Mau Sac Va Ung Dung

TS.
NG ANH TUN
Thng 07 nm 2010
Quyn sch ny c in bi s ti tr ca
VPD Johs. Reickermann ti Tp.HCM
STT Mau Ten tieng Viet Ten tieng Anh Ten viet tat
en Black Bk 1.
Trang White W 2.
o c Red R 3.
Xanh luc Green G 4.
Xanh tm Blue B 5.
Xanh da tri Cyan C 6.
o canh sen Magenta M 7.
Vang Yellow Y 8.
Nau Brown Br 9.
Cam Orange O 10.
Khong mau Achromatic A 11.
Ghi Chu:
Trong tai liu nay, chung ti co s dng mt s thut ng va tn gi mau. Cac
tn gi nay co th dc s dng thay th cho nhau nhng co cung y ngha d
tin cho vic tra cu, chung ti xin dc lit k trong bng di dy
1.1 Vai net lch s ve mau
1.2 Anh sang va mau sac
1.3 Cac tong hp mau
1.3.1 Tong hp cong mau
1.3.2 Tong hp tr mau
1.3.3 Tong hop mau tng ho
1 ANH SANG VAMAU SAC
1.1. Vai net lch svemau
Nhng nghien cu ve mau sac a bat au t nhng nam trc
cong nguyen. Nam 800 trc cong nguyen, nhng ngi An
o Upanishads a tm ra moi lien he gia cac mau. Nam 400
trc cong nguyen, nha triet hoc Plato cho rang anh sang hay
nhng tia la phat ra t mat ngi, cho nen con ngi mi thay
c s vat. Epicurus cho rang ban sao cua s vat se tac ong
vao mat ngi.
Vao thien nien ky th nhat, Abu Mohammed Ibn al Hazen cho
rang hnh anh c tao thanh t trong mat ngi.
Trong thi co ai con co rat nhieu cuoc th nghiem, nghien cu
ve mau tiep theo vao the ky 15, thi ky Phuc Hng, Leonardo
da Vinci cho rang a a ra mot so khai niem ve qua trnh cam
nhan mau, he thong mau, ong cung a ra mot so quy luat mau
tng phan (enTrang, o cXanh luc, VangXanh tm)
Nhng nghien cu va phat hien cua ong cung co anh hng
en cac nghien cu ve sau nay.
Nam 1666 Isaac Newton a phat trien vong mau Newton rat hu
dung. Newton bat au nghien cu ve mau tuoi 23, ong a thc
hien mot th nghiem rat noi tieng tren nhng lang knh va anh
sang. Khi chieu mot chum anh sang trang lien tuc qua mot lang
knh, no se xuat hien mot cau vong canh ben kia cua lang knh.
Newton sap xep nhng mau nay tren mot vong tron, t mau o
c en mau cham, sau o ong noi hai mau nay bang mau tm
e ghep hai au cua pho mau lai vi nhau. Vong tron mau nay
chnh la nhng bc can ban nhat cho nhng nghien cu sau nay.
Mau sac: Lythuyet & ng dung 4
Kham pha cua ong a at nen tang ban au cho s bieu dien
mau sac, dan en cac chuan mau cua vat ly da tren o s bc
xa, o la phep o mau (colorimetry) ngay nay.
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) khong phai la nha
khoa hoc cung khong phai la nha vat ly, ong xuat than t th
ca. Ong bac bo ly thuyet cua Newton cho rang anh sang bao
gom tat ca cac mau sac. Ong khang nh rang mau c tao
thanh khi tron anh sang vi bong toi va tuyen bo manh me
rang anh sang da tren s cam nhan, ong ac biet chu y en
ng vien vach pho, mot van e ma ong cho rang Newton
cha chnh xac lam. Cho du nhng phan tch cua Goethe ve
Newton cha chnh xac lam nhng van c cho rang co gia
tr. Nhng luan iem cua Goethe la nhng bc i trung gian
trong lch s mau sac.
Trong vong tron mau, Goethe goi mau Red (o c), Vang,
Blue (Xanh tm) la ba mau chnh, con mau Cam la mau phu.
Tuy nhien chuan nay lai sai. Tren thc te khi ta tron ba mau
nay khong tai tao lai mau en, no ch tao ra mau nau. Mac du
Goethe rat thanh cong tren lnh vc van chng nhng nhng
li chu giai cua ong ve mau cung dan dan b quen lang.
Hnh 1.1:
Th nghiem
cua Newton
Mau sac & anh sang 5
Thomas Young a a ra ba yeu to ac trng cho qua trnh cam
nhan mau vao nam 1802 va suy luan rang trong mat ngi co 3
loai thanh phan cam nhan mau khac nhau. Ba thanh phan nay
nhay cam vi ba mau c ban o c, Xanh tm, Xanh luc.
Chnh y tng nay a gop phan thuc ay Hermann von
Helmholtz nghien cu ra cac thuyet cam nhan mau, cac thuyet
nay con c goi la ly thuyet Young-Helmholtz.
Nam 1860, James Clerk Maxwell a khao sat viec s dung ba
thanh phan c ban cua mau va nhan ra rang khong co s ket
hp gia 3 thanh phan c ban cua mau e tai tao lai toan bo
vung mau nhan biet c. Ong lap luan rang ba gia tr mau la
khong n nhat va pho cua cac mau co o bao hoa cao hn co
the tai tao nhieu mau hn. Maxwell nhan thay rang ngoai tong
mau va o bao hoa mau con co o sang.
Nhng nghien cu cua James Clerk Maxwell co the xem la
nhng nen mong c ban cua cac may o mau hien ai.
Red
( c)
magenta
( cnh sen)
blue
(xanh tm)
cyan
(xanh da tri)
green
(xanh lc)
yellow
(vng)
Hnh 1.2:
Vong tron
mau Newton
Cac th nghiem chi tiet thc hien nam 1920 ch ra rang cac
mau c ban Red (o c), Green (Xanh luc), Blue (Xanh tm)
co the tong hp c tat ca cac mau quan sat c trong mot
khoang nao o c goi la khoang phuc che mau hay khong
gian mau (gamut), nhng chung khong the tong hp c tat ca
cac mau trong pho kha kien, ac biet la mau Xanh tm.
Nam 1931, Uy Ban Quoc te ve Mau va Chieu Sang a a
chuan CIE vao s dung trong cac ng dung ky thuat va cong
nghe. Ba gia tr XYZ c tnh toan da tren ba ap ng cua
mat ngi vi 3 mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm. XYZ c
xem la 3 gia tr mau ai dien cho o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm
va ngi ta co the ve ra mot khong gian 3 chieu vi 3 truc X, Y,
Z hoac chuyen thanh hai chieu khi s dung mot phep bien oi
tuyen tnh.
Chuan nay c thay oi nho nam 1964 (thay oi ng vien
ngoai) cac trang thai thay oi trong ng vien bieu dien o
bao hoa cua mau, cang xa mau trang trung tam o bao hoa
cang cao. Noi cach khac mau xanh tinh khiet co o bao hoa cao
hn cac mau xanh khac. Neu ve mot ng thang t mot mau
nam pha ngoai en mau trang tinh khiet se cho nhng mau
co cung gia tr mau.
Red
Green
Purple
Blue Yellow
Orange
Hnh 1.3:
Vong tron mau
cua Goethe
Nam 1976, ngi ta thay oi bang sac ky mau them mot lan
na, v the iem mau trang xuat hien chnh gia. ong
thi, ng cong mi c s dung chnh la ap ng thc cua
mat ngi.
Tuy nhien, thay oi nay khong c ng dung v phien ban goc
a tr thanh mot tieu chuan chnh. Cung vao thi iem nay,
CIE cung cho ra i chuan L*a*b ma chung ta se thay vai tro
rat quan trong cua chung sau nay.
1.2 Anh sang vamau sac
Chung ta ang song trong mot the gii ay mau sac. Thong qua
mau sac chung ta co the nhn nhan ro rang moi vat xung quanh
e lam cho cam giac cua chung ta tot hn. Cac thiet ke noi
that va s phoi tron mau trong nha anh hng trc tiep en an
tng va cam giac cua chung ta. Cac mau co the dung chung
c vi nhau se tao ra mot s can bang hai hoa lam cho chung
ta co cam nhan tot. Nganh cong nghiep in cung s dung cac
mau e the hien an pham hieu qua hn.
e anh gia cac mau, trc het chung ta phai nhn thay chung.
e nhn thay chung ta can co anh sang. Mat tri toa ra anh sang
- o la nguon sang s cap. Tuy nhien, hau het cac oi tng trong
moi trng cua chung ta lai khong the t toa sang - chung c
goi la nguon sang th cap, chung ta ch cam nhan c cac oi
tng nay va mau sac cua chung khi chung c chieu sang.
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 0.2
B
M
C
R
Y
G
WHITE
0.4 0.6 0.8
0.10
0.10
0.20
0.20 0.30
0.40
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.60
0.60
0.70
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.80
510 nm
520 nm
Green
Yellowish
green
Yellow
green
Greenish yellow
Orange
Redish
orange
Red
Purplish red
P
u
r
p
l
i
s
h

b
l
u
e
Purplish
pink
Red purple
B
l
u
e
i
s
h

p
u
r
p
l
e
Reddish
purple Purple
Pink
White
Blue
Blueish green
Blue green
G
re
e
n
is
h
b
lu
e
Yellowish
orange
Y
e
llo
w
540 nm
550 nm
560 nm
570 nm
580nm
590nm
600 nm
610 nm
620 nm
630 nm
700 nm
500 nm
490 nm
480 nm
0
Hnh 1.4:
Gian osac ky
mau CIE 1931
Anh sang co hai tnh chat c ban la song va hat. Trong tai lieu
nay ta se chu trong nhieu vao ban chat song cua anh sang.
Dang song cua anh sang la song ien t phat ra khi co s
chuyen ien t gia cac mc nang lng cua nguyen t cua
nguon sang. Cac song nay truyen i trong chan khong vi toc
o anh sang la c =2.99792458 x 10
8
m/s
Bc xa cua anh sang lan truyen rat nhanh vi toc o 300.000
km/giay. Noi ung ra, anh sang bao gom cac dao ong ien t
c truyen i t nguon sang di dang song. Giong nh song
nc, moi song anh sang bao gom phan loi len va phan lom
xuong.
Cac song c phan loai theo chieu dai bc song hay so dao
ong ma chung thc hien trong mot giay. Cac bc song thng
co n v la km, m, cm, mm, nm hay picomet. So dao ong song
trong mot giay, goi la tan so, c o bang n v Hz.
Tan so va bc song anh sang lien he vi nhau bi bieu
thc:
= .
Cac bc song co chieu dai khac nhau co nhng ac tnh khac
nhau. V du nh tia X c dung e chan oan trong y khoa,
song Viba c s dung trong cac lo viba e nau va ham nong
thc an cho cac ba noi tr. Cac loai song khac c dung trong
viec truyen tn hieu ien thoai, radio va tivi.
Ch co mot khoang song ien t rat nho c nhn thay di
dang mau cua anh sang. Phan thay c cua quang pho song
trai dai t 380 nm (tia cc tm) en 780 nm (tia hong ngoai).
Phan loi
Phan lom
Hnh minh hoa cho thay chieu dai cac bc song t o c en
Xanh luc roi en Xanh tm cang luc cang ngan dan.
Anh sang co the c tach ra thanh cac thanh phan mau bang
lang knh. Anh sang trang c phoi tron bi tat ca cac mau
trong dai quang pho va c tach thanh cac mau giong nh cac
mau trong dai mau cau vong.
Dai quang pho ien t c sap xep t cac song cc ngan
cua tia gamma c phat ra bi cac vat lieu phong xa cho
en cac song vo tuyen. Nhng song dai nhat co the en hang
dam. Anh sang kha kien - vung quang pho co the thay c
- co bc song t 400 en 700 nm (phan trieu cua mm). Di
400 nm la cac tia cc tm, tren 700 nm la cac tia hong ngoai.
Cac vung quang pho thay c xuat hien trong t nhien nh
mot cau vong, no co the c tao ra mot cach de dang trong
phong th nghiem bang cach cho mot tia sang hep cua anh sang
trang i qua mot lang knh thuy tinh. Vung quang pho xuat hien
o c (khoang 700 nm)
Xanh luc (khoang 550 nm)
Xanh tm (khoang 400 nm)
Hnh 1.5:
Chieu dai bc
song cua cac
mau RGB
c chia thanh 3 mang mau - Xanh tm, Xanh luc va o c
nhng that ra no c tao thanh t rat nhieu mau vi nhng
s bien thien cc nho t 400 nm en 700 nm. Cac mau trong
quang pho ve mat ly tnh la cac mau thuan khiet. S phan tch
anh sang trang thanh quang pho co the nhn thay c va s
tai ket hp cua quang pho e tao thanh anh sang trang lan au
tien c nha bac hoc noi tieng ngi Anh Isaac Newton chng
minh va trnh bay vao nam 1704.
Vung kha kien
400 500 600
Tia X Hong
ngoai
Song ngan
Song vo tuyen T
ngoai
Tia
gamma
1 pm 1 nm 1 m m 1 mm 1 m 1 km
Bc song
1
700 nm
RadarTV FM
UHF HF MF LF
Hnh 1.6:
Dai quang pho
thay c va
tng quan vi
cac loai song
ien tkhac
Hien tng mot dai quang pho kha kien co the c tao thanh
khi cho anh sang trang i qua mot lang knh co lien quan en s
khuc xa anh sang khi no i t moi trng nay (khong kh) sang
moi trng khac (thuy tinh). Lang knh lam khuc xa tia sang co
cac bc song ngan nhieu hn tia sang co bc song dai v the
a lam lan toa tia sang thanh quang pho co the nhn thay c.
Khi nhng tia sang hep cua anh nang mat tri i xuyen qua
cac am may, cac giot nc ma trong may va hi nc trong
khong kh ong vai tro tng t nh mot lang knh se lam khuc
xa nhng tia sang e hnh thanh mot cau vong.
Khi cac bc song gia 400 va 700 nm c tron lai vi nhng
t le gan nh bang nhau th chung ta co cam giac ve anh sang
trang. Nhng mat con ngi rat uyen chuyen iem nay: chung
ta thng chap nhan anh sang t mot ngon en day toc nh la
mau trang, nhng luc khac chung ta lai xem anh sang t mot
bau tri xanh la mau trang. Ro rang la mat ngi rat thch nghi
vi nhieu nguon sang khac nhau.
Nh vay, anh sang la mot thanh phan trong pho rong ln cua
cac song ien t. Anh sang mat nhn thay co tan so nam trong
pham vi gia 790 THz va 385 THz, chieu dai bc song tng
ng la t 380 nm en 780 nm.
Hnh 1.7:
Skhuc xacac
tia sang trang qua
lang knh etao
thanh quang pho
1.3 Cac tong hp mau
1.3.1 Tong hp cong mau
Khi cac bc song cua anh sang c ket hp lai theo nhng
t le khong bang nhau, th chung ta cam nhan c cac mau
mi. ay la nen tang cua quy trnh tai tao mau cong. Cac mau
s cap cua tong hp mau cong la anh sang mau Red (o c),
Green (Xanh luc), Blue (Xanh tm). Ngoai 3 mau nay, cac mau
th cap cung co the c tao ra bang cach cong bat ky 2 mau
s cap nao o lai vi nhau: o c ket hp vi Xanh luc cho ra
vang, o c ket hp vi Xanh tm cho ra mau Magenta (mau
Hnh 1.8:
Cau vong 7 mau
lahien tng anh
sang trang i qua
cac lang knh la
hi nc
o canh sen) va Xanh tm ket hp vi Xanh luc cho ra mau
Cyan (mau xanh da tri). S hien dien cua tat ca 3 mau se cho
ra mau trang va khi thieu ca 3 mau nay se tao ra mau en.
Xanh luc + o c = Vang
Xanh luc + Xanh tm = Cyan
Xanh tm + o c = Magenta
Xanh tm + Xanh luc + o c = Trang
Khong co anh sang = en
Nguyen ly c ban cua hon hp mau cong co the c mo ta
de dang vi ba vong tron mau, moi vong tron mau ai dien
cho mot chum sang mau s cap cua tong hp cong c chieu
len man hnh. Giao iem cua cac mau s cap chnh la cac mau
th cap.
Tong hp mau cong co c khi cac kch thch mau hon hp
tao ra anh sang (con goi la hon hp quang). No the hien tren
thc te cac trng hp sau:
Hnh 1.9:
Trong tong hp
cong mau, tai cac
vung giao nhau
cua ba chum
sang oc, Xanh
luc, Xanh tm co
cac mau thcap
Cyan, Magenta
vaVang c
tao ra
Khi chieu cac loai anh sang mau (en chieu mau) chong
vao nhau.
Khi quay cac a mau gom nhieu mui mau khac nhau.
Khi quan sat iem Tram nhieu mau nam canh nhau tren
t in t mot khoang cach thch hp.
Nguyen ly cua tong hp mau cong c s dung trong tivi mau,
man hnh may tnh, trong chieu sang tren san khau e tao ra
toan cac mau trong dai quang pho thay c.
Thay oi cng o cua bat ky hoac tat ca 3 mau s cap se tao
ra tat ca cac mau co tren dai quang pho thay c. ay la
nguyen tac cua truyen hnh mau. Ta co the c quan sat bang
cach kiem tra viec ghep mau o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm tren
man hnh bang mot knh phong ai.
Nhc iem cua he thong tai tao mau cong la no can c roi
sang cng o cao e tao ra cac tia trang va cac mau mot
o sang chap nhan c. Cac he thong truyen hnh khong gap
phai van e nay bi v cac nguon t phat quang trong ti vi tao
nen tng phan t cua hnh anh. o phat quang tong the cua
nhng phan t nay co the c ieu chnh bang cac chc nang
ieu chnh o tng phan hoac o sang. Tng t nh vay khi
xem truyen hnh thng trong phong toi ta se thay ao anh cua
s phat quang nhieu hn trong cac tong sang v co s gia tang
o tng phan tai cac vung nay.
Hnh 1.10:
Cac iem phat
quang mau o
c, Xanh luc,
Xanh tm tren
man hnh tivi.
Cac bc anh thau minh (trong suot) c tao ra bang qua trnh
tong hp cong co ve t tng phan hn v han che cua cac knh
loc mau o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm nhng vung trang nhat.
Ta co the mo phong khong gian mau cong bang cach xay dng
mot he truc toa o vi 3 truc la 3 mau cong o c, Xanh luc va
Xanh tm. Cac mau se c sap xep thanh khoi mau hnh lap
phng tren c s phoi tron mau theo cac toa o mau. Cang xa
goc toa o cac mau se co o bao hoa tang dan.
Trong cac phan mem may tnh, cac mau cong co gia tr t
0-255 (tc la co 2
8
= 256 sac o). Viec hoa tron cac mau cong
c thc hien bang cach thay oi cac gia tr R, G va B. Trong
hnh minh hoa vi giao dien la chng trnh Corel Draw X5
ta co the thay mau vang c tao ra bang cach tron R = 255;
G = 255 va B = 0. Khi nha thiet ke s dung chng trnh Corel
Draw e thiet ke nhng hnh anh xuat hien tren man hnh nh
phim hoat hnh, trang web, cac phan mem may tnh... th ho se
s dung he mau cong RGB, tat nhien ta cung co the oi t he
mau nay sang he mau khac.
Cac mau co ban xuat phat
tu mau den
Tong hop mau cong g|ua ha|
mau co ban tao thanh mot
mat phang
Tong hop mau cong g|ua ba mau co ban tao thanh
mot kho| |ap phuong xuat phat d|em tu mau den
Hnh 1.11:
Mophong khong
gian tong hp
mau cong
1.3.2 Tong hp trmau
Nhng han che cua qua trnh tong hp cong co the c khac
phuc bang qua trnh tong hp tr. He thong tong hp cong bat
au bang mau en (V du nh mot man hnh tivi cha c cam
ien) va cong mau o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm e co c mau
trang. Ngc lai he thong tong hp tr bat au vi mau trang
(chang han mot t giay trang c chieu bang anh sang trang)
va tr mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm cua anh sang trang
e co c mau en.
Viec loai bo mau o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm c thc hien
bang cach s dung cac mau nghch cua chung. Nghch vi mau
o c la mau Cyan c tao thanh bi mau Xanh tm va Xanh
luc, oi vi mau Xanh luc la mau Magenta c tao thanh t
mau o c va mau Xanh tm. oi vi mau Xanh tm la mau
Vang c tao thanh t mau Xanh luc va o c.
Cac mau at c bang cach loai bo anh sang trang khoi t
giay trang (von gom mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm). V du
Hnh 1.12:
Giao dien to
mau RGB trong
chng trnh
Corel Draw X5
ket hp mau Vang (tr Xanh tm) vi Cyan (tr o c) se cho
ra mau Xanh luc. Bang sau ay se cho thay nhng s ket hp:
Cyan + Vang = Xanh luc
Vang + Magenta = o c
Magenta + Cyan = Xanh tm
Cyan + Magenta + Vang = en
Khong co mc = Mau nen giay
Cyan, Magenta va Vang la cac mau s cap cua hon hp mau
tr, chung con c goi la mau hai phan ba v chung ai dien
cho hai phan ba khoang quang pho thay c. Cac mau hon
hp tr c tao ra bang cach bt i (tr i) mot mau cong s
cap t anh sang trang (th du nh dung knh loc) hay bang cach
cong hai mau s cap cua tong hp mau cong. Mc in la cac vat
lieu trong suot ong vai tro cua cac knh loc mau.
Hnh 1.13:
Trong tong hp
trmau, tai cac
vung giao nhau
cua ba mau
Cyan, Magenta
vaVang cocac
mau thcap o
c, Xanh luc,
Xanh tm c
tao ra
Nguyen ly c ban cua hon hp mau tr co the c mo ta de
dang vi ba vong tron mau, moi vong tron mau ai dien cho
mot chum sang mau s cap cua tong hp tr. Giao iem cua
cac mau s cap chnh la cac mau th cap.
Tong hp mau tr c hnh thanh t hon hp cac vat lieu mau.
Cac tong hp tr sau ay thng c dung trong thc te:
Hon hp cac hat mau hay cac chat phan tan mau: Mc in,
sn, mau ve...
Khi tron hai dung dch mau vi nhau (pha mau sn, pha
mc in, pha mau ve..).
Khi chap cac knh loc mau vi nhau.
Khi ta in mot lp mc vang len giay, mau Xanh tm c loai
bo t anh sang trang va cac mau quang pho con lai cua anh
sang trang c phan xa. Viec tong hp hai thanh phan quang
pho con lai (R va G) se tao ra mau Vang va mau Vang chnh
la mau ma ta cam nhan c. Vay mc in ong vai tro cua mot
knh loc a tr bt i mot phan ba quang pho cua anh sang
(mau Xanh tm) va cho hai phan ba mau con lai i qua (R va G).
Giay
Neu co hai mau mc trong suot c in chong len nhau. V du
o la hai mau Vang va Cyan. Hai mau mc in nay co tac dung
loai tr hai mau o c va Xanh tm ra khoi anh sang trang. Ket
qua la ta cam nhan c mau Xanh luc. Nh vay mc in a tr
hai phan ba thanh phan cua anh sang trang.
Khi Cyan, Magenta va Vang c in chong len nhau, chung se
hap thu het cac thanh phan cua anh sang trang nen khong co
anh sang mau nao phan xa ti mat ta ca, do vay ta cam nhan
c mau en.
Giay
Giay

Ta co the mo phong khong gian mau tr bang cach xay dng
mot he truc toa o vi 3 truc la 3 mau tr Cyan, Magenta
va vang. Cac mau se c sap xep thanh khoi mau hnh lap
phng tren c s phoi tron mau theo cac toa o mau. Cang xa
goc toa o cac mau se am dan.
Trong cac phan mem o hoa tren may tnh, ngoai cac mau
CMY ngi ta con s dung them mau en va goi la he mau
CMYK v tren thc te ngi ta se dung them mau en khi in.
Cac mau CMYK co gia tr t 0 - 100 vi 0 la mau nhat nhat va
100 la mau at gia tr am nhat.
Cac mau co ban xuat phat
tu mau Trang
Tong hop mau tru g|ua ha|
mau co ban tao thanh mot
mat phang tuong tu
Khong g|an tong hop mau cong g|ua ba mau co ban
tao thanh mot kho| |ap phuong xuat phat d|em tu mau trang
Hnh 1.14:
Mophong khong
gian mau tong
hp tr
1.3.2 Tong hp mau tng ho
Cac hnh anh mau c in bang cach s dung cac iem anh
(iem tram) cua bon mau mc Cyan, Magenta, Vang va en.
Tren ly thuyet ch can 3 mau mc in Cyan, Magenta va Vang
la co the tong hp c cac mau nhng do ac tnh cua cac hat
mc mau, nen mau en c tao bang cach phoi hp cac mau
Cyan, Magenta va Vang khong bao gi c en am nh y
muon, v vay mc in mau en c them vao e cai thien o
sac net va chieu sau cua hnh anh.
Hnh 1.16:
Cac iem tram
trong in Offset
c phong to
Hnh 1.15:
Hoamau CMYK
trong chng trnh
Adobe Photoshop
CS4
Trong in offset kch thc cua cac iem tram tuy thuoc vao
tong mau mong muon. Khi in, cac iem tram cua cac mau se
nam canh nhau, nam chong len nhau mot phan hoac nam chong
hoan toan len nhau. Neu chung ta quan sat cac iem tram bang
knh phong ai chung ta cam nhan c mau sac t ket qua
cua tong hp mau tr (tr mau trang cua giay). Tuy nhien, neu
khong dung knh phong ai va nhn t in vi khoang cach thong
thng, mat ngi khong the phan biet c tng iem tram
nho ma ch cam nhan c cac tia sang phan xa t chung. Trong
trng hp nay cac mau c in a c tong hp cong.
Viec phoi hp gia hon hp mau cong va mau tr c goi la
hon hp mau tng ho.
Tom tat
Tom lai anh sang thay c la mot phan rat nho cua dai song
ien t, mau sac cua anh sang phu thuoc vao bc song cua
no. Anh sang trang co the tach thanh 3 mau c ban la o
c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm. Ta co the tong hp mau da theo
nguyen ly tong hp mau cong, tong hp mau tr hoac ket hp
ca hai nguyen ly nay.
Hnh nh in 4 mu c raster ch cao Vng raster c phng ln
Hnh 1.17:
Hon hp mau
tram trong in
Offset. Hnh ben
trai lacac mang
mau c in
chong len nhau
vahnh ben phai
laphong to vung
giao nhau cho
thay chung c
tao bi cac iem
tram cokch
thc khac nhau
2.1 Nguon sang
2.1.1 Nhiet o mau
2.1.2 Cac loai nguon sang nhan tao
2.1.3 Cac loai nguon sang chuan
2.1.4 Hieu qua chieu sang
2.1.5 Cng o va vien
2.1.6 Hien tng huynh quang va hien tng Meta
2.1.7 Nhng tieu chuan quan sat
2.2 Vat the
2.2.1 S hap thu - phan xa cua vat the
2.2.2 S hap thu quang pho
2.2.3 o bong
2.3 Ngi quan sat
2.3.1 Mat ngi va nhng yeu to sinh ly
2.3.2 Mat ngi la mot may anh t ong
2.3.3 Cac thuyet ve s cam nhan mau
2.3.3.1 Ly thuyet Young Helmholtz
2.3.3.2 Thuyet Hering
2.3.3.3 Thuyet qua trnh oi nghch
2.4 S cam nhan mau khong bnh thng
2.5 Cac yeu to tam ly
2 S CAM NHAN MAU
Trong moi lien he gia mau sac va anh sang can phai phan biet
hai loai vat the:
Vat the t phat sang nh cac loai en, cac loai man hnh.
Cac vat the nay chieu sang trc tiep en mat ngi ma
khong can co them cac nguon sang khac.
Vat the khong t phat sang nh t in, tranh anh va phan
ln cac vat the khac. Cac vat the nay can phai c chieu
sang th mat ngi mi nhn thay c.
Mau xuat phat t mot vat khong t chieu sang c goi la mau
vat the.
Mau la mot cam nhan thay c bao gom ba yeu to - Nguon
sang, vat the va ngi quan sat. Anh sang t mat tri hay nguon
sang khac chieu vao cac vat the xung quanh chung ta c
phan chieu va bo sung bi cac vat the roi i ti cac thanh phan
thu nhan tn hieu trong mat ta, sau o cac tn hieu nay se c
nao bo dien dch thanh nhng th ma ta goi la mau.

Khai niem Yngha Ni xuat
hien
Cothemo
tabang
Kch thch mau Bc xa nhn c Nguon sang Vat ly
Trsomau Ket quathu cam
thgiac
Con mat Sinh ly
Cam giac mau An tng cua giac
quan
ai nao Tam ly
Bieu o2.1:
Kch thch mau,
trsomau vacam
giac mau
Mau khong ch n gian la mot hien tng vat ly le thuoc vao
mau vat va nguon chieu sang. Cac yeu to tam sinh ly co the
lam cho s cam nhan ve mau cua ngi nay hi khac vi ngi
kia. e tm hieu s cam nhan ve mau, chung ta can xem xet
nguon chieu sang, cac ac tnh cua mau vat va cac yeu to tam
sinh ly cua con ngi.
2.1. Nguon sang
Moi vat khong t phat sang c xem xet di tat ca cac dang
chieu sang bao gom: en day toc, en huynh quang, nguon anh
sang ban ngay, anh nang mat tri, en huynh quang, en day
toc, nen, en hi thuy ngan va nhng loai en khac. Nhng
yeu to xac nh cac ac tnh cua cac nguon chieu sang bao
gom: nhiet o mau, cng o, cac thuoc tnh cau thanh mau,
va o tan xa...
2.1.1 Nhiet omau
Mau sac cua vat thay oi khi nhiet o gia tang. Cac vat the eu
phat ra anh sang khi nhiet o u nong. o sang va mau cua anh
sang phat ra la ham so cua nhiet o mau.
Nhiet o mau cua mot nguon anh sang la n v o s phan
bo nang lng quang pho cua nguon sang. ng vi moi nhiet
o mau, nguon sang se co mot mau khac nhau. Hay noi cach
khac, ngi ta dung n v nhiet o mau e noi len mau cua
nguon sang.
Hnh 2.1:
Quatrnh nhan
biet mau cua
con ngi
Mau o
(qua tao)
Nguon sang
Mat
Nao bo
Red
Green
Blue
Anh sang phan xa t vat the,
tac ong len vong mac va thong tin
c truyen an nao ngi
Ba loai te bao
thu nhan mau tren
be mat vong mac
Nhan mau
Scam nhan mau 27
Ngi ta o nhiet o mau bang cach nung nong mot vat bc xa
nhiet mau en, khi sc nong tang len th mau cua vat bc xa
thay oi t o rc sang vang, roi xanh, roi trang Ngi ta ghi
nhan lai gia tr nhiet o khi vat bc xa nhiet oi mau, v the
moi nhiet o co tng quan vi mot mau nhat nh. Viec oc
nhiet o c the hien o Kelvin (o K) (giong nh o tuyet
oi, bang o C cong them 273) .
Nguon phat xa ra hieu suat 100% c goi la vat en tuyet
oi hoac nguon Planckian. Vat en tuyet oi phat ra mau phu
thuoc vao nhiet o nung nong no v the nhiet o mau co the s
dung nh mot chuan mau.
Nguon phat xa ra hieu suat 100% c goi la vat en tuyet
oi hoac nguon Planckian. Vat en tuyet oi phat ra mau phu
thuoc vao nhiet o nung nong no v the nhiet o mau co the s
dung nh mot chuan mau.
Hnh 2.2:
Nhng nhiet o
mau cua cac
nguon chieu sang
tnhien va
nhan tao.
520
540
560
480
470
0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4
X
0.6 0.8
0.2
0.4
Y
0.6
0.8
450
580
590
620
650
Nguyen the
10K
6500
4800
2850
1500
1000
Trong bieu o CIE, toa o cua vat en tuyet oi tai cac nhiet
o khac nhau se nam tren quy tch Planckian. Cac nguon sang
co toa o nam gan vat en tuyet oi co the mo ta nh Nhiet
o mau tng ong - CCT. CCT cua mot nguon sang la nhiet
o cua vat en tuyet oi phat xa co toa o mau gan nhat vi
nguon sang. V du mot nguon sang co CCT 3200
0
K co ngha
rang no co mau giong nh mau cua vat en tuyet oi c nung
nong len nhiet o 3200
0
K. Nguon sang co nhiet o mau cao
hn se co cng o ln nhat bc song thap hn. 6500
0
K la
tieu chuan cho anh sang trang phat ra cac nguon LED trang.
Nhng nhiet o mau tng quan cua cac nguon chieu sang t
nhien va nhan tao c trnh bay trong bang di ay.
Chieu sang t nhien Nhiet omau (
0
K)
Tri trong xanh, gia ban ngay 12.000 26.000
Tri u am, gia ban ngay: 6.700 7.000
Anh nang mat tri buoi tra cong vi
anh sang t bau tri trong xanh 6.100 6.500
Anh nang mat tri buoi tra
vao mot ngay quang ang 5.400 5.800
Anh nang mat tri vao luc hoang hon 2.000
Chieu sang nhan tao Nhiet omau (
0
K)
Metal halide 4.300 6.750
Xenon 5.290 6.000
Carbon arc 5.000
Huynh quang 3.000 6.500
Tungsten 2.650 3.400
Cum t nhiet o mau tng oi thng c dung e ch nhiet
o mau gan giong nha t vi nguon anh sang ang c e
cap en.
Scam nhan mau 29
2.1.2 Cac loai nguon sang nhan tao
Trong ky thuat, ngi ta chia cac nguon sang nhan tao thanh
hai nhom:
Cac loai en nhiet: nguon sang xuat hien di dang cac
bc xa do nung nong vat lieu.
Cac loai en kh: nguon sang c tao ra tren c s hieu
ng phat sang khi dong ien i qua mot chat dang kh.
oi vi nhieu nguon sang th bc xa c tao ra do nung nong
mot chat nao o. V du nh loai en tron phat sang do nung
nong day kim loai. Nhng nguon sang loai nay c goi la
nguon bc xa nhiet. S phan bo bc xa va nang lng cua bc
xa phu thuoc vao nhiet o cua vat lieu o.
Trong cac loai en kh, kh co the c a vao trong moi
trng chan khong hoac trong ap lc gan vi bnh thng hoac
ap suat cao hn. Ngi ta phan biet loai en cao ap va en
thap ap. Ngoai ra, ta con co the phan chia chi tiet hn thong
qua loai kh trong en. Trong thc te, ngoai hi kim loai nh
thuy ngan, ngi ta con dung cac kh tr nh xenon, neon
Ngay nay, ngi ta ang nghien cu cac loai nguon sang t cac
en Led, no c xem la ngon sang tiet kiem nang lng va co
kha nang tuy bien cao.
Hnh 2.3:
ng cong phan
bonang lng
phocua mot loai
en Halogen
tieu bieu.
400 500 600 700
200
100
0
2.1.3 Cac loai nguon sang chuan
S phan bo nang lng bc xa pho phan ln nguon sang eu
co s dao ong nhat nh. Cac nguon sang t nhien t mat tri
luon bien oi tuy theo v tr a l, mua, thi iem va may. Cac
nguon sang nhan tao lai co s bien oi theo ien ap hay nh
dao ong nhap nhay cua en huynh quang, ngoai ra chung
con bien oi do cac ieu kien lam viec va thi gian s dung
nen khong phai luc nao s phan bo nang lng bc xa pho
cung bang nhau. V vay, e tao ieu kien thong nhat khi quan
sat s vat ngi ta can phai quy nh mot loai nguon sang va s
phan bo nang lng bc xa pho nhat nh. Thong qua viec quy
nh mot s phan bo nang lng bc xa pho nhat nh ngi ta
a an nh anh sang cua mot bc xa.
Nhng nguon sang co s phan bo nang lng pho giong nhau
co cung mot loai anh sang nh nhau. Ch co mot vai loai anh
sang c nh ngha e quan sat s vat mi c goi la loai
anh sang chuan. Hoi ong chuyen gia thao ra cac tieu chuan
quoc te ve cac loai anh sang la Uy hoi chieu sang quoc te
(Commission Internationale de lEclairage) viet tat la CIE. e
quy nh cac loai anh sang chuan luc au ngi ta xuat phat t
anh sang bong en tron. Bong en tron so vi cac nguon sang
khac co mot u iem la phan bo bc xa cua no co the chuan
hoa tng oi n gian thong qua viec quy nh cac so lieu
ien ap au vao va viec gi on nh s phan bo nang lng bc
xa pho theo so lieu quy nh rat t b dao ong.
Ouang pho cu a
a nh sa ng ban ngay
tho ng thuo ng
Ouang pho
sau kh| pha n xa
Va u ca m
nha n duoc
Ouang pho cu a
a nh sa ng
tu bo ng den
Ouang pho
sau kh| pha n xa
Va u ca m
nha n duoc
Su ca m nha n ma u va t the duo | a nh sa ng tu nh|e n
Su ca m nha n ma u cu ng va t the do duo | a nh sa ng nha n ta o
Hnh 2.4:
Motascam
nhan mau cua
mat ngi bien
oi khi quan sat
vat thedi cac
nguon sang
khac nhau.
Scam nhan mau 31
Anh sang en tron c chuan hoa goi la loai anh sang
chuan A, loai anh sang chuan A ac trng co nhiet o mau la
2856
0
K. S phan bo bc xa chuan c trnh bay trong hnh 2.4.
e tao ra loai anh sang chuan A ngi ta dung en Wolfram
cha kh va phai ieu chnh theo cac so lieu ien ap xac nh.
Neu s dung nguon sang chuan A phoi hp vi mot knh loc
cung c chuan hoa th ta co c mot phan bo nang lng
bc xa pho ac trng cho anh sang ban ngay. ng cong
phan bo c chuan hoa cho anh sang nay goi la loai anh sang
chuan C, nhiet o mau cua no la 6750
0
K. Ngoai ra con loai
anh sang chuan B c nh ngha phu hp vi anh sang mat
tri trung bnh va ac trng cho nhiet o mau bang 4900
0
K.
Khi so sanh vi anh sang ban ngay th anh sang chuan C co mot
nhc iem la khong co phan anh sang cc tm (UV). L do la
khi tao ra loai anh sang chuan C ngi ta dung bong en tron
von co rat t tia UV.
Hnh 2.5:
Phan bobc xa
cua cac nguon
sang chuan A, C
vaD
400 500 600 700 nm
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
S
D50
D65
C
A
(l)
T nam 1963, CIE a ra quy nh bo sung cac loai anh sang
chuan, loai anh sang nay tng ng vi anh sang ngay trung
bnh co bo sung them thanh phan UV nhat nh (bo sung pham
vi khong nhn thay cua pho t 300 nm en 380 nm). Loai anh
sang nay goi la D65, ay ch so 65 co ngha la nhiet o mau
la 6500
0
K.
Loai anh sang D65 la mot bc tien mi e nh ngha cac
loai nguon sang. V loai anh sang D65 khong c xac nh
tren c s s phan bo nang lng bc xa pho nen no khong co
nguon sang tng ng nao trong ky thuat, do vay khong co
kha nang mo ta s phan bo bc xa cua D65 chnh xac bang cac
bien phap ky thuat. Khi o mau bang quang pho ke th van e
nay khong quan trong, v s mo phong loai anh sang c tnh
toan tren c s cac gia tr pho a c quy nh.
u iem cua quy nh CIE t 1963 la ngoai kha nang xac nh
loai anh sang D65 no con co kha nang xac nh mot loat cac
loai anh sang ban ngay va tat ca anh sang nay c ghi bang
ch cai D (viet tat cua t Daylight) va no co mot pham vi nhiet
o mau t 4000
0
K en 25000
0
K. Neu muon ap dung s phan
bo bc xa chuan cho nhiet o mau, v du nh phan bo nang
lng bc xa pho cua nguon sang 5700
0
K, ta co the tra cu
sach hng dan cua CIE va thay o la loai anh sang ban ngay
D di ten goi la D57. Trong nganh cong nghiep in, ben canh
nguon sang D65 con co mot loai nguon sang giong nh anh
sang ban ngay na, o chnh la loai nguon sang D50.
Ngi ta loai anh sang ban ngay D50 e mo phong trng hp
gan ung cua anh sang ngay co mau trang trung tnh. Loai
nguon sang D50 nay rat quan trong e anh gia mau sac cua
giay anh mau trong khi nguon sang D65 vi mau xanh nhat la
anh sang c gii thieu rong rai cho moi ng dung mang tnh
pho thong.
Scam nhan mau 33
o th phan bo pho cua cac loai nguon sang chuan nh sau:

(1) Nguon chieu sang chuan D65: Anh sang ban ngay
(bao gom cac vung bc song cc tm) vi nhiet o mau la
6504
0
K, nen dung e o cac mau o, thng c thay di
anh sang ban ngay bao gom ca bc xa cua tia cc tm.
(2) Nguon chieu sang chuan C: Anh sang ban ngay (khong
co vung bc song cc tm) vi nhiet o mau la 6774
0
K,
nen dung e o cac mau o thng c thay di anh sang
ban ngay trong vung quang pho kha kien khong co bc xa
cua tia cc tm.
(3) Nguon sang tieu chuan A: Anh sang cua en nong
sang vi nhiet o mau 2856
0
K nen dung e o cac mau o
thng c thay di anh sang cua en nong sang.
300
0
50
100
150
200
400 500 600 700 Bc song (nm)
3
1
1
2
2
Hnh 2.6:
Cac nguon sang
tieu chuan
(4) Anh sang trang du.
(5) Anh sang ban ngay.
(6) Anh sang trang du 3 bang hep.
(7) Anh sang trang du
(8) Anh sang trang ban ngay.
(9)Anh sang trang ban ngay 3 bang hep.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
400 500 600 700
Bc song (nm)
9
7
8
Hnh 2.8:
Cac nguon sang
huynh quang.
(Theo engh
cua J IS)
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0
400 500 600 700
Bc song (nm)
6
4
5
Hnh 2.7:
Cac nguon sang
huynh quang.
(Theo engh
cua CIE)
Scam nhan mau 35
2.1.3 Hieu quachieu sang
Neu ch da vao nhiet o mau th cha u e xac nh hieu qua
cua nguon sang len mau vat. Mau cua nguon sang ong vai
tro quyet nh en viec phan xa lai mau t mau vat. Hieu qua
chieu sang la khai niem dung e dien ta hieu qua cua nguon
chieu sang len s the hien mau cua mau vat da tren viec so
sanh s the hien mau cua mau vat o vi mot nguon chieu
sang chuan hay nguon sang tham chieu.
Vi mat th hai nguon sang co cung mot nhiet o mau nhng
khi chieu sang vat the cho ra mau khac nhau co the c xem
la nh nhau. Tuy nhien nhng mau vat giong nhau c chieu
sang bang cac nguon sang nay co the a en nhng s cam
nhan khac nhau do anh hng cua nang lng nh cua nguon
sang len mau vat
Hiep hoi CIE a a ra mot phng phap o ch so phuc che mau
(mo phong mau) cua mot nguon sang. Phng phap nay ve c ban
la o cac mau Munsell bang nguon sang chuan va nguon sang
ang th nghiem. Nhng khac biet trong o ac c s dung e
neu len cac ch so. Ch so mo phong mau toi u c cho la 100.
Ch so mo phong mau cua cac nguon sang nhan tao thong
thng c minh hoa trong bang di ay.
Tungsten 100
Xenon 93
Lu huynh 54 94
Metal halide 62 88
S cam nhan mau sac (ac biet la cac mau o) co the b thay
oi khi quan sat cac mau vat c chieu sang cng o thap.
Tuy nhien, oi vi nhng mc o quan sat thong thng th
cng o cua nguon sang co the khong co tac ong ang ke len
s the hien cua mot mau tong nguyen (mau in u tong). Cng
o chieu sang co anh hng rat quan trong en viec quan sat
cac hnh anh chang han nh cac hnh chup va san pham in. o
tng phan va o bao hoa mau cua hnh anh se tang cung vi
viec gia tang tang s chieu sang cho en mot gii han nhat nh.
2.1.4 Cng ovavien
Mot yeu to anh hng en s cam nhan mau trong phuc che la
anh hng cua cac mau vien. Cung mot mau Xanh luc nhng
trong mot bc tranh c vien mau Xanh tm th c cam nhan
khac so voi khi duoc vien mau vang.

