Cloud Point 152
CMC, ppm
100 SUS Naphthenic S
Water I
Function Oil soluble coupler and defoamer for semisynthetic and soluble oil formulations Emulsifier for soluble oil formulations Emulsifier for semisynthetic formulations Emulsifier for semisynthetic formulations. Wetting agent for phosphoric and hydrochloric acids Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oil and semisynthetic formulations
OP-35
Liquid
8.6
-23
1.023
370
242
OP-70
Liquid
12.0
-26
1.054
260
233
3.5
90
OP-100
Liquid
13.6
1.065
240
663
3.6
200
OP-120
Liquid
14.4
16
1.071
330
584
250
0.1% solution, 25C
Water titration, mls H2O to cloud
C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
32

Alcohol Alkoxylates SURFONIC LF, P and JL Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC LF and P product families are made up of ethoxylated, propoxylated linear alcohols. The choice of alcohol and the addition patterns for ethylene oxide (EO) and propylene oxide (PO) give the alkoxylated products their unique properties. The alcohol alkoxylates are ideally suited for metalworking operations. They tend to have low foam generation characteristics and some products can act as defoamers in water-based systems. All of the surfactants in this group will solubilize the components of carboxylate-based corrosion inhibitors in water. These surfactants are best suited to synthetic and semisynthetic formulations. Several products such as SURFONIC P1 surfactant are also used in soluble oil formulations. SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant is useful in low-foam semisynthetic cutting fluids. SURFONIC P5 surfactant is used in some acid cleaners and in rinse aid applications. Several of the SURFONIC LF series products, particularly SURFONIC LF-37 and LF-18 surfactants are useful as rinse aid and cleaning actives in metal cleaning operations. SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant is used in the production of low-foaming, highly effective microemulsion cleaners using d-Limonene as the solvent phase. Formulations of this type can be used to remove a variety of metalworking compounds from metal parts. The formulations have very low foam and can be used in spray applications. The SURFONIC LF and P series products offer a boost in lubricity, making them multifunctional in semisynthetic and synthetic formulations. Falex wear data are offered on a simple formulation containing several of these products. When the formulation is changed to include a phosphate ester (SURFONIC PE-2258 surfactant), dramatically improved Falex wear performance is observed. The synergy between the alkoxylated nonionic surfactant and the anionic phosphate ester is also observed with the SURFONIC POA block copolymer surfactants. By careful selection of the phosphate ester and the SURFONIC LF or P series product, it is possible to get emulsification, solubilization, lubricity, extreme pressure characteristics and corrosion protection in one pair of surfactants. The multifunctional nature of these products makes them ideal candidates for many metalworking formulations. SURFONIC JL-80X surfactant is used in some metal cleaning operations. The unique structure of this product eliminates the gel phase common to alcohol ethoxylates in aqueous solutions. This characteristic allows the formulator to blend the surfactant into a formulation without regard to any gelling problems. The physical and surfactant properties of the SURFONIC LF and P series products are shown in Table 3.3. A comparison of the dynamic surface tension characteristics of the SURFONIC alcohol alkoxylates is presented in Figure 3.3.
33
SECTION 3
Table 3.3 - SURFONIC LF, P and JL Series Alcohol Alkoxylates
SURFONIC Product
Appearance at 25C
HLB
Pour Point, C
Specific Gravity, 25/25C
Viscosity, cPs, 25C
Cloud Point, C 1% aq.
Falex Wear, 875 pounds Formulation A Formulation B Teeth Wear (T) Teeth Wear Torque in-lbs (IP)
Ross Miles Solubility CMC, Foam Height2, 100 SUS 100 SUS ppm mm, Initial/ 5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic
Water
Function
LF-17
Clear liquid
-12
0.998
96
34
4.8
65 T 15 IP
6.6
6/0
Wetting agent for acid cleaning operations, low foam emulsifier/rinse aid Low foam additive for semisynthetic and synthetic formulations, active defoamer in metal cleaning operations Low foam emulsifier for semisynthetic and synthetic formulations
LF-18
Clear liquid
-6
1.013
240
17
22 T 21 IP
63
0/0
LF-37
Clear to hazy liquid
-12
0.9904 at 100F
96
17
18
26 T 29 IP
82
30
0/0
LF-41
Clear to hazy liquid Clear to hazy liquid 7.0 -30
1.0343
260
37
9.3
75 T 17 IP 19 T 19 IP
66
34.2
0/0
P1
0.975
90
25
26.9
89
4.8
0/0
Solubilizer/emulsifier for semisynthetic formulations. Emulsifier/ rinse aid for metal cleaners. Low foam. Wetting agent in dilute acid. Rinse aid for cleaners/ secondary emulsifier for semisynthetic, wetting agent in dilute acid. Hydrophilic emulsifie for semisynthetic, soluble in dilute acid Low foam additive for semisynthetic and synthetic formulations, active defoamer in metal cleaning operations. High molecular weight emulsifier for semisynthetic and soluble oils, offers some thickening Prime surfactant in cleaners
P3
9.0
-30
0.973
56
35
13.7
13 T 22 IP
125
4.5
66/11
P5
10.0
-26
0.985
85
45
15.7
16 T 20 IP
55
6.2
75/5
P6
1.018
353
26.8
31 T 15 IP
61
4.9
0/0
L4-29X
Solid
37
1.018
596 at 100F
75
10 T 15 IP
84
3.9
JL-80X
Clear liquid
-5
1.003
51
59
9.8
18 T 22 IP
83
75/70
0.1% solution, 25C
0.1% solution, 120F
C, 10% in 25% butyl diglycol
Formulation A: 1% TEA, 1% SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester, 1% SURFONIC surfactant, 97% water. Formulation B: 0.17% TEA. 0.15% CORFREE M-1 inhibitor, 0.07% DGA Agent, 0.6% SURFONIC surfactant, 99% water.
34
Figure 3.3 - Dynamic Surface Tension of SURFONIC Alcohol Alkoxylates
Surface Tension, mN/m
Bubble rate, bubbles/second
35
SECTION 3