Anh hng cua vien khong ch phu thuoc vao mau vien va mau
c vien ma con co kch thc, hnh dang va v tr cua ca hai
mau. Khoang cach nhn cung co anh huong, dac biet la khi thu
so sanh gia cac ban goc nho va ban phuc che ln hoac ngc
lai. Ngoai ra do choi cua nguon sang duoc su dung de quan
sat ban phuc che cung anh huong den su cam nhan. Cuong do
cang cao th s the hien cang tng phan va do o o choi cua
mau sac cang cao.
Mot yeu to co lien quan la vien ngoai cua hnh anh. Trong
nganh in, vien thng la giay trang, nhng trong nhiep anh ac
biet la trong phong toi ni ang chieu cac phim slides th vien
thng la mau en. cac van e thng xay ra khi ta so sanh
gia cac phim nha c thiet ke e c xem vi vien trang
va phim nha vi vien en ben ngoai thong thng. Bang cach
thay oi vien va cng o, chung ta co the lam cho mot phim
nha trong giong nh mot ban in (hoac ngc lai).
S thch nghi cua mat oi vi o choi cua nguon sang va ban
phuc che b anh hng bi vung xung quanh ban phuc che. Neu
bc tranh vien en (hoac mot mau toi) th ta co khuynh hng
cam nhan bc tranh co o tng phan va o choi cao. Neu vien
en c thay the bang mot trang (hoac trong suot) th o tng
phan va o choi se c cam nhan thap hn.
Hnh 2.9:
Anh hng cua
mau vien
Scam nhan mau 37
o sac net cua ban phuc che cung anh hng en s cam nhan
mau cac tranh anh. Khi o sac net tang, o choi va o bong
cung gia tang.
2.1.5 S tan xa vagoc nhn
An pham thng c in tren giay co ket cau t cac th si
hoac nhng be mat co van khac nhau. Neu mot nguon sang
khong tan xa c s dung e quan sat mau in th s cam nhan
cua mat ngi se phu thuoc phan ln vao ac tnh hnh hoc cua
s chieu sang va nhng ieu kien quan sat. Hng quan sat
mau vat cung rat quan trong, cac be mat co o nhan bong cao
se c cam nhan khac i khi thay oi goc nhn. Noi chung,
ngi ta thng dung nguon chieu sang tan xa e xem xet viec
phuc che mau.
Hnh 2.10:
Anh hng cua
cac mc ochoi
len scam nhan
mau sac
Trong mot vai trng hp nh khi phuc che mot bc tranh sn
dau, ngi ky thuat vien can phai nam bat c cau truc cua
nhng net co va s dung mot nguon anh sang khong tan xa e
chieu sang.
Nh vay, ta co the thay oi s the hien cua mot mau va ac
biet la mot s phuc che mau bang cach thay oi cac ieu kien
quan sat. Nhng van e ve phuc che mau tr nen phc tap hn
neu ban phuc che va ban goc c em so sanh di cac nguon
anh sang khac nhau v moi mot nguon chieu sang lai cho cam
giac so sanh gia hai mau khac nhau. Chnh v vay s dung
nguon sang chuan cho viec anh gia chat lng cua s phuc
che mau la het sc can thiet.
2.1.6 Hien tng huynh quang vahien tng meta
Hien tng huynh quang xay ra khi mot sac to mau co thuoc
tnh hap thu nang lng phat xa cua mot bc song nao o va
phat nang lng nay ra mot bc song khac. Mot so loai giay,
ac biet la giay couche, co nhng sac to huynh quang c a
vao trong qua trnh san xuat. Nang lng trong vung gan tia
cc tm (380 - 400 nm) c hap thu va sau o c phat ra
nh nang lng thay c vao khoang 420 - 430 nm. S phan
xa mau them Xanh tm nay giup trung tnh hoa mau vang nhat
t nhien cua hau het cac loai giay. Hien tng huynh quang
cung xay ra khi s phat xa cac bc song b chuyen thanh phat
xa mot bc song dai hn. Noi chung qua trnh huynh quang
chuyen phat xa co bc song ngan, nang lng cao thanh phat
xa co bc song dai hn va nang lng thap hn. V the, anh
sang co nhieu phat xa bc song ngan (anh nang mat tri vao
buoi tra) tao ra nhieu huynh quang hn anh sang co nhieu
phat xa bc song dai hn (nguon sang en day toc). Mac du
mat co the thch nghi vi mau trang tham chieu di cac nguon
sang khac nhau nhng cac mau i kem co the c cam nhan
khac nhau v s hien dien cua cac tac nhan huynh quang trong
mau vat ang xem.
Hien tng meta xay ra khi hai hoac nhieu mau mau nhn giong
nhau di cung mot nguon sang nay nhng lai khac nhau di
Scam nhan mau 39
mot nguon sang khac. Nhn chung cac mau gan mau trung tnh
thng cho thay phan ng nay. Hien tng meta xay ra khi cac
sac to mau khac nhau co cac hnh dang ng cong phan xa pho
tng oi phc tap c ket hp e tao ra mot mau mi. V du,
co the ket hp mc Xanh luc vi magenta theo nhng ty le khac
nhau e tao ra mau xam trung tnh di mot nguon anh sang.
Mot mau xam khac co the c chuan b e hp vi mau xam
nay bang cach tron mc en va mc trang. Neu nguon sang
thay oi th mau xam trang en van trung tnh trong khi mau
xam Xanh luc -Magenta se khong con trung tnh na. Van e
ket hp meta nay hau nh luon xay ra khi tron mc e tao mot
mau ac biet hoac khi so sanh gia mau goc va mau phuc che.
2.1.7 Nhng tieu chuan quan sat
Hoa Ky, tieu chuan nhn mau au tien cho nganh nghe thuat
o hoa la tieu chuan cua Vien Tieu Chuan Quoc Gia My
ANSI PH2.32 1972. Tieu chuan nay xac nh cac tieu chuan
quan sat phim nha (4x5 in, 102 x 127 mm hoac ln hn), no
cung xac nh cac ieu kien quan sat khi so sanh nhng t in
at yeu cau vi nhng t in trong qua trnh san xuat.
Mi mot hiep hoi cua nganh nghe thuat o hoa a gii thieu
cong dung cua tieu chuan nay. Trong o co hiep hoi cac cong
ty quang cao, hiep hoi cac nha xuat ban, hiep hoi nhng nha
xuat ban tap ch va hoi nhiep anh gia chuyen nghiep cua My.
Nhng hiep hoi nganh in va cac vien nghien cu nh GATF *
cung tan thanh tieu chuan nay.
Vao nam 1979, mot tieu chuan khac, ANSI P.H2.45 1979,
c gii thieu danh cho viec quan sat nhng phim nha nho
(53mm; 2.1/2 in va 57,2 mm vuong). Tieu chuan nay xac nh
rang nhng phim nha nho nay nen c phong ln t 4 en 12
lan e nhn. Hau het cac may xem dng ban c che tao theo
tieu chuan nay a phong ln hnh anh len 6 lan.
Nam 1985, vien tieu chuan Quoc gia My (ANSI) a chap thuan
cac tieu chuan quan sat bo sung cho o hoa. Tieu chuan mi
xac nh nhiet o mau cho anh gia la 5000
0
K va ch so phuc
che mau cho tat ca cac nguon sang t 90 100.
*GAFT: Graphic Arts Technical Foundation - Hoi KyngheohoaHoa ky
o sang tren be mat cua may xem dng ban phim nha c
xac nh la 1.300 300 cd/m
2
. Cac phim nha nen c vien
bang mot ng vien mau xam trung tnh khi chung c at
len may chieu. o sang cua vien khong nen qua 10% o sang
cua be mat en chieu.
oi vi cac ban in phan xa va cac ban phuc che quang c, nguon
sang phai la 500 125 Lux cho viec anh gia theo cac ieu kien
quan sat thong thng va nguon sang 2000 500 Lux e anh
gia nhng tong am trong mot ban in hoac ban phuc che.
Nguon sang, t in va mat ngi quan sat phai c at ung v
tr e giam thieu lng anh sang b phan chieu, ac biet la pha
ngi quan sat. Khung vien c s dung khi anh gia ban in
phai la mau xam vi mat o phan chieu la 0,50 hoac cao hn.
Khung vien se ni rong ra khoi ban in ca 4 pha t nhat la
1/3 kch thc ban in. e giam thieu nhng anh hng t ben
ngoai, en trong phong, tng, tran va san phai c ngan lai
e chung tac ong mot lng anh sang khong ang ke vao be
mat ban in va khong nam trong tam nhn cua ngi quan sat.
e anh gia chat lng cua t in nen dung nguon sang 500 Lux.
Mc chieu sang nay tng ng vi viec chieu sang trong mot
ngoi nha, th vien hoac van phong v the no ac trng cho cac
ieu kien e xem t in cuoi cung.
Tuy nhien khi so sanh va anh gia tnh nhat quan cua mot ban
phuc che v du nh anh gia s ong nhat mot t in, ta nen s
dung nguon sang co o sang 2000 Lux. Trong trng hp nay,
t in at yeu cau (a c khach hang k ong y) c so sanh
vi cac t in bat ky c chon ngau nhien t chong giay in. Tuy
nhien mc 2000 Lux khong nen c s dung e anh gia chat
lng cua tong mau va cac chat lng phuc che mau cua t in.
Mot t in khi c chieu bang 2000 Lux trong se rat hoan hao
nhng neu ch chieu 500 Lux th trong no rat m nhat.
Scam nhan mau 41
2.2. Vat the
Mau sac, hnh dang cua vat the c cam nhan chu yeu nh vao
cac ac tnh cua s hap thu- phan xa quang pho va o bong cua no.
2.2.1 S hap thu phan xa cua vat the
Khi anh sang chieu len mot vat th co the xay ra cac hien tng
sau ay:
Tat ca anh sang b hap thu. Trong trng hp nay,
chung ta cam nhan vat the co mau en.
Tat ca anh sang c phan xa. Trong trng hp nay,
vat the co mau trang.
Tat ca anh sang eu i qua vat the. Trong trng hp
nay, mau cua anh sang khong oi.
Mot phan anh sang b hap thu, phan con lai c phan
xa. Trong trng hp nay ta cam nhan c mau tuy
thuoc vao bc song nao cua anh sang c phan xa
va bc song nao c hap thu.
Mot phan anh sang b hap thu, phan con lai c xuyen
qua vat the. Trong trng hp nay, ta cam nhan c
mau sac tuy thuoc vao bc song nao cua anh sang b
hap thu, bc song nao xuyen qua.
Mot phan anh sang c phan xa, phan con lai i qua.
Trong trng hp nay, mau sac cua anh sang c
phan xa va mau cua anh sang i xuyen qua se thay oi.
Hnh 2.11:
Anh sang phan
xa(ben trai) vai
qua vat the
(ben phai)
Nhng ac tnh cua oi tng c chieu sang quyet nh viec
cam nhan mau se ri vao mot trong cac trng hp tren.
Anh sang xuyen qua, tra lai hay hap thu ve nguyen tac ngi ta
dien at nh mot phan cua anh sang chieu ti, t o rut ra cac
nh ngha sau ay:
Khi anh sang ti co gia tr 1 ap dung vao cac cong thc tren th
o ln cua ket qua se nam gia 0 va 1.
Thng th ngi ta dien at cac ai lng nh ngha tren ay
theo t le %, co ngha la cac gia tr nam gia 0% va 100%.
oi vi vat lieu khong cho anh sang xuyen qua tren
c s cac cong thc tren:
Phan xa +hap thu =100%
oi vi vat lieu cho anh sang xuyen qua tng t
nh vay:
Xuyen qua +hap thu =100%
Kha nang phan xa con tuy thuoc vao cau tao hnh dang khac
nhau cua be mat. Neu ay la mot be mat nhan nh gng, th
se phan xa theo kieu goc chieu ti bang goc phan xa. Neu ay
la be mat tho nham, khong nhan bong th anh sang se phan xa
lai theo nhieu hng khac nhau
oi vi be mat phan xa ch can bo tr bo thu theo hng anh
sang phan xa e thu c toan bo anh sang phan xa. oi vi be
mat anh sang tan xa th vi cach bo tr nh vay bao gi ta cung
ch co the thu c mot phan cua anh sang tra lai.
phn x =
nh sng phn x
nh sng ti
xuyn qua =
nh sng xuyn qua

nh sng ti

hp th =
nh sng hp th
nh sng ti
Scam nhan mau 43
S hap thu quang pho la mc o hap thu cua mot mau vat khi
c xac nh da tren nguyen tac anh gia s hap thu tng
bc song mot trong vung quang pho thay c. Nhng o ac
ve tong mau, o bao hoa, o sang cua mau sac co the c bat
nguon t ac tnh cua s hap thu quang pho.
Nhng mau trang co o hap thu quang pho rat thap va gan nh
khong co tnh chon loc (ngha la hap thu ong nhat cac bc
song cua dai quang pho kha kien). Mau en ro rang la cung
khong co tnh chon loc, nhng chung co tnh hap thu cao. Moi
mau co mot tong mau va o bao hoa rieng v tnh chon loc
cua no trong s hap thu quang pho. V du, mau Xanh luc hap
thu mau Xanh tm va mau o c, mau Magenta hap thu mau
Xanh luc.
S hap thu quang pho cua mot mau vat c o bang mot quang
pho ke (Spectrophotometer). Thiet b nay chieu sang mau o
bang tia sang vi mot bc song ac biet. Lng anh sang c
phan xa hoac truyen dan bi mau o c so sanh vi lng
anh sang chieu ti mau vat. Viec oc o hap thu quang pho
c dien ta di dang %, v du, khi ta oc c 60% / 550nm
co ngha la mau vat phan chieu (hoac truyen dan) 60% anh
sang co bc song 550nm a chieu len no. Qua trnh o c
P
h
n

t
r
m

p
h
n

x
100
Giy in
Bc sng (nm)
400 500 600 700
50
0
Tng mu c khuynh
hng t chun
Tng mu c khuynh
hng khng t chun
Tng mu trn Loi giy
trng phn bnh thng
Cc lp
mc in
Hnh 2.12:
ng cong hap
thuphocua 3
loai mc Magenta
khac nhau (ben
di) vacua nen
giay malp mc
in len (pha tren)
thc hien tai moi bc song cua dai quang pho cho en khi
nh hnh c mot ng cong phan xa nang lng pho hoan
chnh cua mau vat. Trong nganh in, phep o pho bieu dien cac
ng cong phan xa pho t cac lp mc in va giay in.
2.2.3 obong
o bong la mot ac tnh phan chieu cua cac mau vat va co anh
hng en o sang c cam nhan t mau vat o. Co khoang
4% lng sang chieu ti mau vat b phan xa ngay t be mat cua
mau vat ma khong can i xuyen qua no. Neu mau vat co mot
o bong rat cao th s phan chieu be mat co tnh nh hng
cao cung mot goc vi anh sang chieu ti mau vat (v du phan
chieu anh sang mat tri bang mot kieng trang thuy) va s phan
chieu be mat se khong en c mat nen khong anh hng en
mau sac cam nhan t mau vat.
Trng hp ma be mat cua mau vat co o bong thap c goi
la mot be mat nham. Nhng be mat nham nh the c ac
trng bang nhng phan chieu nhieu hng t be mat. Goc o
phan chieu cua anh sang c phan tan tai be mat cua mau
vat va khong co lien quan g en goc chieu sang. Trong trng
hp nay, anh sang b tan xa tai be mat se ti c mat cua
ngi quan sat. Anh sang tan xa c tron vi cac anh sang i
qua mau vat va c phan xa mot cach co chon loc. ieu nay
a en he qua la be mat giay nham cho mat o thap hn (tc la
c nhn thay nhat hn).
o bong la thuoc tnh cua mot vat the, no tao ra s phan xa
quang pho co chon loc t be mat cua vat the o. oi vi cac
mau in, hieu qua nay c c the hien tot nhat bang cac loai
mc co thanh phan kim loai nh nhu vang, nhu ong hoac nhu
bac hoac xay ra tnh c vi mot so loai mc khi chung tng
tac vi nhau. Trong ca hai trng hp, anh sang chieu len cac
hat kim loai li ti tren be mat cua mc in va c hap thu mot
cach co chon loc khong giong nh lp mc thong thng. Anh
sang phan xa sau khi i qua lp mc c tron vi anh sang toa
ra t cac hat kim loai li ti cua mau vat va c phan chieu ti
mat ngi. V the cac mau t be mat cua lp mc va cua chnh
Scam nhan mau 45
lp mc c mat tron lai. Phan phan chieu be mat le thuoc rat
nhieu vao goc nhn do o mau c cam nhan se thay oi khi
mau vat b di chuyen. ieu nay, oi vi cac loai nhu kim loai th
tot v muc ch cua nhu la tao hieu ng nhng oi vi nhng loai
mc khac th khong c. Cac dung cu khong the o o bong
mot cach hoan hao.
Cac ac tnh be mat cua mot vat the la s ket hp gia mc va
be mat vat lieu in, bao gom: o bong, ket cau th si tren be
mat giay va s gia cong sau in lam gia tang gia tr be mat. Tac
ong cua o bong len mau sac tuy thuoc chu yeu vao hng
chieu sang. Mau tren be mat nhan bong trong sam hn mau
tren be mat nham v be mat nhan bong phan xa mot phan anh
sang bang ung goc chieu sang nen anh sang phan xa ti mat
se t hn va lam cho cam nhan sam hn, be mat nham tan xa
mot t anh sang ngc ve mat ngi quan sat nen lam cho mat
cam nhan sang hn. Anh sang naylam loang anh sang phan
chieu t be mat cua vat the c in mau va lam giam tac ong
cua mau, v du lam cho mau en am trong giong nh mau xam.
Cau truc th si cua mot be mat vat lieu in co lien quan en o
bong cua no. Cau truc cang nhieu, o bong cang thap. Cau truc
co the la co chu y hoac khong, bnh thng hoac khong bnh
thng. Cac mau giay thong thng co cau truc th si dang
t si lua, dang van noi hnh a va cac dang hat noi. Muc ch
cua viec tao ra nhng cau truc be mat nh the la e a them
yeu to t nhien vao san pham. Nhng cau truc nay cung c
s dung e in cac thiep mng, catalogue va cac an pham cao
cap. Chung gop phan lam giam o sang cua ban phuc che va
giam o phan giai. Cac ket cau khong bnh thng tren cac loai
giay khong trang phan thng la cac cau truc be mat dang da
thu, cac hoa van co xa va hoa van t nhien. Cac th giay tao
nen mot ket cau khong bnh thng thay oi theo loai si, o
can lang, cac phu gia them vao giay va cac yeu to khac trong
qua trnh che tao giay. Cac tranh mau nc cua hoa s hay cac
ban ve cua nha thiet ke thng c thc hien tren giay khong
trang phan nen co the c phuc che tot tren loai be mat giay
giong nh the.
o bong c o bang mot dung cu o o bong. Dung cu nay
cho biet phan tram o phan xa. Mau vat c chieu bang mot
nguon sang mot goc ac biet, thong thng nhat la 60
0
hoac
70
0
va oi khi la 20
0
hoac 45
0
tuy theo nhng muc ch cu the.
Mot te bao quang c at tai hng ngc chieu vi goc chieu
(nhng cung goc o) e gom anh sang c phan xa t be mat
mau o. Co nhieu dung cu o o bong khac nhau nen can phai
xac nh c nha san xuat va goc o trc khi s dung may
o o bong.
Viec x ly be mat cac an pham sau khi in e tang them cac
gia tr cua an pham ang la mot khuynh hng thnh hanh hien
nay. Viec thay oi o bong be mat e co cac hieu ng la mot
trong nhng bien phap gia cong thng c thc hien di cac
hnh thc sau: Can mang bong, Can mang m, Phun bong UV,
Ui nhiet (calendering)
Hnh 2.13:
Viec phan xacac
tia sang chieu ti
c quyet nh
bi ophang
bemat
Hnh 2.14:
Nguyen lycua
may o obong
A B
D C
A. Cac tia sang se
phan xatheo tat ca
cac hng neu be
mat hoan toan tan
xa.
###
D. Bemat phang
tuyet oi lam cho tat
caanh sang ti b
phan xatai goc bang
goc
75 75
Scam nhan mau 47
S the hien cua mot so mau b anh hng nhieu bi nhiet o
mau cua anh sang chieu ti. That ra, tat ca cac mau eu thay
oi cach the hien neu chung c chieu bi cac nguon sang
khac nhau, tuy nhien trong nhieu trng hp mat thch nghi vi
nguon sang ang chieu ti va cam nhan mau sac giong nh khi
no xuat thien di mot nguon sang khac. Chang han nh mat
san sang chap nhan mot mau giay la mau trang khi mau giay
nay lan lt c chieu bang anh nang mat tri roi anh sang
en day toc trong nha. Mat thch nghi trong nhng gii han e
giay bieu hien mau trang ma khong ke en ieu kien chieu
sang. Hien tng nay goi la s on nh mau tng oi.
Trong khi in, chung ta thng gap hnh anh hn la mau nen.
Ngoai cac yeu to c xem xet tren, nhng yeu to sau cung
tac ong en s cam nhan hnh anh cua chung ta: kch thc
tong the, dien tch hnh anh, o tng phan cua no, o sac net,
o phan giai va s hien dien cua cac hoa van chang han nh
cac moire, cac nen giay...
2.3 Ngi quan sat
Viec xac nh va o s cam nhan mau gap phai mot kho khan
ln la s ket hp gia mat va nao bo cua ngi quan sat. Tren
thc te, viec nhn mau la mot qua trnh phoi hp cac yeu to
vat ly (anh sang, be mat mau vat, goc quan sat...), sinh ly (cau
tao mat) va tam ly (trang thai tam ly, o tuoi, gii tnh, kinh
nghiem song....)
2.3.1 Mat ngi vanhng yeu tosinh ly
S o mat ngi c trnh bay trong hnh minh hoa 13. Trong
en ieu tiet lng anh sang i qua thuy tinh the e en vong
mac (giup cho con ngi he m rong hay hep). Thuy tinh the
ong vai tro cua thau knh ieu chnh tia sang phu hp ti vong
mac. Vong mac c cau tao bang mot mang li phc tap
gom cac te bao nron than kinh va phu toan bo mot na cau
en cua mat (ngoai tr iem mu ni giao tiep cua than kinh
th giac va mat). Vong mac phan giao cha 10 cap o cac te
bao than kinh. Cac te bao than kinh giup cho con ngi cam
nhan hnh anh gom 2 loai: te bao hnh que va te bao hnh non.
Co khoang 6 hoac 7 trieu te bao hnh non so vi 110 trieu te bao
hnh que. S phan bo cac te bao hnh que va te bao hnh non
thay oi theo v tr cua chung tren vong mac. Vung chnh gia
cua vong mac (goi la vung ho) cha cac te bao hnh non va cang
xa trung tam th lng te bao hnh non se giam i ang ke. Vung
trung tam la vung nhn hnh anh sac net nhat. Lng te bao hnh
que hoan toan khong co vung trung tam. Cang ve pha ra mat
th mat th lng te bao hnh que se cang tang. Cach khoang 20
o t vung trung tam lng te bao hnh que tap trung cao nhat
va giam xuong nhanh chong khi cang ra en bien.
Nhng te bao hnh non ch hoat ong e nhn mau vao ban
ngay hoac khi co u o sang. Nhng te bao hnh que nhay vi
s thay oi o sang, cho phep nhn ban em hoac trong cac
ieu kien thieu anh sang.
Hnh 2.15:
Mat cat ngang
cua mat cho thay
cau tao mat ngi
1 C|ac mac
2 Vong mat
8 Con nguo|
4 Thuy t|nh the
5 Thuy t|nh d(ch
G vo ng ma c
7 Vang cung
8 Ho mat
9 0|em mu
1O Than k|nh th( g|ac
11 Te bao hnh no n
12 Te ba o hnh que
2
1
8
4
5 7
1O
11 12 G 9 8
Scam nhan mau 49
Cac th nghiem a cho thay rang cac te bao hnh que cha mot
sac to quang c goi la rhodopsin. Khi cac phan t cua sac to
nay hap thu anh sang, chung thay oi cau truc va hnh dang.
Nhng thay oi nay lai tao ra mot phan ng hoa sinh ly cung
vi bien oi ien t trong chnh te bao cam nhan. Cac bc
song khac nhau cua anh sang co nhng tac ong khac nhau
en rhodopsin.
Cac te bao hnh non cha the tach ra thanh mot sac to quang
tng ng v lng te bao hnh non t hn so vi lng te bao
hnh que. cac nha nghien cu cho rang co ba loai sac to nhay
anh sang khac nhau oi vi s cam nhan mau sac va chung b
tach ra thanh ba loai te bao cam nhan hnh non khac nhau. 3
loai te bao nay co kha nang cam nhan 3 mau R, G, B.
Hnh 2.16:
Sphan bocac
tebao hnh que
vahnh non.
Cac te bao hnh que
khong nhn ro vao ban ngay
nhng ro vao ban em
co nhieu phia ngoai vi
Cc t bo hnh
que v hnh nn
Lp toi
Lp phu ngoai
nh sng
C
. T
h
n
k
in
h
th
g
i
c
Vic khng nhn r vo
ban ngy nhng li nhn
r vo ban m hng
theo pha ngoi vi
im m: Khng c t bo
hnh que hay hnh nn
S hien dien cua ba sac to quang hnh non a c chng minh
bang ky thuat o mat o quang pho sieu vi. Mot cham sang nho
c chieu tren moi te bao c lay ra t mat va s hap thu
quang pho cua te bao nay c o bang cach quet nhanh qua
quang pho ke. Ky thuat nay a cho thay s hien hu cua ba sac
to vi s hap thu cao nhat bc song 450 nm, 530 nm va 560
nm. Anh sang tac ong len nhng sac to quang nay a tao nen
s gia tang nhng thay oi ien t va nhng thay oi nay se di
chuyen en nao bo.
2.3.2 Mat ngi lamot may anh t ong
Con mat tren mot phng dien nao o co the so sanh vi mot
may anh. Ong knh may anh chnh la thuy tinh the cua mat, no
chnh la he thong tao anh quang hoc.
Thong qua cac c chang ma thuy tinh - the ong vai tro cua thau
knh - co the day hay mong, tao kha nang ieu chnh o sac
net. Chc nang nay trong may anh la vong ieu chnh khoang
cach hay ieu chnh tieu c t ong (Autofocus). e ieu khien
lng anh sang tac dung len phim th trong may anh co vong
khau o, no co the m to hay nho, thu cong hay t ong. Tng
t bo phan nay cua may anh la con ngi hay lo ong t cua
mat. Vong mac cua mat co cac te bao nhay sang co chc nang
nh phim hay cam bien quang cua may anh (CCD hoac CMOS),
Hnh 2.17:
Cac ng cong
motascam
nhan cua cac
tebao hnh non
loai R, G, B trong
vung pho
khakien
400 500
Bc Song (nm)
G R
B
600 700
Scam nhan mau 51
phng dien chuyen mon, con mat c coi nh may anh, v
no ong thi nap vao hai loai phim, loai phim en trang nhay
sang cao e nhn ban em va mot loai phim mau kem nhay
sang hn e nhn ban ngay.
Viec phoi hp cam nhan cua cac te bao hnh que va hnh non
trong mat lam cho con ngi co the cam nhan va phan biet
hang trieu mau.
2.3.3 Cac thuyet ves cam nhan mau
Qua trnh cam nhan mau sac cua con ngi rat phc tap va van
cha c hieu tron ven. Qua nhieu nam, nhieu ly thuyet ve s
cam nhan mau a c a ra nham giai thch ve viec chung ta
nhn mau nh the nao. Cac ly thuyet c sap xep t n gian
en phc tap, nhng ly thuyet phc tap a ra li giai thch kha
hp ly ve hien tng cam nhan mau. V nhng ly thuyet phc tap
khong c xay dng tren nhng mo hnh n gian nen chung ta
can xem xet t ly thuyet n gian en ly thuyet phc tap.
2.3.3.1 Lythuyet Young Helmholtz
Ly thuyet ve s cam nhan mau nay oi khi con goi la ly thuyet
vong mac (retinal approach) hoac ly thuyet thanh phan (com-
Hnh 2.18:
Hnh phong ln
khu vc ong
khung tren
hnh 2.14
Cac te bao hach Cac te bao lng cc
Lp toi
Lp
phu ngoai
Cac te bao hnh que va hnh non
Than kinh th giac
Anh sang
ponent theory). Thomas Young la ngi au tien phat trien ly
thuyet nay vao the ky th 19, sau o H.L.F. von Helmholtz
cung co lai. Ly thuyet nay tha nhan s hien hu cua ba loai te
bao cam nhan trong vong mac, chung lan lt b kch thch bi
anh sang mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm, nhng te bao cam
nhan nay c noi trc tiep en nao bo e tao ra cac tn hieu
mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm tng ng vi t le vi mau
sac cua anh sang chieu en vong mac.
Cac thc nghiem a cho thay rang cac te bao cam nhan hnh
non trong mat co nhng phan ng mau khac nhau. Tuy nhien
o khong ch la nhng phan ng mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh
tm ma con co khuynh hng rong hn nhieu so vi ly thuyet
Young Helmholtz neu ra. Ly thuyet nay khong a ra mot li
giai thch u sc thuyet phuc cho s cam nhan mau sac d biet,
cung khong giai thch thoa ang viec chung ta cam nhan nhng
mau ac biet nao o nh the nao v du nh mau vang trong dai
quang pho.
2.3.3.2 Thuyet Hering
Ewald Hering a phat trien ly thuyet ve s cam nhan mau vao
nhng nam 1870. Thuyet nay c goi la Thuyet oi nghch.
Thuyet nay cho rang ba loai te bao cam nhan mau trong vong
mac co nhng phan ng hoac tnh nhay cam oi lap nhau.
Ngha la co 3 loai te bao: mot te bao cam nhan nhay vi mau
o c va mau Xanh luc, mot nhay vi mau Xanh tm va mau
vang va loai te bao th ba nhay vi mau trang va en.
nh sng
S cm nhn
Cc t bo thn kinh lin kt
Cc c ch kch hot
Cc tn hiu t t bo hnh nn
Cyan
Blue
Cc t bo hnh nn
Green
Red
Cc tn hiu ti no b
Hnh 2.19:
Motathuyet
Young
Helmholtz
Scam nhan mau 53
Trc khi xay ra qua trnh ong hoa hoac d hoa, v du nh vung
o c hoac vung Xanh luc cua te bao thu nhan tn hieu o c
Xanh luc gi mot tn hieu en nao bo. Tn hieu nay ai dien cho
tnh chat o c hoac Xanh luc cua anh sang en vong mac. Qua
trnh nay c goi la oi nghch v khong the co mau Xanh luc
nga o c hoac vang nga Xanh tm, v the cac mau nay phai oi
nghch vi nhau. Cac te bao cam nhan trang en hoat ong
hi khac biet (co the co mau en hi trang hoac mau xam).
Hieu ng tng phan lien tuc tao ra mau en. Ngha la mot
vung toi gan mot vung trang se co khuynh hng tao ra mau
en v nhng te bao cam nhan trang en trong vung trang se
gay ra hieu ng oi nghch len nhng te bao cam nhan tng t
tren nhng phan lan can cua vong mac.
Cha co bang chng nao cho thay co bat ky mot chat nao co
the tao ra hai hieu ng tach biet nhau bang qua trnh ong hoa
va d hoa. Cac te bao lng cc ket noi vao cac te bao hnh non
tao ra cac tn hieu oi lap, nhng cung khong co bang chng
nao ang tin cay chng minh rang c che nay se chi phoi tat
ca cac hien tng cam nhan mau sac. Cu the la ly thuyet nay
khong the giai thch c hai loai chng mu mau o c Xanh
luc khac nhau. Ly thuyet Hering cho rang hai loai nay la mot.
2.3.3.3 Thuyet quatrnh oi nghch
Thuyet nay con c goi la thuyet vung (zone theory) hoac
thuyet Hurvich Jameson. (Leo.M. Hurvich va Dorothea
Jameson). Ly thuyet nay ket hp cac yeu to cua ly thuyet
nh sng
Cc b th cm mu vng mc
Cm nhn
Cyan
Red
White
Black
Yellow
Blue
Green
Hnh 2.20:
Motathuyet
Hering
Young Helmholtz va ly thuyet Hering. Trong ly thuyet phc
tap nay, moi te bao hnh non lien ket vi 3 mau rieng biet. Cac
tn hieu t te bao hnh non kch thch cac te bao rieng biet va
yeu to chu ao gay bi cac te bao rieng biet se chuyen sang
hng nay hay hng khac.
Ba te bao phan ng rieng le hnh non trong ly thuyet Young
Helmholtz c ket hp trong mo hnh nay. Cac phan ng cua
moi te bao hnh non nay rat rong, tuy nhien ch co nhng nh
iem tai cac bc song 450 nm, 530 nm va 560 nm. V the thay
v goi chung la cac iem tiep nhan mau o c Xanh luc
Xanh tm th goi chnh xac hn la cac iem tiep nhan bc song
ngan, trung bnh va dai.
Y tng oi lap trong ly thuyet Hering c ket hp lai cap
o te bao than kinh. Mot so te bao than kinh luon luon trong
tnh trang hoat ong du khong co s kch thch. Neu c kch
thch th tan so rung ong cua chung tang len va neu ngng
kch thch th tan so rung se giam. V the hai loai thong tin oi
lap nhau co the c truyen dan bi mot day than kinh. Ngi
ta cho rang cac te bao hach hoat ong nh cac te bao oi lap
(moi te bao hach c noi vi ba te bao hnh non).
Cac moi lien ket gia cac te bao hnh non va cac te bao oi
lap c trnh bay trong s o minh hoa. C che cam nhan mau
sac co the c giai thch di dang ai so. Hay xem xet te
bao oi lap Xanh tm Vang. Gia s rang phan tren la vang
va na phan di la Xanh tm. Na phan tren (vang) nhan ket
qua t cac te bao hnh non co bc song dai (L) va trung bnh
(M). Gia s rang ket qua nay se kch thch te bao, s kch thch
S cm nhn
Cyan
S
M
L
en
Trng
Red
Yellow
Blue
Cc t bo
nh sng
Cc t bo hnh nn
Green
Hnh 2.21:
Motathuyet qua
trnh oi nghch
Scam nhan mau 55
co the c at la L+M. Na phan di cua te bao (Xanh tm)
nhan ket qua t cac te bao hnh non co bc song ngan (S), gia
s ket qua nay kch thch te bao, v the at no la S. Hoat ong
cua te bao nay co the c dien ta bang cong thc:
[Yellow(+) / Xanh tm(-)] =(L +M) S
Neu ve phai cua phng trnh dng (ngha la neu L + M > S)
th mot tn hieu mau vang c tao ra. Neu S > L + M th tao
ra tn hieu mau Xanh tm. Cac te bao oi lap o c Xanh luc
cung hoat ong theo cach tng t, do o:
[oc(+)]/[Xanh luc (-)] =(L +S) M
Mau en c cam nhan do s c che n phng. Cac te bao
tren mot phan cua vong mac tac ong gay ra hoat ong oi
nghch trong cac te bao tng t tren nhng phan lan can cua
vong mac. V the mau en la mot hieu ng tng phan. Cac te
bao o c Xanh luc va Xanh tm Yellow cung co nhng
moi lien ket n phng khong c ch ra trong minh hoa.
Ly thuyet quy trnh oi nghch la nhng giai thch ang tin cay
cho s cam nhan mau khong bnh thng cung nh cac d anh
am va s tng phan ong thi. Hnh minh hoa di ay dung
e the nghiem thuyet nay. Hay nhn mot iem tren hnh vuong
mau Xanh luc trong vong 20 giay sau o chuyen nhanh mat
sang cham en tren hnh vuong mau trang ben canh. Ta se thay
mot hnh vuong o c, mot mau oi lap cua mau Xanh luc.
Th nghiem nay co the tien hanh lap lai vi bat ky mau nao e
thay rang mau oi lap luon luon co the thay c trong d anh
(o c Xanh luc, Yellow Xanh tm, Black White).
Hnh 2.22:
Thnghiem
d anh.
Cac yeu to nh tng phan mau ong thi va tng phan bien
mo ta mot kha canh khac cua s cam nhan mau von rat quan
trong oi vi s phuc che mau. Tng phan mau ong thi
la mot hien tng xay ra khi cac mau giong nhau co ve khac
nhau khi chung co cac mau vien khac nhau. Tng phan mau
bien xay ra khi hai tong gap nhau e co o tng phan cao
hn bien.
Nhng hien tng nay c giai thch nh sau: Tren thc te
vong mac c tao thanh bi cac nhom te bao co cung ac
tnh c goi la cac vung cam nhan. Cac vung nay co kch
thc thay oi, nhng vung gan vung trung tam bang khoang
1/20 kch thc cua nhung vung nam ra mat. Ly thuyet ve
quy trnh oi lap cua s cam nhan mau sac cho rang nhng he
M
n
h