EO/PO Block Copolymers SURFONIC POA Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC POA block copolymers are very useful in a variety of metalworking operations. These products are made by the sequential addition of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. The functional attributes of these products defoaming, wetting, lubricity, solubilization, emulsification, thickening and dispersion all depend on the ratio of ethylene oxide to propylene oxide, the molecular weight of the product and the blocking pattern of the molecule. Properties of the SURFONIC POA products are given in Table 3.4.
Synthetic Formulations
Synthetic formulations depend on products like the SURFONIC POA block copolymers for low-foam characteristics, enhanced solubilization of the corrosion inhibitor salts, and a major part of the system lubricity. The SURFONIC POA products have an inverse solubility coefficient, which means that at some temperature, known as the cloud point, the nonionic surfactant will come out of solution and act as an oil. When the temperature drops below the cloud point, the surfactant becomes soluble again and redissolves into the water. The lubricity offered by many nonionic surfactants is partly due to the oiling out phenomenon. The SURFONIC LF and P series products also show lubricity effects above the cloud point. Careful selection of SURFONIC POA surfactants for a particular application can give formulations with low foam, high lubricity and high stability.
Soluble Oils
Small amounts of low HLB products such as SURFONIC POA-L101 and POA-L61 surfactants can be used in soluble oils to promote solubilization of the oil in the concentrate. Under actual use conditions, these products can act as defoamers and can boost lubricity, especially in the presence of a phosphate ester. Higher HLB products will improve removal of the soluble oil formulation from parts and equipment.
Forming Lubricants
In many forming operations it is possible to replace an oil-based lubricant with a simple synthetic formulation. This formulation might contain a SURFONIC POA copolymer, a phosphate ester for extreme pressure activity and corrosion protection, and water. This type of formulation offers several advantages: the number of parts that can be formed between die service is increased, the parts have better surface finish and the formed parts are easier to clean. Many metalworking operations using oil-based fluids can benefit from substitution with water-based synthetic formulations using the SURFONIC POA series of materials.
Semisynthetic Formulations
SURFONIC POA-25R2 surfactant is an excellent choice for use in semisynthetic formulations. It will tend to lower the foam of the system, promote good lubricity, and help to solubilize naphthenic oil and carboxylate corrosion inhibitors. If fine particles are present in the system, POA-25R2 can form a weak association with the particles and produce a thickening effect, which can lead to reduced misting and sling. In semisynthetic formulations, SURFONIC POA-L61 and POA-L101 surfactants offer reduced foam and improved lubricity. SURFONIC POA-L62 surfactant helps with wetting of metal parts.
36
Table 3.4 - SURFONIC POA Series Block Copolymers

Pour Point, C Specific Gravity, 25/25C Cloud Point, C 1% aq. Wetting Time1, seconds Falex Wear, 875 pounds Formulation A Formulation B Ross Miles Solubility Teeth Wear (T) Foam Height2, 100 SUS 100 SUS Teeth Wear Torque in-lbs (IP) mm, Initial/5 Min. Naphthenic Paraffinic
SURFONIC Product
Appearance at 25C
HLB
Viscosity, cPs, 25C
Water
Function
POA-L61
Liquid
-30
1.017
360
24
10 T 22 IP
6/0
Defoamer for synthetic and semisynthetic fluids. Lubricity enhancement. Active for cleaners. Lubricity enhancement. Defoamer and lubricant additive. Solubilizer for semisynthetic and synthetic fluids.
POA-L62
Liquid
-4
1.04
150
32
60.7
11 T 24 IP 11 T 22 IP 12 T 24 IP
138
40/10
POA-L62LF
Liquid
6.6
-10
1.04
460
28
27.7
43/5.5
POA-L101
Liquid
-23
1.02
800
15
0/0
POA-17R2 POA-25R2
Liquid Liquid 6.3 -5
1.03 1.02
2053 570
35 30 117 15 T 22 IP 57 0/0 I I S Lubricant in synthetic fluids and solubilizer in semisynthetic fluids.
0.1% solution, 25C
0.1% solution, 120F
37.8C
Formulation A: 1% TEA, 1% SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester, 1% SURFONIC POA surfactant, 97% Water. Formulation B: 0.17% TEA, 0.15% CORFREE M-1 inhibitor, 0.07% DGA Agent, 0.6% SURFONIC POA surfactant, 99% Water.
37
SECTION 3

Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates SURFONIC L Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC L series linear alcohol ethoxylates are biodegradable, nonionic surfactants produced by the addition of ethylene oxide to linear, primary alcohols. Their physical appearance at room temperature varies from clear liquids to white waxy solids, depending on the alcohol used and the degree of ethoxylation. The Huntsman line of linear alcohol ethoxylates is made from alcohols containing only even carbon numbers in the alkyl groups; the structure of these alcohols closely matches that of alcohols from natural sources. Ethoxylates are made from a blend of the alcohol homologues. It is possible to deduce the product composition from the product name; for instance, SURFONIC L24-3 surfactant is a blend of C12, C14 and C16 linear alcohols reacted with three moles of ethylene oxide. Properties of the SURFONIC L series products are listed in Table 3.5. The SURFONIC L series linear alcohol ethoxylates are widely used as emulsifiers, cleaners, penetrants and wetting agents in metalworking formulations. Appropriate selection of the alcohol chain length and degree of ethoxylation can provide the surfactant properties required for a particular application. Products with a short alcohol chain and low degree of ethoxylation, such as SURFONIC L12-3 surfactant, are good solubilization agents. In microemulsion cleaners and semisynthetic cutting fluids, they help to dissolve or couple oily materials into the water-based formulation. In some applications they can serve the same function as a glycol ether with the added advantage of having low vapor pressure. In metal cleaning operations, low-mole alcohol ethoxylates are often blended with higher-mole ethoxylates to give a formulated product with enhanced oil removal, dispersant and emulsification properties. Alcohol ethoxylates with 10-12 or 12-14 carbons and about 6 EO units are prime cleaning agents for metalworking operations. Products in this range, like SURFONIC L12-6 surfactant, have the fastest surface dynamics; their nature allows them to migrate to and stabilize new surfaces quickly. This property is illustrated by the dynamic surface tension measurement (Figure 3.4). Alcohol ethoxylates with 12-14 carbons and 7-12 moles of EO are used in soluble oil and semisynthetic cutting fluids, particularly in paraffinic systems. Typically two alcohol ethoxylates are used in a formulation to give a wide range of good emulsification performance. Certain pairs of surfactants compliment each other well in emulsification applications. A blend of SURFONIC L249 and SURFONIC L24-4 surfactants in a 1:2 ratio is often an optimal system. Higher EO products like SURFONIC L24-22 surfactant can be used to improve the hard water tolerance of a formulation and can improve the dispersibility of graphite or other particles in a metal cleaning formulation. At certain water/surfactant ratios, approximately in the 30-70% surfactant range, the alcohol ethoxylates exhibit a gel phase. In this range, an aqueous surfactant system will be a gel at room temperature but will become an isotropic solution at temperatures above the gel temperature. Glycol ethers, ethanolamines and some anionic materials can be added to the system to reduce the gel phase. When formulating with alcohol ethoxylates, one can avoid extended mixing times by selecting an appropriate order of addition (add surfactant to water) and by using heat during blending.
38
Table 3.5 - SURFONIC L Series Linear Alcohol Ethoxylates