s
n
g
n
g
Hnh 2.24:
Hieu ng tng
phan bien: Cac o
cua thang xam
comau ong
nhat nhng tai
cac canh giao
nhau th nhn toi
hn mot chut.
Hnh 2.23:
Hieu ng tng
phan mau ong
thi: Bon vong
mau nhogiong
nhau theo tng
cap hnh pha
ben phai vaben
trai nhng lai nhn
khac nhau do
mau vien xung
quanh khac nhau
Scam nhan mau 57
trung tnh c lien ket vi nhau e tao thanh nhng anh hng
tng ho n phng. Do o trung tam cua vung tiep nhan co
the cam nhan mau o c, trong khi vung bien co the ghi nhan
mau Xanh luc nen neu mau o c nay bao quanh mot cham
mau Xanh luc th cham nay trong se manh me hn mot cham
tng t nhng tren mot nen trung tnh bi v anh hng cua
mau o c manh hn anh hng cua mau Xanh luc. Nhng
loai tac ong tng ho nh the cung c a ra e giai thch
s thay oi ro rang ve mat o tai cac bien cua hai tong mau
xam ke can nhau.
2.4 S cam nhan mau khong bnh thng
Trc ay, ngi ta thng goi s cam nhan mau khong bnh
thng la chng mu mau. Van e nay anh hng chu yeu
en nam gii khoang 8% nam gii da trang, 5% A Chau va
3% da en. oi vi n gii (tat ca cac mau da) con so nay ch
chiem khoang 0,4%.
Tnh d biet nay c di truyen. Theo mau di truyen bnh
thng th khuyet iem nay se c con trai cua cac ba me co
cha mang chng cam nhan mau khong bnh thng tha hng.
Cac ong bo truyen tnh d biet nay cho con gai cua ho, nhng
a con nay ong vai tro nh nhng ngi luan chuyen. Trong
mot so gia nh co the tat ca cac con trai eu tha hng tnh d
biet nay t me cua chung va cung co the mot so con gai trong
gia nh lai tha hng gen lan nay ma tr thanh ngi luan
chuyen benh.
Loai cam nhan mau sac khiem khuyet thong thng nhat la lan
lon gia mau o c va Xanh luc. Cac hnh thc bien dang cua
no bao gom: Protanopia, trong o mau o c va Xanh luc nga
Xanh tm b lan lon va o sang tng oi cua mau o c thap
hn nhieu so vi ngi bnh thng. (anh hng en khoang
1% nam gii da trang), Protanomalous: S pha tron mau o c
va Xanh luc nhieu hn lng mau o c bnh thng can thiet
e co c mot mau vang nao o. (anh hng en 1% nam gii
da trang). Deuteranopia, la hien tng lan lon gia mau o c
va Xanh luc nhng ng cong o sang gan nh bnh thng
(anh hng en 1% nam gii da trang). Deuteranomaly la hien
tng pha tron mau Xanh luc o c va can lng mau Xanh
luc nhieu hn bnh thng e tao ra mau vang quang pho (hnh
thc d biet thong thng nhat, anh hng en khoang 5% nam
gii da trang). Nhng dang khac cua benh cam nhan mau sac
khiem khuyet la tritanopia va monochromatism. Tritanopia la
hien tng lan lon mau Xanh tm va Vang cung nh o sang
tng oi cho mau Xanh tm thap hn nhieu so vi s cam nhan
bnh thng (rat hiem, co the anh hng khong en 0,0001%
nam gii), monochromatism la benh hoan toan thieu s phan
biet gia tong mau va o bao hoa mau (cung rat hiem, anh
hng en khoang 0,003% nam gii da trang).
Co nhieu dung cu th nghiem e phat hien cam nhan mau sac
d biet. Dung cu tot nhat la knh o o bat thng Nagel. Tuy
nhien cong dung cua no ch gii han trong phong th nghiem v
gia thanh cua no rat at. Hnh thc kiem tra pho bien nhat la
dung cac a pseudoisochromatic, chung ch bang mot quyen
sach nho, khong at va de thc hien. Th nghiem noi tieng
nhat la th nghiem Ishihara vi cac con so cha cac cham
co kch thc va mau sac thay oi c at chong len tren
cac nen c tao thanh t cac cham tng t. Kha nang nhan
biet cac con so t nen la mot phep o s cam nhan mau sac
bnh thng. Mot phien ban khac cua loai th nghiem nay la
bo a Hardy Rand Rittler cua cong ty American Optical
cha cac hnh tam giac, hnh tron va hnh ch thap tren nen
cham xam. Mot th nghiem c s dung rong rai khac la th
nghiem Farnsworth Munsell 100 tong. Tai cuoc th nghiem
nay nhng ngi quan sat c yeu cau sap xep mot loat cac
manh mau nho theo th t lien tuc tuy theo mau sac. Th
nghiem nay co the c s dung e kiem tra kha nang phoi hp
mau cung nh chan oan nhng d biet trong viec cam nhan mau
sac. Tat ca cac th nghiem phai c tien hanh di anh sang
ban ngay. Cac cuoc th nghiem nhn chung rat ang tin cay,
tuy nhien cung co the co s chan oan nham trong mot vai
trng hp.
Scam nhan mau 59
Ngoai s cam nhan mau bat thng c e cap tren ay, th
s cam nhan mau sac cua nhng ngi bnh thng cung khac
nhau. Phan ln s thay oi gia nhng ngi nay la do sac to
macular, o la mot sac to vang bao phu khoang 50 vung hnh
elip (bau duc) xung quanh vung trung tam mat. Lng sac to
nay thay oi t ngi nay sang ngi khac. Tng t, ngi
ln tuoi, thuy tinh the cua mat tr len vang hn va ngay cang
t cac bc song mau Xanh tm c chuyen ti vong mac.
S met moi cung anh hng en kha nang phan biet mau cua
chung ta.
Khi cam nhan mau, ac biet la trong phuc che va in mau, nhng
ngi mac benh cam nhan mau bat thng hay a ra nhng
nhan xet sai ve mau. Khi chon ngi i kiem tra t in can tuan
thu cac nguyen tac sau:
Nhan xet chat lng mau: oi vi nhng nhan xet lien
quan en chat lng cua mot ban phuc che mau hoac
s hai hoa cua mot ban thiet ke mau, ngi nhan xet
nen co s cam nhan mau cang bnh thng cang tot.
Phoi mau: khi kiem tra s phoi hp mau nay vi mau
khac th nhng ngi co benh cam nhan mau bat
thng co cam nhan tot hn mot so ngi bnh thng.
ieu nay co the ung vi cac mau cha cung cac sac
to nhng no khong ap dung c cho cac he mau khac
nhau ang c so sanh, chang han nh gia mot hnh
ve hoac mot tam hnh chup vi mot ban in. V the mot
Hnh 2.25:
Thnghiem Farn-
sworth Munsell
100 tong
th in mac chng cam nhan mau khong bnh thng
van co the hanh nghe mien la anh ta co the so sanh
ban in nay vi ban in khac, nhng khong the chap nhan
c mot nhan vien cham sa anh, mot nha thiet ke
hay mot hoa s nh the a ra nhng so sanh gia mot
tac pham nghe thuat ve thu cong vi mot t in. Kha
nang phoi hp cac mau co the c anh gia bang cac
thiet b o mau.
2.5 Cac yeu totam ly
Viec giai thch cac yeu to tam ly cung kho khan khong kem g
cac yeu to sinh ly, nganh tam ly hoc a a ra mot so thuyet ve
s cam nhan mau rat hu dung va ang tin cay. e hieu them
nhng yeu to khac, chung ta phai tm hieu them ve cac lnh vc
nghe thuat, nhan chung hoc va tam ly hoc. Trong nghe thuat
chung ta tm ra nhieu quy luat khac nhau chang han nhng quy
luat ve s hai hoa mau von c nhieu nganh nghe lien quan
en cac kha canh nghe thuat cua mau chap nhan. Vi nhan
chung hoc chung ta co the kham pha cac nen van hoa cu the
s dung mau nh the nao va mau co y ngha g oi vi cac nen
van hoa nay. Vi tam ly hoc va y hoc, mot hieu biet mi ve cac
kha canh tnh cam cua mau ang bat au xuat hien.
Luscher a s dung mot chuoi 8 mau c sap xep e bieu lo
ca tnh cua con ngi. Mot so ngi nghi ng ieu nay, nhng
t ra no cung c giai quyet c van e ve nhng moi lien he
c ban gia mau va thai o cua con ngi.
Ngi ta tin rang bat ky mot mau nao o eu co moi lien he tat
yeu vi cac truyen thong van hoa, cu the la cac s kien, tnh cam
hoac at nc. Chang han nh mau xanh va mau o cua le Giang
sinh, mau en la mau tang toc ( cac nc phng Tay), mau
xanh dng la mau cua mien Bac va mau xam la mau cua mien
Nam trong cuoc noi chien My, mau luc la mau cua tnh cam
ghen t, mau xanh dng tng trng cho s that vong va mau
trang la bieu tng cho s thanh khiet, mau vang tng trng cho
oi bong Brazin va mau cam cho oi bong Ha Lan v.v...
Scam nhan mau 61
Gan ay hn, cac mau sac ac trng a co s lien he en san
pham, chang han nh mau luc tng trng cho thuoc la co tam
tinh dau bac ha, cac mau tung lam (pastel) danh cho my pham,
cac mau sac s danh cho cac loai bot giat, hoac cac tong mau
at danh cho thc pham t nhien. Mau cung c dung e xac
nh san pham cua mot cong ty nao o. Chang han nhng nha
san xuat phim anh s dung cac mau sau ay e xac nh mau
thng hieu cua ho: vang cho Kodak, xanh luc cho Du Pont,
xanh dng cho 3M. Cam o cho va mau luc sang cho phim Fuji.
Van e khong phai la lieu mau sac co the gi s lien tng nao
khong? Moi ngi eu cho la co hay ch n thuan la thoi quen?
hay con ngi co mot tnh cam bam sinh ve mau? Cau hoi nay
rat kho tra li. Co le, hau het nhng tnh cam cua chung ta ve
mau ch n gian c giai thch bang truyen thong, nhng co
bang chng cho thay rang co the co mot so tnh cam c ban cua
con ngi ve mau. V du thai o cua mot ngi ang bc boi
se thay oi khi at anh ta vao trong cac phong co nhng mau
ac biet nao o. ng nhien hieu qua tng t cung xay ra oi
vi cac em be cha tng c day ve nhng lien tng mau.
Hnh 2.26:
Mau ac trng
cua oi tuyen
bong aBrazin
Cong dung cua lieu phap cha tr benh bang mau nay a co t
the ky 19 nhng cho en nay no cung a c nghien cu co
he thong hn.
Theo cac nguyen tac ve s hai hoa mau, cac mau gan nhau ve
tong mau va cac mau bo tr cua no khi phoi hp se tao nen s
hai hoa thu v. Co mot s giai thch hp ly nh sau: neu at hai
mau khong hai hoa lai vi nhau, th cac tong mau co ve thay
oi khi mat c di chuyen t mau nay sang mau khac, d anh
cua mau nay se nhat thi anh hng en s cam nhan mau kia.
V cac d anh c bo sung vao mau nen cac mau hai hoa se
khong tao ra bat ky s chuyen oi tong mau nao. Cac d anh
cua nhng mau bo sung se xuat hien e cong hng lan nhau,
trong khi o cac mau lan can nhau se khong tao ra cac d anh
u manh e gay nen mot s thay oi tong mau ang ke. ieu
nay ch ap dung cho cac vung mau ong nhat, o bao hoa cao
va o sang trung bnh. Thong thng, tong mau, o sang, o
bao hoa va ac iem cua vung mau la cac yeu to c xem nh
nhng giai thch cho s hai hoa hoac khong hai hoa mau sac.
Yeu to cuoi cung lien quan en phuc che mau sac la tnh
sang tao co lien quan en cong dung cua mau. e co hieu
qua, trc tien ngi thiet ke phai hieu cac nguyen tac quan
trong ve mau, ke en phai biet muc ch cua cong viec va
Hnh 2.27:
Phoi mau
cung tong
Scam nhan mau 63
cuoi cung phai s dung tr tng tng. Trong nganh in va cac
nganh co lien quan, ngi ta thng cho rang cac nha thiet
ke, nhiep anh va co khi la cac th in la nhng ngi co lien
quan en cac kha canh sang tao cua mau. ng nhien mau
cung c nhieu ngi khac s dung, chang han nh nhng
nha thiet ke trang tr noi that, cac nha thiet ke thi trang, hoa
s, kien truc s, cac nha thiet ke cong nghiep. Kien thc, muc
ch va tnh sang tao la nhng yeu to mang tnh quyet nh cho
viec s dung mau thanh cong trong tat ca cac lnh vc nay.
TOM TAT
Nguon sang, vat the, ngi quan sat la ba yeu to chnh cua s
cam nhan mau. Trong ba yeu to nay, ngi quan sat tao ra s
bien oi ln nhat. Khong ch co mot phan nao o trong nhan
loai mac chng cam nhan mau khong bnh thng ma nhng
Hnh 2.28:
Trong thiet ke,
ngi hoascan
sang tao trong
cach thehien va
phoi mau
phuhp
ngi bnh thng cung co nhng thay oi trong viec cam nhan
mau do tuoi tac va s met moi. Tham ch sau khi chuan hoa cac
yeu to nay, chung ta van thay co s cam nhan mau khac nhau
gia ngi nay va ngi khac. ieu nay cung khong qua ngac
nhien, v moi ngi eu khac nhau ve cac giac quan va ve cac
ac iem the chat chang han nh chieu cao, mau da, can nang,
gii tnh v.v... Cac yeu to phi tam ly cung gop phan tao nen
nhieu bien oi hn. Chang han nh nhng tnh cam nghe thuat,
nen tang van hoa, tham ch s a chuong mau bam sinh. ay
co le la nhng yeu to kho d oan va ieu chnh nhat.
Bien oi ln th hai trong viec cam nhan mau la nguon anh
sang. Mau co the thay oi ang ke khi thay oi nguon chieu
sang. Ngi ta a lap ra mot tieu chuan e quan sat an pham,
tieu chuan nay giup loai tr s lan lon va cac van e trong viec
nhan xet va giao tiep mau sac.
Vat the, nh mot hang so, co the thay oi ve hnh dang tuy
thuoc vao o bong hien co. Viec xac nh mot goc quan sat co
nh giup lam giam van e nay. Nhng van e do cac yeu to
tren mang lai c xep t co the d oan cho en khong the
d oan c. Chang han nh vi hien tng Meta la mot van
e a c hieu ro, o la s hap thu quang pho khac nhau cua
hai mau (ang xem xet) lam cho hai mau nay giong nhau di
nguon anh sang nay nhng khac nhau di mot nguon anh sang
khac.
Tuy nhien, nhng van e ve mau co lien quan en nhng khac
biet ca nhan gia hai ngi lai cang kho giai quyet hn. Co
the la mot hoac ca hai ngi eu co chng cam nhan mau sac
khong bnh thng ma ho khong biet tr khi ho c kiem tra.
Hy vong rang s hieu biet ve ly thuyet mau sac se giup giam
nhng khac biet nay trong viec phuc che mau, nhng oi vi
viec chon loc mau sac th khong the tranh khoi. Moi ngi
mong muon rang nhng khac biet van ton tai nhat la ve mat
tam ly e cuoc song phong phu hn.
3.1 nh ngha vesphuc chemau
3.2 Lch sngan gon vestai tao mau sac
3.3 Truyen hnh
3.3.1 Man hnh Cathod (CRT)
3.3.2 Man hnh Tinh thelong (LCD)
3.3.3 Man hnh Plasma
3.3.4 Man hnh thehemi
Man hnh LED
Man hnh Laser
Man hnh SED
3.4 Nhiep anh
3.5 In mau
3.5.1 In mau vatruyen hnh mau
3.5.2 Tach mau cho quatrnh in
3.5.3 Cac kieu in mau
3.5.3.1 In lan lt 4 mau c ban
3.5.3.2 In mau pha (mau spot)
3.5.3.3 Mau lytng vamau thc te
3.5.3.4 In mau ac biet
3.5.4 Phuc chemau bang cac iem anh
3.5.4.1 Tan sotram
3.5.4.2 Goc xoay tram
3.5.4.3 ophan giai cua hnh anh vaophan giai cua thiet bxuat
3.5.4.4 Kch thc tng oi cua iem anh
3.5.4.5 ophan giai hnh anh vadung lng anh
3 S PHUC CHEMAU
3.1. nh ngha ves phuc chemau
Phuc che mau la mot qua trnh quang hoc, hoa hoc va ien t
e tao ra mot s mo phong mau gan vi phong canh hoac vat
the goc. Ky thuat nhiep anh, ky thuat nhuom mau, ky thuat
ien t va s chuyen oi cua mot chat lieu mau sang mot be
mat vat lieu, moi th ong mot vai tro trong qua trnh nay tuy
thuoc vao hnh thc phuc che. mot dien rong, th qua trnh
nay bao gom ca viec tao ra cac hnh anh tren e trong suot va
hnh anh in tren giay, cac hnh anh truyen hnh va cac hnh thc
phuc che in khac.
3.2. Lch sngan gon ves tai tao mau sac
Phuc che mau lan au tien c thc hien bi mot nha vat ly
ngi Xcotlen ten la James Clerk Maxwell. Maxwell a chup
mot phong canh ba lan, mot lan qua mot knh loc mau o c,
mot lan qua knh loc mau Xanh luc va mot lan qua mot knh loc
mau Xanh tm. Nhng tam phim am ban trang en nay c
sao chup lai e tao ra nhng tam phim dng ban, sau o c
ong khung thanh nhng tam phim trong dung e chieu bang
en. Ba tam phim trong nay c at trong ba may chieu khac
nhau va ba hnh anh nay c chieu chong kht len nhau len
tren mot man hnh. Cac knh loc mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh
tm a c at trc cac ong knh cua cac may chieu tng
ng cha cac hnh anh dng ban mau o c, Xanh luc va
Xanh tm cua phong canh.
Ngi ta khong biet chnh xac ngay Maxwell chup bc anh
mau au tien, Ong ta a cong bo cac chi tiet ve cach thc tien
hanh phuc che hnh anh mau tren c s 3 mau cong c ban trong
tac pham Transactions of The Royal Society of Edinburgh vao
nam 1855. Ngay 17 thang 5 nam 1861, tai hoc vien Hoang gia
Anh Quoc Luan on a co mot thc nghiem noi tieng ve ky
thuat nay. Tuy nhien co bang chng cho thay rang Maxwell a
chng minh thuat phuc che anh mau lan au tien trong mot bai
giang cho Hoi Hoang Gia.
Trong thc nghiem nam 1859, Maxwell a s dung phim dng
ban tach bon mau. Ngoai s tach loc mau o c, Mau Xanh luc
va Xanh tm con co s loc mau vang. Tat ca 4 dng ban tach
c chieu chong chnh xac thong qua nhng knh loc giong
nh nhng knh loc c s dung e lam cac am ban tach mau,
chung ta khong biet tai sao Maxwell a s dung ban mau vang.
Co le no c s dung e giup tang them s the hien mau sac
cua bc anh v hoi o ngi ta cha che tao c lp nhu tng
nhay vi tat ca cac mau.
Nh vay, bc hnh mau au tien c Maxwell thc hien
vao nam 1859. No c thc hien bang cach chieu 4 dng
ban phim thong qua nhng knh loc thch hp. Ly thuyet cua
Thomas Young vao nam 1861 tap trung vao s nhay mau hn
la ky thuat chup anh mau, .
Hnh anh tren tam phim au tien c Louis Ducos du Hauron
phat minh Phap nam 1868, hnh anh tren mot nhu tng trang
en toan sac c the hien bi mot chuoi cac cham hoac ng
o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm trong suot tao nen hnh anh tren lp
nhu tng nay. Cac cham va ng nay nho en noi ngi ta
khong the nhn thay bang mat thng. Sau khi phi, phim c
x ly ao am e thu c mot phim nha mau dng ban. Viec
lam phim nha theo nguyen tac mau cong nay a c thng
mai hoa vi cac quy trnh cua Lumiere nam 1908 va quy trnh
Dufay nam 1935. Phim nha mau cong c cong ty Polaroid
gii thieu lai vao nam 1983 bang quy trnh lam phim Slide
Polachrome 35 ly.
Sphuc chemau 69
Chnh Hauron la ngi a i au trong viec phat trien he thong
mau tr. Quyen sach au tien ve ky thuat nhiep anh mau
c Hauron xuat ban nam 1869 co ta la Les Couleurs en
photographie: Solution du probleme. Ong e ngh tao ra cac
am ban tach mau thong qua cac knh loc mau o c, Xanh
luc, Xanh tm sau o tao ra cac phim dng ban t moi am ban
tach nay va nhuom chung bang cac mau s cap tng ng (v
du nh Cyan, Magenta va Vang). Hai quy trnh a at c s
pho bien rong rai la quy trnh carbro (1925) va cac quy trnh
Imbibition c Jos Pe ap dung lan au tien nam 1925. Cac
quy trnh nay bao gom quy trnh x ly ky thuat mau va quy
trnh chuyen nhuom mau.
Cac phng phap tong hp tr rat kho s dung bi v no oi
hoi s chong chnh xac cac dng ban mau hoac chong chnh
xac cac hnh anh t nhng khuon nhuom dng ban. Giai
phap la mot phim co 3 lp nhu tng, moi lp c lam cho
nhay vi mot mau (Cyan, Magenta va Vang) trong qua trnh x
ly. Cong ty Eastman Kodak a gii thieu phim Kodachrome vao
nam 1935, ay la loai phim thanh cong au tien. Loai phim nay
a c x ly bi mot quy trnh phc tap o la x ly mot cach
biet lap cac lp nhu tng. Quy trnh IG Agfacolor nam 1936
a dung tng cap mau trong nhu tng lam cho qua trnh x ly
n gian hn nhieu. Ca hai loai phim nay eu la chat lieu hoan
v (co the s dung ao ngc), chat lieu mau am ban au tien
c cong ty Eastman Kodak gii thieu nam 1942 la Kodacolor.
S phat trien quan trong trong lnh vc nhiep anh mau la he
thong chup anh lay lien nam 1957 cua Polaroid Corporation
Polacolor.
Cac th nghiem trc ay vi tivi mau a a en ket qua
la s phat trien phng phap cac khung hnh lien tiep, theo
phng phap nay banh xe lien hoan cha cac knh loc mau o
c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm c at len cac ong knh cua may
thu truyen hnh va a tao ra cac hnh anh tach lien tiep mau o
c, Xanh tm va Xanh luc. Mot banh xe knh loc tng t trong
may ghi hnh cung c quay ong bo vi cac khung anh tao
ra anh truyen hnh ay mau sac. He thong Columbia a c
Uy Ban Vien Thong Lien Bang (FCC) chuan hoa nam 1950 e
c s dung My. Nhng he thong nay khong c s dung
rong rai lam va sau o FCC a bo qua quyet nh nam 1950
cua mnh va chap nhan he thong cua Uy Ban He Thong Truyen
Hnh Quoc Gia (NTSC) nam 1953.
He thong nay s dung ba may tiep nhan hnh anh va trong may
thu hnh co ba ong phong ien t, mot man che toi va mot man
hnh cha mot mang ghep cac chat phat quang mau o c,
Xanh luc va Xanh tm. Tiep theo he thong NTSC cua My la he
thong PAL cua c va he thong SECAM cua Phap c gii
thieu nam 1967. Ca ba he thong nay co nhieu iem chung. Cac
ong phosphor va cac tam chan toi a phat trien t cac chuoi cac
cham mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm thanh cac dai o c,
Xanh luc va Xanh tm nhng ky thuat c ban cua he thong van
khong may thay oi.
Mau sac c dung lan au tien trong nganh in vao the ky
15. Tuy nhien, no a b gii han qua viec dung cac mau tong
nguyen cho cac muc ch trang tr. Mai en au the ky 18,
Jacob Christoph Le Blon mi gii thieu viec in hnh co tang
th 3 mau. Le Blon, ngi chu anh hng bi cong trnh cua
Isaac Newton, a chon mc mau Vang, o c va Xanh tm lam
mau s cap. Nhng loai mc nay a m ng cho viec che
tao cac mau vang, Magenta va Cyan ngay nay. Hieu qua tang
th thu c nh s dung ky thuat khac cham thu cong tren
cac ban in bang ong. Quy trnh nay a tao ra cac ban in mau
au tien vao khoang nam 1704. Le Blon, goc Phap, sinh c
vao nam 1667. Quy trnh ong tao ra khong phai la mot thanh
cong chau Au v the nam 1719 ong ta en Luan on. Chnh
nc Anh quy trnh in ba mau a tr nen mot thanh cong nghe
thuat, nhng vi nhieu ly do khac Le Blon a khong thanh cong
ve mat tai chnh. Nam 1722 ong ta a xuat ban cong trnh cua
mnh trong an ban co ten Coloritto hoac s hai hoa mau sac
trong to mau.
Sphuc chemau 71
Nam 1735, Le Blon chuyen en Pari. Ngi ta cho rang o
ong a s dung ban kem en nh mot mau quan trong trong
viec phuc che mau. Le Blon la ngi sang che ra viec in chong
mau. S khac biet chnh duy nhat vi cac ky thuat hien ai la
ong ta a phai cham nhng ban kem cua mnh bang tay, trong
khi ngay nay viec sao chep va cham khac c thc hien bang
cac ky thuat quang hoa hoac ien t.
Trong the ky 19, in khac mau (1819), in ban go (1823) va in
Stencil a tao ra nhng thanh cong nhat nh va c ng dung
vao thng mai. Trong the ky nay nhieu quy trnh khac va cac
bien the cung c gii thieu nhng cac quy trnh nay eu la
cac v du cua in chong mau va chung khong phu hp vi nh
ngha ve phuc che mau cua chung ta.
T nam 1870 tr ve sau, nhng phat trien quan trong a at
nen mong cho cac quy trnh in mau ngay nay. Nam 1869 Du
Hauron a phuc che hnh anh mau tho bang ky thuat in thach
ban va s dung quy trnh quang c. Trong ky thuat cua ong
khong co loai tram nao c s dung va tang th co c la
do s tang dan tong mau da tren o noi hat cua anh goc, nhu
tng anh va a in lito.
Hnh 3.1:
Hnh cotang th
au tien c
tao ra vi muc
ch thng mai
(Hnh c phuc
chebi William
Kurtz New
York vao nam
1893. Ong as
dung tram soc
vain 3 mau)
Nam 1873 a co mot chuyen bien quan trong ve phuc che mau
khi giao s ngi c Hermann W. Vogel phat trien cac nhu
tng anh cai tien nhay cam vi mau. Nam 1881, Frederik
E. Ives Philadelphia a sang che ra tram tai tao tang th,
no cho phep ong ta phat trien va trien lam mau au tien ve in
tang th 3 mau tai cuoc trien lam Novelties Philadelphia nam
1885. Max Levy Philadelphia a thanh cong trong viec phat
trien mot quy trnh san xuat chnh xac cac loai tram nay.
Ngi ta cho rang tien s E.Albert va H.Ulrich cua c la nhng
ngi au tien s dung quy trnh tach mau quang c. Albert a
c cap bang sang che vao nam 1899 vi ky thuat UCR va
cong dung cua mau en. Quy trnh 4 mau au tien a pho bien
My hn chau Au. Ngay nay, tat ca viec in chong mau eu
la 4 mau. Cong dung cua mau en a giup at c cac mau
trung tnh va tang o tng phan cua bc anh.
S phuc che bang in mau a phat trien nhanh trong cuoi the
ky 19 va au the ky 20 cho en nay, khi phan ln hnh anh
eu c in mau. Nhng nguyen tac c ban cua s tai tao mau
quang c co t nam 1900 van gi nguyen cho en ngay nay,
nhng a co nhieu bc tien trien quan trong qua nhieu nam
lam cho chat lng c cai tien va chi ph thap hn.
Mot thanh tu quan trong trong viec tai tao mau la s phat trien
cua ky thuat ban che mau quang c. Tien s E.Albert la ngi
au tien c cap bang sang che ve nhng ky thuat nay. Sau
o, co khoang 100 bang sang che ve ky thuat ban che c
cap, tat ca eu vi muc tieu sa cha nhng s hap thu mau
khong mong muon cua cac loai mc in, ac biet la mc mau
Magenta va Cyan.
Vi nhieu ly do, cac quy trnh nay a khong tr nen pho bien
mai cho en khi Alexander Murray cua cong ty Eastman Kodak
va Frank Preucil cua Hiep hoi ky thuat in offset co nhng no
lc mang tnh phat trien va giao duc a lam cho ky thuat ban
che tr nen pho bien My. Nhng ky thuat nay a mang lai ket
qua la giam ang ke thi gian va chi ph khi so sanh vi nhng
phng phap tut sa thu cong phc tap va ton nhieu thi gian.
Sphuc chemau 73
Nhng chat lieu mau c s dung trong mc in chu yeu la cac
chat mau vo c von co mot khoang phuc che mau gii han va
khong trong suot. Viec phat trien cac chat mau hu c a gia
tang khoang phuc che mau san co trong khi van gi c o
ben hp ly. Nhng phat trien chnh yeu bao gom:
Cac mau azo dung cho san xuat mc c phat trien trong
khoang t 1899 - 1912. Hau het cac chat lieu mau vang
eu thuoc loai nay.
Kham pha cac chat lieu mau Tungstate va Molybdate
vao khoang nam 1914. Mc Magenta tot nhat thuoc
nhom nay.
Kham pha chat lieu phthalocyanine vao nam 1928, chat
nay lam cho Cyan that s sang va co the phu hp vi in
chong mau.
Nhng tien bo quan trong gan ay nhat trong viec phuc che mau
la s phat trien may tach mau ien t. Nhng chiec may au
tien c phat trien vao nhng nam 1930 bi Arthur C. Hardy
thuoc Vien cong nghe Massachusetts cung vi F.L. Wurzburg,
Alexander Murray va Richard C. Morse cua Eastman Kodak.
May tach mau cua Kodak c phat trien cao hn thanh may
tach mau thng mai au tien - Springdale- nam 1950. en
nam 1980 tr i th ky thuat tach mau ien t phat trien vt bac
va bat au nhng bc cho ky thuat xuat phim tren cac may
ImageSetter trong nhng nam 1990, cung trong thi gian nay
cac ky thuat ghi ban trc tiep t may tnh (CTP) cung dan
trng thanh va tr nen pho bien cac nha in vao au the ky
21. Hien nay, ngi ta ang noi en viec bo qua ky thuat ghi
ban trc tiep va thay vao o la in ky thuat so.
3.3 Truyen hnh
3.3.1 Man hnh Cathod (CRT)
oi vi truyen hnh mau dang ong Cathod (CRT), mot may
quay ac biet c s dung e quet phong canh rat nhanh tng
dong mot. Tia sang i qua ong knh may thu hnh c chuyen
thanh 3 tia nh cac lang knh hoac cac knh lng sac va sau o
i qua cac knh loc mau R, G va B. Cac tia sang lan lt c
chuyen thanh cac tn hieu ien t bang cac bo bien oi quang
ien trong cac ong may thu hnh. Nhng tn hieu nay c x
ly trong phong thu hnh va sau o c chuyen cho cac may thu
hnh cha 3 tia am cc, cac tia nay phat ra mot luong cac elec-
tron tng ng vi cac tn hieu mau R, G va B e phuc che hnh
anh. Cac electron nay nen cac lan quang (phosphors) mau R, G
va B len mat ben trong cua en hnh lam cho chung sang len va
v the tao nen mot hnh anh ay mau sac. Moi luong electron
c sap xep e ch nen nhng lan quang tng ng ma thoi.
Nhiem vu cua man hnh la tai tao lai hnh anh. e tai tao lai
hnh anh, phng phap pho bien nhat hien nay la hien th hnh
anh da vao ban o ma tran iem anh. Theo phng phap nay,
mot khung hnh se c chia ra lam vo so cac iem anh nho.
Cac iem anh co dang hnh vuong, co kch thc rat nho. Kch
thc thc cua mot iem anh la: 0.01x0.01cm. Tuy nhien
kch thc thc nay phan ln ch co y ngha ly thuyet, v hau
nh chung ta t khi quan sat c cac iem anh tai kch thc
thc cua chung, mot phan do chung qua be, mot phan do kch
Hoat dng ca tivi mu
My thu
ng knh
Red
Red Red
Red
Cc knh loc
Lng knh tch tia sng
Cc lng knh
Blue
Blue Blue
Blue
Green
Green Green
Green
My thu hnh (ng cathod)
Tn hiu Red
Tn hiu Green
Tn hiu Blue
Cc ng my thu hnh
Tn hiu duoc
my ghi hnh
thu nhn
Phng thu
hnh
Nguyn l tao nh mu
ca cc ng Cathod
Cc tia din t
Mn che dn
Cc dim
pht quang
(Phosphors)
Hnh 3.2:
Cau tao vacach
thc hoat ong
cua en hnh
Cathod
Sphuc chemau 75
thc quan sat cua iem anh phu thuoc vao o phan giai, vi
cung mot dien tch hien th, o phan giai (so lng iem anh)
cang ln th kch thc quan sat c cua chung cang be. Kch
thc cua mot khung hnh c cho bi so lng iem anh theo
chieu ngang va so lng iem anh theo chieu doc. V du kch
thc khung hnh 1600x1200 (pixel) co ngha khung hnh o
se c hien b bi 1600 iem anh theo chieu ngang va 1200
iem anh theo chieu doc. Gia tr 1600x1200 khong phai la o
phan giai cua hnh anh v tren thc te gia tr ve so lng pixel
ch mang y ngha kch thc, con o phan giai c tnh bang
so lng iem anh hien th tren dien tch mot inch vuong. o
phan giai cang cao, hnh anh c hien th se cang net. o
phan giai at en gia tr o phan giai thc khi ma mot pixel
c hien th vi ung kch thc thc cua no (kch thc thc
cua pixel c lay sao cho mot khoang cach nhat nh, pixel
o c nhn di mot goc xap x bang nang suat phan li cua
mat ngi). Neu o phan giai be hn gia tr o phan giai thc,
mat ngi se co cam giac hnh anh b san, khong net. Neu o
phan giai cao hn o phan giai thc, tren ly thuyet, o net
va o chi tiet cua hnh anh se tang len, tuy nhien thc s mat
ngi khong cam nhan c hoan toan s khac biet nay.
Mat ngi cam nhan hnh anh da vao hai yeu to, mau va o
sang (choi) cua hnh anh. Man hnh muon hien th c hnh
anh th cung phai tai tao lai c hai yeu to th giac nay cua
hnh anh. Ve mau sac, mat ngi co kha nang cam nhan hn 4
t sac o mau khac nhau, trong o co mot pho mau khoang hn
30 trieu mau c cam nhan ro ret nhat. Muon tai tao lai hnh
anh chan thc, man hnh hien th can phai co kha nang hien
th t nhat la khoang 16 trieu mau. Bnh thng, khi muon tao
ra mot mau sac, ngi ta s dung k thuat loc mau t anh sang
trang, moi bo loc mau se cho ra mot mau. Tuy nhien, vi kch
thc vo cung be cua iem anh, viec at 16 trieu bo loc mau
trc mot iem anh la gan nh vo vong. Chnh v the, e hien
th mau sac mot cach n gian nhng van cung cap kha ay u
dai mau, ngi ta s dung phng phap phoi hp mau t cac
mau c ban cua tong hp mau cong.
3.3.2 Man hnh tinh thelong (LCD)
Do hnh anh c ma hoa va hien th di dang ban o ma tran
iem anh, nen man hnh LCD cung phai c cau tao t cac
iem anh. Moi iem anh tren man hnh LCD se hien th mot
iem anh cua khung hnh. Trong moi iem anh tren man hnh
LCD, co ba iem anh con (subpixel), moi iem anh hien th mot
trong ba mau: o c, xanh la, xanh tm. e nam c nguyen
ly hoat ong cua man hnh LCD, ta xet mot so khai niem sau:
Anh sang phan cc: theo ly thuyet song anh sang cua
Huyghen, Fresnel va Maxwell, anh sang la mot loai song
ien t truyen trong khong gian theo thi gian. Phng
dao ong cua song anh sang la phng dao ong cua t
trng va ien trng (vuong goc vi nhau). Doc theo
phng truyen song, phng dao ong cua anh sang co
the lech nhau mot goc tuy y. Xet tong quat, anh sang
bnh thng co vo so phng dao ong khac nhau. Anh
sang phan cc la anh sang ch co mot phng dao ong
duy nhat, goi la phng phan cc.
Knh loc phan cc: la loai vat lieu ch cho anh sang phan
cc i qua. Lp vat lieu phan cc co mot phng ac
biet goi la quang truc phan cc. Anh sang co phng dao
ong trung vi quang truc phan cc se truyen toan bo
qua knh loc phan cc. Anh sang co phng dao ong
vuong goc vi quang truc phan cc se b chan lai. Anh
sang co phng dao ong hp vi quang truc phan cc
mot goc 0<o<90 se truyen mot phan qua knh loc phan
cc. Cng o anh sang truyen qua knh loc phan cc phu
thuoc vao goc hp bi phng phan cc cua anh sang va
quang truc phan cc cua knh loc phan cc.
Tinh the long: c phat hien bi mot nha thc vat ngi
Ao nam 1888. Khi noi en khai niem tinh the, ta thng
lien tng ti vat chat the ran va co mot cau truc hnh
hoc trong khong gian nhat nh. Tuy nhien vi tinh the
long th khac. Tinh the long khong co cau truc mang tinh
the co nh nh cac vat ran, ma cac phan t co the chuyen
ong t do trong mot pham vi hep nh mot chat long.
Sphuc chemau 77
Cac phan t trong tinh the long lien ket vi nhau theo
tng nhom va gia cac nhom co s lien ket va nh hng
nhat nh, lam cho cau truc cua chung co phan giong cau
truc tinh the. Vat lieu tinh the long co mot tnh chat ac
biet la co the lam thay oi phng phan cc cua anh sang
truyen qua no, tuy thuoc vao o xoan cua cac chum phan
t. o xoan nay co the ieu chnh bang cach thay oi
ien ap at vao hai au tinh the long.
Man hnh tinh the long c cau tao bi cac lp xep chong
len nhau. Lp di cung la en nen, co tac dung cung cap
anh sang nen (anh sang trang). en nen dung trong cac man
hnh thong thng, co o sang di 1000 cd/m
2
, thng la en
huynh quang. oi vi cac man hnh cong cong, at ngoai tri,
can o sang cao th co the s dung en nen xenon. en nen
xenon ve mat cau tao kha giong vi en pha bi-xenon s dung
tren cac xe hi cao cap. en xenon khong s dung day toc
nong sang nh en Vonfram hay en halogen, ma s dung s
phat sang bi nguyen t b kch thch, theo nh luat quang
ien va mau nguyen t Bo. Ben trong en xenon la hai ban
ien cc, at trong kh tr xenon trong mot bnh thuy tinh thach
anh. Khi ong nguon, cap cho hai ien cc mot ien ap rat ln,
c 25.000V. ien ap nay vt ngng ien ap anh thung cua
Hnh 3.3:
Cac lp cau tao
man hnh LCD
xenon va gay ra hien tng phong ien gia hai ien cc. Tia
la ien se kch thch cac nguyen t xenon len mc nang lng
cao, sau o chung se t ong nhay xuong mc nang lng thap
va phat ra anh sang theo nh luat bc xa ien t..
Lp th hai la lp knh loc phan cc co quang truc phan cc
doc, ke en la mot lp tinh the long c kep chat gia hai tam
thuy tinh mong, tiep theo la lp knh loc phan cc co quang truc
phan cc ngang. Mat trong cua hai tam thuy tinh kep tinh the
long co phu mot lp cac ien cc trong suot. Ta xet nguyen ly
hoat ong cua man hnh LCD vi mot iem anh con: anh sang
i ra t en nen la anh sang trang, co vo so phng phan cc.
Sau khi truyen qua knh loc phan cc th nhat, ch con lai anh
sang co phng phan cc doc. Anh sang phan cc nay tiep tuc
truyen qua lp tinh the long. Anh sang co phng phan cc doc
truyen ti lp knh loc th hai co quang truc phan cc ngang se
b chan lai hoan toan. Luc nay, iem anh trang thai tat.
Neu at mot ien ap gia hai au lp tinh the long, cac phan
t se lien ket va xoan lai vi nhau. Anh sang truyen qua lp
tinh the long c at ien ap se b thay oi phng phan cc.
Anh sang sau khi b thay oi phng phan cc bi lp tinh the
long truyen en knh loc phan cc th hai va truyen qua c
Hnh 3.4:
Cau tao mot iem
anh con
Sphuc chemau 79
mot phan. Luc nay, iem anh c bat sang. Cng o sang
cua iem anh phu thuoc vao lng anh sang truyen qua knh
loc phan cc th hai. Lng anh sang nay lai phu thuoc vao
goc gia phng phan cc va quang truc phan cc. Goc nay
lai phu thuoc vao o xoan cua cac phan t tinh the long. o
xoan cua cac phan t tinh the long phu thuoc vao ien ap at
vao hai au tinh the long. Nh vay, co the ieu chnh cng o
sang tai mot iem anh bang cach ieu chnh ien ap at vao
hai au lp tinh the long. Trc moi iem anh con co mot knh
loc mau, cho anh sang ra mau o, xanh la va xanh tm.Vi mot
iem anh, tuy thuoc vao cng o anh sang tng oi cua ba
iem anh con, da vao nguyen tac phoi mau cong, iem anh
se co mot mau nhat nh. Khi muon thay oi mau sac cua mot
iem anh, ta thay oi cng o sang t oi cua ba iem anh con
so vi nhau. Muon thay oi o sang t oi nay, phai thay oi o
sang cua tng iem anh con, bang cach thay oi ien ap at len
hai au lp tinh the long.
Mot nhc iem cua man hnh tinh the long, o chnh la ton
tai mot khoang thi gian e mot iem anh chuyen t mau nay
sang mau khac (thi gian ap ng). Neu thi gian ap ng qua
cao co the gay nen hien tng bong ma vi mot so canh co toc
o thay oi khung hnh ln. Khoang thi gian nay sinh ra do sau
khi ien ap at len hai au lp tinh the long c thay oi, tinh
the long phai mat mot khoang thi gian mi co the chuyen t
trang thai xoan ng vi ien ap cu sang trang thai xoan ng vi
ien ap mi. Thong qua viec tai tao lai mau sac cua tng iem
anh, chung ta co the tai tao lai toan bo hnh anh.
3.3.3 Man hnh Plasma
Plasma la mot trong cac pha (trang thai) cua vat chat. trang
thai plasma, vat chat b ion hoa rat manh, phan ln cac phan t
hoac nguyen t ch con lai hat nhan, cac electron chuyen ong
tng oi t do gia cac hat nhan. ng dung ac tnh nay cua
plasma, ngi ta a che tao ra man hnh plasma.
trang thai bnh thng, cac ion dng va electron chuyen
ong hon loan. Van toc tng oi cua chung so vi nhau khong
ln. Khi at kh plasma vao gia hai ien cc, ien trng tac
dung len cac hat mang ien se lam cho chung chuyen ong co
hng: cac electron b hut ve pha cc dng, cac ion dng b
hut ve pha cc am. Trong qua trnh chuyen ong ngc chieu
nhau nh vay, cac hat mang ien va cham vao nhau vi van
toc tng oi rat ln. Va cham se truyen nang lng cho cac
electron lp ngoai cung cua nguyen t kh, lam cho cac elec-
tron nay nhay len mc nang lng cao hn, sau mot khoang
thi gian rat ngan, cac electron se t ong chuyen xuong mc
nang lng thap hn va sinh ra mot photon anh sang theo nh
luat bc xa ien t. Trong man hnh plasma, ngi ta s dung
kh xenon hoac kh neon. Cac chat kh nay khi b kch thch se
phat ra tia cc tm, khong nhn c trc tiep bang mat thng,
nhng co the gian tiep tao ra anh sang kha kien.
Cung giong nh man hnh LCD, man hnh Plasma cung co cau
tao t cac iem anh, trong moi iem anh cung co ba iem anh
con the hien ba mau o c, xanh la, xanh tm. Moi iem anh la
mot buong kn, trong o co cha chat kh xenon hoac neon. Tai
mat trc cua buong co phu lp phot pho. Tai hai au buong
kh cung co hai ien cc. Khi co ien ap c at vao hai ien
cc, chat kh ben trong buong kn se b ion hoa, cac nguyen t
Hnh 3.5:
Cau tao 1 iem
anh cua man
hnh Plasma
Lop
d|en mo|
Lop phu Vag|e Ox|d
Lop de sau
Lop d|en mo|
0|en cuc go c
0|em anh
Photpho duo c
trang tren be
mat cac o
Lop knh be mat
0|en cuc h|en th(
(ben trong |op d|en mo|)
Sphuc chemau 81
b kch thch va phat ra tia cc tm. Tia cc tm nay ap vao lp
phot pho phu tren mat trc cua buong kn se kch thch chat
phot pho, lam cho chung phat sang. Anh sang phat ra se i qua
lp knh loc mau at trc moi buong kn va cho ra mot trong
ba mau c ban: o, xanh la, xanh tm. Phoi hp cua ba anh sang
nay t ba iem anh con trong moi iem anh se cho ra mau sac
cua iem anh. Nhc iem chu yeu cua man hnh Plasma so
vi man hnh LCD la chung khong hien th c o phan giai
cao nh man hnh LCD co cung kch thc. V trong man hnh
LCD, moi iem anh con ch can mot lp tinh the long kha be
cung co the thay oi phng phan cc cua anh sang mot cach
de dang, t o tao ieu kien e che tao cac iem anh vi kch
thc be, tao nen mot so lng ln iem anh tren mot n v
dien tch (o phan giai cao). Con vi man hnh Plasma, moi
iem anh con thc chat la mot buong kn cha kh. The tch
cua lng kh cha trong mot buong kn nay phai at mot gia
tr nhat nh e co the phat ra bc xa t ngoai u manh khi b
kch thch len trang thai plasma. Chnh v the, kch thc mot
iem anh cua man hnh Plasma kha ln so vi mot iem anh
cua man hnh LCD, dan en viec vi cung mot dien tch hien
th, so lng iem anh cua man hnh Plasma t hn LCD, ong
ngha vi o phan giai thap hn.
3.3.4 Man hnh thehemi: man hnh LED vaLaser TV
Neu nh khoang vai nam trc ay, man hnh tinh the long
va man hnh Plasma c coi la hai nh dang man hnh the
he mi, thay the cho man hnh CRT a qua cu k. So vi man
hnh CRT, man hnh tinh the long va plasma co nhng u iem
vt troi: kch thc nho gon, kieu dang an tng, thiet ke tam
phang, va co the che tao c nhng man hnh vi kch thc
khong lo. Man hnh tinh the long, plasma, ket hp vi cong
nghe truyen hnh o net cao HDTV ang m ra mot k nguyen
mi trong lnh vc nghe nhn, giai tr. Nhng, khong dng lai
o, trong khi man hnh tinh the long va plasma ang tng bc
chiem lnh th trng, th tin tc ve nhng the he man hnh mi,
vi u iem vt troi hn a xuat hien. Man hnh LED va La-
ser ang c coi la hai nh dang man hnh the he mi, sau k
nguyen LCD va Plasma.
Chiem u the so vi man hnh CRT truyen thong bi nhieu u
iem, nhng man hnh LCD va Plasma cung co nhng nhc
iem khong the choi cai. Thi gian ap ng, goc nhn va o
tng phan luon la iem yeu cua man hnh LCD trong bat c
cuoc canh tranh nao vi nhng loai man hnh khac. Mac du
cong nghe san xuat tam panel man hnh ngay cang phat trien,
nhng do ac tnh k thuat cua man hnh LCD, se khong co mot
cai tien nao co the xoa bo hoan toan nhng nhc iem cua
loai man hnh nay. Vi man hnh plasma, o phan giai thap,
kho khan khi san xuat nhng man hnh kch thc be, gia thanh
cao la nhng nhc iem ln. Mot cach tong quat, tai mang o
hoa cao cap, man hnh tinh the long va plasma van cha the
cung cap mot chat lng hnh anh, o chan thc mau sac nh
nhng man hnh CRT truyen thong.
e khac phuc nhng iem yeu o, man hnh LED va Laser ra
i, ket hp c u iem cua man hnh tinh the long, plasma
la kch thc nho gon, kieu dang ep, va cua man hnh CRT la
chat lng hnh anh tuyet hao. Nhc iem cua man hnh LCD
va Plasma, bat nguon t chnh cau tao cua hai loai man hnh
nay. e tao ra c mau sac tai moi iem anh, can phai tong
hp mau sac t ba iem anh con. Mau sac cua ba iem anh
con nay co c nh loc mau t anh sang trang phat ra t en
nen. Viec loc c chnh xac ba mau xanh la, xanh tm, o c
la khong he de dang. Rat kho che tao c nhng knh loc mau
hoan hao, co the loc c toan bo anh sang, ch cho mot anh
sang n sac i qua. Bao gi cung co mot lng nho nhng anh
sang n sac co mau khac lot qua c knh loc mau. Chnh
nhng anh sang lot qua ngoai mong muon nay khien cho mau
sac cua moi iem anh con khong at o chnh xac tuyet oi,
dan en viec hien th mau sac tai iem anh cung khong chnh
xac. Hn na, nhc iem nay con khien pho mau ma man
hnh LCD cung vi Plasma co kha nang tai tao la khong ln.
Mot man hnh LCD vi panel TN ch co kha nang hien th thc
262.000 mau sac, ngay ca vi panel PVA cao cap, cung ch
hien th c 16.7 trieu mau. So vi pho mau ma mat ngi
cam nhan c, kha nang hien th mau sac cua man hnh LCD
va Plasma ch at 35-40%.
Sphuc chemau 83
Hai loai man hnh the he mi, LED va Laser, ve cau tao chung
cung tng t nh man hnh LCD va Plasma, bao gom cac iem
anh, moi iem anh cung co ba iem anh con, moi iem anh con
hien th mot mau c ban trong he mau RGB. Tuy nhien, khac
vi man hnh tinh the long va plasma, man hnh LED va Laser
khong s dung phng phap loc anh sang t anh sang en nen
e cho ra anh sang n sac, ma s dung phng phat phat trc
tiep ra anh sang co bc song mong muon. Nh viec phat ra
trc tiep anh sang n sac, moi iem anh con se cho ra mot
mau sac chnh xac, va mau sac tong hp hien th tai moi iem
anh cung chnh xac. Man hnh LED va Laser ang trong giai
oan nghien cu nen hau nh rat t nha san xuat cong bo cac
ac tnh k thuat, nguyen ly chi tiet, nhng ve c ban co the
phan tch hoat ong cua hai loai man hnh tren nh sau:
Man hnh LED
Man hnh LED Light Emitting Diode, iot phat quang, la mot
loai iot ban dan co kha nang phat ra anh sang kha kien, cung
nh cac loai bc xa hong ngoai va t ngoai. Cau tao cua LED
gom hai khoi ban dan, mot khoi loai p, va mot khoi loai n ghep
vi nhau. Khi at mot ien ap thuan vao hai au LED, lo trong
trong khoi ban dan p va electron trong khoi ban dan n chuyen
ong ve pha nhau. Tai mat tiep xuc xay ra mot so tng tac
gia lo trong va electron. Trong qua trnh tng tac nay co the
giai phong nang lng di dang anh sang kha kien hoac cac
bc xa ien t khac nh tia hong ngoai, t ngoai. Bc song
cua anh sang kha kien phat ra phu thuoc vao mc nang lng
c giai phong. Mc nang lng c giai phong phu thuoc
vao cau truc nguyen t cua chat lam ban dan. Ngay nay, nh
nghien cu ve vat lieu ban dan, con ngi co the che tao c
nhng LED co kha nang phat ra mau sac nh mong muon, trong
o co ba mau c ban cua he mau RGB la xanh tm, xanh la, o.
Khi ng dung LED trong viec san xuat man hnh, moi iem anh
se c cau tao t ba LED: xanh tm, xanh luc, o c. Nh ieu
chnh cng o sang cua tng LED, co the thay oi cng o
sang t oi cua ba LED so vi nhau, nh o tao ra mau sac tong
hp tai moi iem anh. Khi muon iem anh tat, ch can tat toan
bo 3 LED la co the thu c mau en tuyet oi, khong gap phai
hien tng mau en khong chan thc do lo sang t en nen nh
vi man hnh LCD.
Man hnh Laser
Man hnh Laser ang c coi la cong nghe man hnh the
he mi nhieu trien vong nhat, c ho tr phat trien bi
Mitsubishi. Laser la viet tat cua cum: Light Amplification by
Stimulated Emission of Radiation, khuech ai anh sang bang
cac phat xa kch thch. Anh sang laser phat ra cung da tren
nguyen ly bc xa ien t, tuy nhien co nhieu tnh chat ac
biet so vi anh sang thong thng. Anh sang laser co cng o
manh la laser c tao thanh t chat ran. Mot chat ran thch
hp, khi nhan c kch thch t ben ngoai, cac electron ben
trong se nhay len mc nang lng cao hn, sau o lai nhanh
chong chuyen ve mc nang lng thap hn va giai phong mot
photon anh sang. Photon nay bay ra, chuyen ong trong long
khoi chat ran, lai va cham vi nhng nguyen t khac, kch thch
electron cua nguyen t nay len trang thai cao hn, sau khi nhay
xuong trang thai thap lai tiep tuc phat ra mot photon khac. C
nh vay tao ra mot phan ng day chuyen, cang ngay cang giai
phong ra nhieu photon. Tai mot au cua khoi chat ran co gan
mot gng ban ma. Photon gap gng nay se i ra ngoai, tao
thanh tia Laser. Cac photon cua tia laser, do co cung tan so,
Hnh 3.6:
Mot iem anh cua
man hnh LED
co3 en Led la
oc, xanh luc,
xanh tm
Sphuc chemau 85
cung pha, lai chuyen ong song song vi nhau nen tia laser co
nang lng rat ln, lai c tap trung trong mot dien tch nho.
Mot ac iem quan trong cua tia laser, la cac photon cua no
sinh ra t phan ng day chuyen, nen nang lng cua cac photon
giong nhau tuyet oi, dan en bc song cua tia laser la ong
nhat tuyet oi.
Mot man hnh laser, yeu cau phai co ba tia laser vi ba mau sac
xanh tm, xanh la, o. Hien nay, mi ch co tia laser o (con goi
la laser hong ngoc) la pho bien va co kha nang ng dung trong
san xuat man hnh, con laser xanh tm va xanh la, do co nang
lng cao hn nen gan nh khong the tao c trong ieu kien
hoat ong cua mot man hnh. Thay vao o, phai s dung mot
qua trnh bien oi tan so e thu c laser co tan so cao hn tan
so cua tia laser goc. Qua trnh nay li dung s tng tac cua cac
Hnh 3.7:
en hnh Laser
photon vi vat lieu phi tuyen ac biet e ket hp nang lng
vao mot photon mi, co nang lng gap oi photon ban au,
hay co bc song nho bang mot na. No c tm ra vao nam
1961, mot thi gian sau khi cac nha khoa hoc tm c phng
phap tao ra tia laser o bang hong ngoc. Nh phng phap nay,
co the tao ra c tia laser xanh tm va xanh la.
Man hnh laser, vi nguyen ly hoat ong da vao viec phat ra
cac tia laser thay cho viec dung en cng o cao trong cac
man hnh projector, co nhieu u iem so vi cac loai man hnh
hien nay nh co kha nang tai tao lai mot pho mau rat rong vi
o chnh xac mau sac cao (co the at en hn 90% pho mau
ma mat ngi co the cam nhan), tieu thu t nang lng hn man
hnh LCD hay Plasma, kch thc gon nhe, tuoi tho lau (co the
len en hn 50000 gi). Theo d oan, mot khi a vao san
xuat quy mo ln, gia thanh cua man hnh Laser se re hn rat
nhieu so vi gia man hnh LCD va Plasma hien tai, co the ch
bang mot na
Man hnh SED
Man hnh SED: Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display:
man hnh phat xa ien t dan be mat. Cong nghe SED thc
chat a c nghien cu t rat lau, vao nam 1986. Ngay sau khi
man hnh CRT tr nen pho bien, gii khoa hoc a nhan ra mot
so iem yeu cua loai man hnh nay, trong o ro ret nhat la tan
so quet qua thap vi mot so san pham co kch thc khung hnh
ln. Mot y tng ban au c a ra, o la s dung nhieu sung
phong ien t thay cho mot sung phong ien t e cai thien tan
so quet. o chnh la y tng bat nguon cho viec nghien cu
cong nghe man hnh SED, mot cai tien ln t man hnh CRT.
Cau tao c ban cua man hnh CRT bao gom mot sung phong
ien t, mot he thong tao t trng e bien oi quy ao elec-
tron, va mot man huynh quang. Ong phong ien t da theo
hieu ng phat xa nhiet electron. Khi cung cap nang lng cho
mau kim loai di dang nhiet, cac electron se c truyen nang
lng e bt ra khoi lien ket mang tinh the kim loai. Cac elec-
tron nay sau khi bt ra c tang toc bi mot ien trng. Sau
Sphuc chemau 87
khi c tang toc bi ien trng, electron co quy ao thang
hng ve pha man huynh quang. Trc khi ap vao man huynh
quang, electron se phai bay qua mot vung t trng c tao
bi hai cuon day, mot cuon tao t trng ngang va mot cuon
tao t trng doc. Tuy theo cng o cua hai t trng nay,
quy ao cua electron trong t trng se b lech i va ap vao
man huynh quang tai mot iem c nh trc. Toa o cua
iem nay tren man hnh co the c ieu khien bi viec ieu
chnh cng o dong ien trong hai ong day, qua o ieu chnh
cng o t trng tac dung len electron. Electron ap vao
man huynh quang (thng la ZnS) se khien iem o phat sang.
e tao ra ba mau c ban trong he mau RGB, ngi ta s dung
ba sung phong ien t rieng, moi sung tng ng vi mot mau.
Cong nghe man hnh SED, ve c ban kha giong vi man hnh
CRT, cung da vao s phat sang cua chat huynh quang khi b
electron ap vao. Tuy nhien, man hnh SED co mot cai tien
vt bac so vi man hnh CRT, o la thay v s dung mot sung
phong ien t e ieu khien s phat sang cua toan bo iem
anh, man hnh SED s dung rieng mot sung phong ien t cho
tng iem anh. Vi man hnh CRT, e co the ieu khien mot
chum tia electron quet khap chieu ngang va chieu doc man
hnh, yeu cau au tien la quy ao cua chum tia electron trong
t trng phai u dai, tng ng vi o ln cua man hnh. ieu
nay gay ra nhc iem cua man hnh CRT la chieu day qua
ln. Nhc iem th hai cua man hnh CRT, o la tan so quet.
Do ch vi mot chum tia electron, lai phai quet suot toan bo
cac iem anh tren man hnh e hien th mot khung hnh, nen
thi gian hien th mot khung hnh se cang ln khi so iem anh
cang ln. ieu nay gay tr ngai cho viec san xuat cac man hnh
co kch thc ln. Mot nhc iem na cua man CRT la do
chum tia electron phai quet xung quanh mot tam, nen be mat
man hnh la be mat cong (o la hoi trc, con gi ay th a
co man CRT phang). Bang viec s dung mot sung phong ien
t cho mot iem anh rieng biet, man hnh SED a khac phuc
hoan toan ba nhc iem noi tren cua man hnh CRT. Do moi
iem anh co mot sung phong ien t rieng, nen chum electron
sau khi c tang toc bi ien trng se ti ap thang vao man
huynh quang ma khong can bay qua vung t trng, nen be
day cua man hnh SED rat be, ch ngang nga vi man hnh
LCD va Plasma. Moi iem anh c ieu khien oc lap bi
mot sung phong nen toan bo iem anh tren khung hnh se hien
th cung mot luc, tan so hien th se ln hn nhieu so vi tan so
quet cua man hnh CRT. Va cuoi cung, khong he co bat c mot
qua trnh quet nao vi man hnh SED, nen hien nhien be mat
man hnh se la be mat phang. Nh vay, nh da tren cong nghe
truyen thong cua man hnh CRT nen man hnh SED se co chat
lng hnh anh ngang nga man hnh CRT, tuy nhien co kch
thc man hnh ln hn, o phan giai cao hn, va nho gon hn.
3.4. Nhiep anh
Trong nhiep anh, e phuc che mau ngi ta s dung 3 lp nhu
tng, chung c phu len mot be mat. Moi nhu tng nhay
vi mot mau va qua x ly moi nhu tng c nhuom mot mau
tng ng. Lp tren cung nhay vi tia sang Xanh tm va c
nhuom mau vang, lp ke tiep nhay vi tia sang Xanh luc va
c nhuom mau Magenta va lp di cung nhay vi tia sang
mau o c va c nhuom mau Cyan. That ra lp th hai va
th ba cung nhay vi tia sang mau Xanh tm nhng gia lp th
nhat va lp th hai a co mot lp ngan cach mau vang ngan tat
ca cac tia sang mau Xanh tm khong cho chung tac ong en
lp gia va lp th 3.
Hnh 3.8:
Quy trnh tao
phim slide mau
Sphuc chemau 89
Mot so phng phap nhiep anh (ac biet la chuyen nhuom). S
dung cac phng phap rat giong vi nganh in e tao ra mot ban
in, s khac biet duy nhat la s dung 3 mau Cyan, Magenta va
Vang, hnh anh khong c tram hoa (phan iem), nhng ma
tran khong mau c s dung nh cac phng tien truyen tai
hnh anh va mau nhuom thay cho mc.
3.5. In mau
3.5.1 In mau vatruyen hnh mau:
Bat ky mau nao cung eu co the c phuc che bang cach thay
oi ty le cua bat ky hoac tat ca cac mau. Ca truyen hnh mau
va in mau eu tan dung mot quy tac chung la tai tao hnh anh
tren c s ket hp cac iem anh nho.
oi vi truyen hnh mau, man hnh cha cac phan t cua mau
o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm co kch thc bang nhau. mot
khoang cach xem cu the (khoang 2m) mat khong the nhan ra
cac phan t rieng le. Ti vi phai tron cac mau o c, mau Xanh
luc va Xanh tm e tao thanh mot mau sac tong hp.
Trong in mau, qua trnh nay phc tap hn. oi vi hau het viec
in mau, dien tch c phu mc vang, Magenta va Cyan thay
oi nhng o day cua lp mc van gi nguyen, chnh v the
ngi ta phai phuc che hnh anh bang nhng iem anh nho da
tren nguyen tac: cung mot o day lp mc nhng iem anh nao
ln hn se nhan c nhieu mc hn nen in ra se am hn va
ngc lai.
Khong giong nh tivi, nhng mau in chong len nhau tao thanh
cac mau th cap cua tong hp mau tr la o c, Xanh luc va
Xanh tm. Cho nao co 3 mau s cap chong len nhau chung ta
co mau en va cho nao khong co mc th chung ta c giay
trang. V the chung ta co chng o 8 yeu to anh tach biet nhau:
Trang, Vang, Magenta, Cyan, o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm va
en. Cung nh tivi, tai mot khoang cach xem cu the (20 cm),
mat khong nhan ra cac phan t rieng le ma nhat thiet phai tron
chung lai e hnh thanh nen mot mau tong hp.
3.5.2 Tach mau cho quatrnh in
Trc ay khi phuc che bang cac phng phap in truyen thong,
ngi ta tao ra cac khuon in mau Cyan, Magenta va Vang, cac
khuon in nay chnh la nhng ghi nhan nghch ao khoi lng
mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm goc. e lam c ieu nay
ngi ta chup bai mau lan lt qua cac knh loc o c, Xanh
luc va Xanh tm, nhng thong tin ve hnh anh c ghi lai tren
cac ban phim. Nhng phim nay co the i qua cac giai oan x
ly sau o e at c s chnh xac ve mau. T cac ban phim
ngi ta se lam thanh cac khuon in. Sau o tng khuon in c
cha loai mc tng ng va lan lt c in len vat lieu in.
Khi tach ra tng mau, tren tng phim ch co cac hnh anh trang
en, o am lt cua hnh anh trang en tren phim ai dien cho
o am lt cua cac mau se c truyen len giay in
Trong nganh in ngi ta dung them mot ban in mau en. Mau
en nay c tao ra bang cach tnh toan t cac mau Cyan,
Magenta va Vang. V nhng gii han ve o day cua cac lp
Hnh 3.9:
Quy trnh phuc che
theo phng phap
truyen thong
Hnh 3.10:
Cac ban phim
Cyan, Magenta
vavang vi cac
oen am lat
khac nhau tng
trng cho cac
mau in tng ng
Dung knh loc mau Red e
tao mau Cyan
Dung knh loc mau Blue
e tao mau Yellow
Bai mau em tach mau
Dung knh loc mau Green
e tao mau Magenta
Sphuc chemau 91
mc Vang, Magenta va Cyan khi c in len giay nen viec in
them mau en se lam tang o tng phan e at c mot s
phuc che hoan hao.
Viet Nam, e phuc che mau cho qua trnh in, t thap nien
1950 en thap nien 1980, cac th che ban phai tien hanh chup
tach mau 4 ban phim am ban Cyan, Magenta, Vang va en qua
cac knh loc tng ng la o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm va knh
loc mau Vang, sau o cac ban phim am nay se c phuc che
thanh cac ban phim dng tng ng e em i phi ban, qua
trnh nay rat phc tap va chiem rat nhieu thi gian, yeu cau
ngi th phai co tay nghe cao. Sau o vao khoang nam 1987,
cong nghe tach mau ien t xuat hien tai Liksin va ngi ta a
dung may tach mau e tach ngay thanh cac 4 ban phim mot
cach nhanh chong vi chat lng cao hn han phng phap
trc o. Sau o, vao khoang thap nien 1990, ngi ta dung
phan mem e tach mau va xuat phim tren nhng may xuat
phim (CTF Computer To Film). Cho en au the k 21, ngi
ta dung cac phan mem e tach mau va ghi ban trc tiep ra cac
khuon in (CTP - Computer to Plate).
Hnh 3.11:
Nguyen l tach
mau theo
phng phap
truyen thong
Bi mu
Green Red Blue
Knh loc
Phim
m bn
Phim
duong bn
T in
don sc
Giy
T in
chng mu
Y M C R G B W K
Tch mu cho mu Vng
Ngun sng
Tch mu cho mu Cyan
Ngun sng
Tch mu cho mu en
Ngun sng
Ngun sng
Bi mu
(duong bn)
Knh loc mu
Bn tch mu
Bn tch mu
(phim m bn)
(phim duong bn)
Tch mu cho mu Magenta
Phim duong mu vng Phim duong mu Magenta
Phim duong mu Cyan Phim duong mu en
*
Bi mu
(duong bn)
Knh loc mu
Bn tch mu
Bn tch mu
(phim m bn)
(phim duong bn)
Yellow
Blue
Magenta
Green
Cyan
Red
Black
White
Cc cp mu di c th lm knh loc mu cho nhau
Hnh 3.12: Quy trnh tach mau cho in 4 mau
Sphuc chemau 93
Moi ban in tren may in ch in c mot mau, e in mot tai lieu
vi nhieu hn mot mau oi hoi phai co nhieu ban in hn. V du,
mot tai lieu co ch mau en va hnh anh co mau xanh Cyan oi
hoi phai co mot ban in e in ch mau en va mot ban in khac
e in mau xanh Cyan.
e in mot tai lieu mau, cac oi tng trong tai lieu phai c
tach mau, khi o tat ca oi tng co thanh phan mau giong
nhau se xuat hien tren cung mot ban kem.
oi vi mau phuc che bang cach chong 4 mau c ban (CMYK)
lan lt len nhau (con goi la in process) qua trnh tach mau se
can c tren t le mau cua hnh anh e phan tach chung tren 4
ban phim hoac 4 ban kem. Khi tach mau, cac hnh anh in se
xuat hien tren phim hoac ban kem nhieu hay t, am hay lt
tuy thuoc vao t le mau cua chung tren tng mau in.
Hnh 3.12:
Phuc chebai
mau bang 4 mau
in thc tetheo
thtxanh - o-
vang - en
C
M
C+M
C+M+Y Y
C+M+Y+K K
V du, neu s dung kieu in chong mau c ban e in 1 la c mau
o, theo ly thuyet, mau o c se c tao ra bang cach in chong
2 mau Vang va Magenta. V vay, tren khuon in mau Vang va
khuon in mau Magenta se co hnh anh cua la c.
Ngay nay qua trnh lam phim gan nh ang tren a suy thoai
va co le se mat dan trong tng lai. Cac ky thuat t may tnh
ra thang ban in (Computer To Plate - CTP) va may tnh ra
thang may in (Computer To Press - CTPr) se dan dan loai bo
vai tro cua phim ra khoi qua trnh phuc che nhng cac nguyen
tac c ban nhat cua viec phuc che hnh anh van khong co
nhieu thay oi.
3.5.3.1 In lan lt 4 mau c ban (in process)
Tren ly thuyet, ch can 3 mau Cyan, Magenta, Vang la co the
phuc che c tat ca cac tong mau. Tuy nhien nh a e cap
phan tren, mau en c dung e tang chi tiet cho vung toi
va giam lng mc cua cac mau con lai. Ky thuat in nay c
goi la quy trnh in 4 mau c ban hay in mau process. a so cac
trng hp eu in bang quy trnh nay.
He mc CMYK khong the phuc che mot so mau v du nh mau
cam sang. Viec phuc che lai mot so mau in ac biet bang 4
mau CMYK la khong the c. Trong cac giai phap thay the,
mau pha la mot giai phap.
Y Y+M Y+M+C Y+M+C+K
Hnh 3.13:
In chong lan lt
4 mau etao ra
mau ay utheo
thtvang - o-
xanh - en
Sphuc chemau 95
3.5.3.2 In mau pha (in mau spot)
Mau pha la mot mau mc hon hp c pha trc va s dung
tren may in. Mau pha co rat nhieu tong mau, co cac hieu ng
nh mau anh kim loai va mau phat sang.
Mau pha c dung cho san pham thong thng va san pham
cao cap. S dung mau pha co the tao ra cac san pham in quang
cao co gia thanh re hay bang cach in mot mau pha len giay
mau, ngi thiet ke co the tao ra san pham bat mat vi gia
thanh re hn viec in 4 mau.
Vi cac san pham cao cap, mau pha co the lam tang gia tr san
pham in bang cach ma vang, ong hay bac. Mau pha cung c
dung e tao ra tong mau co o bao hoa cao ma he mc CMYK
khong the tao ra c.
Ngoai ra, s dung mau pha giup tranh c nhng van e cua
in chong mau nh moire, s bien oi mau trong qua trnh in gay
ra bi cac mau thanh phan. Va mau pha c in di dang tong
nguyen (100%) th khong can phai tram hoa.
He thong mau pha thng c s dung la he thong mau PAN-
TONE. He thong mau PANTONE co cac ban tham chieu cho
ngi thiet ke va cac nha in e xac nh chnh xac mau pha.
Hnh 3.14:
Tap mau Pantone
3.5.3.3 Mau lytng vamau thc te
Ly thuyet tong hp mau tr c gii thieu tren c xay
dng theo mau ly tng: cac mc se hap thu hoan toan 1 vung
bc xa va phan xa hoan toan hai vung bc xa con lai. Nhng
tren thc te gan nh la khong the che tao c nhng mc in
nh vay.
Trong nganh in, cac mc c ban C, M,Y c s dung e in
thng phai tuan theo nhng chuan mau nhat nh: v du nh
chuan chau Au, Nhat ban e khong gian phuc che mau c
am bao. Viec tach mau du co chnh xac en au i na nhng
neu s dung mc khong phu hp th mau sac se khong am
bao, ac biet la trong cac trng hp in tai ban.
Tuy nhien, viec s dung nhng mc in thc te nay khong bao
gi co the phuc che c ay u nhng mau giong t nhien. Do
vay, ngi ta thng phai s dung them mot so mau pha e bo
tr cho nhng mau chnh nay hoac s dung cac cach in vi he
6 mau hexachome hoac 7 mau opaltone.