SURFONIC Product L12-3
Appearance at 25C HLB Clear to hazy liquid Clear to hazy liquid 9.0
Pour Point, C -9
Cloud Point 453
CMC, ppm
Ross Miles Foam Height2, 100 SUS mm, Initial/5 Min. Naphthenic S
Water I
Function
L12-6
12.4
10
0.9820
43
505
4.0
91
111/9
Prime wetting agent for water-based metal cleaners. Prime wetting agent in metal cleaners. Oil soluble additive for water-based cleaners. Additive for rolling oils. Oil soluble additive for water-based cleaners and hydrophobic esters. Oil soluble additive for water-based cleaners and hydrophobic esters. Emulsifier for soluble oils. Emulsifier for soluble oils. Emulsifier for semisynthetic formulations. Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oils. Improves hard water tolerance of soluble oils. Good dispersing.
L12-8
Clear to hazy liquid Clear to hazy liquid
13.6
18
1.004
98
805
8.4
118/8
L24-2
6.2
10
0.903
25
L24-3
8.0
4.4
0.9239
25
453
L24-4
9.4
4.4
0.9432
31
813
L24-5
10.6
10
0.9626
44
734
L24-7
Clear to slightly 11.9 turbid liquid White semisolid 13
15.6
0.9824
47
505
8.7
16
98/15
L24-9
21
0.9935
61
755
13.9
25
104/10
L24-12
Waxy solid
14.4
29.4
1.0075 at 100F
47 at 140F
686
35.1
29
113/11
L24-22
Waxy solid
16.6
39
1.0309 at 140F
46 at 140F
L46-7
White semisolid
11.6
21.1
0.979
63
505
20.6
12
76/25
1 6
0.1% solution, 25C 2 0.1% solution, 120F C, 1% surfactant in 10% NaCl
Water titration, mls H20 to cloud
C, 10% in 25% butyl diglycol
39
SECTION 3
Figure 3.4 - Dynamic Surface Tension of SURFONIC L Series Alcohol Ethoxylates
40

Fatty Acid Ethoxylates SURFONIC E Series Surfactants Castor Oil Ethoxylates SURFONIC CO Series Surfactants
The SURFONIC E series fatty acid ethoxylates and the SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates produced by Huntsman are important groups of products in the formulation of metalworking lubricants. The SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates are excellent emulsifiers for many oils used in metalworking. The large size of the castor oil hydrophobe helps the ethoxylated castor oil stay partially in the oil phase even when highly ethoxylated or used in formulations with high water/oil ratios. The castor oil ethoxylates are generally low foaming. Typically, PEG esters offer lower staining potential on aluminum than straight fatty acids. The PEG esters (especially the dioleates) generally are soluble in the kerosene-type cuts used in traditional cold rolling lubricants. The PEG esters are also stable in the fatty alcohol products used in the same application. Excellent aluminum rolling oils can be produced using blends of PEG diesters, castor oil ethoxylates, fatty alcohols such as SURFOL 1416 alcohol and phosphate esters like SURFONIC PE-2258 surfactant with alkanolamines such as DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent. Properties of the SURFONIC E series PEG ester and the SURFONIC CO series castor oil ethoxylates are shown in Table 3.6.
Table 3.5 - SURFONIC E Series Fatty Acid Ethoxylates SURFONIC CO Series Castor Oil Ethoxylates
SURFONIC Product E400-MO CO-15 CO-25 CO-30
Appearance at 25C Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid
HLB 11.8 8.2 10.7 11.7
Specific Gravity, 25/25C 1.013 1.04 1.03 1.04
Falex Wear1, Ross Miles # teeth at Foam Height2, Viscosity, 875 lbs mm, Initial/ 100 SUS cPs, 25C direct load 5 minute Naphthenic 40 59 66 71 64 55 80 5/0 2.5/2 4.4/3 5.1/3 I I I I
Solubility 100 SUS Paraffinic I S S S
Water D I I I
Function Emulsifier and lubricity additive. Emulsifier for oil-based formulations. Emulsifier for oil-based formulations. Hydrophilic emulsifier for oil-based formulations.
1 2
Formulation: 3% surfactant, 1% TEA-99 in water 0.1% solution, 120F
41
SECTION 3

Phosphate Esters SURFONIC PE Series Surfactants
Phosphate esters provide extreme pressure properties to water-based and semisynthetic formulations. Additionally they provide lubricity and emulsification of other actives in metalworking formulations and they solubilize nonionic surfactants into caustic- or silicatecontaining metal cleaning formulations. Many of the phosphate esters also offer some cleaning activity in metal cleaning operations. The phosphate esters in the SURFONIC PE product family also provide corrosion resistance in many formulations. Properties of the SURFONIC PE series products are given in Table 3.7. SURFONIC PE-2258 phosphate ester gives excellent extreme pressure (EP) performance. Micrographs showing actual Falex pin-and-vee blocks from several EP tests are presented in Figures 3.5a and 3.5b. SURFONIC PE-1218 phosphate ester is able to solubilize nonionic surfactants in high electrolyte solutions such as those containing sodium silicate; this is particularly useful in cleaner formulations where the silicate is added to increase alkalinity and to provide corrosion inhibition.
Table 3.7 - SURFONIC PE Series Phosphate Esters

Foam Height1, mm, Initial/5 min., 114 PPM Hardness Foam Height2, mm, Initial/5 min., 114 PPM Hardness (response to nonionic) Falex EP in water (1.5% Surfactant 2% TEA-99) Max Load Torque at Carried, psi 4500 psi Falex EP in 100 SUS Naphthenic Oil (2% Surfactant in 100 SUS Naphthenic Oil) Max Load1, Torque at Carried, psi 4500 psi
SURFONIC Product
Hydrophobe
Acid # at pH 5-5.5
Acid # at pH 9-9
Function
PE-1198
Aromatic
68
103
80/40
85/32
4700
41
750
59 at 750 psi
Hydrotrope in cleaners, EP in water-based systems Solubilizer in semisynthetics, offers mild EP, good lubricity Hydrotrope for cleaners
PE-2258
Aliphatic
83
135
97/53
91/53
4700
61
4700
48
PE-1218 PE-1265 PE-2852 PE-533 PE-BP2 PE-2200

1 2
Aromatic Aliphatic Aliphatic Aliphatic Aliphatic Aliphatic
115 76 97 65
220 135 142 100 310
98/53
95/52
2700
90
750
19 at 750 psi
Neutralized
Neutralized
Formulation for foam height test: Phosphate ester (1.5%), TEA-99 (3.0%), Water 114 ppm hardness (94.5%). Formulation for foam height test for response to nonionic: Phosphate ester (1.5%), TEA-99 (3.0%), SURFONIC LF-18 surfactant (1.5%), Water (94%).
42
Figure 3.5a - Micrograph of Vee Block from Pin-and-Vee Test with SURFONIC PE-2258 Phosphate Esters
Figure 3.5b - Micrograph of Pin from Pin-and-Vee Test with SURFONIC PE-2258 Phosphate Esters
43
SECTION 3

Formulated Emulsifiers SURFONIC MW-100 Additive
SURFONIC MW-100 additive is a single-component emulsifier for vegetable oil. This emulsifier is designed to enhance the metalworking properties of vegetable oilbased lubricants.
Table 3.8 - Features and Benefits of SURFONIC MW-100 Additive

Inherently low-foaming Compatible with phosphate esters for extreme pressure service Useful in formulating stable macro- or microemulsions Low pour point (-2C) for easy handling Low toxicity
44
SECTION 4
Other Products for the Metalworking Industry

Huntsman produces a number of other chemicals useful in the metalworking industry, from chemical intermediates to functional fluids to various glycols.
Linear Alkylbenzene Highboiler for Sulfonation Feedstock Alkylate H-230L

Alkylate H-230L, a synthetic sulfonation feedstock widely used in the metalworking industry to augment natural sodium petroleum sulfonate, is produced by the alkylation of benzene with olefins using an HF-catalyzed process. The product is a blend of alkyl tetralins, dialkyl benzenes, and alkyl naphthalenes and diphenyl alkanes. The carbon number distribution peaks at C23. The structures for the important constituents of this product are shown in Figure 4.1. The typical carbon distribution of the dialkylbenzenes, tetralins, and diphenylalkanes is shown in Table 4.1; structures are illustrated in Figure 4.2. The actual level of each chemical species depends on the alkylation feedstock. The average molecular weight of Alkylate H-230L varies from 315-320, giving average sulfonic acid molecular weights of 413-418 g/mole. Sulfonation can be accomplished using air/SO3 or oleum. The actual reaction conditions will vary according to the desired product and process used for sulfonation.
Table 4.1 - Distribution of Chemical Types in Alkylate H-230L