Phn xa, % Cyan Phn xa, % Magenta Phn xa, % ellow
l00
0
380 495 575 nm
8uoc song, nm
720 380 495 575 nm
8uoc song, nm
720 380 495 575 nm
8uoc song, nm
720
Hnh 3.16:
Mc in mau
thc te
Phn xa
380
buoc song, nm
575 380 495 720 495 575
MUC CAN
buoc song, nm buoc song, nm
MUC LLLOw MUC MAGLNTA
Hnh 3.15:
Mc in mau
l tng
Sphuc chemau 97
3.5.3.4 In mau ac biet
Cac mau ac biet nh nhu kim loai, vecni tao hieu ng m hay
bong, cac lp vecni co mui thm thng c in them vao e
lam tang ga tr cua t in, ac biet la khi in cac san pham cao
cap nh my pham, dc pham
Ngoai ra cac mau o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm, Phan hong, Xam
va Cam cung thng c in them e tao cho so lng mau
c phuc che phong phu hn.
Ngi ta co nhng kieu in ac biet e tao ra khoang phuc che
mau cao hn, giong voi thc te hn nh:
In Hexachrome: in 6 mau - Cyan, Magenta, Vang, en,
Cam, Xanh luc
In Opaltone: in 7 mau - Cyan, Magenta, Vang, en, o
c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm
Hnh 3.17:
Cac khoang mau
phuc chec
bang cac phng
phap vathiet b
A
B
C
A. Khong gian mau t
nhien mamat ngi
nhn thay
B. Khong gian mau
RGB tren man hnh
may tnh
C. Khong gian
mau in CMYK
3.5.4 Phuc chemau bang cac iem anh
3.5.4.1 Kythuat tram hoa (phan iem anh) truyen thong
Trong qua trnh in, do khuon in nhan c mot lp mc eu
nhau nen ch co the truyen mot lp mc co mat o nh nhau len
giay, e co the truyen hnh anh co tang th (co s chuyen tong
t am sang lt) ngi ta phai phan chia hnh anh ra thanh tng
iem nho co dien tch khac nhau (iem tram hay hat tram).
Viec phan chia hnh anh thanh cac iem nham muc ch thay
oi lng mc truyen len khuon in va giay thong qua s bien
oi dien tch phan t nhan mc, tuy cung nhan c mot lp
mc eu nhau nhng nhng iem anh ln se nhan c nhieu
mc hn nen truyen tang th sang giay am hn, nhng iem
co dien tch nho hn se nhan t mc hn nen se truyen sang
giay lt hn. S bien oi lien tuc gia cac iem anh co dien
tch khac nhau se tao nen s bien oi tong lien tuc khi phuc che
hnh anh tren giay va cac vat lieu khac
Khi phuc che anh 4 mau, cac mau lan lt c phan iem
tram va khi in 4 mau CMYK chong len nhau ta se co anh c
phuc che bi vo so cac iem tram co dien tch khac nhau cua 4
mau CMYK in chong len nhau
Hnh 3.18:
Anh in tren giay
(hnh ben trai) va
phan khuon mat
c phong to
(hnh ben phai)
cho thay cac chi
tiet tren anh c
phuc chebi cac
iem anh codien
tch khac nhau
Sphuc chemau 99
3.5.4.2 Hien tng moire vagoc xoay tram
Khi phan iem anh va in 4 mau chong len nhau ngi ta
nhan thay:
Xuat hien cac van soc gay cam giac kho chu khi quan
sat (con goi la moire) xay ra khi in chong mau khong
chnh xac.
Cac hat tram chong kht len nhau gay cam giac hnh anh
toi hn va cam giac cac hat tng oi ln lam cho hnh
anh khong c mn.
Hnh 3.19:
Anh in tren giay
(hnh ben trai) va
phan khuon mat
c phong to
(hnh ben phai)
cho thay cac chi
tiet tren anh c
phuc chebi cac
iem anh codien
tch khac nhau
Hnh 3.20:
Cac dang cua
moire xuat hien
khi in chong mau
khong chnh xac

e tranh tnh trang nay, ngi ta se dung ky thuat xoay goc
tram, tc la xoay cac iem tram cua tng mau i mot goc e
khi in chong mau cac hat tram cac mau khong nam trung kht
len nhau ma sap xep theo nhieu dang bien oi khac nhau tuy
theo goc xoay. Khi xoay cac iem tram, nhng ni cac iem
tram chong len nhau, cac hat tram se tao nen tong hp mau tr,
nhng ni cac iem tram nam canh nhau do cac iem nay
qua nho nen tren ng phan xa ti mat ngi quan sat chung
se hoa mau theo kieu tong hp cong cua anh sang. S ket hp
cua hai tong hp mau se lam cho mau sac phuc che c phong
phu hn.
Goc lech tram ch c nh ngha cho cac loai tram co phan
t bo tr eu an va c nh ngha bang o lech cua cau truc
tram so vi mot truc (tuy theo cac tieu chuan va qui c ma
ngi ta co the chon truc tung hoac truc hoanh lam truc goc).
n v e o o lech cua goc tram so vi truc goc la o, o la
goc lech tuyet oi cua tram, con goc lech gia hai hng tram
cua hai mau in c goi la goc lech tng oi.
Hnh 3.21:
Cac iem tram
c xoay cac
goc a: 0
0
; b: 30
0

vac: 45
0
Sphuc chemau 101
Trong thc te, co s khac biet ve quy c nh v goc tram gia
cac tieu chuan ky thuat va cac nha che tao thiet b RIP :
Theo chuan ky thuat ISO 12647 va cach thc xac nh
truyen thong: goc 0
0
se la hng kim ong ho ch 3h00,
chieu xoay goc tram ngc vi chieu kim ong ho.
Theo tieu chuan ky thuat SWOP va Heidelberg: goc 0
0
se
la hng kim ong ho ch 12h00, chieu xoay goc tram la
thuan chieu kim ong ho.
Vi cac thiet b che ban s dung RIP cua Harlequin, goc
0
0
cung la hng kim ong ho ch 12h00 nhng chieu
xoay goc tram la ngc chieu kim ong ho.
Khi xay dng tieu chuan k thuat can phai neu ro cach thc xac
nh goc tram. Gia s chon cach oc goc tram theo quy nh
cua tieu chuan ISO 12647 th viec thiet lap goc tram cho cac
ban tach mau tren cac he thong che ban cung phai tuan thu
theo quy nh nay, tc la phai hoan oi goc tram cac ban tach
mau cho phu hp. V du : mau Cyan theo he toa o Heidelberg
co goc tram 15
0
th trong he toa o ISO 12647 se co goc tram
75
0
, e co goc tram mau Cyan la 15
0
theo ISO 12647 th khi ghi
ban tren he thong che ban Heidelberg ta phai gan goc tram cho
mau Cyan la 75
0
.
o 60
0
R
1
R
2
o 45
0
Hnh 3.22:
Cac goc lech
tng oi va
tuyet oi. Neu lay
nhanh pha tren
cua truc tung lam
truc goc th o la
goc lech tng
oi cua 2 hng
tram cua 2 mau
R1 vaR2; la
goc lech tng
oi cua hai nhanh
tram nay vi nhau
Ngi ta a xay dng mo hnh tnh toan anh hng cua moire
tao ra khi in 2 mau chong len nhau thong qua chu ky moire.
Chu ky moire la o ln cua moire c tnh bang o ln cua
hat tram
1
2
3
0
0
1- Truc chnh
2- Goc xoay tram
3- Truc hoanh c xem latruc goc
0
0
180
0
270
0
90
0
Coc xoay tram
Hnh 3.23:
Goc tram theo
ISO 12647
Hnh 3.25:
Goc tram theo
truyen thong va
theo Heidelberg
Hnh 3.24:
Goc tram theo
Harlequin
Sphuc chemau 103
e de tnh toan, ta xac lap mo hnh tnh nh hnh di ay
e: khoang cach ngan nhat
gia nhng iem moire, con
c goi lachu kymoire
R: Goc lech mamoiretao
vi phng thang ng goi la
hng moire
a : goc lech tram gia hai mau
K
1
vaK
2
: gialap 2 mau in
vi 2 ophan giai tram khac
nhau thehien s khac biet
vekhoang cach gia hai iem
tram ketiep. Khi in chong hai
tram coac tnh nh tren se
tao nen mot moire c bieu
dien bang ng sang vatoi
song song nh hnh ve.
T mo hnh nay ta xay dng c cong thc tnh chu ky moire
nh sau:
Neu tat ca cac mau eu co cung o phan giai tram tc la K1 =
K2. Ta se bien oi cong thc tren nh sau:
Hnh 3.26:
2 mau C vaM khi
in chong len nhau
setao ra moirela
cac ng mau
en
Hnh 3.27:
Mohnh tnh chu
kymoire
Khi khao sat ham so chu ky moire theo goc lech tram gia hai
mau in ta se ve c o th sau:
ay la o th bieu dien mc o moire gia hai goc xoay tram
cua hai mau in lech nhau mot goc a. Ta ch s dung ng (1)
cho tram co truc chnh, vi tram khong co truc chnh ta phai ket
hp ca hai ng cong (1) va (2).
Chung ta se da vao o th nay e chon goc lech gia hai mau
in mot cach trc quan. Ta nhan thay vi o = 0 khoang cach
gia cac moire (chu ky moire) la , luc nay ta khong nhan thay
c hien tng moire na, tuy nhien ch can lech nhe thoi th
moire se rat ln. Goc lech tng oi gia 2 mau tot nhat la 45
0

v luc o moire se nho nhat xet theo ca hai nhanh. Neu xet tren
tng hng th hng (1) goc lech tng oi e moire nho
hn 2K la t khoang 25
0
en 45
0
, hng (2) la t 45
0
en 75
0
.
Hnh 3.28:
othkhao sat
ham sochu ky
moire theo goc
lech tng oi
cua tram gia hai
mau in
Sphuc chemau 105
Nh vay, khi in tram khong co truc chnh, goc lech tng oi
gia cac hng tram cua hai mau in se nam trong khoang 25
0

en 75
0
va tot nhat la 45
0
.
Da theo hnh dang cua iem tram ma ngi ta chia lam 3 loai:
tram phan bo theo 1 hng (co truc chnh), tram phan bo theo
nhieu hng(khong co truc chnh) va tram ac biet. Nhng loai
tram co dang hnh e-lip, hnh chuoi ngoc hay hnh si xch phan
bo theo mot hng v chung b bop dep do co 2 ban knh khac
nhau, cac loai tram hnh tron va hnh vuong phan bo theo hai
chieu v cau truc ong dang cua chung, tram ac biet la cac loai
tram co hnh dang ac biet dung e tao ra cac hieu ng anh.
Cac loai tram ac biet cung thng phan bo theo mot truc chnh
vi cac hnh dang ac biet nh hnh hoa, la, cac dai socva rat
t khi c s dung. Phan ln cac trng hp phuc che anh
trong thc te eu s dung tram phan bo theo mot truc chnh va
khong co truc chnh, trong o tram phan bo theo dang khong co
truc chnh c s dung nhieu hn.
Khi xoay cac tram phan bo theo mot truc ta thay rang v chung
co 1 truc va 2 hng nen chung ch co the xoay trong pham vi
180
0
ma thoi v khi xoay qua 180
0
th chung se lap lai goc xoay
cu. Cac loai tram phan bo khong theo truc chnh se nhan hai
truc toa o lam hai truc chnh va co 4 hng nen cung ch co
the xoay trong pham vi 90
0
.
?
?
?
?
?
?
Hnh 3.29:
Tram tron (hnh
ben trai) phan
botheo 2 truc
do cau truc ong
dang cua chung;
Tram elip (hnh
ben phai) phan
botheo mot truc
chnh.
Hnh 3.30:
Cac loai tram ac
biet thng c
dung etao hieu
ng anh.
Nh vay oi vi tram co hnh dang E-lip, khi in 4 mau th tong
so goc xoay chia eu cho 4 mau co the la 180
0
, goc toi thieu
gia mau C, M va K la 60
0
, mau Y lech vi cac mau khac la
15
0
, tong mau chnh hay mau cha nhieu chi tiet nhat nam goc
45
0
hay 135
0
va ngi ta thng s dung bo goc: Y=0
0
; M=45
0
;
C=165
0
va K=105
0
hoac Y=0
0
; M=75
0
; C=15
0
va K=135
0
.
oi vi loai tram khong co truc chnh (tram tron va vuong), goc
toi thieu gia cac mau C, M va K la 30
0
, mau Y lech vi cac mau
khac la 15
0
, tong mau chnh hay mau co nhieu chi tiet nhat nam
goc 45
0
va ngi ta thng s dung bo goc: Y=15
0
; M=45
0
;
C=75
0
; K=0
0
hoac Y=0
0
; M=75
0
; C=45
0
; K=0
0
. Trong mot so
trng hp ngi ta se hoan oi goc cua hai mau Cyan va Ma-
genta neu mot trong hai mau nay co nheu chi tiet hn hoac co
tong mau ln hn, v du khi in anh co nhieu chi tiet mau xanh
e tao nen mau xanh cua bau tri, ta se goc xoay tram Y=15
0
;
M=75
0
; C=15
0
va K=45
0
, khi in mang mau ln co mau xanh luc,
do goc tram cua mau Cyan ch lech 15
0
vi mau Vang nen ngi
ta se thay goc xoay tram Y=15
0
; M=75
0
; C=45
0
va K=0
0
.
O
O
45
O
1O5
O
1G5
O
M:75
0
K:45
0
C:15
0
Y:0
0
K:135
0
M:75
0
C:15
0
Y:0
0
a - Tram tron - vuong b - Tram elip
Hnh 3.31:
Goc tram theo
tieu chuan ISO
12647
Hnh 3.32:
Goc tram theo
tieu chuan ISO
12647.
Sphuc chemau 107
Cho en nay van cha co nguyen tac cu the cho viec phan chia
goc cho cac mau, tuy nhien ngi ta thng da vao 2 yeu to
e chon la goc: goc nen cach xa nhau va phan bo eu trong
khoang 180
0
neu tram co 1 truc chnh hoac 90
0
neu tram khong
co truc chnh va goc c chon nen la goc hu ty cho viec tnh
toan n gian. Trong nhieu trng hp, e tranh moire, cac
hang san xuat thiet b che ban cho thay oi ca goc xoay lan
o phan giai tram cho tng mau (v moire la ham so cua ca
goc xoay lan o phan giai). Ngoai ra, mot so thiet b RIP cua
cac hang nh Heidelberg, Harlequin, Kodak ... con a ra giai
phap ac biet: cho phep goc tram cac ban tach mau xoay them
7,5
0
so vi goc tieu chuan thong thng (v du he thong tram IS
CMYK + 7,5
0
va he thong tram Hybrid cua Heidelberg). ay
la giai phap rat co hieu qua e han che hieu ng moire a c
kiem chng trong thc te san xuat.
Tram AM IS classic Tram AM IS CMYK + 7,5
0

3.5.4.4 Hnh dang iem tram
Hnh dang iem tram anh hng en o tng phan, s gia
tang tang th va o trn tru cua tong chuyen hay o mn mang
cua hnh anh.
Dang tram vuong: la dang tram truyen thong c
dung t rat lau, xuat phat t tram knh, no thch hp vi
viec in cac hnh anh co nhieu chi tiet sac net, khuyet
iem cua no la tao nen s gia tang tang th ot ngot
vung tong 50%.
0
45
105
165
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Vau Coc xoay
tram
Tan so
tram
||en quan
C 165.0 0.943
M 45.0 0.943
Y 0.0 1.000
K 105.0 0.943
0
45
105
165
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Hnh 3.33:
Hethong tram
cua Heidelberg
Dang tram tron: Thch hp cho viec in cac hnh anh co
cac tong mn mang va chuyen oi eu an nh da ngi,
cac hat tram tron se ung nhau tong 78%, luc bay gi
hat tram se co hnh cai goi, khi tang th cao hn cac
hat tram lai tr ve hnh tron, khuyet iem cua no la tao
nen s gia tang tang th nhieu vung tong toi. Tram
tron cung c phat trien manh e dung trong ky thuat
in Flexo. Khi in Flexo tren cac vat lieu lam bao b mem,
cac hat tram de b bien dang gay nen s gia tang tang th
nhieu hn phng phap in Offset, do tram tron co s gia
tang tang th ch dien ra vung tong toi nen se han che
c s gia tang tang th nay so vi cac hnh dang khac.
Hnh 3.34:
Cac dang tram
truyen thong
thong dung, tram
vuong nam tren
cung
Sphuc chemau 109
Dang tram tron - vuong: Tram tron - vuong c dung
e tan dung u iem cua hai loai tram vuong va tron.
ay la dang tram bien oi hnh dang tuy theo gia tr tang
th. vung sang iem tram co dang tron va chuyen dan
sang dang hnh vuong vung trung gian (tai iem tram
50%, cac hat tram la hnh vuong cham au nhau) va
vung toi cac phan t khong in (iem trang) co dang tron.
No c s dung cho nhng hnh anh can co s sac net ve
chi tiet va s chuyen oi tang th mn mang.Dang tram
tron-vuong cung thch hp cho in bao neu yeu cau kiem
soat gia tang tang th vung toi cua hnh anh c u
tien (neu s dung dang tram tron th vung sang hnh anh
se mn mang hn tram vuong nhng trong vung toi s gia
tang tang th cao hn dang tram vuong).
Dang tram E-lip: Con c goi la tram chuoi hay tram
mat xch. vung sang cac hat tram (phan t in) co dang
tron sau o chuyen dan sang dang hnh e-lip. Cac hat tram
cham au nhau lan 1 tai 40% 5% (thong thng la tai
iem tram 44%) va cham au nhau lan hai tai 60% 5%
(thong thng tai iem tram 61%) va trong khoang tong
nay cac hat tram co dang hnh thoi. Sau o lai chuyen
thanh e-lip va cuoi cung sang vung toi cac iem trang
(phan t khong in) la hnh tron. Tram E-lip c khuyen
khch s dung cho in lua, in letterpress va chuyen oi qua
lai gia phng phap in offset va in ong ong
u iem ln nhat cua dang tram in E-lip la hnh anh in
ra mn mang, giam hieu ng nhay tong nen tram chuyen
trn tru. vung sang va vung trung gian hnh anh in mn
mang hn dang tram tron, ong thi vung toi s gia
tang tang th oi vi hat tram dang Elliptical cung thap
hn dang tram tron. Nhc iem: neu ap lc in qua ln
(s gia tang tang th cao) co the tao nen hieu ng thanh
cac tram ng.
Hnh 3.35:
Minh hoa dang
hat tram tron -
vuong
Dang tram E-lip la la chon ly tng cho in offset. Hau het
cac tieu chuan ky thuat hay tai lieu hng dan ky thuat che
ban ien t hien nay eu coi la dang tram E-lip tieu chuan
cho in offset (ISO 12647, Heidelberg, Harlequin...).
3.5.4.4 Vtr tng oi cua cac iem tram vatac ong
cua chung
Tac ong ve v tr tng oi cua cac hat tram vi nhau dan en
s tong hp mau khac nhau. Neu quan sat hnh ve ta thay cac
hat tram in chong kht len nhau se tao nen s tong hp mau
khac vi hat tram nam canh nhau. Hap thu anh sang cua hat
tram chong kht len nhau la cc tieu va ni cac hat tram khong
chong len nhau la cc ai, neu khi in xuat hien chu ky thay oi
gia hai cc ai va cc tieu nay th se xuat hien moire. Khi in
vi cac goc lech co ien th hai cc ai va cc tieu tren se xuat
hien cung vi viec tao nen cac hoa van co tam iem va khong
co tam iem. Cac hoa van co tam iem la hoa van tao bi cac
hat tram chong kht len nhau va vong ngoai cua tam nay la cac
hat tram bao quanh nhng khong chong kht len nhau. Cac hoa
van khong co tam iem ch gom cac hat tram ke can nhau (co
the chong mot phan len nhau) tao thanh mot vong tron.
Hnh 3.36:
Minh hoa dang
hat tram E-lip
Hnh 3.37:
Cau tao cua cac
hoa van cotam
vakhong cotam.
Sbien oi t
hoa van cotam
sang hoa van
khong cotam khi
in segay ra s
sai lech mau
Sphuc chemau 111
Khi in bang cac ky thuat tram hien ai (co thay oi ca goc xoay
tram lan o phan giai tram), khi in chong mau khong chnh xac
se xuat hien s bien oi mau do thay oi cau truc moire cua
cac hat tram.
3.5.4.5 ophan giai tram (Screen Frequency)
o phan giai tram la khai niem dung e ch mat o tram tren
mot n v dien tch, thong thng ngi ta dung n v so
lng ng tren mot n v chieu dai (cm hay inch). So ng
ay phai c hieu la so ng cach eu nhau c gach tren
mot hang ngang, hoac doc v du so ng vach theo mot inch
chieu ngang hay chieu doc.
Hnh 3.38:
Cac bien oi khi
in chong 2 mau.
Schuyen dch
mau khi in hai
mau en vao
khong xoay goc
tram (hnh pha
tren ben trai) va
coxoay goc tram
(pha di ben
trai). Moiredo
khac biet ophan
giai tram gia cac
mau (hnh tren
ben phai) vado
sxoay tram gia
cac mau (hnh
pha di ben
phai)
1 inch
1 inch
Hnh 3.39:
Trong mot inch
vuong co10
vach theo chieu
ngang va10 vach
theo chieu doc
ngi ta goi la
co10 ng tren
mot inch hay 10
lpi (line per inch).
Khai niem nay xuat hien khi chup phuc che bang tram knh,
ngi ta dung cac tam knh c ke cac o en va trang eu nhau
roi ap sat hai tam knh lech mot goc 90
0
e tao thanh cac o caro
trang va en. Trong qua trnh chup, cac khoang trang tren mieng
knh ong vai tro khe hep lam nhieu xa anh sang chieu qua no
va tao ra cac not tram tren phim. Neu co bao nhieu ng vach
ngang hoac doc tren mot tam knh tren mot n v dien tch th
cung co bay nhieu khoang trang ong vai tro khe hep va do o
cung bang o not tram tren mot n v dien tch tren phim. So
lng iem tram tren mot n v dien tch cang ln th dien tch
cac not tram se cang nho va do o hnh anh c phan tch cang
ky hn nen nhn mn hn va nhieu chi tiet hn.
Nh vay khai niem so ng tren mot n v dien tch co lien
quan en mat o tap trung cua cac hat tram tren mot n v
dien tch va nh the no cung c goi la o phan giai tram (
Viet Nam, co mot so ngi con goi la tan suat tram). Ngay nay,
ngi ta thng dung cac o phan giai tram sau:
50 lpi
20 lpi
Hnh 3.40:
Trong mot inch
vuong co10
vach theo chieu
ngang va10 vach
theo chieu doc
ngi ta goi la
co10 ng tren
mot inch hay 10
lpi (line per inch).
Sphuc chemau 113
Cac may ghi anh tao nen hat tram na tong bang cach s dung
mot ma tran iem o bang n v so ng tren mot inch (lpi). Ma
tran iem nay co the c ai dien bang mot li iem (GRID)
nh hnh ve di ay. Neu li iem nay cang day ac (so lpi
cang ln) th hat tram cang nhieu va co o phan giai cang cao.
Moi mot o vuong trong li iem la mot phan t na tong (half-
tone cell) co kha nang cha mot hat tram na tong (halftone dot).
Li iem dung e nh v cac tia laser se c ghi len phim
hay ban in tao nen cac hat tram na tong, li iem nay con
c goi li iem na tong (halftone grid).
Tren li iem nay co rat nhieu cac phan t na tong la tap
hp cua mot so lng cac o grid eu nhau.
3.5.4.6 ophan giai ghi vahat tram na tong
Kch thc cua mot phan t na tong c quyet nh bi s
tng tac gia o phan giai tram va o phan giai ghi. o phan
giai ghi phan anh kha nang ghi cac iem laser sat nhau cua
thiet b ghi. Cac iem ghi laser nay c tao bi cac tia laser
cua au ghi hng tieu c vao mot iem tren phim va luon co
o ln bang nhau. Cac tia laser cang c ghi sat vao nhau th
o phan giai cua au ghi cang cao.
Hnh 3.41:
Li iem e
nh vtrong lazer
ghi len phim hay
ban in.
Hnh 3.42:
Phan tna tong
vahat tram na
tong
e at c o phan giai u cho viec in an th cac li iem
c tao ra cc ky mn va goi la o phan giai li iem. Cac
iem laser ghi len tren cac li iem nay c goi la iem ghi
(dot) va tren thc te o phan giai cua thiet b ghi c tnh bang
so iem ghi tren mot inch (dpi - dot per inch).
Khi mot li iem na tong (halftone grid) c at chong len
tren mot li iem ghi (resolution grid) th ta se thay cac phan t
na tong (halftone cell) c tao nen bi nhieu iem ghi. Viec
phoi hp cac iem ghi nay se tao nen mot hat tram na tong.
Li iem na tong (ng ke am) c at chong len li
iem ghi. Li iem na tong dung e tao nen cac hat tram
na tong ben trong no qua viec ghi len cac li iem ghi. Cac
o vuong c tao nen bi s giao nhau cua cac vach am c
goi la mot phan t na tong. Trong khi hnh ve nay mot phan
t na tong chiem 4 iem ghi.
Ta co the tnh toan so iem ghi trong moi phan t na tong
bang cach s dung cong thc:
Vi: dpi la o phan giai cua thiet b ghi
lpi la o phan giai tram.
Hnh 3.43:
Li iem ghi va
li iem na
tong
Sphuc chemau 115
Hnh ve pha tren cho ta thay o phan giai cua li iem ghi
la 16 dpi (v co 16 iem tren 1 inch) va o phan giai tram la 8
lpi (v co 8 ng vach am tren 1 inch). Nh vay so iem ghi
trong mot phan t na tong la .
Tren thc te co hang ngan iem ghi trong mot phan t na
tong. V du: Neu o phan giai cua thiet b ghi la 2400 dpi va
o phan giai tram la 150 lpi th trong mot phan t na tong se
co 256 iem ghi:
Kch thc vahnh dang cua mot iem ghi
Trong qua trnh ghi anh cac iem ghi trong mot phan t na
tong co the c ghi hoac khong ghi. Viec phoi hp cac iem
ghi va khong ghi nh vay se tao nen mot hat tram na tong vi
kch thc va hnh dang cua no.
Tren thc te cac may ghi phim hay ghi ban se ghi cac tia
laser vao giao iem cua cac li iem e tao nen cac iem ghi
nhng neu mo ta bang hnh ve nh vay ta se rat kho thay cac
iem ghi bat au va ket thuc nh the nao.
Neu muon cac hat tram ln hn th cac may ghi se ghi vao cac
phan t na tong nhieu iem ghi hn va ngc lai neu can phai
lam cho hat tram nho hn th se co t iem ghi hn
e tao ra cac hnh dang hat tram khac nhau th may ghi phim
se ghi cac iem theo mot tan suat nhat nh sao cho hnh dang
cua chung the hien ung yeu cau. Moi mot tan suat ghi nh
vay c quyet nh bi mot phng trnh toan hoc goi la ham
ghi. Moi mot hnh dang cua hat tram can phai co mot ham ghi
rieng cho no.
Cac mc oxam
Thc nghiem chng minh rang khi quan sat cac nac chuyen
t sang nhat en toi nhat mat ngi se khong thay c tng
nac neu nh t ni sang nhat en ni toi nhat co hn 200 bc
chuyen. Chnh v vay ma cac thiet b ghi anh Postscript thong
thng oi hoi phai co t nhat 256 mc o xam (8 bit) e phuc
che hnh anh chnh xac, cac nha san xuat cac thiet b hien nay
ang coi 256 mc o xam la tieu chuan can ban e phuc che
hnh anh.
Neu cang co nhieu iem ghi trong mot phan t na tong th
cang co nhieu mc o xam c phuc che. e tnh toan mc
o xam ngi ta dung cong thc giong nh cong thc tnh so
lng iem ghi co trong mot phan t na tong va trang (khong
ghi) cung c coi nh 1 mc o xam.
Trong hnh ve di ay moi phan t na tong cha 4 iem ghi
So mc o xam tng ng:
Sphuc chemau 117
Vi 5 mc o xam nh the e the hien hnh anh t sang nhat
en toi nhat ta co 5 cap o nh sau:
1. 0% en (khong co iem ghi nao c ghi)
2. 25% en (1 trong 4 iem ghi c ghi)
3. 50% en (na so iem ghi c ghi)
4. 75% en (3 trong 4 iem ghi c ghi)
5. 100% en (tat ca cac iem ghi eu c ghi)
Vi 4 iem ghi nh the ta se co 5 hnh thai cua hat tram: 0%,
25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, do vay khong u mc o xam e the
hien mot hnh anh t sang nhat en toi nhat.
Quan hegia mc oxam vaophan giai tram
Tren thc te trong nganh cong nghiep in ngi ta phai luon oi
pho vi moi quan he gia mc o xam va o phan giai tram.
Nh a noi phan tren, quan he gia mc o xam va o phan
giai tram c the hien qua cong thc:
Trong o:
So mc o xam co y ngha la so chi tiet c the hien cua
1 hnh anh khi chuyen t phan sang en phan toi.
dpi: la so iem ghi tren 1 inch, the hien kha nang cua
thiet b va ay la mot con so co nh.
lpi: la o phan giai tram the hien o mn cua cac phan t
tram cau thanh hnh anh
V o phan giai cua thiet b ghi (in) la co nh nen quan he gia
mc o xam va o phan giai tram la quan he ty le nghch ,co
Hnh 3.44:
Cac mc oxam
c thehien bi
mot phan tna
tong co4 iem
ghi.
ngha la neu tang o phan giai tram (lpi) th so mc do xam
phai giam i va ngc lai.
V du ta mua 1 may in laser co o phan giai la 300 dpi neu
muon in vi 256 mc o xam theo chuan Postscript th ta ch
at c o phan giai tram la khoang 18 lpi.
Trong trng hp nay ta khong the phuc che c v hat qua
to va tho.
Ngc lai neu ta muon in vi o phan giai tram khoang 100 lpi
(dung cho in bao) th mc o xam se la 10.
Trong trng hp nay ta cung khong phuc che hnh anh na
tong c v khong the nao bieu dien cac sac o cua hnh anh
t sang en toi vi 10 mc o xam.
Tren thc te, cac thiet b ghi co o phan giai ghi cao hn rat
nhieu so vi may in laser. Ngi ta luon co gang gi so mc o
xam la 256 va thay oi o phan giai ghi cho tng o phan giai
tram khac nhau. V du:
o phan giai ghi la 1600 dpi cho o phan giai tram 100 lpi.
3.5.4.6 Van exoay goc tram tren may ghi phim
Cung nh khi s dung cac loai tram truyen thong, khi in chong
mau cac dai tram khong ung goc o se dan ti moire, co
nhng dai moire chap nhan c cung nh nhng dai moire
khong the chap nhan c.
Tren cac thiet b ghi hien ai ngay nay, khong phai luc nao
cung tao c cac goc xoay truyen thong. Nhieu phng phap
tram hoa a c phat trien e giup cac thiet b ghi xoay c
Sphuc chemau 119
cac goc cang gan vi goc xoay truyen thong bao nhieu cang tot
bay nhieu.
Cac rac roi bat nguon t s tng tac gia o phan giai tram
(li tram) va o phan giai li iem trong viec tao thanh cac
phan t na tong (ta co the xac nh o phan giai tram va goc
o tram khi tao ra cac file tach mau bang cach s dung cac
phan mem ng dung nh photoshop).
Moi mot file tach mau cha cac d lieu e thong bao cho thiet
b ghi biet khi nao th kch hoat tia laser ghi, khi nao th tat tia
laser e tao nen cac iem ghi cau thanh hnh anh).
Ta co the xem moi phan t na tong nh mot li iem c
at len li iem cua may ghi phim hoac ghi ban.
Ban phim tach mau vang thng c in goc o 0
0
nen viec
ghi cac tia laser theo hang ngang song song vi li iem ghi
de dang, goc o nay tat ca cac canh cua mot phan t na tong
eu canh song song vi cac canh cua li iem. Ngc lai cac
ban tach mau khac (cyan, magenta va en) c quay vi cac
goc khong trung kht len cac li iem ghi. Hnh ve di ay
cho thay cac hat tram cua mau magenta, no c xoay 75
0
so
vi li iem. Tren hnh ve ta thay rang khong phai tat ca cac
hat tram na tong eu nam tren giao iem cua cac o trong li
iem ghi (ni ma thiet b ghi se ban tia laser vao e tao ra mot
iem ghi). Tnh trang tng t cung xay ra cho goc 15
0
Hnh 3.45:
Cac phan tna
tong c at
tren mot li
iem ghi tren may
ghi phim.
Khi xoay cac phan tna tong i
mot goc 75
0
so vi li iem ghi ta
thay rang cac hat tram khong phai
luc nao cung trung vi iem ghi
tren li iem do vay viec phuc che
chnh xac hat tram goc 75
0
tren
may ghi phim lakhong thec.
Goc mau en 45
0
lai khong gay kho khan khi ghi phim. Hay
tng tng co mot t giay ke o caro vuong neu ta cham 2
giao iem nam cach xa nhau va lech nhau mot goc 45
0
roi noi
chung lai vi nhau ta thay rang ng thang goc 45
0
luon i
qua giao iem cua cac o caro.
Khi xoay cac phan tna tong 1
goc 45
0
cac iem ghi cau thanh hat
tram eu nam ngay tren giao iem
cua li iem lani macac may ghi
phim cotheghi c.
Lien he vi li iem ghi ta thay rang li iem ghi cung nh
mot t ke o caro, mot may ghi phim ch co the ghi tia laser vao
giao iem cua cac ng tren li iem ghi do o khi quay cac
phan t na tong i mot goc 45
0
tat ca cac iem ghi cau thanh
hat tram eu nam ngang tren giao iem cua li iem nen viec
ghi goc 45
0
cung khong co kho khan g.
Hnh 3.46:
Cac phan tna
tong hp vi li
iem ghi mot goc
75
0
.
Hnh 3.47:
Cac phan tna
tong hp vi li
iem ghi mot goc
45
0
.
Sphuc chemau 121
Phan tna tong nam theo cac
goc xoay cho mau magenta
(75
0
) vacyan (15
0
) khong nam
ngay tren cac giao iem ma
may ghi phim cotheghi c.
Nh vay ch co hai goc 75
0
va 15
0
la khong the phuc che c.
Hay th s dung t giay caro e ve hai ng thang goc 15
0

va 75
0
ta se thay: V cac phan t na tong cac goc xoay 75
0
va
15
0
khong the c ghi e tao nen hat tram chnh xac nen hnh
anh c ghi ra khong chnh xac khi in mot mau. Vi cac goc
lech khong chnh xac th khong co van e g nhng khi in chong
4 mau se dan en hien tng moire va sai lech mau.
Cac giai phap cho van exoay goc tram
e khac nhng van e do goc lech tram khong chnh xac gay
ra, oi khi o phan giai tram, goc o tram va o phan giai ghi
phim phai thay oi theo cong thc tnh chu ky moire e chu ky
moire tao ra thap nhat. o phan giai cua li iem ghi la co
nh. No c tao nen mot cach c kh may moc va khong thay
oi c o la ly do tai sao ngi ta phai thay oi o phan giai
tram va goc o tram. Ngoai ra con co cac phng phap sau e
tranh moire o la:
Ky thuat tao tram goc vo ty.
Ky thuat tao tram goc hu ty.
Ky thuat tao tram super cell.
Ky thuat tao tram FM (stochastic).
Kythuat tao tram goc voty- IS
(Irrational tangent screening)
Ky thuat tao tram goc vo ty la mot ky thuat dung e tao ra cac
goc lech cang gan vi goc truyen thong cang tot.
Hnh 3.48:
Goc xoay 75
0
va
15
0
tren cung li
iem
Viec tnh toan e tm ra s phoi hp chnh xac nhat gia o
phan giai tram va goc o tram co the i en cho khong xac nh
c. V le o cac giai thuat tao tram goc vo ty c tnh toan
rat chat che. Ta thay rang tang cua goc 0
0
va 45
0
luon la mot
so hu ty (tg0
0
= 0 va tg 45
0
= 1) trong khi tg15
0
va tg75
0
lai la
mot so vo ty, o cung la ten cua ky thuat nay.
Phng phap tao tram vi goc vo ty khong oi hoi cac phan
t na tong phai ri vao ung cac ng thang doc theo li
iem ghi. e tao ra mot goc yeu cau mot cach chnh xac se co
mot s chnh sa nho ve v tr cua cac iem ghi sao cho cac hat
tram hng ve mot goc nhng cac iem ghi khong nhat thiet
phai nam tren mot canh thang tuyet oi ma no co the nam lech
ra pha ngoai hoac thut vao pha trong mien la no am bao goc
lech gan nh chnh xac va o che dien tch khong oi.