Component Alkyl- and Dialkylbenzenes Tetralins/Indanes Dihydronaphthalenes/Indenes Alkylnaphthalenes Diphenylalkanes Diphenylalkenes Anthracenes Percent 74.2 10.3 1.8 3.9 6.5 3.2 0.2
45
SECTION 4
Figure 4.1 - Carbon Number Distribution of Alkylate H-230L
46
Figure 4.2 - Alkylate H-230 L Constituents
Alkyltetralins
Alkylindanes
Alkyldehydro naphthalenes
Alkylindenes
Alkylnaphthalenes
Condensed Aromatics
Diphenylalkanes
47
SECTION 4

JEFFOX WL Series Functional Fluids
The JEFFOX functional fluids are alkoxylates of mono-, di- or tri-functional starting materials. These versatile fluids have varying degrees of solubility in water and oil. As lubricants, the fluids possess many desirable properties of natural lubricants and have distinctive properties of their own which recommend their use in difficult applications such as metalworking fluids and machine lubricants. The JEFFOX fluids have good lubricating ability, even under high pressure, and high viscosity indexes, which enable them to be used over a wide range of temperatures. In metalworking applications, the fluids permit high production rates, excellent finishes and longer tool life. Water-soluble fluids are especially convenient because they may be washed from the work piece with cool water to permit finishing operations. The higher molecular weight JEFFOX WL fluids exhibit inverse solubility behavior with respect to temperature. This property can be used advantageously in water-based metalworking fluids. When the water-based fluid comes in contact with the hot tool and work piece, the lubricant drops out of the solution and coats the metal surface. This behavior takes full advantage of the cooling capability of water and the excellent lubricity of the base fluid. Because the JEFFOX fluids are transparent liquids, they allow delicate operations on small metal pieces to be observed easily. Typical applications include: steel deep drawing tempered spring steel pressing nickel-plated steel drawing copper drawing The fluids can also act as carriers for diamond powder cutting or polishing agents. Properties of the JEFFOX functional fluids are listed in Table 4.2.
Table 4.2 - JEFFOX Functional Fluids

JEFFOX Product WL-440 WL-590 WL-660 WL-1400X2 WL-5000 Average Molecular Weight 488 990 1800 2500 4365 Functionality Tri Tri Mono Di Mono Appearance at 25C Clear liquid Clear liquid Clear liquid Clear amber liquid Clear amber liquid Viscosity, SUS, 100F 440 590 660 1400 5000 60F 386 508 471 970 3556 Viscosity, cSt 100F 100 135 158 299 1107 150F 30 43 60 109 409 Density, lb/gal 20C 9.6 9.3 8.7 9.2 8.8 Flash Point, COC, F 545 500 475 595 460 Pour Point, F -30 0 -45 0 -10
48

Polyethylene Glycols -- POGOL Series PEGs
Huntsman manufactures a number of polyethylene glycol products. The POGOL product family has numerous uses in metalworking and allied industries. The largest use of the POGOL products is the manufacture of PEG esters; through reaction of polyethylene glycol with fatty acids such as lauric, oleic, tall oil, castor and soya fatty acids, very useful lubricants can be produced. Typically the reaction is carried out between 140C and 250C with a nitrogen purge. Catalysts are not necessary but they do substantially increase the reaction rate. For the lightest color products, noncatalytic procedures are used. Color inhibitors can be added to the product to give yet lighter products. Typical catalysts, such as pTSA, methane sulfonic acid and tin-based catalysts can be used or sodium bisulfite can also be used. Typical levels of catalyst are from 0.1% to 1% of the raw materials. The POGOL polyethylene glycols are also useful additives in hydraulic fluids where they offer suitable lubricity and compatibility and can be conveniently formulated with phosphate esters for extreme pressure (EP) properties. The products act as thickening agents and can be used for viscosity control. POGOL 200 polyethylene glycol can be used as a dispersant and carrier in the production of silicon carbide slurries by attrition grinding. Typically a 35% aqueous suspension can be produced, stabilized by about 3% of POGOL 200 glycol. POGOL products can also be used in the machining of silicon wafers or for other semiconductor uses. Lapping compounds to polish metal or semiconductor surfaces are produced using POGOL polyethylene glycols; the polyethylene glycol products help to disperse the lapping abrasive. The high water solubility of the POGOL products makes it easy to rinse the polished substrate cleanly. Some POGOL products are used as carrier solvents for release agents in aluminum die cast operations. Characteristics and properties of the POGOL polyethylene glycols are shown in Table 4.3.
Table 4.3 - POGOL Polyethylene Glycols