Cac iem ghi cau thanh hat tram
c ghi vao nhng ni nao may
ghi phim cotheghi c (giao
iem cua li iem) theo mot
hng nhat nh nhng khong
nhat thiet phai nam chnh xac
doc tren mot canh thang nh
cac hat tram goc 0
0
va45
0
ma
cothechay lech ra ngoai hoac
lech vao pha trong.
Theo hnh ve tren cac ng cham cham ch ra ni cac iem
ghi phai c ghi e tao nen goc o tram. Cac iem mau xam
va en la cac iem ghi e ch ra cac ng bien cua cac hat
tram ke tiep nhau. V viec tnh toan oi hoi phai quyet nh
mot goc vo ty la oc nhat, ieu nay co ngha la moi hang cac
iem ghi (toi thieu cho Cyan va Magenta) phai c tnh toan
rieng biet.
Ky thuat tao tram vo ty cho phep chon la nhieu kha nang phoi
hp gia cac goc o, o phan giai tram va o phan giai cua
thiet b ghi nhng no oi hoi may tnh manh bo nh ln va ton
nhieu thi gian x ly.
Hnh 3.49:
Hat tram voty
Sphuc chemau 123
Trong ky thuat tao tram vi goc tg vo ty ngi ta nhan thay hat
tram b mot loi nho goi la loi khong tron goc (round - off) v bat
buoc phai tuan thu theo nguyen tac ghi cua li iem cho cac
hat tram co cac canh ra khong can thiet lam hnh anh trong co
ve gai gai khong that.
e giai quyet van e nay, ngi ta phai x ly tng hat tram
mot, lam cho tng hat tram hi xoay i mot chut khien cho
ng thang tao nen bi cac hat tram nay gai hn nhng
van bao am goc o va dien tch phu be mat cua hat tram o.
Nhng bu lai ta phai co mot may tnh u manh e x ly tng
hat tram mot.
Kythuat tao tram hu ty
Ta thay rang nhng goc hu ty la nhng goc co canh ke va
canh oi la so nguyen. Neu coi moi o caro trong li iem ghi
la mot n v e tnh tg trong mot phan t na tong th ta co the
xac nh c goc ghi.
Hnh 3.50:
Hat tram vi loi
khong bo tron
goc do phai tuan
thucac nguyen
tac ghi cua li
iem khien cho
hat tram cocac
ra gai
Hnh 3.51:
Tng hat tram
mot ac xly
exoay hi lech
i mot chut ekhi
phuc cheng
thang nhn gai
hn
oi vi ban tach mau 0
0
th van e khong co g phc tap v ta
co the lay bao nhieu n v cua canh ke cung c con canh oi
la 0 n v th ta se tnh c goc tg0
0
= 0/n, vi n la so n v
dung e tnh goc trong mot phan t na tong (n la so nguyen).
Ban tach mau 45
0
cung the, ta ch lay sao cho so n v cua
canh ke bang vi n v cua canh oi la c. Van e kho khan
la lam sao co the tao chnh xac goc lech 75
0
va 15
0
.
Goc 15
0
va 75
0
khong the tao chnh xac c vi mot so lng
nho cac n v. V du vi mot n v canh ke va ba n v canh
oi ta ch co the dng c goc 18
0
453. e dng c mot goc
chnh xac 15
0
can phai co mot ty le rat ln gia canh oi va
canh ke, ty le nay vao khoang 0,26794192, con so nay khong
the tai tao mot cach chnh xac vi mot so t n v (Ta khong
the dung na hay 1/3 n v v theo quy c thiet b ghi ch ghi
vao ung cac giao iem cua li iem). Ta co the theo doi ty
le nay theo bang di ay:
Canh oi Canh ke Tyle Goc at c
1 n v 3 n v 0,333333 180435'
1 n v 4 n v 0,250000 140036'
4 n v 15 n v 0,266667 140931'
11 n v 41 n v 0,268293 150018'
15 n v 56 n v 0,267857 140995'
S d ta phai lam chnh xac en con so 15
0
v moire rat nhay vi
s sai lech ve goc du rat nho.
V li iem ch co mot gii han nhat nh, neu ta chap nhan
dung mot ty le ln canh oi va canh ke c 0,26794192 e tao
ra c goc 15
0
th oi hoi phai dung nhieu n v e tao nen
mot hat tram vi ung goc lech cua no, v the hat tram se to ra,
lam cho mat o phan giai tram se thap i.
Bang 3.1:
Goc at c
vi cac tylegia
canh oi va
canh ke.
Sphuc chemau 125
Cu the gia s ta co mot li iem vi o phan giai la 2540 dpi
tc trong mot inch chieu ngang tren li iem ta co 2540 n
v tnh goc, neu co gang e at c goc 15
0
018 th ch co o
phan giai tram la 42,45 lpi va e at c chnh xac 15
0
th o
phan giai tram con thap hn na.
Goc Canh oi Canh ke ophan giai tram
0 0 21 120,95
0 0 20 127,00
0 0 19 133,35
0 0 18 141,11
0 0 17 149,41
0 0 16 158,75
45 15 15 119,74
45 14 14 128,29
45 13 13 138,16
45 12 12 149,67
45 11 11 163,28
Cac ky s cua hang Heidelberg a ngh ra mot cach n gian
hn: ho chap nhan goc 18
0
435 va 71
0
565 e thay the cho goc
15
0
va 75
0
nhng tnh toan lai o phan giai tram cho tng mau
e chu ky moire nho nhat khong thay c, ong thi e han
che moire ho dung goc 45
0
cho mau en va 0
0
cho mau vang.
Tuy nhien viec tnh toan e co c o phan giai tram chnh
xac cho hai mau vang va en cung khong phai n gian.
Qua viec thay oi hai
thong sogoc otram
vaophan giai tram
ta cothetao ra hat
tram hu tytuy nhien
chat lng phuc che
at c khong cao.
Bang 3.2:
ophan giai tram
at c vi cac
tylekhac nhau
cua canh oi va
canh kekhi tao
goc lech.
Hnh 3.52:
Hat tram voty
u a m n o r t o h p s c a r o a t g n o h k y a n t e k n e i l s u d c a M
hoan hao nhng goc o nao o no cung la co gang cua nha
san xuat nham tao cho tram ien t cung co goc lech gan vi
goc lech cua tram truyen thong. Tuy nhien khi in vi loai tram
hu ty rat de xay ra hien tng moire va cac hoa mau gay cam
giac kho chu hn nhieu so vi cac hoa mau tao ra bi cac goc
lech truyen thong.
Trong hnh ve cac ng cham cham ch ra ni cac iem ghi se
phai c ghi e tao ra chnh xac goc lech; cac o mau xam va
en e ch ra cac hat tram ke can nhau. Phng phap nay tao ra
goc o chnh xac nhng phai co nh ty le gia goc o tram va
o phan giai tram. e giam thieu cac loi gay ra do cac tia laser
ch ghi vao c cac iem giao nhau tren li iem ngi ta
lam ln cac phan t na tong phng phap nay goi la ky thuat
tao tram Supercell.
Kythuat tao tram Supercell
Mot Supercell bao gom nhieu phan t na tong. Trong hnh
minh hoa di ay ng vach am ch ra mot Supercell cha
64 phan t na tong bien trong. Moi phan t na tong cha
mot so cac iem ghi tuy thuoc vao o phan giai tram va o
phan giai cua cac thiet b ghi.
Bang cach tap hp nhieu phan t na tong lai e tao nen mot
Supercell, viec tnh toan goc o se c xay dng tren c s
tong so n v tren canh oi va canh ke cua Supercell, do o
Hnh 3.53:
Cac phan t
na tong c
lam ln ra

Sphuc chemau 127
goc o at c chnh xac hn nhng khi ghi cac hat tram tao
thanh van nam trong mot phan t na tong lam cho o phan
giai tram khong oi.
Cac may ghi phim hoac ghi ban eu thiet lap tren mot ma-
ng li vo hnh dung e ghi len tren phim hoac ban goi la
li iem ghi a c e cap phan tren. Tren li iem nay
may tnh se tnh toan e xem iem nao se c ghi va iem
nao khong c ghi vi cac thong so ve goc o, a ch ghi
va o che dien tch va o phan giai tram e tao nen hat tram
ben trong mot phan t na tong. Tuy theo o phan giai tram
va o phan giai cua thiet b ghi ma mot phan t na tong se
chiem mot so lng gom bao nhieu iem ghi (giao iem cua
li iem). V so lng iem ghi trong mot phan t na tong
la hu han nen oi khi khong the dung ty le canh oi va canh
ke cua mot phan t na tong e tao ra mot cach chnh xac do
vay trong ky thuat tao tram Supercell ngi ta gom nhieu phan
t na tong (halftone cell) lai e tao nen mot phan t na tong
ln hn goi la Supercell va viec tnh toan goc o tram c da
tren c s tong so phan t n v canh oi va canh ke trong
mot Supercell, nh vay ta se co so lng n v ln hn e tnh
tg cua goc lech, do o goc tao ra se chnh xac hn nhieu nhng
khi ghi th cac iem ghi c theo v tr phan bo tren cac phan
t na tong e ghi nen o phan giai tram khong b giam i.
Mat khac do ky thuat nay s dung cung thong so tnh toan cho
moi phan t na tong nen toc o may tnh se nhanh hn so vi
phng phap tao tram goc vo ty.
Kythuat tao tram Stochastic (Tram FM)
nh ngha:
STOCHASTIC co ngha la mot s bien oi ngau nhien. Ky
thuat tao tram STOCHASTIC se at cac iem ghi mot cach
ngau nhien trong mot phan t na tong thay v tap hp chung
lai e tao ra mot hat tram c at doc theo mot truc nghieng
goc co nh nh cac ky thuat tao tram truyen thong.
Ngi ta thng dung t STOCHASTIC va FM - Frequen-
cy Modulated -ieu tan tng ng nhau nhng thc ra t FM
khong mang y ngha bien oi ngau nhien nh t Stochastic.
Tram AM vatram FM
Khai niem tram ieu bien ( AM -Amplified Modulated) va
tram ieu tan (FM - Frequency Modulated) ch ra hai ky thuat
tram ien t truyen thong va Sochastic. ky thuat tao tram
ien t truyen thong, cac hat tram c tao ra tren c s tap
hp cac iem ghi lai e tao ra cac hat tram co cac o ln nho
khac nhau (ieu bien o). ky thuat tao tram FM cac iem ghi
trong phan t na tong khong tap hp lai e tao thanh hat tram
na ma chung lai c phan bo mot cach ngau nhien (ieu tan)
trong pham vi mot phan t na tong.
Hnh 3.54:
Tram ieu bien
AM vatram ieu
tan FM
Hnh 3.55:
Hnh anh c
tao ttram AM va
FM phong ln
Hnh anh c tao ttram AM
phong ln
Hnh anh c tao ttram FM
phong ln
Sphuc chemau 129
Quan iem cua ky thuat tao tram FM la cac iem ghi c at
mot cach ngau nhien se khong tao ra cac dai moire. Tuy nhien
viec nh v ngau nhien cac iem ghi cung khong phai luon
at ket qua tot, no co the loai tr c cac dai moire nhng no
cung lam cho hnh anh nhn lai b noi hat cung nh mot so s
gia tao khac co the nhn thay c. Cac giai thuat tao tram tien
tien se quyet nh v tr toi u e ghi cac iem laser mot cach
ngau nhien e tranh gay nen s gia tao khi phuc che hnh anh.
Cac li ch cua tram FM
Khong tao moire: Bang cach at iem ghi mot cach
ngau nhien, tram FM a tranh c cac van e phu thuoc
vao li iem ghi, se khong con s phu thuoc qua lai gia
o phan giai ghi, o phan giai tram va goc o tram. Viec
phan bo cac tia laser mot cach ngau nhien ngha la khong
co hng nen khong co khoang cach nhat nh gia cac
iem ghi, do o khong co o phan giai tram. V khong co
goc o tram cung nh o phan giai tram nen khong co
kha nang tao ra moire khi in chong 4 mau.
I n chong mau chnh xac dedang hn: V khong co goc
tram hay o phan giai tram nen khong co moire va cung
khong co cac cau truc Rosette, v vay se co mot khoang
dung sai nhat nh cho in chong mau, nhat la oi vi cac
an pham nh in bao tren cac may in cuon khong at c
o chnh xac nh may in t ri.
at c chat lng cao vi ophan giai thap: Kch
thc cac iem ghi nho cho phep in tram chat lng cao
o phan giai thap ma khong phai hy sinh bat ky mot mc
o xam nao. Khi ghi hnh anh o phan giai thap toc o
ghi se nhanh hn va cho nang suat cao hn. Tham ch vi
o phan giai 900 dpi cua may ghi phim khi ghi bang ky
thuat tao tram FM cung cho ra chat lng cao (lu y rang
o phan giai 900 dpi cua may ghi phim khi phuc che 256
mc o xam theo phng phap tao tram ien t truyen
thong ch cho o phan giai tram la 56,25 lpi).
Tai tao cac chi tiet manh tot hn: Trong ky thuat tao
tram FM, hat tram chnh la tng cham laser nho c ghi
len phim nen kha nang tai tao lai cac chi tiet manh nh
si toc, hoa van tren vai the hien tot hn rat nhieu so vi
cac hat tram truyen thong co kch thc ln hn.
Tao tong chuyen tot hn: Kch thc nho va s phan bo
ngau nhien cua hat tram nen se khong co s thay oi ot
ngot ve hnh dang hay tong o hnh anh do o tranh c
tnh trang nhay tong, nhat la trong cac thang chuyen mau,
cac hnh anh co s phoi tron cua nhieu mau vi nhau.
Cac khokhan khi sdung tram FM
May tnh oi hoi phai manh hn e co the tnh toan.
De b mat chi tiet phan sang do kch thc hat tram nho
de b mat i trong qua trnh phi, luc ep in.
Ban phim c tao t tram FM phai c coi la ban phim
cuoi cung em i s dung va khong the ep lai c nh
cac ban phim tram truyen thong v hat tram qua nho de b
mat i trong qua trnh sao chep.
S gia tang tang th ln hn so vi cac loai tram truyen
thong bi v cac hat tram FM nho hn rat nhieu. Va cung
giong nh cac loai tram truyen thong o phan giai cung
cao th hien tng gia tang tang th lai cao hn.

S gia tang tang thkhi in bang loai
tram FM cao hn so vi cac loai tram
truyen thong v cac hat tram FM nho
hn nen can phai corat nhieu hat
(anh di) mi coc oche dien
tch nh hat tram truyen thong tng
ng (anh tren) do os gia tang tang
thtong cong cua cac hat tram nho
ln hn nhieu so vi s gia tang tang
thcua mot hat tram ln.
Hnh 3.56:
Gia tang tang th
oi vi tram FM
Sphuc chemau 131
Ban in phai co o phan giai cao hn va qua trnh phi
oi hoi ky lng hn do cac hat tram FM nho hn 29 m
rat kho c the hien tren ban kem co o phan giai bnh
thng va trong qua trnh phi cac hat tram nho xu nay
rat de b mat neu gia ban phim va kem khong thc s
c rut het khong kh.
Viec in th kho khan hn v s gia tang tang th cua tram
FM ln hn va phu thuoc nhieu hn vao ieu kien in cu
the cung nh vat lieu in.
3.5.4.8 Kythuat tao tram lai (tram Hybrid hay tram XM)
Ky thuat nay tao ra tram Hybrid hay con goi la tram XM nham
khac phuc cac nhc iem cua tram AM va tram FM. No ap
dung giai thuat tram AM vung tong trung gian va tram FM
vung sang va vung toi. Tuy khac phuc c cac nhc iem
cua tram AM va FM nhng no lai tao ra hai van e: (1) Giai
thuat tao tram phc tap co the lam cham qua trnh x ly, (2)
Xuat hien cac soc tai nhng vung chuyen oi gia tram AM va
tram FM, cac soc nay co the phan biet c bang mat thng.
Trong hau het cac ky thuat tao tram hybrid, co mot nhiem vu
kho khan la phai phat trien mot ky thuat tram mi lien ket c
cac u iem cua tram AM va tram FM nhng han che cac kho
khan cua giai phap hybrid truyen thong.
Vi ky thuat tao tram AM, kch thc cua iem tuy thuoc vao
tr so tong o cua hnh anh, vung toi iem tram co kch thc
ln, vung sang iem tram co kch thc nho hn. Khi in chong
4 mau, li tram cua tng mau se xoay mot goc nhat nh e
ma mau nay se khong chong kht len mau kia. Cac li tram
cua 4 mau se tao nen cac hoa van. Tai cac o phan giai tram
cao, tram AM se c tao hoan hao vung tong trung gian, tuy
nhien no se mat mot t chi tiet vung sang va vung toi v cac
iem co kch thc qua nho e co the in c.
Vi ky thuat tao tram FM, co van e kho khan vung tong
trung gian, o rat kho ieu khien cac nhom iem tram khi
chung iem tiep xuc vi nhau hoac chong len nhau mot phan,
khi o cac vet cham lom om va hien tng xuat hien cac
hat gay nhieu. ieu nay rat de nhan thay vung tong tram in
eu tong. Khong giong nh iem tram AM, cac vi iem tram
FM tren may in se km ham viec tang them mat o mc in, do
o no rat kho ieu chnh tong o va mau sac. Ngoai ra, cach
sap xep theo tng lp cua tram FM co the nhn thay bang mat
thng do cac iem va cac lp xep b lap lai, ket qua la mot
hoa van khong mong muon se xuat hien.
Ky thuat tao tram XM hay tram Hybrid c thc hien tren c
s ket hp cac u iem cua tram AM va FM. Co 3 giai phap
tao tram XM nh sau:
(1) Phan chia hnh anh thanh nhieu phan, s dung tram
FM trong nhng vung co nhieu chi tiet va tram AM tai
nhng vung tram in eu tong va trung gian e tranh hien
tng hat. Tuy nhien, giai phap nay ton kha nhieu thi
gian cho viec tnh toan nen lam giam nang suat. Ngoai
ra, vung giao nhau gia tram AM va tram FM tr nen co
the quan sat c bang mat thng lam cho hnh anh tr
nen gia tao.
(2) Tram AM c s dung vung trung gian va tram FM
c s dung vung sang va vung toi. Bang phng phap
nay, tram AM se cung cap mot nen tong mem mai va do
no c s dung tram FM co o phan giai cao nen hnh
Hnh 3.57:
Kythuat tram
hybrid theheth
nhat
Sphuc chemau 133
anh se c gi lai nhieu chi tiet nhat. e ngan nga hien
tng noi hat, so lng cac iem se c giam thieu. Tuy
nhien ky thuat nay co mot khuyet iem la vung giao nhau
gia tram AM va tram FM rat de phan biet.
(3) Sap xep tram AM theo phng phap tao tram FM.
ieu nay giup the hien chi tiet tot cho nhng o phan
giai tram trung bnh. Tuynhien no van co khuyet iem
cua tram FM la xuat hien hien tng noi hat vung tong
trung gian va vung tong tram ong tong
Hnh 3.58:
Kythuat tram
hybrid theheth
hai
Hnh 3.59:
Kythuat tram
hybrid theheth
ba
Tram XM co mot so u iem sau:
Khong lo ro li tram, hnh anh trong giong nh hnh photo.
Cac ng net ro va sac net, tham ch o la cac ng manh.
Vung tong nguyen va vung tong phuc che bang viec
chong mau trong rat giong nhau, trong khong co o hat
va dau vet cua s pha tron mau.
Cac tong mau c the hien mn mang vi o chnh xac cao.
Co the phong to hoac thu nho hnh anh ma khong anh
hng en chat lng hoac kha nang duy tr chi tiet.
S dung a dang cac loai may in vi o phan giai tram
cao, t cac loai giay cao cap en cac loai giay cap thap
nh giay bao chang han.
3.5.4.9 Kch thc tng oi cua iem anh
o phan giai mo ta kch thc cua iem anh. o phan giai
cang cao th kch thc iem anh cang nho va hnh anh c
phuc che ep hn. Tuy nhien, neu o phan giai qua cao co the
lam cho hnh anh mat i o sac net.
50mm - 75ppi 25mm - 150ppi 30mm - 300dpi
Hnh 3.60:
Kch thc iem
tram tng ng
vi cac o
phan giai.
Sphuc chemau 135
3.5.4.10. ophan giai hnh anh vadung lng anh.
Dung lng bo nh e lu tr mot hnh anh phu thuoc vao nh
dang file va mc o nen d lieu hnh anh.
Bang di ay se cho thay moi quan he cua o phan giai tram,
so lng iem anh cha trong mot inch vuong (inch
2
) va dung
lng cua hnh anh da tren he mau cua hnh anh.

Hethong hoaquatrnh phuc chemau
e qua trnh phuc che mau thanh cong can phai co s ieu
khien va can bang trong tat ca cac giai oan cua qua trnh san
xuat in, t anh goc en anh phuc che sau cung. V quy trnh in
co nhieu giai oan nen co nhieu bien oi v du nh: s thay oi
cac loai bai mau, qua trnh tach mau, cac bien so cua qua trnh
in va vat lieu in c s dung.
phn
gii
S luong dim
nh trong
1 inch vung
Hnh
trng den
(1bit)
Hnh
grayscale
(8bit)
Hnh RGB
(24 bit)
Hnh CMYK
(32bit)
100 ppi
150
200
250
300
350
400
10.000
22.500
40.000
62.500
90.000
122.500
160.000
1.2 Kb
2.7
4.9
7.6
11.0
15.0
19.5
9.7 Kb
22.0
39.0
61.0
87.9
119.6
156.3
29.3 Kb
65.9
117.2
183.1
263.7
358.9
468.8
39.0 Kb
87.9
156.3
244.1
351.6
478.5
625.0
Quy trinh
B diu
khin Tin hiu
phan hi
Thng tin
chun
Su xao trn
Hnh 3.61:
Hethong
ieu khien
e tien hanh kiem soat viec phuc che mau trong qua trnh in,
chung ta can phai xem no nh la mot he thong. Mot he thong
co the c nh ngha nh mot nhom cac yeu to lien he tng
ho tao thanh mot thc the chung. Mot he thong ieu khien la
mot s sap xep cac yeu to c ket noi lai theo mot cach thc
nham hng dan hoac ieu chnh chnh no hay mot he thong
khac. Mot he thong ieu khien khep kn la he thong ma trong
o hoat ong ieu khien nh the nao eu tuy thuoc vao au ra.
Cuoi cung, thong tin phan hoi cho phep so sanh au ra vi au
vao nham a ra nhng ieu chnh phu hp.
Trong he thong nay co mot quy trnh le thuoc vao s bien oi
va hieu qua phan hoi t mot bien oi. Quy trnh nay gi thong
tin va ieu kien cua no cho bo ieu khien. Bo ieu khien so
sanh tn hieu ve ieu kien cua qua trnh vi tieu chuan at ra
va co nhng ieu chnh cu the oi vi bien oi e phuc hoi quy
trnh ve ieu kien ban au cua no.
Mot he thong ac biet co the c thiet ke cho quy trnh phuc
che mau trong ky thuat in. Minh hoa cho thay moi quan he lan
nhau cua cac yeu to e co nhng ket qua c kiem soat trong
mot he thong phuc che mau. He thong nay la s ket hp cua
giay, mc, khuon in, qua trnh tao khuon in, qua trnh in va
phng phap in. Muc tieu chung la gi cho quy trnh nay on
nh va no ch ung ve mat ly thuyet khi ma mot may in phai
am nhan viec in cac san pham giong nhau het tuan nay sang
tuan khac.
Ban in
Giy in
Muc in
B phn
tach mau
So d diu khin
thng tin phan hi
Cac thng s thit lp
cho may qut hoc
may chup
Su thay di dang k v
giy, muc, qua trinh in.
Hnh 3.62:
Hethong kiem
soat quatrnh
phuc che
Sphuc chemau 137
Tuy nhien, trong thc te, nhng thay oi hay xao tron thng
xay ra ngay trong qua trnh in. Nhng thay oi va xao tron nay
co the la thay oi t giay trang phan sang giay khong trang
phan, thay oi trnh t in mau, thay oi t mot may in t ri
sang mot may in cuon hoac nhieu thay oi khac tng t. Tham
ch neu nhng thay oi nay khong xay ra cho bat ky mot he
thong phuc che mau nao th cung can phai thiet lap nhieu he
thong phuc che mau khi mot nha may in hang loat cac an pham
vi cac loai vat lieu va quy trnh in khac nhau. ng nhien,
mot he thong mi ch xuat hien neu co nhng xao tron ang ke
vi quy trnh.
Anh hng cua s xao tron tren quy trnh c ch ra bi thong
tin phan hoi t quy trnh. Co mot dang bieu o ieu khien thong
tin phan hoi ac biet cho cac t in v du nh mot thang mau e
kiem soat qua trnh in. Neu thang mau nay c tao ra di
nhng ieu kien on nh th chung ac trng cho day mau va
tong mau tuyet oi cua he thong tai tao mau ac biet o.
Hnh 3.63:
Thang kiem tra
mau dung e
kiem soat thong
tin phan hoi
trong hethong
phuc che
4.1. Cac thuoc tnh cua mau sac
4.1.1. Tong mau:
4.1.2. o bao hoa mau
4.1.3. o sang
4.2. Tam giac mau
4.3. Khong gian mau 3 chieu
4.4. Ngi quan sat chuan va goc quan sat
4.5 He thong mau tieu chuan CIE
4.5.1 o th phat xa pho (SPD)
4.5.2 He so phan xa
4.5.3 Ham tong hp mau CMFs
4.5.4 nh luat Grassman
4.5.5 Ham tong hp mau CIE RGB 1931
4.5.6 Ham tong hp mau CIE XYZ 1931
4.5.8. He toa o mau xy va gian o mau
4.5.9 Cac hnh Elip MacAdam
4.6 Khong gian mau CieLab
4.6.1 S hnh thanh khong gian mau CIELAB
4.6.2 Khong gian mau Lab
4.6.3 o sai biet mau trong khong gian mau CIELAB
4.6.4 u iem cua khong gian mau CIELAB
4.7 Khong gian mau CIE LUV
4.8 Khong gian mau L*C*H*
4.9 Khong gian mau Hunter Lab
4.10 He CMC
4.11 Cac he thong xep at mau theo th giac
4.11.1 Nhng tham chieu tuyet oi
4.11.2 Cac tham chieu tng oi
4.12 Mo ta mau sac bang ngon ng
4 CAC HETHONG
VAKHONG GIAN MAU
e thuan tien cho viec phuc che mau, cac he thong phuc che
phai c xay dng tren c s ly thuyet mau nham ap ng cac
yeu cau cua thc tien va nhng phc tap phat sinh do s cam
nhan chu quan cua con ngi cung nh cac ieu kien phuc che.
Trong suot thi gian dai gan 2 the ky ngi ta a xay dng nen
nhng he thong va khong gian mau e tnh toan va chuyen oi
mau gia cac qua trnh va thiet b phuc che, tuy nhien cho en
nay van cha co he thong hoac khong gian mau nao hoan hao
va qua trnh phuc che van phu thuoc rat nhieu vao con ngi.
Ky thuat vien phuc che mau can phai co kien thc vng Vang
ve cac he thong mau va khong gian mau mi co kha nang lam
viec trong moi trng phuc che mau chuyen nghiep.
4.1 Cac thuoc tnh cua mau sac
Cac thuoc tnh can ban dung trong so mau bao gom: tong mau,
o bao hoa va o sang.
4.1.1 Tong mau:
Tong mau cua mot mau chnh la ten c ban cua mau o. No
xac nh mot mau la o, cam, Vang, luc , lam, cham, tm, hong,
xam. hay cac mau ket hp nh Vang nga xanh chang han.
Cac t ket hp khac hong phan, xanh l thng c s dung
nh cac ten ch tong mau. Tong mau co the co vo so cac cap
bac hoac nhng bien the trong mot vong tron mau. Mot vong
nh vay bieu dien tat ca cac tong mau.
4.1.2 obao hoamau
o bao hoa cua mot mau chnh la o thuan khiet cua no, mot
mau cang thuan khiet bao nhieu th no cang rc r bay nhieu. V
du mau xanh xam co o bao hoa thap trong khi mau xanh ngoc
bch lai co o bao hoa mau cao hn. Mot mau se tr nen thuan
khiet hn hay o bao hoa cao hn khi no co t mau xam. Trong
thc te, mot mau co o bao hoa cao co ngha la co t thanh phan
cua tong mau oi lap hn hien dien trong mot mau nao o. e
Hnh 4.2:
Skhac biet ve
tong mau
Y
e
l
l
o
w
Y
e
l
l
o
w
-
g
r
e
e
n
O
r
a
n
g
e
R
e
d
Red-magenta Green
(A) (B)
M
a
g
e
n
t
a
B
l
u
e
-
m
a
g
e
n
t
a
B
l
u
e
B
l
u
e
-
g
r
e
e
n
Buo c so ng (nm)
Pho nang |uong phat xa
O
5O
1OO
15O
4OO 45O 5OO 55O GOO G5O 7OO
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Hnh 4.1:
Cac thanh phan
tong cua
mau c bieu
dien trong
mot vong tron
Cac hethong vakhong gian mau 143
minh hoa cho khai niem nay, ta se th tron mau Magenta vi
mau Xanh luc (tong mau oi), mau Xanh luc se cang luc cang
tr nen t bao hoa cho en cuoi cung mot mau xam trung tnh
c tao ra va ngc lai.Thang mau xam co o bao hoa bang 0.
o bao hoa cua Magenta se giam khi ta them mau Xanh luc
vao; tng t o bao hoa cua mau Xanh luc cung giam khi ta
them mau Magenta vao. Khi mau co o bao hoa thap, chung
ta co the goi mau o la ban hn hoac uc hn va khi mau co
o bao hoa cao hn ta goi la sach hn hay sang hn. Trong khi
khong co gii han nao cho thay mot mau b giam o bao hoa
mau nh the nao (no se luon luon at en mau xam trung tnh),
th lai co cac gii han thc te trong cac qua trnh phuc che cho
thay mot mau c bao hoa nh the nao. Nhng han che nay
trong in an la do nhng gii han ve o bao hoa khi s ket hp
gia mc in va be mat vat lieu in

4.1.3 osang
o sang cua mot mau mo ta no se sang hay toi nh the nao (v
du mau Xanh luc sang so vi mau Xanh luc toi). Thuat ng o
sang va o toi ong ngha. Trong thc te, chung ta co the thay
oi o sang hay o toi cua mot mau bang cach tron mau nay
vi mc trang hoac mc en. Trong qua trnh in chong mau
o bao hoa cao hon o bao hoa cao hon o bao hoa thap hon
Hnh 4.3:
Thang obao
hoacua mau
Magenta -
Xanh luc
Hnh 4.4:
Skhac biet ve
obao hoamau
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
ieu nay co the thc hien c bang cach in mot mau nhng
ty le khac nhau t 0% en 100% (tron vi mau trang) va sau o
lam gia tang t le mau en (tron vi mau en) cho en khi o
bao hoa bat au thay oi cung vi o sang.
Trong thc te, ca o sang va o toi eu co gii han. Trong qua
trnh in, o sang cua mot mau c gii han bi cac ac tnh
cua vat lieu nen. Khi in tren giay trang phan ta co the at c
nhng mau sang hn tren giay in bao hay tren giay tai che. o
toi cua mot mau in c gii han bi o bong cua vat lieu nen
mc in va lng mc c in tren vat lieu nen. Cac yeu to say
kho, s truyen mc, s bien dang iem tram va cac yeu to kinh
te se lam han che o day cac lp mc in.
4.2. Tam giac mau
Neu chung ta dung tong hp cong mau e hoa anh sang o c
va Xanh luc (bang cach chieu hai nguon sang qua knh loc mau
o c va Xanh luc) chung ta se co mau Vang.
Chung ta co the dien ta qua trnh hoa mau nay theo cac thuat
ng o mau bang cach dung mot bieu o nho:
To| hon
Sang hon
Hnh 4.5:
Cac thanh phan
osang cua
mau Xanh luc
Hnh 4.6:
Skhac nhau ve
osang
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buo c so ng (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
o c va Xanh luc la hai mau s cap, trai lai mau Vang la
mau c tron (mau th cap). Trong bieu o cua chung ta, mau
c tron (t cac thanh phan bang nhau cua mau s cap) nam
ngay tam cua ng thang noi gia hai mau s cap tao ra no.
Bang cach giam cng o sang mot trong hai nguon sang s
cap (thay oi cng o cua mau s cap) ta co kha nang lam
thay oi tong cua mau c tao ra. V du viec giam cng o
anh sang Xanh luc trong khi van duy tr cng o o c se tao
ra mau cam.
Quy tch cua iem mau th cap di chuyen doc theo ng thang
noi lien gia hai mau s cap va hng ve pha mau o c. Tong
mau Vang ban au v the a chuyen hng sang mau cam.
o co
Xanh luc sang
Cam
o co
Xanh luc
Vang
Xanh luc Vang oc
Xanh luc Cam oc
Hnh 4.7:
Trong tong hp
cong mau, hai
mau ocva
Xanh luc cotle
nh nhau setao
thanh mau Vang
Hnh 4.8:
Neu cng o
mau Xanh luc
giam i, mau tao
ra cokhuyenh
hng nghieng
vemau oc, la
mau Cam
e phoi tron tao ra mau Cyan, mot mau s cap th ba - Xanh
tm phai c ket hp vi mau Xanh luc. Ba mau s cap la tat
ca nhng mau can co e tao ra hau nh tat ca cac mau.
Bieu o bieu dien mau bay gi c tao ra di dang tam
giac mau.
Tam giac mau nay ch ra cac mau th cap: Cyan, Magenta,
Vang nam tam iem cua cac ng thang noi gia cac mau
s cap (o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm). Theo tong hp mau cong,
viec thay oi tong mau co ngha la s di chuyen quy tch mau
doc theo cac canh cua tam giac mau.
Hnh 4.9:
Mau Cyan c
tao ra bi mau
Xanh tm vamau
Xanh luc
Hnh 4.10:
Tam giac mau
c tao ra bi
cac mau s cap
cua tong hp
cong mau RGB
vatrung iem
cua cac canh tam
giac lamau s
cap cua tong hp
trmau
Neu mau Xanh tm dan dan c them vao mau Vang c tao
ra t mau Xanh luc va o c trong tong hp cong mau th no se
lam cho mau Vang giam o bao hoa t t (t Vang thuan khiet
b giam o bao hoa cho en khi trang han).
Cac mau Vang co o bao hoa khac nhau van gi c tong
mau ban au cua no v moi lien he gia cac gia tr mau o c
va Xanh luc khong oi. Trong tam giac mau, chung di chuyen
doc theo ng thang noi t mau Vang ti Xanh tm.
Viec gia tang so lng mau s cap th ba cho en khi tat ca
ba mau s cap nay co thanh phan bang nhau se cho mau trang
(trong thuat ng mau goi la khong mau -Achromaticity). Khi
do bao hoa bang khong,diem khong mau se nam ngay trong
tam cua tam giac mau.
Hnh 4.11:
Mau Vang giam
dan obao hoa
mau vachuyen
thanh mau trang
Hnh 4.12:
Khi di chuyen
vao tam tam giac
mau, obao hoa
cua mau Vang
giam dan vezero
khi en trong tam
cua tam giac
Hnh 4.13:
iem khong mau
nam ngay trong
tam cua tam
giac mau
Tat ca cac mau khac c tao ra t ba mau s cap o c, Xanh
luc, Xanh tm nam trong pham vi cua tam giac mau. Cac mau
cang nam xa trong tam cua tam giac mau th co o bao hoa
mau cang cao. Mot mau th cap co o bao hoa cao neu nh no
ch co mot lng nho mau th ba hay khong co chut mau th
ba nao ca. V the tat ca cac mau ch c phoi tron t hai mau
s cap co o bao hoa cao nhat.
Neu ca ba thanh phan mau cua mot mau phoi tron t ba mau
s cap b giam i cung mot luc trong khi van duy tr ty le phoi
tron, tong mau va o bao hoa mau se khong oi. Tuy nhien
mau se b giam i o sang. Neu tat ca cac thanh phan cua ba
mau s cap b giam xuong bang khong, ta se co mau en (mau
en c coi la mot mau trong phep so mau). Cung giong nh
mau trang, mau en co o bao hoa mau bang khong.
4.3. Khong gian mau 3 chieu
Thuat ng khong gian mau cho biet khoang khong gian cha
cac mau ma mot he thong hay mot thiet b co the phuc che
c. Ngi ta con goi khong gian mau la khoang phuc che
mau hay Gamut mau
Trong tam giac mau, chung ta co the xac nh tong mau va o
bao hoa mau ch khong the xac nh c o sang. e co the
bo sung o sang vao trong bieu o mau chung ta can chuyen
tam giac mau hai chieu thanh mot hnh the khong gian ba chieu
goi la khong gian mau. Khong gian mau la mot he toa o ba
chieu vi cac truc o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm.
Hnh 4.14:
Khi 3 thanh phan
cua mau s cap
bgiam xuong
bang khong, ta se
comau en
Tam giac c ve gia cac truc toa o goi la tam giac mau.
Toa o cua mot mau trong khong gian mau c xac nh bi
ba vector mau ai dien cho 3 thanh phan cua cac mau s cap.
Cac thanh phan c goi la cac gia tr mau. Neu mot mau co
ba gia tr mau: 0,6 o c; 1,1 Xanh luc va 0,4 Xanh tm, no se
la mot mau giong nh mau Vang pha xanh luc co o bao hoa
thap. iem giao nhau cua cac vector mau thanh phan la iem
mau Vang luc nay. iem cuoi cua vector la mau Vang luc vi
gia tr o sang cua no.
Quy tch cua cac iem mau s cap cang nam xa goc toa o th
mot hnh khoi cang ln c tao thanh va v the chat lng cua
he thong phuc che mau da tren o cang cao.
Hnh 4.16:
Toaomau Vang
luc c tnh
bang phep cong
vect trong khong
gian mau RGB
Hnh 4.15:
Chuyen tam giac
mau hai chieu
thanh mot hnh
thekhong gian
ba chieu goi la
khong gian mau
Tat ca cac mau nam ben trong khoang phuc che mau co the c
phuc che bi mot thiet b phuc che (th du nh ti vi mau) da tren
ba mau s cap. Trong khi cac mau nam ngoai khong gian mau
c ve tren bieu o khong the c phuc che. Cac mau s cap
cua khong gian mau c quyet nh chu yeu bi thiet b tao ra
chung, khoang khong gian mau phuc che bi mc in c xac
nh bi ac tnh quang pho cua mc in, khoang khong gian mau
phuc che tren man hnh ti vi c quyet nh bi ba loai chat
phat xa o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm tren man hnh
Neu chung ta muon mo phong ket qua cua bon mau in tren
man hnh chung ta can phai co mot he thong lien he chung
c dung e xac nh tat ca cac mau nay (mau mc in va mau
man hnh). He thong lien he nay se the hien mot khong gian
mau. Tap hp cua tat ca cac mau thc trong he thong lien he
nay the hien mot khoang phuc che, cang nam xa goc toa o th
mot hnh khoi cang ln c tao thanh va chat lng cua he
thong phuc che mau cua thiet b o cang cao.
4.4. Ngi quan sat chuan vagoc quan sat
Moi ngi co 3 ng cong ap ng mau tng ng vi so
lng va cach thc hoat ong cua cac loai te bao hnh non e
cam nhan cac mau o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm. oi vi nhng
ngi nhn mau bnh thng th cac ng cong nay gan nh
giong nhau. V the, cac mau ch c cam nhan khac nhau tai
Hnh 4.17:
Khong gian mau
CMY c phat
trien tkhong
gian mau RGB
cac vung bien. V du, van co nhng mau c ngi nay cam
nhan la xanh nga luc, nhng ngi khac lai cho la luc nga xanh.
o la ly do tai sao e chuan hoa viec o mau, can phai nh
ngha mot ngi vi cam nhan ve mau bnh thng va goi o
la Ngi quan sat chuan. Mot loat cac cuoc th nghiem toan
dien vi mot so lng ln nhng ngi nhn mau bnh thng
c tien hanh vao nam 1931. Tren c s th nghiem nay, cac
ng cong phoi hp mau x(), y(), z() c xac nh va tr
thanh cac tieu chuan quoc gia va quoc te nh DIN 5033 va
ISO/ DC 12 647.
Viec nghien cu c tien hanh cho ngi quan sat goc 2
0
.
Goc quan sat la goc nhn vao mot vung mau ang c quan
sat, neu mot vung mau co ng knh 3,5cm c quan sat
khoang cach 1m th goc nhn mau chnh xac la 2
0
.
Nam 1964, cuoc th nghiem tng t a c lap lai nhng
vi goc quan sat 10
0
, va cung nh trc, cac ket qua c tr
thanh tieu chuan bo sung. Ngi ta con goi goc quan sat 10
0
hay Ngi quan sat chuan 1964.
400 500 600 700 nm
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
x
400 500 600 700 nm
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
y
400 500 600 700 nm
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
z
1 m
2 = 3.5 cm
0
10 = 17.5 cm
0
Hnh 4.18:
Cac ng cong
cam nhan mau
tng ng vi cac
mau oc, Xanh
luc, Xanh tm cua
ngi quan
sat chuan
Hnh 4.19:
Goc quan sat cho
biet oln cua
vung quan sat.
4.5 Hethong mau tieu chuan CIE
CIE la t viet tat cua Commission Internationale de lEclairage
- Uy ban o lng va Chieu sang Quoc te, c thanh lap vao
nam 1931. He thong CIE cung cap cho ta nhng phng phap
tieu chuan trong viec cam nhan mau trong ieu kien chieu sang
chuan va goc nhn chuan. Mac du van con nhieu gii han nhng
CIE van la mot he thong duy nhat c quoc te cong nhan trong
lnh vc o mau. Co 3 yeu to chnh cua he thong CIE trong viec
cam nhan mau o la mat o cong suat pho (SPD) cua nguon
sang, pho phan xa (cua vat the) va ham tong hp mau CMFs
(S phan ng cua cac te bao cam nhan trong mat ngi).
4.5.1 Mat ocong suat pho(SPD)
Con c goi la phan bo nang lng pho phat xa cua nguon
sang. Nguon sang c at trng bi SPD, c k hieu la S().
SPD c o bang pho ke hoac cung co the o c thong qua
mot ai lng khac o la nhiet o mau cua nguon sang.
4.5.2 Hesophan xa
Mau cua mot vat c at trng bi he so phan xa R() la mot
ham cua bc song. Co 2 loai phan xa la phan xa gng va
phan xa tan xa. Phan xa gng la phan xa trc tiep t mot be
mat, trong trng hp nay anh sang ti khong lot vao be mat,
do o chum anh sang ti va anh sang phan xa co cung mau.
Con phan xa tan xa th co 1 phan cua chum anh sang ti c
hap thu bi vat va phan con lai phan xa theo cac hng.He so
phan xa co the xac nh c bang quang pho ke.
4.5.3 Ham tong hp mau CMFs
Thanh phan quan trong nhat cua he thong CIE la ham tong hp
mau CMFs, ham CMFs nh ngha cach thc tong hp mau cua
mat ngi khi quan sat s tong hp mau da tren cac mau c
ban la o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm. CMFs cua CIE thu c
a tren quy luat cua tong hp mau cong. Trong mot vai trng
hp tong hp mau tr cung c s dung, nhng tong hp mau
cong co ly thuyet n gian hn.
Nam 1931, CIE a ra mot tap hp cac ham CMFs c xem la
tieu chuan quan sat. Trc o, vao nam 1930 Wright va Guild
a thc hien oc lap ve nhng thc nghiem qua sat e thu c
cac ham CMFs s dung 3 mau c ban la R, G va B.
Th nghiem cua ho co the c mo ta n gian nh sau: Ngi
quan sat se nhn qua mot khe hep vi goc quan sat la 2
0
va
nhiem vu cua ho la ieu chnh cng o sang va v tr cua 3
nguon sang kch thch o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm sao cho khi
chung ket hp vi nhau se tao thanh mot mau giong vi mau
tham chieu cho trc.
Ket qua thc nghiem cua ho tr thanh c s cho he thong o
mau CIE. Cac ham nay c k hieu la r(), g(), b() mo ta
cac thong so kch thch mau theo cac bc song 700 nm, 456,1
nm, 435,8 nm. Tuy nhien cac ham r(), g(), b() co han che
la chung co cha phan am gay kho khan trong viec tnh toan
(the hien tren o th bang ng t net).
en nam 1931, CIE a chyen oi ham CIE RGB sang ham
mi la CIE XYZ, luc nay cac ham nay c k hieu la
(the hien tren o th bang ng lien net).
M
n
h