POGOL Product 200 300 400 600 Average Molecular Weight 200 300 400 600 Molecular Weight Range 190-210 285-315 380-420 570-630 Average EO Units 4.2 6.4 8.7 13.2 Density, g/ml at 20C 1.124 1.125 1.125 1.126 Melt/Freeze Range, C -15 to -8 4 to 8 20 to 25 Viscosity, cSt at 37.8C 25 37 42 64 Flash Point, PMCC F >300 >350 390 410 Pt-Co Color <50 <50 <50 <50 pH, 5% aqueous 5.5 - 7.0 5.5 - 7.0 5.5 - 7.0 5.5 - 7.0
49
SECTION 5
Regional Product Offerings
Table 5.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry North America
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-mist Additives
Lubricity Additives
Alkalinity Control
Coupling Agents
Anti-Foamants
Product Primary Amines Monoethanolamine DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent SURFONAMINE MW-781 amine Tertiary Amines Triethanolamine BHEMA Alkoxylated Amines SURFONIC PEA-25 surfactant SURFONIC T amine surfactants Polyetheramines JEFFAMINE D series amines JEFFAMINE T-403 amine SURFONAMINE MNPA-1000 amine Linear Alcohols SURFOL 1214 fatty alcohol SURFOL 1416 fatty alcohol Alcohol Ethoxylates SURFONIC L series surfactants Alcohol Alkoxylates SURFONIC LF series surfactants SURFONIC P series surfactants Alkylphenol Ethoxylates SURFONIC N series surfactants SURFONIC OP series surfactants Fatty Acid Ethoxylates SURFONIC E400-MO surfactant
50
Intermediates
Emulsifiers
Table 5.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry North America
Continued
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-mist Additives
Lubricity Additives
Alkalinity Control
Coupling Agents
Anti-Foamants
Product Castor Oil Ethoxylates SURFONIC CO series surfactants EO/PO Block and Reverse Block Copolymers SURFONIC POA series surfactants Phosphate Esters SURFONIC PE-1198 surfactant SURFONIC PE-BP2 surfactant Sodium Isethionate Functional Fluids JEFFOX functional fluids Glycols Diethylene glycol Propylene glycol POGOL polyethylene glycols
Intermediates
Emulsifiers
51
SECTION 5
Table 5.2 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry Europe

Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-mist Additives
Lubricity Additives
Alkalinity Control
Coupling Agents
Anti-Foamants
Product Primary Amines DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent SURFONAMINE MW-781 amine Monoethanolamine Tertiary Amines BHEMA Alkoxylated Amines EMPILAN AMT series surfactants Triethanolamine Polyetheramines JEFFAMINE D series amines JEFFAMINE T-403 amine SURFONAMINE MNPA-1000 amine Linear Alcohols LAUREX fatty alcohols Alcohol Ethoxylates EMPILAN K series surfactants Alcohol Alkoxylates EMPILAN PF series surfactants SURFONIC LF series surfactants SURFONIC P series surfactants Alkylphenol Ethoxylates EMPILAN NP series surfactants EMPILAN OPE series surfactants Fatty Acid Ethoxylates EMPILAN BQ series surfactants
52
Intermediates
Emulsifiers
Table 5.2 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry Europe
Continued
Metal Cleaning Aids
Anti-mist Additives
Lubricity Additives
Alkalinity Control
Coupling Agents
Anti-Foamants
Product Castor Oil Ethoxylates DEHSCOFIX CO series surfactants EO/PO Block and Reverse Block Copolymers EMPILAN P series surfactants Phosphate Esters EMPIPHOS O3D surfactant EMPIPHOS A5D surfactant EMPIPHOS DF series surfactants Functional Fluids JEFFOX functional fluids Ether Carboxylates EMPICOL C series surfactants Fatty Alkanolamides EMPILAN alkanolamides
Intermediates
Emulsifiers
53
SECTION 6
Regional Contact Information