s
n
g

i

c
h
i
u
V
n
g

h
a

m
u

R
G
B
Ngi quan st
Hnh 4.20:
Motathc
nghiem cua
Wright vaGuild
4.5.4 nh luat Grassman
Grassman a tien hanh thc nghiem phoi tron mau cong va
nhng cuoc th nghiem o chng to rang cac th nghiem tong
hp mau eu tuan theo quy luat tuyen tnh va luat cong. Ong
a phat bieu 3 nh luat sau:
4.5.4.1 nh luat 1
nh luat nay khang nh, khong gian mau la khong gian 3
chieu. Moi mot kch thch mau vi cong suat phat tng ng
se c tao thanh bang cach ieu chnh cng o cua 3 nguon
kch thch cua 3 mau c ban phu hp.
Goi R, G, B la 3 kch thch c ban; o, |, la he so t le tng
thanh phan kch thch.
Goi X la 1 kch thch mau bat k, ta co: Vi moi kch thch mau
X bat k th ch co duy nhat mot bo (o, |, ) thoa:
X =oR +|G +B
2
1.4
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 4.21:
Ham tong hp
mau CIE RGB
ng t net
vaham tong hp
mau CIE XYZ
ng lien net
4.5.4.1 nh luat 2
Ket qua cua viec tron mau ch phu thuoc duy nhat vao ac
trng sinh ly va khong phu thuoc vao thanh phan pho cua mau.
Ngha la:
Vi X
1
= o
1
R + |
1
G +
1
B
va X
2
= o
2
R + |
2
G +
2
B, th:
(X1 +X2) =(o
1
+|
2
) R +(o
1
+|
1
) G +(o
1
+|
2
) B
Mot kch thch mau vi mot cong suat phat xa trong bat
k khoang bc song anh sang nao th tng ng tong
cong suat trong cung khoang bc song o tao ra s
tron mau.
4.5.4.3 nh luat 3
Neu cac thanh phan tron mau c nhan them vi mot he so
th ket qua mau nhan c cung c nhan them vi cung mot
he so o. Ngha la:
Neu k la mot hang so th:
X, k : kX koR + k|G + kB
Y ngha c ban cua cac nh luat hon hp mau nay la no co the
mo ta moi mot mau thong qua ba gia tr bang so. Nhng nh
luat Grassmann chang nhng cho phep xac nh mau bang so
thong qua thc nghiem ma cung con c phep tnh toan bang
cac gia tr mau a c lay ra t thc nghiem.
Tnh chat cua nh luat nay ch co hieu lc cho hon hp cong.
Ngoai ra cac nh luat nay cung con lam ro la khong co u tien
nao cho cac mau c ban.
4.5.5 Ham tong hp mau CIE RGB 1931
He thong nay c xac nh da tren c s cac thc nghiem
cua Guild va Wright c cong bo vao nam 1931. Cac ong a
s dung 3 nguon sang co bc song lan lt la 700 nm,
546,1 nm va 435,8 nm tng ng vi cac mau o c, Xanh luc
va Xanh tm. Thc nghiem c thc hien vi 10 ngi quan
sat, goc quan sat la 2
0
va nhiem vu cua ho la ieu chnh cng
o sang va v tr cua 3 nguon sang o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm
sao cho khi chung ket hp vi nhau se tao thanh mot mau giong
vi mau tham chieu cho trc. Ket qua la cac ong a thu c
mot ham tong hp mau c k hieu la r(), g(), b()

nh sau:
ay ta co the hieu rang, ham tong hp mau CIE RGB la ham
the hien so lng cua 3 mau c ban R, G, B can thiet e tao nen
cac mau trong vung quang pho thay c tng ng vi khoang
bc song t 380 nm cho en 780 nm.
Theo he qua cua nh luat Grassman, neu gia tr ba mau cua tat
ca cac kch thch n sac c ky hieu la r(), g(), b() th gia
tr ba mau cua mot kch thch vi phan bo pho phan xa S() se la:
2
1.4
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Bc sng (nm)
Hnh 4.22:
Ham tong hp
mau CIE RGB
1931 vi mot
phan am
Quan sat ham tong hp mau thu c ta thay co cha phan am,
ieu nay co the c l giai nh sau:
Gia s, ta goi mot mau bat k c tao ra la F th ta co the dien
ta bang phng trnh sau:
FR[R]+G[G]+B[B];
Tc la mau F c tao ra bang cach tong hp R gia tr cua mau
o c, G gia tr cua mau Xanh luc va B gia tr cua mau Xanh tm.
Tuy nhien, khi tm cach e tong hp mau Xanh luc tai bc
song 520nm th khong the tong hp c vi cong thc nh
tren vi ca 3 gia tr R, G, B eu dng. Va ch co the at c
mau nay khi ma ch co mau Xanh tm va Xanh luc c tron,
nhng ket qua tron mau ch chnh xac khi ta tron nh sau:
F(520nm) +R[R]G[G]+B[B]
Hay viet cach khac:
F(520nm) -R[R]+G[G]+B[B]
Nh vay ta thay ay th ay khong phai la nguon sang am,
ma o chnh la mot gia tr kch thch am.
Phng trnh tren ta co the c xem nh mot phng trnh
vector trong khong gian 3 chieu vi cac vector thanh phan [R],
[G], [B]. Khong gian 3 chieu nay c s dung e mo ta mot
cach hnh hoc cho tap hp tat ca cac mau, va c goi la khong
gian mau. Toa o cua mot mau bat k trong khong gian mau
c xac nh bi ba vector mau ai dien cho 3 thanh phan cua
cac mau s cap. Cac thanh phan c goi la cac gia tr mau.
[R]
[B]
[F]
[F]
(0,0,1)
r
r r
g
g
g
1.0
1.0
r +g = 1.0
(1,0,0)
(0,1,0)
(R,G,B)
[G]
Hnh 4.23:
Khong gian mau
3 chieu mota
mau F vabieu
omau
Toa o cua mot mau bat k c the hien tren khong gian mau
bi iem F la giao iem cua vecto mau [F] vi mat phang
R+G+B=1 la iem (r, g, b) vi r, g, b c xac nh nh sau:

Ta co the thay rang r+g+b=1, v vay khi can xac nh toa o
cua mot mau ta ch can xac nh c 2 gia tr mau thanh phan
chang han nh la r,g con gia tr mau cua thanh phan mau th 3
con lai ta co the xac nh c bang b= 1-(r+g).
Bieu o the hien tap hp tat ca cac mau ch vi 2 trong 3 gia
tr thanh phan cua cac mau c ban c goi la bieu o mau
(2 chieu).
Trong nhieu trng hp thc te, mot s the hien tat ca cac mau
trong khong gian hai chieu c a thch hn la mot khong gian
mau ba chieu.
Hnh 4.24:
Bieu omau CIE
RGB 2 chieu
B G R
R
r
+ +
= ,
B G R
G
g
+ +
= ,
B G R
B
b
+ +
=
-0.5
0.0
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.0 1.0
1.5
2.0
520
500
540
560
580
600
700
380
480
E
r
x
2.0 2.0
2.5
3.0
C
b
C
g
C
r
g
Tuy nhien, chuan CIE RGB van co mot so han che, cu the la
mot so mau c tao ra vi gia tr am va mot so ap ng mau
c ban CIE RGB rat kho phuc che.
4.5.6. Ham tong hp mau CIE XYZ 1931
Do ham tong hp mau cua he thong phan nh mau RGB trnh
bay tren co cha phan am, ieu nay gay kho khan cho viec
tnh toan. Ben canh o, trong thc te nhieu thiet b c che tao
tren c s tong hp cac mau c ban chang han man hnh mau
c che tao da tren nguyen tac tong hp mau cong RGB,
con trong in mau th lai da tren nguyen tac tong hp mau tr
CMYK. Khi mo phong ket qua cua bon mau mc in len man
hnh th ta gap phai van e la se co mot so mau khong the mo
phong c. Chnh v vay, can thiet phai co mot he thong lien
he gia mau mc in va mau man hnh, hay noi cach khac la
mot he thong chung khong phu thuoc vao thiet b va ham tong
hp mau cua he thong nay khong cha phan am.
T thc te nh vay, CIE a a ra mot ham tong hp mau mi
la XYZ, he thong nay giai quyet cac van e tren.
Ham tong hp mau XYZ da tren cac mau s cap X, Y, Z
tng tng khong the nhan ra mot cach vat chat, chung c
tao ra tren c s ly thuyet thuan tuy do o chung khong phu
thuoc vao cac thiet b nh he thong mau RGB.
e chuyen oi ham tong hp mau CMFs RGB co cha phan
am sang CMFs XYZ khong cha phan am ngi ta a thc
hien phep bien oi tuyen tnh nh sau:
Phep bien oi tren cung tng ng vi:

) (
) (
) (
.
59427 . 5 05651 . 0 00000 . 0
06010 . 0 59070 . 4 00000 . 1
13016 . 1 75175 . 1 76888 . 2
) (
) (
) (
b
g
r
z
y
x
=

B
G
R
Z
Y
X
.
59427 . 5 05651 . 0 00000 . 0
06010 . 0 59070 . 4 00000 . 1
13016 . 1 75175 . 1 76888 . 2
=
Nam 1964, cuoc th nghiem tng t a c lap lai nhng
vi goc quan sat 10
0
, va cung nh trc, cac ket qua c tr
thanh tieu chuan bo sung. Ngi ta con goi goc quan sat 10
0
la
Ngi quan sat chuan 1964.
4.5.7. Hetoa omau xy vagian omau
e thuan tien cho viec hieu them ve cac khai niem cung nh
viec tnh toan, CIE a chuan hoa gia tr ba mau XYZ e a
ra khai niem toa o mau x,y. Moi quan he c bieu dien
CIE 1931 2
CIE 1976 10
Hnh 4.25:
Ham tong hp
mau CIE XYZ
T
r
i
s
t
i
m
u
l
u
s

v
a
l
u
e
Wavelength (nm)
Hnh 4.26:
othham tong
hp mau CIE
XYZ 1931 goc
quan sat 2
0

va10
0
theo phep anh xa khong gian mau ba chieu len mot mat phang
hai chieu.
Mot mau c bieu dien toa o (x,y) trong bieu o mau nh
hnh ve, hay con c goi la bieu o mau CIE 1931. e co
c mot bieu o dang hai chieu, ngi ta chieu len khong
gian XYZ len mat phang XY (o c - Xanh luc).
Va ham tong hp mau nay c k hieu la x(), y(), z().
T cac gia tr mau X, Y, Z cac toa o mau co the c xac nh
nh sau:
Ta cung co c x+y+z=1.
Nh vay, e xac nh toa o cua mot mau ta ch can xac nh
2 gia tr mau, gia tr th 3 co the xac nh thong qua 2 gia tr
a biet.
Mat phang mau CIE tieu chuan hai chieu co dang sau:
Tam giac mau tieu chuan c ve gia cac toa o mau
x = 1 va y = 1 the hien ng bien cua he thong mau. Cac
toa o mau khong the nam pha ben ngoai tam giac.
Hnh 4.27:
Phep bien oi
tkhong gian
3 chieu sang 2
chieu xy
Z Y X
X
x
+ +
=
Z Y X
Y
y
+ +
= , ,
Z Y X
Z
z
+ +
=
Hnh dang cua khong gian mau bieu dien cho tat ca cac
mau ma mat ngi co the cam nhan c, cac mau pho
la cac mau co o bao hoa toi a co the phuc che c cho
mot tong mau. Chung nam tren ng bien cua bieu o
mau CIE.
Cac tong mau tren ng cong o co o bao hoa ln nhat va
thap dan ti iem khong mau. iem trung tam cua he truc
toa o co toa o x = 0.333 va y = 0.333 c goi tat la iem
Hnh 4.28:
Khong gian mau
3 chieu c
chieu tren
mat phang hai
chieu xy
Hnh 4.29:
Cac mau tren mat
phang 2 chieu se
c tnh theo toa
omau (x,y)
E (Equy-Energy Spectrum - iem can bang nang lng pho)
va oi khi con goi la iem A (Achromatic - iem khong mau).
o bao hoa cua cac mau tang dan t tam ra ngoai bien. Bat
k mau nao nam tren ng bao hoa eu co cung tong vi
mau ghi goi la mau cung tong. Bang may o pho chuyen dung
ngi ta xac nh cac toa o x, y cua moi mau. Khi biet toa
o cua moi mau, ta co the biet ngay tong mau va o bao hoa
cua mau o.
Bang viec xac nh toa o mau ta co the xac nh c tong
mau va o bao hoa cua mot mau bat k, con o sang th ta
khong the xac nh c. e co the xac nh c o sang tren
bieu o mau ta can chuyen bieu o mau 2 chieu sang 3 chieu
bang cach at them 1 truc toa o o sang Y thang goc vi
mat phang cua bieu o mau. Do vay ngi ta con goi ay la
he mau Yxy
Hnh 4.31:
Bieu omau
2 chieu c
chuyen oi thanh
3 chieu khi them
truc osang Y
Y
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
ILLUMINANT C
8.0
8.0
6.0
6.0
4.0
4.0
y
2.0
2.0
x
X
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
100
80
60
40
20
E
0
Y
Hnh 4.30:
Bieu okhoang
phuc chemau
c xay dng
tham tong hp
mau CIEXYZ
x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
490
480
470
450
400-380
600
610
620
650
700-780
E
o sang cang cao th cang co t mau c phuc che (kha nang
gii han cua mat ngi khong cho phep thay nhieu mau o
sang cao), gia tr cc ai Y =100 ch danh cho rat t toa o mau,
do vay bieu o 3 chieu rong nhat phan co o sang thap va
gia tr o sang cang cao th khoang phuc che cang nho lai. Khi
cat ngang bieu o 3 chieu bang cac lat cat, ta thay cac mau
co cung o sang co the c ve trong khong gian 2 chieu di
dang mat phang n. Phan cat ngang vuong goc vi truc o
sang Y trong khong gian mau CIEla bieu o mau CIE.
Khi o trai tao bang cach s dung khong gian mau Yxy chung
ta se nhan c cac gia tr x=0,4832, y=0,3045 tng ng vi
iem (A) tren o th, gia tr Y=13,37 ch ra rang trai tao co ty
le anh sang phan xa la 13,37%.
Hnh 4.33:
Toaoiem A
tren bieu omau
tng ng vi
mau cua trai tao
Hnh 4.32:
Cac giatro
mau tren trai tao
001 Y13.37
x.4832 y.3045
Thang mau Chau Au DIN 16539 mo ta v tr cua cac mau Cyan,
Magenta va Vang cho in Offset 3 mau va 4 mau. No cung xac
nh v tr mau cho cac mau th cap cua tong hp mau tr la o
c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm. Bieu o mau di ay cho thay v tr
cac mau theo tieu chuan DIN 16539 cung nh khoang mau co
the phuc che c khi in. S phan bo nay rat tng ong vi tat
ca cac gia tr o sang.
Cac tong mau nam trong hnh luc giac co the phuc che c
bang phng phap in offset 4 mau theo tieu chuan Chau Au.
Cac tong mau nam ben ngoai ch co the phuc che vi s ho tr
cua cac mau ac biet.
Cac gia tr x, y, va Y c o bang may o pho. Chung con
c o vi cac may o cam tay hay cac may tnh noi trc
tuyen vi may o kiem tra trong may in. Trong tieu chuan DIN
16539, cac mau s cap va th cap cua qua trnh tong hp mau
tr (qua trnh in) c xac nh nh sau:
Hnh 4.34:
Khoang mau co
thephuc che
c bang in
Offset (theo DIN
16 539).
x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
490
480
470
450
400-380
600
610
620
650
700-780
Y+C
C
C+M
M
Y
Y+M
Y+M
B+C
E
Viec a ra he thong mau CIE tieu chuan cho phep ta co kha
nang dien giai mau di dang so lieu cu the. V du ta co kha
nang quyet nh mot cach chac chan rang viec sn lai mot
chiec xe hi co giong vi mau goc ban au cua no hay khong.
Ngoai ra, he thong CIE XYZ cung cho cac ket qua cua viec
hoa mau cong c bieu dien di dang n gian. Ket qua luon
nam tren ng thang gia cac mau c tron. Tieu chuan CIE
cung cho phep mot s chuyen oi mau bat ky t khoang phuc
che nay sang khoang phuc che mau khac. Viec tnh toan oi
hoi e chuyen oi mot mau t khoang phuc che mau RGB cua
man hnh sang khoang phuc che mau CMYK cua mc in rat
tien li bi tieu chuan nay.
Tuy nhien he thong mau tieu chuan CIE co ba iem bat li
ang ke:
No khong c xuyen suot lam v he so z khong the oc
c ngay ma phai tnh toan (mac du ay la mot tien
trnh tng oi n gian).
Cac mau trong tam giac mau khong c phan bo hai hoa
lam xet ve mat cam nhan mau. Mac du thong qua no ta
co the xac nh mot cach ro rang nhng mau giong nhau,
nhng lai khong the xac nh chnh xac s bien oi gia
cac mau.
Bieu o mau CIE c thiet ke e o mau cua cac nguon
sang hn la mau sac cua vat the.
Cic miu nguyon
cip vi sd cip
Yellow
Magenta
Cyan
Yellow-magenta
Yellow-cyan
Magenta-cyan
0.437
0.464
0.153
0.613
0.194
0.179
0.494
0.232
0.196
0.324
0.526
0.101
77.8
17.1
21.9
16.3
16.5
2.8
Cic truc
tci Jc miu
c Sing
x y
\
Hnh 4.35:
Skhac biet gia
cac mau khong
eu nhau trong
khong gian mau
CIE XYZ
0 0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
x
y
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.9
0
Hnh 4.36:
Quytch cua mot
iem en tai cac
nhiet otuyet oi
khac nhau
4.5.8 Cac hnh Elip MacAdam
Quan sat tren bieu o mau CIE XYZ ta thay ngng cam nhan
c cho cac mau khac nhau trong vung mau Xanh tm nho hn
20 lan so vi vung mau Xanh luc, do vay khi so sanh cac mau
vi nhau, cac gia tr dung sai khac nhau phai c chu y cho
cac vung, ay la mot yeu to lam cho viec o mau phc tap hn
nhieu. Mot he thong khong tuyen tnh nh the co the c so
sanh vi mot cay thc co cac nac o n v khong eu nhau.
MacAdam, mot ngi My a nghien cu van e nay trong mot
loat cac th nghiem. Ong a phan tch va minh hoa cac ket
qua theo hnh sau. Hnh ve cho thay hnh elip MacAdam c
phong ai gap 10 lan. V khong gian mau CIE la khong gian
mau 3 chieu nen hnh elip thc s la cac khoi elip. Kch thc
cua cac khoi elip nay la mot s o ac t ngng cam nhan cua
cac o lech mau (moi khoi elip c nhn t tam va cho tng
tong mau rieng biet).
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2 0.3
0.4
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.8
510 nm
520 nm
Green
Yellowish
green
Orange
Red
Purplish red
Red purple
Purple
White
Blue
B
lu
e
is
h
g
re
e
n
Blue green
G
r
e
e
n
is
h
b
lu
e
540 nm
550 nm
560 nm
570 nm
580nm
590nm
600 nm
610 nm
620 nm
630 nm
700 nm
500 nm
490 nm
480 nm
0
470 nm
460 nm
450 nm
400 nm
Pink
Purplish
pink
Reddish
orange
Orange
pink
Purplish
blue
Reddish
purple
Blueish
purple
Yellow
green
Greenish
yellow
Yellowish
orange
Yellow
Hnh 4.37:
Phan botlecac
mau tren khong
gian mau CIE
Mot khac biet ang ke (hoac mot khac biet co the cam nhan
c) thng c xem nh mot n v MacAdam. Sau khi
David L. MacAdam tien hanh nghien cu cua mnh vao nam
1942, ngi ta thng s dung mot n v MacAdam e ch
mot khac biet ang ke bang nhau (hoac mot khac biet bang
nhau co the cam nhan c). MacAdam va cac cong s a tm
ra nhng khoi elip mau tieu bieu cho kha nang cam nhan khac
biet mau sac t ngi nay sang ngi khac trong pham vi cam
nhan mau sac bnh thng. Nhng khoi elip nay thay oi kch
thc tuy thuoc vao mau sac c phoi hp. Ngha la, he thong
cam nhan mau sac cua ngi khong nhay cam vi tat ca cac
mau mot cach ngang nhau.
Trong thc te, nhng khac biet ve mau sac thng c dien
at bang cac n v t 2 en 4 lan cac n v MacAdam. Trong
so nay co cac n v CIE LAB, CIE LUV, Hunter va NBS.
Cha co cong thc khac biet mau sac nao at c s chap
nhan toan cau; v the cac dung cu o mau thng tnh khac biet
mau sac bang 2 hoac nhieu cong thc.
Hnh 4.38:
Cac elip
MacAdam
x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
490
480
470
450
400-380
600
610
620
650
700-780
He thong nay khong c s dung trong thc te e c lng
khoang sai biet mau v no cho rang cac dung sai co the chap
nhan c gia cac tong mau eu khac nhau. e viec tnh toan
khoang sai biet mau ang tin cay hn, can phai co mot khong
gian mau, trong o nhng s khac biet ve mau c cam nhan
nh nhau eu co cung mot tr so nh nhau va chung c phat
trien bangcach chuyen oi toan hoc t khong gian mau CIE.
Thong qua s chuyen oi nay, cac khoi elip Mac Adam vi
cac kch thc khac nhau c anh xa len cac khoi cau co kch
thc giong nh nhau. Bang cach nay, mat ngi cam nhan s
sai biet mau cho tat ca cac mau nh nhau.
4.6 Khong gian mau CieLab
4.6.1 S hnh thanh khong gian mau CIELAB
Neu s dung ba gia tr RGB hay XYZ th rat kho mo ta mau
sac bang t ng, neu chung ta dung ba ac tnh c ban cua mau
sac - Tong mau, o bao hoa mau va o sang th moi viec se de
dang hn.
Viec mo ta nh the se co c cac u iem cua he thong CIE
XYZ va nhng thong so cua no chnh la ba ac tnh c ban cua
mau sac (tong mau, o bao hoa mau, o sang) thay v dung ba
mau s cap. Viec nhn mau phc tap hn nhieu ch khong phai
ch n gian la phoi hp cac gia tr cam nhan mau trong mat.
au tien khi vong mac ghi nhan ba gia tr kch thch mau (cac
tia sang o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm) th cac tn hieu nay khong
c cam nhan cho en khi co mot tien trnh ke tiep xay ra, o
la tien trnh tao ra ba cam giac:
Cam giac ve mau o c - Xanh luc.
Cam giac ve mau Vang - Xanh tm.
Cam giac ve o sang.
ieu nay co the s dung e phat trien mot he thong goi la he
thong mau bo sung. No c xay dng da tren s khac biet
cua ba cap mau thanh phan: o c va Xanh luc; Vang va Xanh
tm; Trang va en.
Chung ta biet rang mau o c khong bao gi cha cac thanh
phan Xanh luc, Xanh tm khong the cha mau Vang va trang
khong bao gi cha en. Khi c hoi ve cac mau s cap th
nhng ngi khong co kien thc ve nganh in hay phuc che mau
se khong goi ten ba mau nh la o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm ma
goi en bon mau o c, Xanh luc, Xanh tm va Vang.
Neu xem en, xam hoac trang la mau th nhng mau nay ch
c cong nhan vi mot s mien cng v chung dng nh
cho mot chat lng khac hoan toan trong cac cam giac ma
chung tao ra. S khiem khuyet cac thanh phan mau trang va
en di chuyen tren man hnh ti vi la nhng th chung ta chap
nhan hoan toan sau mot qua trnh ieu chnh than kinh ngan
ngui. Tuy nhien an tng nhn c tao ra bi mot viec khiem
khuyet mot kenh mau la nhng th chung ta khong the chap
nhan c tham ch sau vai gi.
Trong mot he thong lien he c thiet ke ung ve phng dien
cam nhan mau, nhng thong tin ve o sang va thong tin mau
neu c tach ra mot cach ro rang khong ch ve mat so lng
ma con ve mat chat lng.
Mot he thong co the lam c ieu nay mot cach chnh xac
c phat trien vao nam 1976 bi CIE. Khong gian mau L*a*b*
(con c goi la CIELAB) hien nay la mot trong nhng khong
gian mau pho bien nhat e o mau cua vat the va no c dung
Hnh 4.39:
Motathuyet
quatrnh
oi nghch
Trang
rong rai gan nh trong tat ca cac lnh vc. Khong gian mau nay
c xay dng tren c s khong gian mau CIE XYZ vao nam
1976 e cai thien nhng van e cua khong gian mau Yxy o la
khoang cach bang nhau tren hai truc mau xy khong tng ng
vi s khac biet mau. Cac gia tr L*a*b* c tnh toan theo
cong thc sau:
Vi: X, Y,Z : Cac giatrkch thch tvat o.
X
n
, Y
n
, Z
n
: Cac giatrkch thch cua mot vat phan xa anh
sang hoan toan.
Neu X/X
n
, Y/Y
n
hay Z/Z
n
nho hn 0,008856 phng trnh tren
c chuyen thanh dang sau:
Khoang sai biet mau AE*
ab
trong khong gian mau L*a*b* ch
ra mc o sai lech mau (nhng khong ch hng), c xac
nh bi phng trnh sau:
Vi: AL*, Aa*, Ab* lacac giatrsai biet gia mau chuan va
mau o
c the bang 7.787 +
1/3
X X 16
Xn Xn 116
c the bang 7.787 +
1/3
Y Y 16
Yn Yn 116
c the bang 7.787 +
1/3
Z Z 16
Zn Zn 116
E* = ab ( *) +( *) +
2 2
L a ( b*)
2
4.6.2 Khong gian mau Lab
Trong khong gian CIELAB, L* ai dien cho o sang, a* va b*
la cac truc mau, a* va b* ch hng mau: +a* la hng mau o
c, -a* la hng mau Xanh luc, +b* ch hng mau Vang va
-b* ch hng mau Xanh tm. tam la truc khong mau. Khi cac
gia tr a* va b* tang va hng pha ngoai bien cua vong tron th
o bao hoa mau cung tang theo.
Trong trng hp khong mau
a* va b* bang nhau va bang
0. Cac gia tr so o cho o bao
hoa mau va tong mau co the
c chia eu t a* va b*
Neu chung ta cat khoi mau
theo chieu ng ngang
qua iem (A) va tam ta se
thay c cac truc mau va
o sang.
sang
o
+b* Vang
10 20 30 40 50 60
-b*
Blue
Green
-a*
o bao hoa
C*
+a*
Red
Tong mau
-100
-a*
+b*
+ 100
+100
+a*
-80 +80 -60 +20 -40 +40 -20
-20
+20
-40
+40
-60
+60
-80
+80
-100
-b*
+60
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
L*
Hnh 4.40:
Mat cat ngang
cua khong gian
mau CIELAB vi
cac truc a*b*.
Hnh 4.41:
Mohnh khong
gian mau CIE
LAB vi cac truc
a*, b* vaL.
Bieu o gian lc dung e mo ta he mau CIELAB co dang sau:
V CIELAB la ket qua cua
qua trnh chuyen oi nen hnh
dang cua no khac vi khong
gian mau CIEXYZ. Hnh dang
mat cat ngang cua moi gia tr
o sang L* thay oi khac nhau.
Do khong gian mau CIELAB
la mot qua trnh chuyen oi
t CIEXYZ nen moi mat cat
tng ng vi mot o sang se
co hnh dang khac nhau.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
o mau
o sang(L*)
Tong o
sa c s nga xa m
sa m
ra t to i
to i a m
sa ng
nha t
ra t nha t
Hnh 4.42:
Mat cat qua truc
obao hoa mau
vaosang
Hnh 4.43:
Mohnh gian lc
cua khong gian
mau CIELAB
Hnh 4.44:
Mohnh gian lc
cua khong gian
mau CIELAB
ng vi khanang
cam nhan cua
mat ngi tai cac
giatrosang.
Nhng mau nam
ben ngoai khong
gian mau nay la
cac mau khong
thay c.
Trang
-a*
-b*
b*
a*
L*= 0
L*= 100
en
Blue
Red
Yellow
Green
L*
-a* a*
b*
-b*
-100
-100
100
0
20
40
60
80
100
Trong hnh minh hoa, mat cat ngang qua khong gian mau CIE
LAB cho thay cac mau cua vat the co gia tr o sang L* = 50.
Vung mau Xanh luc c thu hep lai va vung mau Xanh tm
c thay ro hn.
Mot khoang phuc che mau trong he thong CIE LAB co the xuat
hien nh di ay theo mot dang ly tng.
Hnh 4.45:
Mat cat ngang
qua giatro
sang L=50
Hnh 4.46:
Khoang phuc che
mau lytng cua
khong gian mau
CIELAB vi cac
mau coobao
hoacao nhat, cac
mau nay goi la
cac mau pho
b*
-150 -100 -50 50 0
50
-50
-b*
a* -a*
100
-100
150
Mot khoang phuc che mau da tren cac mau thc co dang sau:
ay chung ta thay hai ieu:
Khi o sang cua cac mau tang va giam, o mau giam
xuong en zero khi at c mau trang hoac en.
Ngc vi tam giac mau CIE, cac ng noi gia cac
mau s cap khong phai la ng thang do viec bo tr mau
hai hoa trong LAB. ieu nay at c thong qua mot
viec chuyen oi khong tuyen tnh cac gia tr XYZ sang
L* a* b*. Tuy nhien viec mat i tuyen tnh khong quan
trong bang li ch thu c t viec phan bo mau hai hoa.
Neu ta o qua tao bang cach
s dung khong gian mau
L*a*b* ta co c cac gia
tr di ay. e cac gia tr
nay the hien mau g, au
tien chung ta nh v cac gia
tr a* va b* (a*=+47,63 va
b*=+14,12) tren bieu o ben
di e xac nh iem (A).
001 L43.31
a+47.63 b+14.12
Hnh 4.47:
Khoang phuc che
mau thc tecua
khong gian mau
CIELAB vi hnh
dang khong
can xng
E* = ab ( *) +( *) +
2 2
L a ( b*)
2
4.6.3 osai biet mau trong khong gian mau CIELAB
He thong CIEXYZ khong c s dung trong thc te e
c lng khoang sai biet mau v no the hien cac dung sai gia
cac tong mau eu khac nhau. Khong gian mau CIE LAB cho
nhng s khac biet ve mau c cam nhan nh nhau co cung
mot tr so nh nhau. ay la qua trnh bien oi t khong gian
mau CIE XYZ
e tnh o sai biet mau trong khong gian mau CIE LAB ta
dung cac cong thc sau:
AL* = L*act- L*ref
Aa* = a*act - a*ref
Ab* = b*act - b*ref
-60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 +a*
20
30
40
50
60
+b*
Hue
(Green)
(Red)
(Blue)
(Yellow)
A
Hnh 4.48:
Vtr mau A tren
mat cat ngang
cua khong gian
mau CIELAB
AE chnh la khoang cach gia hai gia tr mau o c (act) va
mau tham chieu (ref) trong khong gian mau CIE LAB, khoang
cach gia hai mau cung chnh la o sai biet mau. Tren thc te
mau o c la mau ma ta phuc che lai va mau tham chieu la
mau c chon e lam chuan hay mau can phai phuc che lai.
x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
y
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
490
480
470
450
400-380
600
610
620
650
700-780
75
50
25
-25
-50
-75
75
50
25
0
-25
-50
-75
-100
100
a*
-b*
b*
-a*
Trang
L*= 100
-a*
-b*
b*
Gia tr
that
Gia tr
mau o
a*
51.2 55.0
48.4
54.0
L* 75.3
L* = 70.0
Da*
DL*
D
b
*
D
E
*
Hnh 4.49:
Khong gian mau
CIELAB c
chuyen oi t
khong gian mau
CIEXYZ thong
qua viec nh lai
viec botr cac
mau vatlesai
biet cac mau.
Hnh 4.50:
Khoang sai biet
mau E trong
khong gian mau
CIELAB
V du: tnh toan o sai biet mau gia 2 mau: mau khach
hang yeu cau in va mau a in ra c vi cac so lieu
di ay
o sai biet mau co the c phan loai nh sau:
4.6.4. u iem cua khong gian mau CIELAB
Khong giong nh he thong CMYK da tren cac ac tnh cua
mc in, mot he thong phuc che LAB cho cac u iem khong le
thuoc vao thiet b. Vay ieu nay mang lai nhng li ch g cho
ngi s dung?
Mau yeu cau
abiet giatr
Mau o c
tmau in
L* 70.0 75.3
a* 55.0 51.2
b* 54.0 48.4
Kt qu tnh c:

A E nam
gia 0 va 1
Thong thng s khac biet nay khong the
cam nhan c.
A E nam
gia 1 va 2
Khac biet rat nho, ch cam nhan c bi
ngi co kinh nghiem.
A E nam
gia 2 va 3.5
Khac biet tng oi, co the cam nhan c
bi ngi khong co kinh nghiem.
A E nam
gia 3.5 va 5
Khac biet ln.
A E ln hn 5 Khac biet rat ln.
CIE LAB - giong nh CIE XYZ - co kha nang the hien tat ca
cac khoang phuc che thc (v du nh man hnh mau hay mc in
CMYK) nh la mot phan cua no.
4.6.4.1 Khong phu thuoc vao thiet b.
Gia s rang co mot he thong phuc che da tren RGB v du
khi quet hnh. Cac gia tr mau RGB nay sau o can phai c
chuyen oi sang CMYK cho qua trnh in. Hai khong gian mau
nay khong trung khp vi nhau ve ca kch thc lan v tr, nen
co nhieu mau cua khong gian mau RGB khong co trong khong
gian mau CMYK va ngc lai. Do trong thc te he thong quet
anh tren coi RGB nh la mot he thong lien he cua no nen mot
so mau CMYK khong co trong khong gian mau RGB cung
khong c in ra. RGB hoat ong nh mot s han che oi vi
CMYK. V du mau Cyan toi va co o bao hoa cao khong the
hien th c tren man hnh RGB va no tr thanh mot mau
khong the phuc che c.
e mo ta ieu nay di dang
hnh ve, chung ta co the tao
mot mat cat qua khoang khong
gian mau. Bay gi chung ta co
the thay mat phang Cyan - o
c:
Van e o co the c ch
ra dang n gian neu ch
mot trong hai mat phang
c quan sat - trong
trng hp nay la mat
phang Cyan.
Vi:
C1: mau Cyan vi o bao hoa toi a.
C2: mau Cyan vi o bao hoa cao
nhat co the at c vi gia tr o
sang tai C2 (c goi la mau toi u).
C3: mau Cyan nhat o bao hoa
khong cao.
C4: mot gia tr o sang nam tren truc
khong mau.
Trong hnh ve tren, tat ca cac mau co cung tong mau goi la
Cyan. Cac tong mau con lai nam tren cac mat phang mau khac.
Them vao o ta co kha nang phuc che tat ca cac mau tr C5
nam ben ngoai.
Tren thc te co hai khoang phuc che mau nam chong len nhau th
co ngha la ch co nhng mau nam trong vung giao nhau cua hai
khoang nay c phuc che nh nhau tren man hnh lan khi in ra.
Trong mot he thong lien he phu thuoc vao thiet b (v du nh
RGB hay CMYK), cac mau nam ben ngoai he thong lien he nay
khong the c phuc che (V du mau Cyan co o bao hoa cao co
mat trong khong gian mau ch can chuyen ti la CMYK nhng
khong the hien c tren man hnh RGB th cung khong the phuc
che c). He thong lien he chung nh CIE XYZ hay CIE LAB
la nhng he thong khong b gii han bi nhng ieu ke tren.
V du co mot mau tri tm am can c thay oi e o sang
cua bau tri tang len giong vi bai mau, cu the la gia tr Cyan
cua bau tri phai at c 100% va Vang con 0%. Man hnh
RGB khong co kha nang the hien c gia tr mau Cyan 100%
vi o sang va o bao hoa ung nh yeu cau, do vay mau tri
khong the c chnh sa hp ly. La mot he thong lien he
chung, CIELAB cho phep mau Cyan nay c hieu chnh e
toi thieu no cung c in ra. He thong khong phu thuoc thiet b
CIE LAB v the co the c dung e gia tang cac mau co the
phuc che c lam cai thien chat lng hnh anh.
4.6.4.2 Hotr quatrnh anh xa khoang phuc chemau
oi vi cac mau co o bao hoa cao
khong the phuc che khi in nhng lai
co the c the hien tren man hnh,
khi d lieu LAB c chuyen oi sang
CMYK chung se c chieu t be mat
RGB len be mat cua khoang phuc che
mau mc in.
Neu cac iem mau tren be mat RGB
khong trung khp vi mau tren be mat
CMYK dan en viec mat chi tiet khi
phuc che th mot phan mem x ly mau thong minh se bieu dien
cac iem mau cua tat ca cac mau vao cac v tr toi u trong
khong gian mau CMYK cua mc in (qua trnh anh xa hay qua
trnh ieu phoi khoang phuc che mau). Khoang phuc che mau
nguon c nen lai trong suot qua trnh nay. Trong qua trnh
nay, cac mau khong the phuc che c bi he mau CMYK se
c thay the bang mau gan ung nhat.
Gia s co mot thang xam co cac tong toi nam doc theo mot
thang mau. Hai thang nay ai dien cho mau va s sang toi cua
hnh anh. ieu ta muon la lam sang cac vung toi cua hnh anh
trong khi van gi nguyen o bao hoa cua cac mau:
Neu ta muon lam cho cac gia tr tong cua thang xam sang len
trong cac he thong phuc che CMYK va RGB th cac kenh mau
co cung cac gia tr xam vi thang xam se b thay oi.
e duy tr c cng o mau cua cac mau goc can thiet phai
co cac qua trnh chnh sa lai lan lt tng mau. iem bat li
nay co the tranh khoi bang cach s dung bo hieu chnh LAB e
tien hanh chnh sa mau va o sang mot cach rieng biet va at
c o tin cay cao va tiet kiem c thi gian. Neu chnh sa
tren LAB ta se co ket qua nh sau:
Mot thuan li tng t khi lam viec vi cac bai mau d sang.
Mau sac trong cac bai mau nh vay thong thng qua nht nhat
va o bao hoa can c cai thien. Viec thay oi ng cong
tang th se khong co tac dung v cac mau yeu ch n gian tr
Hnh 4.53:
Khi chnh sa
trong CIELAB,
kenh mau va
kenh osang
tach rieng nen khi
chnh osang th
khong anh hng
en mau.
Hnh 4.52:
Khi chnh cho cac
mau sang len
(thang xam sang
len) th cac thang
mau cung bsang
theo, tc lakhi
chnh osang th
mau cung b
thay oi.
Hnh 4.51:
Thang xam va
thang mau ai
dien cho hnh anh
can chnh sa
nen toi hn do vay tham ch con co o bao hoa thap hn. Khi
s dung cac ky thuat truyen thong, tng mau mot se c chnh
sa. o sang va o bao hoa c bien oi theo, mot tien trnh
ton nhieu thi gian va khong toi u ve mat chat lng. Viec o
sang va o mau c tach biet trong LAB co ngha la tat ca cac
mau co the c cai thien trong mot tien trnh rieng.
4.6.4.4 Cai thien chat lng cac boloc sac net
Viec tach rieng o sang va o mau trong LAB giup cai thien
chat lng cac bo loc sac net mot cach ro rang. S cai thien
o tng phan chi tiet ch can c thc hien tren kenh o
sang. Cac bo loc ky thuat so c thc hien tren 3 hoac 4
kenh mau (RGB hay CMYK) thong thng tao ra cac mc o
khac nhau ve o tng phan chi tiet va hieu qua khong c
kiem soat mot cach chnh xac. Co mot s rui ro trong viec
hieu chnh cac bai mau b nga mau (bai mau nga sang mot
tong mau nao o do s co y cua ngi chup hay b chi phoi
cua nguon sang trong moi trng chup). Cac mau nay c
chu y ac biet trong cac bai mau vi cac cau truc co mau
trung tnh. Mau hnh di ayla mot phan cua mau vai a
c loc sac net trong he mau RGB:
Hnh 4.54:
Khi phai xl lan
lt nhieu kenh
trong hemau
RGB vaCMYK,
cac ng vien
comau xam
thng bgai
nhieu nhieu mau
trong o
Co the thay ro rang cac soc rang ca mau tren mau vai, ay
la ket qua cua qua trnh loc lay o sac net c cam nhan nh
cac mau nga khi quan sat t khoang cach bnh thng. ay la
nguyen nhan gay ra cac loi trong qua trnh dien dch lap i lap
lai. Khi c loc trong he mau LAB chung ta se thay ket qua
nh sau:
4.6.4.5 Cai thien viec chnh sa mau.
Van e di ay thng xay ra khi tien hanh chnh sa mau
cho hnh anh. Mot tong mau mong muon co the at c bang
cach thay oi gia tr 3 hay 4 mau (RGB hay CMYK) nhng chi
tiet lai b mat trong qua trnh nay.
Hnh 4.55:
Khi xlytren he
mau CIELAB, ch
cokenh osang
btac ong nen
chat lng hnh
anh tot hn.
Hnh 4.56:
Tren cac hemau
RGB hay CMYK,
do khong tach
c kenh tong
mau rieng biet
nen khi xly
chuyen tong mau,
cac chi tiet cung
bmat i.
Chi tiet va cac gia tr tong cua cac soc nen cua anh di ay co
the at c neu qua trnh sa mau dien ra tren LAB.
ieu nay at c bi viec
phan tch cac thong tin ve
mau va o sang mot cach
chnh xac cua LAB. Cac
khong gian mau thng
c anh gia cao trong cac
he thong che ban e ban
nh HSL (Hue, Saturation,
Lightness) hay HSB (Hue,
Saturation, Brightness) cung
c coi la co the thay oi
cac thong so ve o sang va
o mau rieng re. Tuy nhien
chung khong the tach tong
mau va cng o mau chnh
xac nh LAB do vay s thay
oi o sang cung lam thay oi mau chut t. Tren thc te ieu
nay co ngha la lam tieu tan hy vong tiet kiem thi gian chnh
sa tren HSL va HSB. V du sau khi o sang a c chnh sa
ta cung can thiet phai chnh sa chut t o bao hoa mau va tong
mau va en lt ieu nay lai lam thay oi o sang mot chut va
c the qua trnh chnh sa dien ra cho en khi at yeu cau.
4.6.4.6 Dedang hoc hoi.
Tren thc te he thong lien he CIE LAB bao gom ca ly thuyet
mau bo sung vi ba thong so kch thch viec cam nhan mau cua
mat ngi, mot he thong phuc che mau da tren phng phap
nay giup ngi s dung co the hoc mot cach de dang va ac
biet la vi nhng ngi ky thuat vien cha co kinh nghiem.
4.7 Khong gian mau CIE LUV
Kho ng gian ma u CIE LUV cu ng c ta o tha nh qua s
chuye n o i t kho ng gian ma u CIE XYZ nhng s du ng co ng
th c chuye n o i kha c. Ba tru c toa o c xa c nh b i ca c
Hnh 4.57:
Tren hemau
CIELAB do tach
c kenh tong
mau rieng biet
nen khi xly
chuyen tong mau,
cac chi tiet c
ginguyen
gia tr L*, u* va v*. Ca c gia tr L*, u*, v* c tnh toa n theo
co ng th c sau:
Vi:
Y: Giatrkch thch Y.
u, v: Toa omau trong bieu oUCS cua CIE nam1976.
Y
0
, u
0
, v
0
: Giatrkch thch Y vau, v cua vat phan chieu
hoan toan.
Khoang sai biet mau AEuv trong khong gian mau L*u*v* ch ra
mc o sai biet mau nhng khong ch hng, no c xac nh
bi phng trnh sau:

Vi:
AL, Au*, Av* : Cac giatrAL, Au*, Av* khac nhau gia mau
o vavat o.
V khong gian mau CIE LUV va CIE LAB la ket qua cua s
chuyen oi khac nhau nen chung co hnh dang khac nhau. Ca
hai khong gian nay eu c dung e o mau cua vat the.
Hnh minh hoa di ay cho
thay, mat cat ngang qua khong
gian mau CIE LUV cho cac mau
cua vat the co o sang L* = 50.
Vung mau Xanh luc tren khong
gian mau CIE LUV c nh v
gan tam hn so vi CIELAB

u*=13L*(u-u ) 0
v*=13L*(v-v ) 0
L*=116 -16 khi >0.008856
1/3
Y Y
Y0 Y0
E* = uv ( *) +( *) +
2 2
L u ( v*)
2
-u* u*
v*
-v*
-100
-100
100 0
L*
20
40
60
80
100
Khong gian mau CIE LUV thng c dung cho viec anh
gia mau tren man hnh, may quet hay may tnh. u iem cua
no la co s chuyen oi tuyen tnh e tat ca cac tnh can oi
cua khong gian mau CIE c gi nguyen khong oi (khac vi
khong gian mau CIE LAB).
Bieu oUCS cua CIE nam 1976
c nh ngha bi CIE nam 1976 nham muc ch cung cap
mot khong gian mau ong nhat hn co the nhan thay c cho
cac mau co o sang gan bang nhau. Cac gia tr u va v co the
c tnh toan t cac gia tr kch thch XYZ hay t cac toa o
mau theo cong thc sau:
Vi:
X,Y,Z : Cac giatrkch thch.
x,y : Cac toa omau.
U
L
V
O
u= =
4X 4x
X+15Y+3Z -2x+12y+3
v= =
9Y 9y
X+15Y+3Z -2x+12y+3
4.8 Khong gian mau L*C*H
Khong gian mau L*C*h* la mot bien the cua khong gian mau
CIELAB, no s dung chung bieu o vi khong gian mau L*a*b*
nhng thay v s dung truc toa o vuong th no lai s dung truc
toa o goc. Trong khong gian mau nay L* bieu th o sang va
giong vi L* trong khong gian mau L*a*b*, C* la cng o
mau va h la goc tong mau. Gia tr cng o mau C* bang zero
ngay tai tam va gia tang tuy thuoc vao khoang cach t toa o
mau ti tam. Gia tr goc tong mau h c xac nh khi iem
tai truc a* va c tnh bang n v o: 00 la +a* (o c), 900
la+b* (Vang), 1800 la -a* (Xanh luc) va 2700 la -b* (Xanh tm).
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 0.1
450
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610 620
630
700-720
410
400-380
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
u
v
Vo hnh 80 khong g|an mau LCH
Kho ng g|an ma u LCH
nhn tu tre n xuo ng
Kho ng g|an ma u LCH
nhn tu duo | |e n
Hnh 4.59:
Mohnh khong
gian vamat cat
cua khong gian
LCH
Hnh 4.58:
Bieu oUCS
Cac thong so trong khong gian mau LCH c tnh nh sau:
o sang(L*)
Tong o
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
o mau (C*)
h
Hnh 4.61:
Gian omo
phong khong gian
mau 3 chieu LCH
Hnh 4.62:
Mau A vi goc
tong mau vao
mau tng ng
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
o
m
a
u
C
*
G
oc
tong
m
au
hab
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 +a*
20
30
40
50
60
+b*
Hue
(Red)
(Yellow)
A
C*
+20
-20
-20
-40
-40
-60
-60
-80
-80 +40 +60
+20
+40
+60
+80
+80
b*
-a* a*
90
0
180
0
0
0
270
0
-b*
Ist
L*
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Ist
Hnh 4.60:
Mat cat ngang
truc osang
khong gian
mau LCH
o ma u C*= (a*) +(b*)
2 2
Goc tong ma u h = ab
b*
a*
tan
-1
oi vi cac gia tr o khac nhau th ngi ta khong tnh o sai
biet goc tong mau ma tnho sai biet tong mau AH tnh theo
cong thc sau:
Neu chung ta o s khac
biet mau gia hai qua tao
bang cach s dung khong
gian mau L*c*h* chung
ta se co cac gia tr hien th
nh sau.

001(R) L43.31
C49.68 h16.5
1
0
2
0
3
0
4
0
D
C
*
5
0
6
0
S
ai b
ie
t
ve
to n
g
m
a u
H
D
10
10 20 30 40 50 60 +a*
20
30
40
50
60
+b*
Hue
(Red)
(Yellow)
1
2
Hnh 4.63:
Khoang sai biet
mau AC tren bieu
omau LCH
H*= (* ) -( ab
2
L -( *)
2
C*)
2
= (a*) +(
2
b -( *)
2
C*)
2
4.9 Khong gian mau Hunter Lab
Khong gian mau c phat trien bi R.S. Hunter vao thap nien
1950 nham khac phuc s khong ong nhat cua khong gian mau
Yxy cua CIE nam 1931. Tuy nhien sau khi khong gian mau
CIELAB c phat trien vao thap nien 1960 vi nhieu u iem
noi troi hn th no khong con c s dung rong rai na. Khong
gian mau Hunter Lab co cau truc tng t nh khong gian mau
CIE L*a*b* va c s dung nhieu trong lnh vc khac nhau
bao gom ca nganh cong nghiep sn My.
Hnh 4.65:
Hnh anh 3 chieu
cua khong gian
mau Hunter Lab
Hnh 4.64:
Khoang sai biet
mau theo hng
AC-AL
S
a
i
b
i
e
t
s
a
n
g
Sai biet o mau
+DL
-DL*
DC* -DC*
6.0
-1.0
-1.0 -2.0 -3.0 -4.0 -5.0 -6.0
5.0
-2.0
4.0
-3.0
3.0
-4.0
2.0
-5.0
1.0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0
-6.0
2
1
sa c s sa m
to i
sa ng
nha t
a m
Cac gia tr trong khong gian nay c xac nh theo cong thc sau:

Vi:
X,Y,Z : Cac giatrkch thch cua mau o (X10,Y10, Z10 co
thec sdung cho chuan nhn bosung 100).
X
0
,Y
0
, Z
0
: Cac giatrkch thch cua vat phan xa hoan toan.
oi vi chuan quan sat 2
0
va nguon sang chuan C, phng trnh
tren se co dang:
Khoang sai biet mau AE
H
trong khong gian mau Hunter Lab
ch ra mc o sai biet mau (ch khong ch hng), no c xac
nh bi phng trnh sau:

Vi: AL, Aa, Ab lacac giatrsai biet gia mau o mau vamau
vat o.
4.10 HeCMC
CMC la mot cach c lng s khac biet v tr mau tren khong
gian mau CIE LAB, c phat trien tai Anh nam1988 bi Uy
ban o ac mau sac cua Hiep hoi cac nha che tao mau va thuoc
E = H ( *) +( *) +
2 2
L a ( b*)
2
L=10 Y
a=
17.5(1.02X-Y)
Y
b=
7.0(Y-0.847Z)
Y
L=100
Y
Y0
a=175 -
X 0.0102X0 Y
X0 (Y/Y ) 0 Y0
a=70 -
Y 0.00847Z0 Z
Y0 (Y/Y ) 0 Z0
nhuom. No khong mo ta s cam nhan khac biet mau (nh CIE
LAB hay CIELUV).
Thong thng s thay oi mau gan truc o sang c cam nhan
nhieu hn s thay oi ve o bao hoa mau. Ngoai ra, s khac biet
o bao hoa mau de dang c chap nhan hn la goc tong mau.
Moi hnh elip ch ra cac v tr vi s khac biet mau khong oi
phu hp vi cong thc CMC. Ta co the thay ro rang la cac
hnh elip (khoang dung sai trong khong gian mau CMC) trong
vung khong gian mau nho hn so vi hnh elip tai vung co o
bao hoa cao. Them vao o hnh dang cua chung c thiet lap
sao cho goc tongmau nho hn o bao hoa mau. Cac hnh elip
cung co kha nang c ieu chnh rieng re gia s khac biet o
sang va tong mau. S ieu chnh nay c thc hien bi hai he
so L va C. (L la he so o o sang va C la he so o lng tong
mau thng = 1). Nganh cong nghiep det thng dung ty le
L : C = 2 : 1ieu nay co ngha la s bien oi gap oi ve o sang
se c chap nhan nh o bien oi ve tong mau.
Ty le nay co the ap ng c cac nhu cau ng dung ang c
ban luan. V vay cac gia tr ve s khac biet v tr mau co y ngha va
co the so sanh c ch trong moi lien he vi cac he so o lng.
b*
-a* a*
-b*
L*
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Hnh 4.66:
Nguyen lyanh
giamau CMC
cho cacvtr mau
khac nhau trong
khong gian mau
CIE LAB
Nhng yeu to the hien mau khac nh cac hieu ng vien, o sac
net, o sang, va tam nhn rat kho nh lng. Phien ban cua
ham o sang Bartleson - Breneman c e ngh thay the cho
gia tr trong ham CIE LUV e nh tnh mau hnh anh tot hn.
4.1 1 Cac hethong xep at mau theo thgiac
Nhng hnh thc trnh bay mau sac bang thong so khong
chuyen tai c bat ky y ngha that s nao ve viec mau sac that
s trong giong vi nhng g. V the cac hoa s, cac nha thiet ke
va cong chung dng nh anh gia rat thap cac con so mo ta s
the hien cua mau sac.
Hau nh moi ngi cam thay de chu hn khi mo ta mau sac
bang mot mau hien co. e tao ieu kien tot cho hnh thc phan
loai va thong tin nay, nhieu he thong th t mau sac bao gom
cac mau mau vat ly a c sang che. Co hai loai he thong th
t mau sac c ban: He thong tuyet oi c tao thanh t cac
manh mau vnh cu va co the c ni rong ra en gii han
mau theo ly thuyet moi khi cac mau vnh cu mi c kham
pha ra; he thong th hai la he thong tng oi, he thong nay
gam mau c co nh bang mot bo cac chat tao mau va khong
can phai m rong.
4.11.1 Nhng tham chieu tuyet oi
Cac v du ve nhng he thong nay bao gom: Munsell, Ostwald,
He thong mau t nhien (Natural Colour System), He thong mau
o sang
o mau
1
2
T
o
n
g
m
a
u
o sang
o mau
1
2
m
a
u
cong nghiep c (DIN - Deutsche Industrie Norm), He thong
mau OSA (Optical Society of America), Cac khong gian mau
ong nhat (Uniform Color Space), va cac Atlats mau cua ICI
(Imperial Chemical Industries).
Cac he thong nay hoac la he thong khong gii han (cho phep
them lien tuc cac mau mi) hoac la mot he thong da tren
mot nguyen tac hnh hoc ba chieu thong thng. Cac he thong
khong gii han (m) c da tren cac thuoc tnh mau sac cua
tong mau, o bao hoa, va o sang bao gom he mau Munsell,
OSA Uniform Color Space (UCS), he mau DIN va Atlas mau
ICI. Nhng he thong nay chung quy da tren cac truc toa o.
Mot ngoai le ang ghi nhan la he thong OSA - UCS, he nay
c da tren mot he toa o khoi bat giac (Cubo - Octahedral).
4.11.1.1 Hemau Munsell
Vao nam 1905 mot hoa s ngi My ten la A.H. Munsell a
phat minh mot phng phap dien at mau bang cach s dung
mot lng ln cac mau giay mau c phan lp theo tong mau
(Munsell Hue), o sang (Munsell Value) va o bao hoa mau
(Munsell Chroma) giup cho viec so sanh cac mau mau mot
cach trc quan hn. Ve sau qua mot thi gian rut kinh nghiem,
he thong nay c nang cap thanh he thong k hieu Munsell
ang c s dung. Trong he thong nay bat ky mot mau nao
cung co k hieu va c the hien di dang phoi hp cac so va
k t (H V/C). Cac tong mau c ban la o c, Vang, Xanh luc,
Xanh tm va Purple (o ta). Nam tong mau c ban lai c
chia nho ra thanh 100 tong, moi tong co 16 o bao hoa mau
va 10 mc o sang. T le cac gia tr o sang c sap xep t
1(en) en 10 (trang) vi khoang cach ve mc o xam bang
nhau co the cam nhan c. T le o bao hoa la khong gii
han, bat au tai 0 tam khoi mau va tang theo ban knh (toa
tron t tam ra).
He thong c phat hanh vao nam 1915 di dang Sach mau
Munsell cho 40 tong mau, anh sang loai C va mau in tren giay
trang phan va giay khong trang phan.
5 Y
Y
5 PB
PB
10 PB
10 P
5 B
B
10 B
5 G
G
5 R
R
5 RP
RP
10 RP
5 YR
YR
10 YR
(0 YR)
(0 RP)
(0 R)
(0 Y)
(0 GY)
(0 G)
(0 BG)
(0 B)
(0 PB)
(0 P)
5 BG
BG
10 BG
5 GY
GY
10 GY
10 G
10R
10Y
5 P
P
Hnh 4.67:
Mat cat ngang mo
hnh mau Munsell
cho thay 40
tong mau
Hnh 4.68:
Khoang cach
tong mau (theo
vong tron) vao
bao hoa(theo
ban knh) trong
hemau Munsell
He Munsell la he thong tham chieu m tuyet oi, c s
dung thng xuyen nhat trong so cac he thong th t mau. He
Munsell dung cac t nh tong mau (hue), o bao hoa (chroma),
va gia tr (value - o sang). e mo ta cac thuoc tnh cua mau
sac. Nam tong mau c ban tao nen he thong ky hieu: o c,
Vang, Xanh luc, Xanh tm va Purple (tm). S chuyen oi t mau
nay sang mau khac, chang han nh t Xanh tm sang Xanh luc
c tien hanh nh sau: 10B; 5B; 10BG; 10G; 5G. (B = Xanh tm;
BG = Xanh tm - Xanh luc; G = Xanh luc). Thay v moi tong
c chia lam hai nac rieng biet no co the c chia thanh bon
hoac co the len en mi. Do o trong vong Munsell co the
co en 100 nac tong khac nhau.Khoang cach co the cam nhan
c cua cac tong mau tai o bao hoa cao ln hn tai o bao
hoa thap.Khoang cach mau trong he thong Munsell c xac
nh da tren nen xam nhat tng oi.
Theo quan iem thc te th o bao hoa c gii han bi cac
mau co o bao hoa cao nhat hien ang co. V nhng ieu kien
nay ma khoang cach cua cac mau am co phan nao b sai.
Cach xac nh mau c tnh theo cong thc: tong mau - o
sang / o bao hoa, v du 7 BG 4/3 ch mau Xanh luc nga Xanh
tm cua tong mau 7 BG, o sang = 4 va o bao hoa = 3. Ch N
ch cac mau cua dai mau xam, v the N5 / la mau xam co o
sang = 5.
Hnh 4.69:
Mohnh 3D cua
hemau Munsell
c lay ra t1/4
khoi mau
Value
Chroma
Purple
Purple-Blue
Red-Purple
Red
10
10
12
8
8
6
6
4
4
2
2
0
0
Yellow-Red
Yellow
Green-Yellow
Green
Blue-Green
Blue
Hue
H
C
v
Hnh 4.70:
Mohnh 3D cua
hemau Munsell
4.11.1.1 Hemau Ostwald
Cac dang hnh khoi dung e tham chieu mau tuyet oi c
da theo s pha tron mau trang, en va cng o mau bao gom
he mau Ostwald va he mau t nhien Swedich.
He mau Ostwald da tren mot hnh tam giac eu. Mau trang
c at mot goc, goc th hai at mau en va mot mau
goc th ba.Cac mau trong tam giac c xem nh mot hon hp
cong cua mau en (B), trang (W) va mot mau (C) e co c
B + W + C = 1.
Nhng mau nam tren cac ng thang song song vi WC la
cac mau co lng mau en co nh. Nhng mau nay c goi
la cac mau ong tong. Lng mau trang doc theo mot trong
nhng ng nay c thay oi e tao ra khoang cach thong
nhat cua cac mau. Cac ng thang song song vi BC tng
trng cho cac mau co ty le mau trang khong oi va c goi
la cac mau ong sac. Cac mau doc theo cac ng thang song
song vi canh BW co lng mau ay u bang nhau va c goi
la cac mau cung cng o.
Hnh 4.71:
Cau tao hemau
Ostwald
He mau ba chieu Ostwald c tao ra bang cach quay tam giac
nay xung quanh truc WB, do o tao ra mot khoi mau trong
giong nh hai hnh non up lai vi nhau.
Mot so mau trong khoi mau nay co the co lng mau trang,
mau en va mau khong oi nhng co cac tong mau khac nhau.
Nhng mau nay c goi la cac mau co cung o sang.
He thong Ostwald a chng to co gia tr thc tien khi can phai
tron mot mau vi mau en hoac mau trang. Trong qua trnh in,
khi them vao cac mau ngi ta ngh ngay ti giay trang va mc
en, v the he thong nay co the hu dung trong nganh in.
Nhc iem cua he thong nay la lng tong mau c ban gii
han (Vang, cam, o c, tm, Xanh tm, ngoc lam, xanh nc
bien va xanh la cay) va co kha nang phat trien mot tong mau
sang hn tong cua cac mau hien ang s dung. Trong trng
hp nay mot chat mau mi c thay the tai goc C va mot s
phan bo mau mi phai c tien hanh. He thong Ostwald di
hnh thc cam nang hoa mau cha 30 thanh tong mau vi 28
mau tren moi thanh.
He thong mau Ostwald cung co 8 nac mau xam cho tong so 848
mau. Mot so mau phu a c them vao nhng cho ma cac
mau c ban khong ni rong u e cha tat ca cac mau hien co.
He thong ky hieu trong he Ostwald ch t le phan tram cua lng
mau trang (W), mau en (C). v du C = 34, W = 32, B = 44.
Hnh 4.72:
Mohnh 3D cua
hemau Ostwald
Hnh 4.73:
Khoang cach
mau Ostwald
4.11.1.3 Hethong mau t nhien (NCS)
c phat trien Thuy ien. Goi la mau t nhien v he nay
da tren s phan loai mau sac theo kieu vat ly hoc tinh than
(Psychophysics) cua Hering theo 6 mau c ban: o c, Vang,
Xanh luc, Xanh tm, Trang va en. Khoi mau NCS tng t nh
khoi mau Ostwald. No co 4 tong duy nhat la Vang, o c, Xanh
luc va Xanh tm c at cac goc cach nhau 900 tren vong
tron co tong cong 40 tam giac tong mau, moi tam giac cha 66
mau, nh vay co tat ca 2640 mau. Tren thc te co 1412 mau
trong so cac mau nay c nhn nhan nh cac mau mau thc.
He thong ky hieu cua he NCS cung tng t nh cua he os-
twald, ngoai tr s nhan dien trang mau la mot phan cua he
thong ky hieu. V du, mot mau cam co the bao gom Vang 30,
o c 30, trang 25 va en 15 vi tong so luon luon la100. Cac
con so nay ch mc o giong nhau oi vi cac mau c ban ma
no mang ten.
Y
R
Y
9
0
R
B
G
Y
1
0
R
Y
2
0
R
Y
3
0
R
Y
4
0
R
Y
5
0
R
Y
6
0
R
Y
7
0
R
Y
8
0
R
R10B
R
2
0
B
R
3
0
B
R
4
0
B
R
5
0
B
R
6
0
B
R
7
0
B
R
8
0
B
R
9
0
B
B
1
0
G
B
2
0
G
B
3
0
G
B
4
0
G
B
5
0
G
B
6
0
G
B
7
0
G
B
8
0
G
B
90G
G
10Y
G
2
0
Y
G
3
0
Y
G
4
0
Y
G
5
0
Y
G
6
0
Y
G
7
0
Y
G
8
0
Y
G
9
0
Y
Hnh 4.74:
Vong tron mau
da tren sphan
chia Vang - Xanh
tm, oc-
Xanh luc
He thong mau t nhien rat hu ch oi vi hoa s va cac nha
thiet ke trong khi van duy tr c pham vi e m rong. Khuyet
iem ln nhat cua no la nhng khac biet gia cac mau lan can
lai khong giong nhau. Chang han nh neu chung ta i t mau
Vang en mau o trong 10 nac tong bang nhau, gi cho o
sang va o bao hoa khong oi, th chung ta can phai co t 20
en 50 nac vi cung kch thc e i t mau o c sang mau
Xanh tm. He toa o khoi bat giac cua he khong gian mau ong
nhat OSA a khac phuc c van e nay.
W
1
0
2
0
0
5
3
0
4
0
5
0
6
0
7
0
8
0
9
0
C
S
50
02
05
20
10
30
40
60
70
80
90
Hnh 4.75:
Hemau tnhien
(NCS): tam giac
mau bieu trng
cho mot mang
tong mau
Hnh 4.76:
Toa okhong
gian mau ong
nhat OSA
-5
0 q coordinate
p

c
o
o
r
d
i
n
a
t
e
+5 +10
+10
+5
0
-5
660 640 620
625
600 580 560 540
532
520
500
480
460
437
400
420
440
4.11.2 Cac tham chieu tng oi
Cac tham chieu tng oi thng ch gii han trong nganh in
va co hai hnh thc: Hnh thc th nhat la tham chieu phoi tron
t le cac mau, hnh thc nay nhng t le thay oi mau Vang
mau Magenta, Cyan va mau en c in bang nhieu s ket
hp tren nhieu be mat in khac nhau. Muc ch la e nh tnh
gam mau cua mot s ket hp mc - be mat in - in va tao ieu
kien e d oan va thong tin mau sac. Loai th hai la tham
chieu tron mc, hnh thc nay cac mau ong nhat c tron
t mot bo tieu chuan cac mau c ban, c in tren cac be mat
giay trang phan va giay khong trang phan. Muc ch la e ghi
lai cac cong thc tron mc cho mot mau ac biet nao o. Mot
mau c khach hang chon co the c phoi tron de dang bang
cach tron cac loai mc c ban theo cac t le c liet ke e co
c mau mong muon.
4.11.2.1 Tham chieu phoi tron tlemau:
ay la cac bang mau hoa tron theo t le gia cac mau c ban
CMYK, no c the hien di dang mot t poster co cha cac
o mau va ghi chu ve thanh phan mau ngay ben di o mau va
quyen sach nhieu trang, moi trang cha cac o mau c hoa
tron theo mot t le hp l gia cac mau, thng la theo nac tang
5%. Cac bieu o nay thng bao gom cac o mau, au tien cha
hai mau moi mau xep t 0% en 100%. Trang ke tiep cua bieu
o gap oi trang au nhng co them mot t le ong nhat cua
mau th ba. Moi trang them vao mot t le tang dan cua mau
th ba cho en khi t le nay at en 100%. Sau o moi trang co
the c in them cac gia tr mau en thay oi e hoan tat day
cac mau san co.
Cac he thong th t mau tng oi khong the c s dung nh
nhng he thong tham chieu toan cau v mau in ra phu thuoc rat
nhieu vao loai mc in s dung va cac mau in thay oi t he
thong san xuat nay sang he thong san xuat khac. Tuy nhien,
nhng he thong nay co the mo ta mot cach ac thu khong gian
mau san co oi vi mot he thong san xuat nao o. Nhng he
thong th t mau tuyet oi khong u linh ong e cho ra mot s
phan biet mau sac nh mong muon oi vi mot he thong mau
ac biet. Tng t nhieu mau in co the nam ngoai khong gian
mau cua mot he thong tuyet oi von ch s dung cac mau mau
vnh ca trong bo su tap cua no. Cuoi cung, khac vi mot he
thong tng oi, he tuyet oi khong ch ra c lam the nao e
tao ra mot mau cho san vi cac loai mc in.
Nghien cu cua GATF va nhng nghien cu khac a cho thay
co nhng khac biet ang ke gia cac ieu kien in chong mau.
V ly do nay ma mot he thong th t mau tng oi c tao ra
di cac ieu kien cua rieng ngi th in la he tham chieu mau
tot nhat ma hien ang san co trong nganh in.
Cyan
0%
Magenta
0%
Magenta
20%
Magenta
40%
Magenta
60%
Magenta
80%
Magenta
100%
Cyan
20%
Cyan
40%
Cyan
60%
Cyan
80%
Cyan
100%
Hnh 4.77:
Cac omau c
phoi tron bi 2
mau Magenta
vaCyan
Hnh 4.78:
Sach tra cu
mau phoi tron t
4 mau CMYK,
manh giay co
mau can phuc
chesec so
sanh vi cac o
mau etm ra
mau phu
hp nhat
4.11.2.2 Tham chieu tuyet oi
Nhng he thong th t mau tuyet oi oi khi co the c s
dung e phan loai mau sac, tuy nhien cong dung chnh cua no
lai la mau tham chieu cho cac mau quan trong ma nha in va
nha thiet ke phai tuan thu. No la nhng quyen sach nho gom co
nhieu trang, moi trang co nhieu o mau co anh ma so ben di
va co the xoe ra e thuan li cho viec tra cu. Khac vi cac
tham chieu mau tng oi c in t viec phoi tron t le 4 mau
CMYK, cac mau trong he thong tham chieu tuyet oi c in
tong nguyen vi cac mau a c tron t trc (mau spot).
Nhng quyen sach tra cu mau nay c cac nha thiet ke, cac
khach hang va cac nha in s dung nh mot cong cu giao tiep
ve mau. Khi mot mau nao o c chon th nhng ngi co
trong tay quyen sach mau tham chieu tuyet oi eu co the can
c vao ma so mau e tra cu va khong the nham lan c. Mot
so sach tra cu mau tuyet oi con cho phep cat o mau thanh
nhng manh nho hn e tien cho viec giao tiep mau.Cac sach
tra cu mau tuyet oi nay thng c in tren cac be mat giay
trang phan va khong trang phan.
Hnh 4.79:
Sach tra cu
mau Pantone
He tra cu mau Pantone (PANTONE MATCHING SYSTEM)
c gii thieu vao nam 1963 co le c s dung pho
bien nhat. Cac mau mc c ban trong he thong nay c
xac nh la PANTONE Vang, PANTONE WARM o c,
PANTONE Tm, PANTONE Xanh tm phan chieu, PANTONE
Proccess Xanh tm, PANTONE Xanh luc, PANTONE Violet,
PANTONE en, PANTONE trang trong.
Co nhieu mau tren moi trang va co tong cong khoang 2000
mau trong toan bo he thong. Moi trang trong he thong co kch
thc 5 x 15 cm, thng bao gom mot Pantone c ban cua mot
hoac nhieu mau v tr trung tam. Ba mau sang hn co cung
t le cac thanh phan mau c ban cong vi mot lng mau en
nhat nh. Quyen hng dan cong thc mau PANTONE c
cac cong ty mc co ban quyen s dung he thong nay phan phoi,
hoac cung co the mua tai cac ai l cua Pantone hoac ca hang
my thuat tai a phng.
Hnh 4.80:
Cac mau tham
chieu eu coin
ten mau, maso
Golden Olive
PANTONE
16-0639
CMYK 17 15 90 3
GOE 141 - 1 - 4
Spring Crocus
PANTONE
17-3039
CMYK 26 63 0 0
GOE 37 - 2 - 3
Rococco Red
PANTONE
18-1652
CMYK 12 99 74 0
GOE 23 - 2 - 6
Pink Mist
PANTONE
13-2805
CMYK 3 23 1 0
GOE 29 - 1 - 2
Croissant
PANTONE
16-0924
CMYK 15 23 50 5
GOE 145 - 2 - 1
Freesia
PANTONE
14-0852
CMYK 0 14 100 0
GOE 6 - 1 - 2
Cantaioupe
PANTONE
15-1239
CMYK 0 37 48 0
GOE 15 - 1 - 3
Daiquiri Green
PANTONE
12-0435
CMYK 23 1 60 0
GOE 135 - 2 - 1
Snocker Blue
PANTONE
19-4049
CMYK 100 49 7 13
GOE 81 - 1 - 5
Sliver Gray
PANTONE
14-0000
CMYK 38 28 32 2
GOE 157 - 1 - 2
Cac mau Pantone thng c viet tat la PMS (PANTONE
MATCHING SYSTEM) a c noi vao mot he thong phan
tch mau c trong cac chng trnh o hoa tren may tnh, he
d lieu mau nay co the c o bang mot anh pho ke va sau
o tnh toan xem cac mau c ban c ket hp nh the nao e
tao ra mau tng ng.
Ve c ban, cac mau Pantone c phan loai nh sau:
Pantone c in di dang mau pha (spot color) dung
e tham khao tuyet oi va Pantone Process (in t 4 mau
Pantone CMYK c ban) dung e tham khao tng oi ve
mot mau Pantone se c in ra nh the nao khi tron 4
mau c ban CMYK.
Pantone in tren cac vat lieu pho bien nh giay couche
(trang phan), giay viet (giay khong trang phan), kim loai,
nha plastic, vai
Pantone in tren cac vat lieu va c gia cong be mat e
tao hieu ng, nhng tap mau Pantone nay thng c
thiet ke sao cho mot ben c in bnh thng va mot na
con lai c gia cong be mat e tao hieu ng.
He Pantone va nhng he tng t khac co the c lien ket vi
he mau Ostwald, o cac mau tong hp bang cach tron mau
trang hoac mau en vi mot mau nao o.
e co the in ung mau Pantone, nha in can phai mua mc in co
ma so thch hp hoac theo hng dan cua hang Pantone e pha
mau da tren cac thanh phan c ban cua mau Pantone. Ch co
khoang 15% mau mc in Pantone co the pha t 4 mau CMYK,
neu s dung them cac mau mc da quang, mc trang trong va
3 mau R, G, B th cac nha in co the pha c khoang 32% so
lng mau Pantone. Hien nay cac chng trnh may tnh eu
cho phep chuyen oi t mau Pantone sang mau CMYK, tuy
nhien phan ln cac chuyen oi nay eu khong kha thi v:
Viec in chong 4 mau rat kho kiem soat o chnh xac cua
mau tong hp v ch can 1 mau thay oi se lam cho mau
tong hp bien oi
Viec pha cac mau CMYK thanh Pantone cung gap nhieu
kho khan v a so cac mau Pantone eu co o sang nhat
nh, khi tron 4 mau CMYK th cac mau thng toi va xn
mau i nen rat kho tao thanh mau Pantone
Vao nam 2007, Pantone tiep tuc phat trien he thong mi la
PantoneGoe vi hn 2000 mau mi va hng dan quy oi
t mau Pantone sang cac gia tr LAB va RGB. i kem vi
PantoneGoe la cac phan mem va cong cu giao tiep mau, ngoai
ra con co mot an ban PantoneGoe vi cac mau c in len giay
t dnh e tien cho viec boc ra va dan len cac be mat.
Mot so he th t mau pha tron mc i xa hn trong viec tao
cac mau mau nen. Cac gia tr cua cac mau rieng le va cac mau
100% hoac cac t le in chong cua cac mau khac oi khi c
ket hp lai thanh mot so ch dan. Do tnh bien oi cua iem
tram va th t in chong mau ma nhng hng dan mau c ban,
cac mau kim loai va cac khoi mau da quang cung xuat hien
trong cac an ban Pantone ac biet.
4.12 Motamau sac bang ngon ng
Cac mo ta mau bang so thng qua m ho oi vi hau het moi
ngi, cac bang mo ta bang cac mau mau oi khi bat tien e
xac nh, phuc che va s dung. Ngc lai, cac bang mo ta mau
Hnh 4.81:
Sach tra cu mau
PantoneGoe
bang ngon ng c s dung rong rai trong tat ca cac lanh vc.
Nhc iem cua cac bang mo ta mau bang ngon ng la chung
khong co y ngha toan cau, v the viec phan loai va sap xep con
m ho va ch mang tnh a phng.
Co nhieu van e khi dung t ng e chuyen tai nhng mo ta
mau sac. au tien la chnh ban than ngon ng. Mot so nen van
hoa ch dung hai t, trang va en e mo ta tat ca cac mau. So
t ch mau sac c ban nhieu nhat co trong mot ngon ng la 11.
Chung c gop lai theo mot th t tng oi: Trang, en, o,
Xanh luc, Vang, Xanh dng, Nau, Tm, Hong, Cam va Xam.
Cach dien at mau trong mot gii han c ban nao o thay oi
theo moi trng. Chang han cac c dan sa mac co rat nhieu t
e mo ta nhng mau Vang va mau Nau trong khi dan Eskimos
cung co nhieu t e mo ta cac mau sac cua tuyet va nc a.
Ngon ng cua ho lai khong co mot t nao e mo ta mau Nau.
Mot van e khac vi cac bang mo ta mau sac bang ngon ng la
chung luon thay oi. Chang han, mot cong ty sn co lan a oi ten
cua loai sn mau nga thanh mau lua Phng ong va ket qua la
doanh so ban tang ro ret. Viec at ten mau cho mot san pham rat
quan trong v ten goi cua mau co the thay oi theo tng trao lu.
Van e cuoi cung la viec mo ta mau bang ngon ng thieu cac
t ng mo ta nhng thay oi mau sac c chap nhan toan cau.
Cac t nh o sang va o toi, o sac s, o choi sang, o nhat
va o sau c dung e bo ngha cho cac ten mau hoac ch
hng cua mot thay oi mong muon.
Van e at ten mau c hoi ong mau quoc te ISCC neu ra
vao nam 1931. ISCC va Cuc Tieu chuan quoc gia My (NBS)
a phat hanh tai lieu ISCC - NBS Methodof Designating
Colors and a Dictionary of Colour Names (phng phap xac
nh mau NBS - ISCC va T ien ten mau sac) cua Kenneth L.
Kelly va Deane B. Judd. Cong trnh co tnh ot pha nay (c
cap nhap nh ky) phan loai hang ngan ten mau ch theo 267
ten goi. Nhng ten goi nay c xac nh bang he thong ky
hieu Munsell, v the cho phep chung ta xac nh s the hien
gan nh tng ng vi bat ky mot ten mau nao.
Cac ten tong mau c Kelly va Judd chon loc c liet ke
trong bang di ay. Minh hoa kem theo cho thay cac tnh
t va trang t xac nh tnh chat c s dung e mo ta cac
khoi trong khoang mau tm. Moi khoang tong mau khong nhat
thiet phai co mot hnh dang giong nhau. Hn na cac t va cac
ng mo ta tnh chat hi thay oi t khoang tong mau nay sang
khoang tong mau khac. Cac tnh t sang va toi ch c s
dung cho cac mau gan truc en - trang.Trong khi cac t nh o
trang, o xam va o en c gii han oi vi cac mau co o
bao hoa thap, cac t nh o sac s, o sau, o manh va o sang
choi c ap dung cho cac mau co o bao hoa cao hn.
Cac mo ta tong mau ISCC - NBS.
o c Vang cam
Hong o liu Xanh luc
Hong nga Vang Xanh luc nga Vang
Cam nga o xanh luc nga xanh dng
Cam xanh dng nga xanh luc
Vang cam xanh dng nga tm
Nau nga Vang tm (violet)
Vang tm
Nau o liu tm nga o
Vang nga xanh luc hong nga tm
O liu o nga tm.
Cong dung cua he thong ten mau ISCC -NBS lam giam i tnh
m ho trong viec xac nh mau sac. Tuy nhien e co mot he
thong tien li xac nh s thay oi mau sac gom 26 t ch tong
mau va 19 bang mo ta tong mau la rat kho.
Trong nganh in, khach hang thng e y en khac biet gia
mau cua ban in th va in that. Viec ghi chu nhng thay oi ve
mau nay thng kha b an hoac m ho, do o co mot nhu cau
cao thoa man ve mot phng phap thong tin bang ngon ng cac
yeu cau va nhng bien oi mau sac cho nganh in.
TOM TAT
Cac thuoc tnh mau sac cua tong mau, o bao hoa, va o sang
co the c o bang cac dung cu, phan bo trong mot bo su tap
cac mau mau hoac mo ta bang ngon ng. Mot so ac tnh khac
cua s the hien mau sac v du nh o bong cung co the c
nh tnh bang cac phng phap nay. Khong co mot he thong
nao thoa man c cac yeu cau ve tnh ro rang, tien li va tnh
pho bien, hau qua la trong mot tnh huong co the s dung 2
hoac 3 phng phap nh the.
oi vi nganh in va cac nganh cong nghiep co lien quan th cac
bien phap sau c khuyen cao: Viec o mau pho c dung
e kiem tra chat lng mc in, cac phng phap o mau thong
thng dung e xac nh o sai biet mau va co the dung e
kiem tra cac gia tr tong mau va cac mau in tong nguyen va e
phan tch cac van e in mau va giam sat nhng thay oi ve o
day cua lp mc. He mau Mursell dung e giai thch cac thuoc
tnh cua mau sac. He Ostwald hoac he mau t nhien dung e
giai thch viec pha tron mau sac. He th t mau Foss dung e
xac nh cac gia tr mau na tong. Pantone hoac mot he thong
tng t dung e xac nh cac cong thc pha mc nham phoi
tron cac mau ac biet. He ISCC - NBS dung e at ten cac
mau sac.
Mot ngi quan sat chuan co the phan biet khoang 10 trieu mau
rieng biet. Cac he thong ngon ng co the ch mo ta khoang vai
tram, cac he thong mau vat ly th khoang vai ngan va cac he
thong cong cu th hang tram ngan. V the cac yeu cau ve tnh
ro rang cua mot tnh huong nao o se co khuynh hng tao ra
he thong phan loai can dung.
5.1 Cac phng phap o mau
5.1.1 Phng phap o kch thch 3 thanh phan mau
5.1.2 Phng phap o pho mau
5.2 Cac thiet b o mau
5.2.1 May o mau kch thch ba thanh phan
5.2.2 May o mau pho
5.2.3 May o mat o
5.3 ng dung cua may o mau
5.4 Cac yeu to anh hng ti ket qua o mau
5.4.1 ieu kien chieu sang
5.4.2 Goc nhn cua ngi quan sat chuan
5.4.3 Goc o hnh hoc
5.4.4 Be mat mau o
5.5 In mau
5.5.1 In mau va truyen hnh mau
5.5.2 Tach mau cho qua trnh in
5.5.4 Phuc che mau bang cac iem anh
5 O MAU BANG CAC
THIET BO
V mau sac la mot hien tng qua phc tap nen rat kho kiem
tra va phan loai. Nhng khac biet ln ve nguon chieu sang va
s bien thien ang ke trong qua trnh cam nhan cua con ngi
cho thay can thiet phai co mot he thong hay mot dung cu o
ac chuan. Mot dung cu nh the t nhat cung cho phep thong
tin ve cac ac iem va dung sai cua mau va at nen tang cho
nganh khoa hoc ve mau.
Nhng nam au 1930, ngi ta a tien hanh o ac mau sac
bang cach anh so phan loai. Tuy nhien, ky thuat nay la khong
c s ong tnh cua cac hoa s va cac nha thiet ke. Ho can co
mot he thong c cau tao t cac mau thc cho phep ho co s
la chon va so sanh trc tiep.
Qua nhieu nam, nhieu he thong mau mau a c phat trien, he
thong au tien co le la atlas mau cua hoc gia ngi Thuy ien
- Brenner vao nam 1680. Phng phap cuoi cung va pho bien
nhat ve phan loai mau sac la bang ngon ng. ay la phng
phap t chnh xac nhat trong so cac phng phap phan loai, va
sau o c cai tien e tao nen cac thuat ng c chuan hoa.
Nganh cong nghiep in co mot nhu cau ac biet ve cac he thong
o ac va phan loai do co s phoi hp chat che gia viec thiet
ke va san xuat. Tren thc te, trong qua trnh in ngi ta thng
gap cac van e ve ac tnh bien oi cua mau tren cac vat lieu
in khac nhau nh in tren cac loai giay khac nhau, tren cac vat
lieu co o bong cao hay thap, cung nh cac ac tnh phat quang
va cac ac tnh kim loai V the viec o mau trong nganh in la
rat can thiet.
5.1 Cac phng phap o mau
May o mau hoat ong theo nguyen tac, nguon sang chieu
sang mau o, mau o hap thu va phan xa tn hieu mau en bo
phan thu nhan (bo cam bien), cac gia tr mau se c so hoa va
c x l tren may tnh e a ra cac gia tr mau. Cac gia tr
o c hien th tren man hnh hoac in ra may in.
Tuy nhien, qua trnh o mau kha phc tap do co nhieu yeu
to anh hng va co nhieu gia tr o can quy oi. Bang cach
s dung mot bo vi x l ben trong may o mau hoac cac phan
mem, chung ta co c cac ket qua theo bat ky khong gian
mau hoac he mau nao.
Hnh 5.1:
Nguyen l hoat
ong cua may o
mau
Hnh 5.2:
Cac giatro
c quy oi
sang cac khong
gian mau
Mau o (qua tao)
Chieu sang
Bo phan thu nhan
May tnh
001 X 21.21
Y 13.37 Z 9.32
001 Y 13.37
x .4832 y .3045
Cc gi tr kch thch XYZ
Khng gian mu L*a*b*
Khng gian mu XYZ
001 (R) L 43.31
a +47.63 b +14.12
001 HL 43.31
C 49.68 h 16.5
Khng gian mu L*C*h
001 HL 36.56
C +42.18 b +8.84
Khng gian mu Hunter Lab
Nu do mu mt qu to ta s
nhn dc kt qu sau
o mau bang cac thiet bo 219
5.1.1 Phng phap o kch thch 3 thanh phan mau
May o mau kch thch 3 thanh phan c thiet ke e co the
nhn mau tng t nh mat ngi. o la anh sang phat ra t
mot nguon, chieu ti be mat cua mot vat can o mau, sau o
anh sang se b phan xa lai va i en bo phan thu tn hieu, cuoi
cung tn hieu se c so hoa va x l e a ra cac gia tr o.
Phng phap kch thch 3 thanh phan o anh sang phan xa t
vat the bang cach s dung 3 bo cam bien a c loc mau
(Mau Red c loc bang knh loc Cyan, Green bang knh loc
Magenta va Blue bang knh mau vang) e co c o nhay x_
(l) , y_(l) va z_(l) nh mat ngi, do vay no o trc tiep cac gia
tr kch thch R, G, B (hoac X,Y va Z). V du vi qua tao mau
o cac gia tr kch thch se la X=21,21, Y=13,37 va Z=9,32.
Cac gia tr kch thch nay sau o se c dung e tnh cac gia
tr trong khong gian mau khac nh Yxy hay L*a*b*.
Tuy nhien, viec o mau con b le thuoc nguon sang va ac tnh
cua ngi quan sat nen quy trnh xac nh cac gia tr X,Y,Z
dien ra nh sau: Anh sang vi s phan bo quang pho c phan
chieu t mau o (A) i vao cac bo cam bien (B) a c loc
tng ng vi 3 mau s cap cua tong hp cong, sau o cac bo
cam bien se xuat ra cac gia tr kch thch (X,Y,Z) (C). V the
(C)=(A)x(B). Cac ket qua tren 3 vung bc song (C) c hien
th: (C) 1: x_(); (C) 2: y_() va (C) 3: z_(). Cac gia tr
kch thch bang vi s tch phan cac vung mau trong 3 o th.
Ket qua o co the c hien th tren man hnh hoac in ra
Hnh 5.3:
Tn hieu phan xa
tvat thesec
thu nhan bi 3 bo
cam bien x_() ,
y_() vaz_() co
onhay nh mat
ngi
Mau o (qua tao)
Chieu sang
Bo phan thu nhan
May tnh
Bo cam bien x( )
Bo cam bien y()
Bo cam bien z()
X=21.21
Y=13.37
Z=9.32
5.1.2 Phng phap o phomau
Phng phap o pho mau phan tch s phan xa quang pho cua
mau o tai tng bc song. May o pho s dung nhieu bo cam
bien hn may o kch thch 3 thanh phan (khoang 40) e o pho
phan xa t vat the tai moi khoang bc song hep (day o), sau
o may tnh se tnh toan cac gia tr kch thch t d lieu pho
phan xa bang cach thc hien cac phep toan tch phan.
Phan bo quang pho cua anh sang phan chieu
t mau o (qua tao).
(A)
Chieu sang
o nhay pho cua cac bo cam bien
tng ng vi mat ng i.
(B)
400
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Bc song (nm)
500 600 700
X()
x()
y()
z()
Cac gia tr kch thch
400
Bc song (nm)
500 600 700
A
A
400
Bc song (nm)
500 600 700
X()
x()
y()
z()
400
400
500
500
600
600
700
700
x()
y()
A
A
= x C A B
X
Y
Bc song (nm)
Bc song (nm)
400 500 600 700
z()
A
C -3
C -2
C -1
Z
Bc song (nm)
Hnh 5.4:
Quy trnh xac
nh cac giatr
mau theo PP kch
thch 3
thanh phan
Hnh 5.5:
Cac othphan
xaphothu c
tquatrnh o
mau pho
o phan xa c tnh theo ty le anh sang phan xa t mau o
so vi mau trang chuan. Tap hp cac gia tr o phan xa theo
o dai bc song co the bieu dien thanh ng cong phan xa
trong vung anh sang thay c. ng cong o goi la ng
cong phan xa cua mot mau.
Thong qua o phan xa anh sang theo o dai bc song, ngi
ta co the tnh toan c cac toa o mau cu the trong khong gian
mau. Qua trnh tnh toan dien ra nhanh chong do mot may tnh
ben trong thiet b am nhiem e tm ra cac tr so X ,Y ,Z, t o
tnh ra toa o mau x, y, z va cac he mau khac:
e n gian hn cho viec tnh toan, viec lay tch phan c
thay bang phep cong lan lt theo khoang o dai bc song :
Trong o :
S() : mat onang lng photheo odai bc song cua
anh sang chuan
R(): hesophan xa theo odai bc song
: hamtong hp mau CMFs XYZ
k: hesochuan hoaphuhp vi moi loai anh sang chuan.
Cac thiet b o pho mang lai o chnh xac cao hn va kha nang
o chnh xac tuyet oi cac mau. Chung c s dung chu yeu
trong lnh vc phan tch va nghien cu, ac biet la phan tch

=
700
400
. . .

d x R S k X

=
700
400
. . .

d y R S k Y

=
700
400
. . .

d z R S k Z

=
700
400
. . .

d x R S k X
=
700
400
. . .

d y R S k Y
=
700
400
. . .

d z R S k Z

) ( ), ( ), ( z y x
thanh phan hoa hoc cua mot chat vi ky thuat sac k kh quang
pho. Gia thanh cua cac may o pho mau rat cao.
5.2 Cac thiet bo mau
Thiet b o mau la thiet b dung e o mau cua vat the. Tuy
theo cac trng hp cu the va hnh dang cua vat the la ran,
long hoac kh ma ta se s dung thiet b o mau co cau tao phu
hp. Noi chung may o mau co the c phan thanh hai loai
chnh o la o trc tiep va o gian tiep.
o trc tiep la o pho phan xa hoac pho truyen qua cua anh
sang sau khi phan xa hoac truyen qua t mau cua vat the va
cho ra cac gia tr tren man hnh may o. Khac vi o trc tiep,
qua trnh o gian tiep can phai co qua trnh x l vi cac phep
thuat toan roi mi a ra cac thong so ve mau.
Co 3 dung cu o mau c ban: may o mau quang pho
(spectrophotometer), may o mau theo phng phap kch
thch 3 thanh phan mau (colorimeter) va may o mat o
(densitometer), nhng thiet b nay co cac ng dung khac nhau
va cung cap cac thong tin khac nhau ve d lieu mau can o.
Ngi ta co the phan loai cac may o mau theo cac loai
sau ay:
Thiet bcam tay hoac thucong: thiet b nay oi hoi
ngi s dung phai nh v mau va thc hien tng bc
trong qua trnh o.
Thiet bt ong vaban t ong: thiet b t ong cho
phep thc hien phep o vi 1 nut bam, thiet b o ban t
ong, ng dung trong cac thiet b oc, quet, co the o t
ong lien tiep. Cac may o thng c noi vi may vi
tnh e thc hien cac bc x l tiep theo.
Thiet bo trc tiep: la thet b cho phep ta co the oc trc
tiep cac thong so cho ta thong tin ve mau cua vat ma ta o
ma khong can phai thc hien qua cac bc trung gian nao .
Moi phng phap co u va nhc iem rieng, tuy vao tng muc
ch cu the ma ta se s dung loai thiet b co li nhat.
Nhng thiet b o mau ngay nay nhe hn, t ong va de s
dung hn, vi cac mau ma c thiet ke a dang. Vi mot quy
trnh san xuat in t ong khep kn, cac ket qua o mau c
gi en may in e ieu chnh nhng phm mc va mat o c
ieu khien ma khong co s can thiep cua ngi van hanh. S
dung loai may nay chung ta co the tiet kiem c thi gian, sc
lao ong va cho ra nhng ket qua ong nhat.
5.2.1 May o mau kch thch 3 thanh phan
Ngi ta goi la may o mau kch thch 3 thanh phan v bo phan
thu nhan tn hieu cua may o co tac dung loc chum anh sang
phan xa ch cho 3 mau Red, Green va Blue (la 3 mau c ban e
tao ra tat ca cac mau ma ta cam nhan c) i qua.
Trong thc te, hnh dang va cau tao cua mot may o mau
thng co cac thanh phan nh hnh minh hoa di ay:
Nguon sang
Bc xa anh sang
Mau o
Mat
Te bao cam nhan th giac
Blue Red Green
Kch thch Cac gia tr kch thch
3 thanh phan
Cam nhan mau Cac toa o mau
Bo phan cam nhan
cng o sang
cho tng mau
Cac ham hoa hp mau
theo tieu chuan quan sat
P
h
o
p
h
a
n
x
a
P
h
o
p
h
a
n
x
a
Thiet b o Ngi
Hnh 5.6:
Nguyen l hoat
ong cua may o
mau kch thch 3
thanh phan so vi
mat ngi
Cac thiet b o theo phng phap kch thch 3 thanh phan co u
iem la kch thc nho, toc o x l nhanh, o chnh xac khong
cao lam, gia thanh tng oi re va tien li. Chung c dung
chu yeu cho viec o s khac biet mau trong lnh vc san xuat
va kiem tra chat lng san pham in.
5.2.2 May o mau pho
e a ra cac phep o chnh xac ve mau, ngi ta thng dung
may o quang pho, no se o pho phan xa tai moi bc song va
cho ra cac gia tr mau.
Trong may quang o mau pho, anh sang thng c chia bang
mot lang knh hoac bang cach t nhieu xa trc khi cac bc
song c la chon e o. Moi dai la mot vung hep cua pho
kha kien. May o quang pho hien th d lieu no o c thanh
mot ng cong pho phan xa bieu dien pho phan xa tai cac
bc song a biet cua nguon sang.
oi vi cac dai hep, ngi ta thng dung bo loc mau. o phan
giai pho cua thiet b phu thuoc vao khoang nho nhat cua dai
mau ma no co the o c.
May quang pho c dung trong cong nghiep in a c chuan
hoa vi nguon anh sang, goc phan xa va cac yeu to khac co the
anh hng en ng i cua anh sang.
May o quang pho hien ai la dung cu a nang cho phep ngi
s dung co the chon chc nang o thch hp e o da tren yeu
cau cua phep o mau.
S
x y z
X Y Z
6ac gIa Ir}
kch Ihch
8 Ihanh phan
hguon sang
Fho phan xa
uong cong
kch Ihch mau
uong cong
hoa hop mau
Fhap Ich phan
va chuan hoa
Nhan vi
Nhan vi
Nhan vi
Bang
Bang
Hnh 5.7:
Nguyen l hoat
ong cua may o
mau mau pho
0o th( nang |uong pho
O
5O
1OO
15O
O
5O
1OO
15O
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buoc song (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buoc song (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buoc song (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buoc song (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buoc song (nm)
O
5O
1OO
15O
Buo c so ng (nm) Buoc song (nm)
Buoc song (nm)
Buoc song (nm)
Buoc song (nm)
Buoc song (nm)
Buoc song (nm)
Minh hoa cac mau ng vi othphan xapho
oi vi may o quang pho gia thong thng rat cao, va phep
o thng phc tap hn, mat nhieu thi gian hn. Mac du ngi
ta a phat trien va a ra nhieu chung loai khac nhau e cai
tien nhng bat li nay. May o mau kch thch 3 thanh phan co
han che la cho ket qua co o chnh xac khong cao so vi may
o mau bang quang pho, chnh v vay trong thc te ngi ta
thng s dung may o mau kch thch 3 thanh phan vao viec
xac nh khoang sai biet mau.
5.2.3 May o mat o
May o mat o mau o lng anh sang phan xa hoac truyen
qua mau o roi so sanh vi lng anh sang chieu en mau, t
le gia lng sang chieu ti va phan xa (hoac truyen qua) cho
biet mat o cua mau be mat mau o. Ket qua cua phep o
c tnh toan bi mot may tnh rieng biet va hien th tren man
hnh. May o mat o mau thng c dung trong cong nghe
in va o gia tr mat o cua lp mc in thong qua cac knh loc.
Co 2 dang may o mat o mau c s dung theo cac muc ch
khac nhau.
May o mat o thau minh, o lng anh sang truyen qua
vat lieu trong suot nh phim. Dang may nay chu yeu
dung e o o en cua phim
May o mat o phan xa, o lng anh sang phan xa t be
mat, v du o mat o tong nguyen qua cac knh loc mau
thch hp e biet o day lp mc in va cac thong so khac.
Ngc lai, t gia tr mat o tong nguyen nay ngi ta co
the biet c gia tr mau.
Trong ky thuat o mat o phan xa, lp mc in se c chieu
sang bi mot nguon sang. Tia sang i qua lp mc trong va
c hap thu mot phan. Phan anh sang khong b hap thu se b
tan xa tren nen giay in. Phan anh sang con lai khong b hap thu
se i en bo cam nhan cua may o va c chuyen thanh tn
hieu ien. Ket qua se c hien th di dang n v o mat o.