HUNTSMAN PERFORMANCE PRODUCTS Americas
Business Offices 10003 Woodloch Forest Drive The Woodlands, TX 77380 281-719-6000 281-719-6416 fax
Europe
Huntsman Belgium BVBA Everslaan 45 B-3078 Everberg, Belgium
Asia-Pacific
Huntsman (Singapore) Pte Ltd 150 Beach Road #14-05/08 Gateway West Singapore 189720 +65 6390 0371 +65 6296 3368 fax
Technology Center Huntsman Advanced Technology Center 8600 Gosling Road The Woodlands, TX 77381 281-719-7400 281-719-7500 fax
Huntsman Belgium BVBA Everslaan 45 B-3078 Everberg, Belgium
Huntsman Corporation Australia Pty Ltd 61 Market Road Brooklyn, Victoria 3012 Australia +61 3 9933 6633 +61 3 9933 6600 fax
Marketing 281-719-6000 281-719-6055 fax Research & Development 281-719-7400 281-719-7555 fax Technical Services 281-719-7780 281-719-7555 fax Customer Service 800-852-4957
+44-1946-694108 +44-1946-694891 fax
+60 3 7954 0842 +60 3 7958 1677 fax
+44-121-550-6187 +44-121-550-1765 fax
281-719-7400 281-719-7555 fax
+44-121-550-6187 +44-121-550-1765 fax
+61 3 9933 6666 +61 3 9933 6600 fax
+65 6390 0371
54
Copyright 2005 Huntsman Corporation Huntsman Corporation warrants only that its products meet the specifications stated herein. Typical properties, where stated, are to be considered as representative of current production and should not be treated as specifications. While all the information presented in this document is believed to be reliable and to represent the best available data on these products, NO GUARANTEE, WARRANTY, OR REPRESENTATION IS MADE, INTENDED, OR IMPLIED AS TO THE CORRECTNESS OR SUFFICIENCY OF ANY INFORMATION, OR AS TO THE SUITABILITY OF ANY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FOR ANY PARTICULAR USE, OR THAT ANY CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR USE THEREOF ARE NOT SUBJECT TO A CLAIM BY A THIRD PARTY FOR INFRINGEMENT OF ANY PATENT OR OTHER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHT. EACH USER SHOULD CONDUCT A SUFFICIENT INVESTIGATION TO ESTABLISH THE SUITABILITY OF ANY PRODUCT FOR ITS INTENDED USE. Products may be toxic and require special precautions in handling. For all products listed, user should obtain detailed information on toxicity, together with proper shipping, handling, and storage procedures, and comply with all applicable safety and environmental standards. 10003 Woodloch Forest Drive The Woodlands, Texas 77380 281-719-6000 Technical Services Section 8600 Gosling Rd. The Woodlands, Texas 77381 281-719-7780
www.huntsman.com/metalworking
NYSE: HUN 2005 HUNTSMAN CORPORATION

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Performance Products

Huntsman Metalworking Chemicals

Table 1.1 - Huntsman Products for the Metalworking Industry

Metal Cleaning Aids

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Comparison of Important Properties

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.1 - Amines for Metalworking

Secondary* Secondary* Tertiary

Environmental, Health & Safety Concerns

Data sources: Huntsman, literature Huntsman products in bold type.

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.2 - Common Amine Components of Metalworking Fluid Formulations

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.3 - Relative Volatility of Selected Amines Used in Metalworking

Figure 2.1 - Volatility of Some Common Metalworking Amine Solutions*

Amine in Vapor Phase (Wt%)

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Figure 2.2 - Cobalt Leaching by Commonly Used Metalworking Amines*

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.4 - pH of Metalworking Amines as a Function of Concentration at 25C1

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Figure 2.4 - Titration Curves of Metalworking Amines with Isononaoic Acid

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.5 - pH Stability of Boric Acid Derivative of Aminoalcohols1

Adduct with MEA Odor

Adduct with DEA Odor

Adduct with TEA Odor

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.6 - Nitrosoamine Formation in Synthetic and Semi-Synthetic Cutting Fluids

113 9 ppb Nitrosoamine

None detected None detected

Table 2.7 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion Summary of Results

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.8 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.9 - Aluminum Staining/Corrosion with Fatty Acid

Figure 2.6 - Effect of Amines on Magnesium % Wt Loss From Coupons

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.10 - Features and Benefits of DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent in Metalworking

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.11 - DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Toxicity Profile

Cell Transformation Test

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.12 - Physical Properties of DIGYCOLAMINE Agent

401.40 42.98 0.322

1.0585 1.0508 255 -12.5 219.14 3.6 x 10-5 1.4598 1.0560

0.571 0.623 0.121 0.004* 40 8.8

Table 2.13 - DIGLYCOLAMINE Agent Registrations

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.14 - DIGLYCOLAMINE Amide and Salt Registrations

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.16 - DGA Agent Physical Properties

Environmental, Health, and Safety

Amines for the Metalworking Industry

Table 2.17 - pH and Reserve Alkalinity of 5% Aqueous Amine Solutions

Reserve Alkalinity 1 17.8 16.8 21.6 20.6