Trong ky thuat o mat o thau minh, nguyen l tng t nhng
thay v o anh sang phan xa ngi ta o anh sang truyen qua
mau o.
Tren nguyen tac cac mat o ke khong the s dung e o mau.
Cac may o pho o cac ac tnh hap thu vat ly cua mot mau con
cac may o mat o c s dung trong nganh in e kiem tra o
day lp mc tren ban in. Viec kiem tra moi quan he ay u gia t
le mat o va o day vat ly cua lp mc la mot ng dung chu yeu
cua may o mat o. Nhng gia tr o day lp mc khong phai la
cac gia tr mau ma ch la bo sung gia tr tao ra mau cua lp mc in
bi v chung c tao ra ch qua mot knh loc duy nhat.
He thong o mau da tren viec o mat o a c Frank
Preucil (GATF) phat trien. He thong nay lien he en viec o
mot lp mc in qua moi knh loc mau Red, Green va Blue.
Nhng gia tr o nay c chuyen thanh cac gia tr sai lech
tong mau va o xam bang cach s dung cac cong thc.
Sai biet tong mau =(M - L) x 100 / (H - L)
oxam =(L x 100) / H
Trong oL lachsomat okethap nhat, M lachsogia
vaH lachsocao nhat.
Gia y
Knh lc mu
Knh lc mu
Knh lc mu
Knh lc phn cc
Knh lc phn cc
H thng thu knh
1.55
Hnh 5.8:
Nguyen l cua
may o mat do
Ma tran mat o va cac toa o mau trong he thong o Preucil.
Cac gia tr tong mau va o xam sau o c nh v tren nhng
bieu o mau tng ng. Chieu o sang keo dai theo hng thang
ng vuong goc vi mat phang hai chieu tao bi bieu o mau.
Bieu o nay c dung e tnh ra cac gia tr mau khi thay oi o
day cac lp mc.
Bieu o hnh tam giac cua GAFT thng c dung e tnh
khong gian mau phuc che cua mot bo mc in (v du nh mc in
cua mnot hang nao o). Mot dang bieu o khac cung c s
dung e the hien mau cua cac lp mc in o la hnh bat giac va
hnh tron cua GAFT. Cac bieu o nay ch bieu dien cac chieu
o sang va tong mau. Bieu o tron cua GAFT thng dung e
bieu dien cac gia tr mau trong cac khao sat. Bieu o bat giac
thng c s dung e so sanh ban in th vi vung in phu
100% cac mau in hoac e kiem tra kha nang truyen mc.
Hnh 5.9:
Bieu otam giac
GAFT motamau
thong qua oday
cua cac lp
mc in
Mau Knh loc
Blue
Knh loc
Green
Knh loc
Red
Tong
mau
Xam
Vang 1,04 0,06 0,02 3,9 1,9
Magenta 0,45 1,14 0,08 35,0 7,0
Cyan 0,08 0,30 1,02 23,0 7,8
GREEN
CYAN
BLUE
RED
MAGENTA
YELLOW
100
0 0
100
0
100
50
50 50
50
5
0
50 50
Hnh 5.10:
Bieu ohnh tron
thehien mau
thong qua oday
cua cac lp mc
in cua GAFT
Hnh 5.11:
Bieu oluc giac
thehien mau
thong qua oday
cua cac lp mc
in GAFT
5.3 ng dung cua may o mau:
Hien nay tren th trng co rat nhieu loai may o mau cua
nhieu hang khac nhau va c ng dung trong rat nhieu lnh
vc khac nhau.
Trong nghanh cong nghiep sn, vi muc ch nang cao chat
lng va a dang hoa san pham nhieu hang sn a s dung
may o mau e ho tr viec pha mau sn, giup khach hang co
the de dang la chon mau sn theo y muon trong hang ngan
mau sn co san va cho phep pha mau ngay tai cac ca hang.
Trong trng hp mot chiec xe hi hay mot mang tng b tray
xc can phai sn lai, cac ky thuat vien se o cac mau can sn
e xac nh cac gia tr mau c chon, sau o he thong se pha
tron theo ung t le e co c mau mong muon.
Trong nghanh cong nghiep thc pham, may o mau c s
dung e anh gia chat lng cua cac nguyen vat lieu. V du
trong k thuat che bien ca phe, viec xac nh o chn cua ca phe
khi rang co anh hng rat nhieu en hng v cua san pham,
khi rang ca phe en mot o chn nao o th ca phe se co mot
mau sac, mui v nhat nh. Tren c s xac nh mau cua ca phe,
ngi ta se xac nh c ca phe a c rang chn hay cha,
neu cha chn qua trnh rang se c tiep tuc cho en luc at
yeu cau. Ta cung co the thay c ng dung cua may o mau
trong viec xac nh o chn cua trai cay.
Mot nganh cong ng dung may o mau rat nhieu o la nganh
cong nghiep det, may o mau c s dung trong viec pha
thuoc nhuom vai va phan loai mau sac cua vai.
Trong nganh cong nghiep in, may o mau c s dung e xac
nh cac cong thc pha mau e qua trnh pha mau nhanh hn,
xac nh cong thc pha mau t cac loai mc ton kho e tiet
kiem mc, xac nh o sai lech mau gia mau chuan va mau
ang in e kiem tra chat lng va a ra cac quyet nh ieu
chnh t ong tren may in. Tai Drupa nam 1990, hang Heidel-
berg a gii thieu mot bo phan o pho cho may in offset: CPC
21, bo phan nay c noi trc tiep vi cac may in offset qua bo
phan kiem tra mau t ong t xa CPC 1.
Trong qua trnh o, mot au o se quet qua dai kiem tra mau
e o pho cua tat ca cac phan t kiem tra vi cac nguon sang
tren chuan A, C, D50 hay D65 (theo cac chuan quan sat 1931
va 1964).
Trc tien, nguon sang c chieu ti mau in qua gng phan
xa hnh cau goc ti 45
0
. Anh sang phan xa tai goc 0
0
hng
en gng chuyen hng roi i qua mot si cap quang dan sang
t au o en may o pho. Tai o anh sang phan xa t mau o
c tach thanh cac mau pho bang mot bo phan nhieu xa anh
sang hoat ong nh mot lang knh.
Cac diod quang se o s phan bo bc xa tren toan bo dai quang
pho thay c (t 380 en 730nm) va gi ket qua en may tnh
theo phep o mau. Ket qua a ra dui dang cac gia tr kch
thch X, Y, Z va cac truc toa o mau x, y va Y.
Cac gia tr co the c oi qua cac khong gian mau CIELAB
hay CIELUV. Sau o cac gia tr o c t mau in c so sanh
vi cac gia tr tham chieu a c thiet lap t trc (e kiem
tra xem khoang dung sai AE co phu hp khong), cac yeu cau
sa oi se c chuyen qua CPC 1 e no truyen tn hieu en
cac lo cap mc cua cac bo phan in e chung tien hanh ieu
chnh ngay lap tc.
45
0
0
0
Gng oi hng
Nguon sang
Gng cau
ng i
cua tia sang
Gng nhieu xa
Giai pho
Diode
380nm 730nm
Mau in
Giay
n v in
CPC1
May tnh
Hnh 5.12:
Bieu oluc giac
thehien mau
thong qua oday
cua cac lp
mc in
Hien nay, nc ta co rat nhieu nghanh cong nghiep can en
s ho tr cua may o mau trong viec nang cao chat lng va
hoan thien san pham. Nhng hau het eu phai mua cac thiet b
o mau t nc ngoai vi gia thanh san pham kha cao. Chnh
v vay, viec lap rap va che tao may o mau tai Viet Nam vi
gia thanh re chat lng tot, o chnh xac cao la mot viec rat co
y ngha.
Can lu y rang may o mau co the thc hien cac phep o mat
o nhng cac may o mat o lai khong o c mau ma ch o
gia tr o day lp mc e t o suy ra mau.
5.4 Cac yeu toanh hng ti ket quao mau
Ket qua o mau phu thuoc vao cac ieu kien sau: loai anh
sang chieu ti; goc o hnh hoc va goc nhn cua ngi quan sat
chuan .
Khng gian mu L*a*b*
Khng gian mu XYZ (Yxy)
001 L74.72
a +15.32 b +10.21
001 Y10.82
x .1554 y.1794
Khng gian mu L*a*b*
Khng gian mu L*C*h*
001 L37.47
a +7.07 b - 47.77
001 (R) L76.47
C 37.34 h359.7
Vin gch
Cao su
T in
Vi si
Plastic
Khng gian mu L*a*b* Khng gian mu Hunter Lab
001 L37.27
a +44.53 b -21.92
001 HL28.30
a +52.83 b +17.33
Mu sc
Hnh 5.13:
ng dung cua
cac may o mau
trong cac lnh vc
5.4.1 ieu kien chieu sang
S khac nhau c ban cua mot nguon sang nay so vi mot nguon
sang khac chnh la s phan bo nang lng anh sang tren toan
bo dai pho . Khi quan sat vat the di cac nguon sang khac
nhau th s cam nhan mau sac se khac nhau . Th du di anh
sang cua en tron th vat co ve b vang hn so vi khi quan sat
vat di anh sang mat tri. Nguyen nhan cua hien tng nay
chnh la s phan bo nang lng pho khac nhau cua cac nguon
sang khac nhau.
Nguon sang khac nhau lam cho mau xuat hien khac nhau. oi
vi viec o mau CIE a xac nh cac ac tnh pho cua cac
nguon chieu sang ac trng khac nhau. Mot nguon sang thong
thng c thiet lap trong cac thiet b o mau. Nguon sang
nay co the hoac khong the phu hp vi bat ky nguon chieu
sang nao theo nh ngha cua CIE, thay vao o cac thiet b o
quyet nh cac thong so cho viec o theo ieu kien chieu sang
cua thiet b va d lieu phan bo quang pho chieu sang c lu
trong bo nh cua thiet b.
z()
y() x()
200 100
%
150
100 50
50
0 0 0
400 400 400 500 500 500 600 600 600 700 700 700
Bc song (nm) Bc song (nm) Bc song (nm)
200 100
%
150
100 50
50
0 0 0
400 400 400 500 500 500 600 600 600 700 700 700
Bc song (nm) Bc song (nm) Bc song (nm)
Nguon chieu sang
chuan D65
Phan bo nang lng pho
cua nguon sang
Cac ng cong (ham)
hoa hp mau
Cac gia tr
kch thch (XYZ)
Cac gia tr mau se thay oi
tuy vao nguon sang
Cac gia tr so trong cac
khong gian mau khac nhau
Pho phan xa cua
mau o
Nguon chieu sang
chuan A
cua nguon chieu sang chuan D65
V du 1:
Pho phan xa
cua mau o (qua tao)
cua anh sang phan chieu
t mau o (qua tao)
A B
C
A B C =
cua nguon chieu sang A
V du 2:
Pho phan xa
cua mau o (qua tao)
cua anh sang phan chieu
t mau o (qua tao)
B A
C
B = C A
Gia s chung ta o mot qua tao bang may o quang pho vi
nguon sang chuan D65 (V du 1) va nguon sang chuan A (v
du 2). Trong v du 1, (A) la o th phan bo nang lng pho cua
nguon sang chuan D65 va (B) la o th pho phan xa cua qua
tao. (C) la o th phan bo nang lng pho cua anh sang phan
chieu t qua tao va cung la ket qua ket hp cua (A) va (B).
v du 2 (A) la phan bo nang lng cua nguon sang chuan A
va (B) la pho phan xa cua mau o (qua tao). Cung giong nh
v du 1 (C) la phan bo nang lng pho cua mau o va chnh
la ket qua phoi hp cua (A) va (B). Neu chung ta so sanh (C)
va (C) ta se thay rang anh sang trong vung mau Red cua (C)
manh hn nhieu so vi (C), co ngha la qua tao se o hn nhieu
di nguon sang (A). ieu o ch ra rang mau cua vat the thay
oi tuy theo nguon sang chieu vao no. Mot may o pho trong
thc te o pho phan xa cua mau o, thiet b o co the tnh toan
gia tr mau di dang so trong cac khong gian mau khac nhau
bang cach s dung d lieu ve s phan bo nang lng pho cho
nguon sang c chon va d lieu cho cac ng cong hoa hp
mau chuan.
Mot iem khac biet na gia may do kch thch 3 thanh phan
va may o pho la may o pho co the nhan ra c hien tng
mau Meta (Hien tng hai vat the c nhn giong nhau di
mot nguon sang nhng lai khac nhau di mot nguon sang
khac) ay la mot van e phc tap.
Trong hnh ben di, ng cong pho phan xa cua hai mau o
khac nhau. Tuy cac gia tr L*a*b* cua hai mau c o di
nguon sang D65 giong nhau nhng khi o di nguon sang A
chung lai khac nhau. ieu nay ch ra rang mac du hai mau o
co cac ac tnh pho phan xa khac nhau nhng chung lai co mau
giong nhau di anh sang ban ngay (Nguon sang chuan D65).
e c lng c hien tng Meta can phai o cac mau di
hai hay nhieu nguon chieu sang vi cac ac tnh pho phan xa
khac nhau. Mac du ca hai loai may o mau kch thch va may
o pho eu s dung mot nguon sang n nhng ket qua o co
the c tnh toan da tren cac nguon chieu sang khac nhau.
Cac may o mau theo phng phap kch thch thong thng co
the o di nguon sang chuan C va D65, ca hai nguon sang nay
eu ai dien cho anh sang ban ngay va co phan bo nang lng
pho rat giong nhau nen khong the o c tnh Meta. Ngc lai
cac may o pho c trang b nhieu nguon sang khac nhau nen
co the o c tnh Meta. Hn the na vi kha nang bieu dien
o th pho phan xa ta co the thay mot cach chnh xac s khac
biet ve pho phan xa cua hai mau.
5.4.2 Goc nhn cua ngi quan sat chuan
Ngoai s khac nhau ve nguon chieu sang, kha nang nhn mau
to nho cung lam cho cam nhan th giac bien oi tc la mau se
c cam nhan khac nhau ngay ca khi ieu kien chieu sang va
tnh chat be mat khong oi.
100
T
y
l
e
p
h
a
n
x
a
(
%
)
50
0
400 500 600 700 Bc song (nm)
Mau o A
o th pho phan xa
Mau o B
Bc song (nm)
L*=50.93 L*=50.93
a*=4.54 a*=4.54
b*=-5.12
E*ab=0
b*=-5.12
Mau o A
Nguon chieu sang chuan D65
200
150
100
50
0
400 500 600 700
Mau o B
Bc song (nm)
L*=50.94 L*=53.95
a*=3.42 a*=10.80
E*ab=8.71
b*=-5.60 B*=-2.00
Mau o A
Nguon chieu sang chuan A
200
150
100
50
0
400 500 600 700
Mau o B
khoang cach quan sat la 50 cm trng nhn 2
0
se cho thay
mot vong tron ng knh 1,7 cm trong khi trng nhn 10
0
se
la vong tron ng knh 8,8 cm. Hau het cac thong tin ve mau
trong cac sach giao khoa eu da tren tieu chuan quan sat 2
0
.
Chuan quan sat 2
0
nen c dung cho trng nhn t goc nhn
10 en 40, chuan quan sat 10
0
nen c dung cho cac goc quan
sat ln hn 40.
CIE e ngh 2 goc quan sat chuan o la goc 2
0
(khi tien hanh
o vi cac mau nho ) va goc 10
0
(vi cac mau co dien tch ln).
5.4.3 Goc o hnh hoc
e ap ng c nhieu yeu cau khac nhau ngi ta che tao ra
thiet b o mau co nhieu goc o hnh hoc khac nhau. Khi chieu
anh sang thang goc len mau o th gia tr o khac han so vi
khi chieu len o anh sang t moi hng.V vay goc o hnh hoc
ong vai tro quan trong trong o mau.
CIE nh ro 4 goc hnh hoc cho cac thiet b c s dung trong
o mau nh theo hnh di ay.
50cm
Goc
quan
sat 2
0
1.7cm
8.8cm
Goc
quan
sat 10
0
50cm
45
(a) 0/ 45 (b) 45/ 0
(d) Khuech tan / 0 (c) 0 / Khuech tan
5.4.4 Bemat mau o :
Be mat mau o anh hng rat nhieu en ket qua o. e ket
qua o c chnh xac th khi chuan b mau o can thoa man
mot so yeu cau nh la :
Kch thc mau o phai ln hn kch thc cua ca so o
cua thiet b.
Mau o phai gap thanh nhieu lp e am bao anh sang
khong xuyen qua.
Be mat mau o phai phang.
Tuy theo loai anh sang, goc nhn cua ngi quan sat chuan va
goc o hnh hoc khac nhau ma ket qua o cho ra khac nhau .
Tom Tat
Tom lai, Cac phep o mau la mot ky thuat c lng mau oc
lap vi qua trnh in t giai oan che ban qua cac giai oan in
th va kiem tra chat lng san pham va ch co cac phep o mau
mi a ra cac gia tr mau mot cach khach quan. Phep o mau
cho cac u iem sau trong qua trnh in:
Cung cap so lieu o gan giong nhat vi cam nhan chu
quan ve mau.
Co the kiem tra mau trong moi lien he en hnh anh (v du
nh thong qua cac o xam) ma khong qua cac gia tr nh
chuan mau ac trng va khong can cac gia tr lu tr.
Bang cac phep o mau, tat ca cac mc in, tham ch cac mau
ac biet rat sang co the c kiem soat chnh xac va on nh.
Kiem soat viec in san lng an toan hn v co the phat hien
c nhng thay oi trong vat lieu in va hien tng meta.
Chat lng in c xac nh va kiem tra tot hn. ay la
mot phep o s bien oi mau oc lap vi tong mau.
Hien nay, khuynh hng s dung them cac mau pha ngay cang
nhieu hn nen may o mau ngay cang co vai tro quan trong
hn trong nganh in.
6.1 Giay va cac be mat khac
6.1.1 o phan xa
6.1.2 o trang
6.1.3 o sang (o choi)
6.1.4 Tnh huynh quang
6.1.5 o bong
6.1.6 S tan xa anh sang noi tai
6.1.7 o hap thu
6.1.8 o nhan
6.1.9 Cac be mat in khong phai giay
6.2 Mc
6.2.1 Khoang phuc che mau
6.2.2 o trong va o uc
6.2.3 o phu mau
6.2.4 o bong cua mc
6.2.5 Cac ac iem khac cua mc
6.3 iem qua mot so phng phap in
6.3.1 In offset
6.3.2 In ong ong
6.3.3 In flexo
6.3.4 In lua
6.3.5 In typo
6.4 Cac yeu to anh hng en chat lng phuc che mau trong qua trnh in
6.4.1 Th t in chong mau
6.4.2 Cac yeu to quang hoc
6.4.3 Cac van e xuat hien trong qua trong san xuat
6.4.4 o day lp mc
6.4.5 o day lp mc ly tng
6.4.6 S gia tang tang th va cac yeu to co lien quan
6.4.7 S thay oi kch thc iem tram dan en s gia tang tang th
6.4.8 Ky thuat UCR va GCR
6.4.9 S chong mau
6.4.10 Hien tng thieu mc do khong cap u va nhng van e khac
6 ANH HNG CUA VAT
LIEU IN VAQUATRNH IN
EN CHAT LNG PHUC
CHEMAU
Ro rang la s cam nhan t in le thuoc rat nhieu vao cac ac
tnh quang hoc cua be mat in lan lp mc in. Cac thuoc tnh
vat ly nh o mn cua giay va s tach mc cung anh hng rat
nhieu en viec phuc che mau. V phan ln viec in mau eu
c thc hien tren giay hoac cac be mat in thong dung nen
trong phan nay chung ta se tm hieu cac ac tnh quan trong
cua be mat t in va mc in.
6.1 Giay vacac bemat khac
6.1.1 ophan xa
Cac thuoc tnh quang hoc nh o trang cua giay co the c tm
hieu ay u nhat bang cach em chung i o e co cac ng
cong phan xa pho. Cac ng cong trong minh hoa di ay
thu c trong qua trnh nghien cu mau sac cua vien GATF.
Nhng ng cong nay cho thay o phan xa cua anh sang khi
c o tai moi bc song 10 nm tng ng vi mau trang
chuan c lam t Sunfat Bari.
6.1.2 otrang
nh phan xa pho 430 nm cua mot loai giay la do cac tac
nhan lam tang o sang c them vao trong qua trnh lam giay.
o trang cua mot be mat vat lieu in co the c xac nh nh la
s thieu vang mot sac thai mau hoac kha nang phan xa lng
anh sang mau o c, Xanh tm va Xanh luc bang nhau. Ngha
la t giay trang la mot t giay trung tnh. Trong thc te hau het
cac loai giay trang thng nga mau Vang nhat. Mac du giay
trang trung tnh co li hn cho viec phuc che mau nhng nhng
nghien cu oc lap cho thay rang o tng phan tren t in c
cam nhan nhieu hn khi s dung loai giay trang nga mau xanh
tm. ieu nay the hien ro rang hn khi in ch en hoac hnh
anh na tong.
Hnh minh hoa tren cho thay cac loai giay co o phan xa anh
sang o c va Xanh luc luon cao hn o phan xa anh sang
Xanh tm. Mau nga Vang la do mau t nhien cua bot giay c
s dung trong san xuat giay. Mau Vang nay co the c trung
tnh hoa bang cach cong them thuoc nhuom mau Xanh tm hoac
cac tac nhan huynh quang vao trong qua trnh chuan b bot giay
hoac qua trnh tao cong thc trang phan.
Hnh 6.1:
Cac ng cong
phan xaphocua
cac mau giay
trong cac nghien
cu cua GAFT

Anh hng cua vat lieu vaquatrnh in en chat lng phuc chemau 243
e tranh s sai mau khi in th be mat in cang trung tnh cang
tot. Tuy nhien, con ngi co kha nang thch ng cao vi moi
trng nen oi vi hau het cac be mat in th ngi quan sat
thng ieu chnh ngay nhng be mat nga mau sang mau trang
tng oi roi xem no nh mot mau trang tham chieu va cam
nhan cac mau khac tng ng vi tham chieu o. ieu nay
ung khi xem xet t in mot cach rieng biet, nhng khi so sanh
no vi mot ban in th hoac mot an pham a in th nhng thay
oi ve mau sac cua t in tr nen ro rang hn.
Cach tot nhat e xac nh anh hng mau sac cua giay la so
sanh cac mau cua cac be mat giay in vi nhau va khong s
dung loai giay in co be mat qua khac biet. Khi in tren loai giay
co nh lng thap, e de quan sat ta nen s dung nhieu t giay
chong len nhau e tranh tnh trang xuyen thau qua t in von
gay ra s lech mau. Cac ieu kien quan sat chuan phai c s
dung e anh gia.
6.1.3 osang (ochoi)
Trong boi canh phuc che mau, o sang cua mot be mat giay in
co the c xac nh la o phan xa toan bo anh sang t be mat
in o. Ngc lai, nganh san xuat giay nh ngha o sang la o
phan xa khuech tan 450 tai bc song 475 nm. Ch so nay c
s dung e kiem tra cac tac nhan lam gia tang o choi c
cong vao trong qua trnh lam giay.
Hnh 6.2:
osang c
anh dau xac
nh trong khong
gian mau theo
cac toa oxy
Noi chung ve mat phuc che mau th cang nhieu anh sang c
phan xa t mot be mat cang tot. Mot be mat phan xa 90% anh
sang o c, Xanh tm, Xanh luc chieu len no se tao ra mot ban
phuc che tot hn mot be mat ch phan xa 75%. Giay co o sang
thap hn se cho ra nhng ban phuc che co o sac net va tng
phan thap hn.
Ngi ta thng dung may o mau e o o trang cua giay. Ket
qua o o sang thng c bieu dien trong he toa o x -y (cac
iem nam theo hng Vang - Xanh tm) va truc o sang, cac
con so ben canh moi iem tren o th xy ch cac gia tr o sang.
6.1.4 Tnh huynh quang
Tnh huynh quang trong giay co the gay ra cac rac roi tiem an
khi so mau gia cac loai chat lieu dung trong qua trnh phuc
che (bai mau la giay anh co o bong cao vi t in th tren mot
loai giay ac biet va t in offset tren giay couche) hoac gia
cac be mat in khac nhau. Cac loai giay vi cac ac tnh huynh
quang khac nhau co the gay ra cac van e ve hien tng meta.
Viec s dung nguon sang chuan 5000
0
K khi quan sat a
giup giam thieu van e nay. Hien tng huynh quang co the
de dang nhan ra bang cach chieu sang mau b nghi ng vi
anh sang en (nguon sang tao bi nhieu tia cc tm va bc
xa Xanh tm tan so thap), trong cac quan ca phe hoac cac vu
trng ngi ta thng dung loai anh sang nay e cac vat lieu
co tnh huynh quang sang len nham tao ra cac hieu ng ky ao.
Cac thuoc tnh huynh quang cua vat lieu in co the c o bang
cac may o pho. Khi o cac mau giay, neu nh pho phan xa
bc song lan can 400 nm cang cao th ac tnh huynh quang
cua mau o cang cao. V tnh huynh quang le thuoc nhieu vao
nguon chieu sang nen nguon sang dung e o cac ac tnh nay
co anh hng rat quan trong.
6.1.5 obong
o bong cua bai mau va o bong cua t in nen bang nhau th
chat lng phuc che se tot hn. Mot so ngi cho rang o bong
cao se lam tang kha nang phuc che cac hnh anh goc, oi khi
o bong cao co tac dung ngc lai. Neu mot bc tranh mau
nc hay mot bc tranh sn dau c ve tren mot be mat nham
(khong bong) th phai in no tren be mat co o nham tng t
e duy tr o trung thc cua ban goc. Tren thc te, khi in cac
an pham co ch va cac hnh anh minh hoa xuat hien canh nhau
nh sach, bao, tap ch tren cac loai giay in co o bong cao se
lam cho mat met moi khi oc phan ch, do o nhng g c
xem la tot cho s phuc che anh lai khong tot cho viec in ch.
Khi phuc che mot so bai mau co ket cau be mat ac biet nh
tranh ve tren cac loai vai bo hoac tranh sn mai bang cac loai
mc va giay in co o bong cao co the gay roi loan cam nhan
mau. Cac loai bao b, ba sach, ap phch, bu thiep va ba album
thng t co ch nen co the dung cac loai giay co o bong cao.
o bong co the c cam nhan bang cach chieu sang be mat
vi mot tia sang hoi tu va nh v mat sao cho cac goc ti bang
vi goc phan xa. Mot may o o bong c dung e lay cac so
o o bong chnh xac. oi vi hau het cac loai giay, phng
phap chuan la lay so o goc 75
0
so vi phng thang ng.
V giay la mot chat lieu in khong ong nhat nen cac ch so oc
thng c lay t ca hai chieu, chieu doc cua th giay va
chieu ngang cua th giay. Cac loai giay co o bong cao va cac
loai mc, vecni cung nh cac lp phu be mat thng c o
goc 60
0
hoac 20
0
, cac goc o nay cho cac ch so o bong thap
hn nhng giup ta co c s phan tch cac mau o tot hn va
khach quan hn.
6.1.6 S tan xa anh sang noi tai
Mot so be mat in, ac biet la giay khong phai la cac vat lieu
hoan toan day ac va uc, do o khi anh sang chieu ti qua be
mat giay hoac xuyen qua lp mc in th no co s tan xa anh
sang trong cac s si cenluloze va cac chat lieu khac cau thanh
be mat t in. Mot so anh sang i qua lp mc, cham vao be mat
giay va thoat ra vung khong in, lam mau cam nhan nga ve
mau cua lp mc. Hien tng nay lam cho cac gia tr tang th
co ve ln hn so vi d oan bang cac phep o vat ly. Hien
tng cac gia tr tang th c cam nhan ln hn (am hn) so
vi gia tr o va c goi la hien tng gia tang tang th quang
hoc. Ngoai ra hien tng tan xa anh sang noi tai la lam cho cac
tong mau co sang co ve nh sach hn (t xam hoac bao hoa
hn) so vi khi in tren be mat co t s tan xa anh sang noi tai.
Mc o cua s tan xa anh sang noi tai le thuoc phan ln vao so
lng va loai bot phan c dung e trang be mat giay in. Cac
loai giay khong trang phan co mc o tan xa noi tai cao nhat,
ke o la giay trang phan va sau cung la mc trang hay men
c trang len kim loai cho thay s tan xa rat t. S tan xa anh
sang noi tai lien quan en o trong suot, o trong suot tren moi
mot n v o day cang thap th s tan xa anh sang ben trong
cang t. o trong suot co the c o bang may.
That kho xac nh c anh hng cua tan xa anh sang noi tai.
Cac mau sang co khuynh hng sach hn bang s tan xa anh
sang, nhng hnh anh se mat i o sac net va cac tong mau co
ve nh am hn. Do o van e nen c can nhac gia hnh
anh sac net hn va viec cai tien cac tong mau nhat. Trong thc
te, ta khong the xem xet mot cach biet lap cac thuoc tnh tan
xa anh sang noi tai cua giay. Cac loai giay khong trang phan
thng co o tan xa cao dan en o bong thap, o hap thu cao
hn cung nh o phan giai in thap hn. V the mot so bai mau
chang han nh cac tranh mau nc cua hoa s co nhieu mau
nht co the c phuc che rat tot tren cac loai giay co o tan
xa anh sang noi tai cao. Giay trang phan co s tan xa anh sang
noi tai va phai se giup phuc che phan ln bai mau tot hn so
vi cac loai giay khong trang phan co o tan xa anh sang noi
tai cao.
6.1.7 ohap thu
Mac du o hap thu khong phai la thuoc tnh quang hoc nhng
o hap thu cua giay a c chng minh la yeu to gay nen
nhng thay oi ve mau cua lp mc in. Frank Preucil thuoc
vien GATF a co the ket hp nhng o ac o hap thu va o
bong thanh mot so o goi la hieu suat be mat giay (PSE). o
bong cao va o hap thu thap tao ra mot hieu suat be mat giay
cao, ngha la lam giam toi a s lech mau cua lp mc in gay
bi be mat giay. Cac kim loai va nha co hieu suat be mat giay
cao. o nhan thap va o hap thu cao tao ra hieu suat be mat
giay thap vi s thay oi ang ke mau cua lp mc in, mau
Cyan tr nen xam hn va mau Magenta tr nen o hn. Giay
khong trang phan co hieu suat be mat giay thap.
o hap thu co the o c bang cach dung mot loai mc xam
ac biet goi la mc th K va N. Mc K va N c phu hoac in
len loai giay can kiem tra trong vong 2 phut, sau o gat lp mc
i va dung may o mat o e o vet mc phai mau tren giay,
mat o o c cang cao th o hap thu cua giay cang cao. Mot
so cong ty giay o o sang cua vet ban K va N hoac tnh t le %
o sang c gi lai. Do o phai s dung phng phap o giong
nhau e co thong tin chnh xac. Cong ty mc Crod cung co mot
loai mc th nghiem o hap thu mau tng t.
Di goc o phuc che mau th ngi ta muon cac be mat in co
o hap thu thap, nham giam thieu o day lp mc in. Tuy nhien
nhng van e ve kha nang in chang han nh say kho va s
truyen mc se tac ong en cac yeu cau ve s hap thu toi thieu.
6.1.8 onhan
Mot thuoc tnh vat ly cua be mat in co anh hng en viec in
mau la o nhan. Giay cang nhan th o phan giai at c cang
cao. Trong cac trng hp in mau ac biet, ngi ta van dung
cac loai giay co ket cau be mat phc tap. o phan giai hnh anh
khi in tren cac loai giay nh the luon thap so vi khi in tren giay
co o nhan cao. Cac loai giay can hat co nh lng thap khong
Hnh 6.3:
Cac mau th
nghiem ohap
thumc
nen dung cho viec in chong mau chat lng cao v cac loai giay
nay thng thieu tnh on nh can thiet e in chong mau chnh
xac. Hien ang co rat nhieu loai dung cu kiem tra o nhan. Cac
loai giay co o bong cao luon co o nhan cao nhng cung co cac
loai giay co o nhan cao nhng khong co o bong cao.
6.1.9 Cac bemat in khong phai giay
Nha, giay kim loai, kim loai va thuy tinh thuoc loai cac be
mat in khong phai giay va thng c dung trong nganh bao
b. Noi chung, nhng vat lieu nay c chon do cac thuoc tnh
chong tham va o chac chan hn la v cac thuoc tnh phuc che
mau va quang hoc.
Cac be mat in khong phai giay thng c cho la co o hap
thu thap va thieu mot be mat sang, trang. Mot so be mat co tnh
kim loai, nhng be mat khac co tnh trong suot v du nh nha
trong. Tuy nhien nhng be mat nay cung rat nhan va thng co
o bong cao. Trong thc te nhng be mat in nay thng c
trang mot loai mc trang uc hoac chat men co tac dung nh be
mat in. oi khi nen kim loai t nhien hoac phim Plastic trong
c s dung nh mot phan cua vat lieu in.
Hieu qua thc te cua viec trang mau trang uc la e tao ra mot
be mat trung tnh vi s tan xa anh sang noi tai thap, o bong
cao va o hap thu thap.
6.2 Mc
Thanh phan cua mc phu thuoc vao cac yeu cau cua quy trnh in.
Ngoai cac thong so trc tiep anh hng en phuc che mau con co
cac thong so quan trong khac anh hng en qua trnh in mau nh
o kho cua mc, o bong cua mc, o tach mc.
6.2.1 Khoang phuc chemau
Khoang phuc che mau cua mot bo mc in (mot bo mc in thong
thng co 4 mau Cyan, Magenta, Vang va en) c quyet
nh bi loai sac to c dung trong mc in. Di goc o phuc
che mau th loai mc tot la loai mc dung cac sac to co the
cho khoang mau rong nhat (phuc che c nhieu mau nhat)
e phuc che cac mau c chnh xac hn. Trong thc te, khi
chon sac to in can phai xem xet cac yeu to nh tnh ben vi anh
sang, ben vi o am va cac chat hoa hoc, gia thanh, tnh tham
my cua sac to, kha nang c phan tan trong cac chat dan va
chat lien ket e truyen mc tot, tnh oc hai thap va kha nang
tao ra cac van e ve moi trng thap nhat.
Cac sac to mc in c dung nhieu nhat gom co mau en cac-
bon danh cho mc en, phthalo Cyanine cho mc Cyan, mau
Vang diarylide cho mc Vang, va hoac la lithol rubine hoac
rhodamine Y (hoac la ket hp) cho mc Magenta. Cac chat
phu gia cung thng c them vao cac loai mc e at c
nhng chat lng quang pho nh mong muon.
Hnh 6.4:
Khoang phuc che
mau cua mot bo
mc in tot tren
bieu omau CIE
Khoang phuc che mau gii han tren ay cho thay ta khong the
phuc che c tat ca cac mau. Tuy nhien a so cac ban phuc
che mau chat lng cao thng c tao ra bang cach dung cac
sac to thong thng. Do o cac sac to c liet ke tren ay kha
ay u cho mot an pham co nhieu mau.
oi khi, cac mau ac biet th 5 hoac th 6 c dung e giup
ni rong khoang phuc che mau cua cac loai mc in. Cac mau
Xanh tm, Violet (tm) va o c la cac mau thong dung nhat
c dung trong viec nay. Cac mau hong va mau xam nhat oi
khi cung c dung e can bang o sang hoac s gia tang tang
th ch khong dung e m rong khoang phuc che mau.
Khoang phuc che mau c mo ta tot nhat bang cach in mot
bieu o mau nh he thong th t mau Foss hoac bieu o dai mc
in cua vien cong nghe Rochester. Tuy co the anh gia khoang
phuc che mau bang trc giac nhng can phai o mat o hoac o
mau e xac nh mot cach chnh xac. e xac nh khoang phuc
che mau, ta co the dung mot may o mat o e o cac mang
mau tong nguyen cua mau Vang, Magenta va Cyan qua cac
knh loc mau Xanh tm, Xanh luc va o c, sau o anh dau cac
iem o c len tam giac mau GATF va noi cac iem nay lai.
Vung khep kn the hien khoang phuc che mau tng oi.
Hnh 6.5:
Sdung tam giac
mau GATF e
xac nh khoang
phuc chemau.
Cac ng thang
noi gia cac mau
s cap cho thay
cac thanh phan
tong mau vao
bao hoamau cua
khoang phuc
chemau.
6.2.2 otrong vaouc
Trong mot he thong phuc che ly tng, mc in ong vai tro nh
mot knh loc e chan anh sang lai hoac cho anh sang i qua, e
thc hien tot vai tro nay no phai trong suot. Trong thc te, tat
ca cac loai mc in eu khong trong suot hoan toan va hi uc,
do o mot so tia sang b phan xa bi cac sac to co trong lp
mc ch khong i qua lp mc e b phan xa bi be mat in di
lp mc. ieu nay co ngha la khi hai hoac nhieu lp mc c
in chong th mau cam nhan c se b nga ve tong cua mau in
sau cung, ac biet la mau Vang.
Trong mot so trng hp, o uc la mot thuoc tnh can co cua
cac sac to. Trong nhieu trng hp in mau, e che khuat hoan
toan be mat vat lieu hoac mau ben di, can phai s dung sac
to khong trong suot. Nhng yeu cau nh the xay ra khi in cac
mau kim loai chong len nen mau ben di va in mau trang
lot e lam nen cho bao b nha trong, bao b thuy tinh trong
hoac bao b kim loai.
o uc co the c nhan biet tot nhat bang cach phu mot vet
mau ngang qua mot dai mau en c in tren t giay trang.
Neu dai mau en nay khong b thay oi th mc o kha trong
suot. Neu thanh mau en chuyen sang tong mau cua loai mc
ang th nghiem th loai mc nay uc.
Hnh 6.6:
Vet phumau cua
hai loai mc cho
thay mau Vang
ben phai coo
uc cao hn
6.2.3 ophumau
o phu mau cua mot loai mc la so o lng mc can thiet
(gam) e phu len mot n v dien tch (thng la 1m2) nham
at c mot cng o mau nao o (tnh bang mat o D).
Lng mc dung e in phu mau cang thap th mc co o phu
mau cang cao. o phu mau b anh hng bi loai sac to va chat
lng cua sac to c dung trong viec che tao mc in.
Nhn chung cac loai mc co o phu mau cao c a chuong
hn cac loai mc co o phu mau thap. Vi cac loai mc co o
phu mau cao th ch can mot lp mc mong la a co the at
c mat o mc theo yeu cau do o giam thieu cac van e gia
tang tang th va giam cac van e ve nhan mc. Mc s dung se
t hn va tat nhien la chi ph cung thap hn. Tuy nhien, cac loai
mc co o phu mau cao thng at hn cac loai mc co o phu
mau thap, v the can xac nh ro dien tch be mat co the in oi
vi tng loai mc va cac anh hng cua no trong qua trnh in
khi tnh toan chi ph. Khuyet iem cua loai mc co o phu mau
cao la o bong thap hn, o nht cao va khi in can phai tang ap
lc in e tach cac lp mc mong, ieu nay co the dan en viec
phai chon loc loai giay in e tranh tnh trang b lot giay.
Nhng van e chnh co lien quan en o phu mau la cac van
e gap phai khi co ket hp mot ban in th vi cac t in san
lng. Neu loai mc in th co cac o phu mau cao trong khi
cac loai mc in that co cng o thap hn th ban in th va t
in that co the se khong giong nhau.
Th nghiem tay (Bleach out test) c dung e so sanh o
phu mau cua cac loai mc. Trong th nghiem nay, mot phan
cua mc th nghiem c tron vi 50 phan cua mot hon hp
tay mau trang (v du nh dioxide Titan b phan tan trong mot
chat dan tng thch vi loai mc ang th nghiem) va mot
phan cua mc chuan cung c tron vi 50 phan cua hon hp
tay mau trang. Sau o, ngi ta se quet hai loai mc nay len
mot t giay trang va quan sat (cac vet phai tiep xuc vi nhau).
Bang cach them chat tay trang vao dung dch nao co mau sam
hn cho en khi ca hai hon hp giong nhau, ta co the tnh o
phu mau cua mot loai mc tng quan vi loai kia. V du mot
lng 50 phan mau trang na co the c them vao loai mc
chuan e lam cho vet mau pha cua mau chuan va mau kiem tra
nhn giong nhau. Neu trng hp nay xay ra th loai mc th
nghiem se co o phu mau bang mot phan hai o phu mau cua
loai mc chuan. Th nghiem nay kho kiem soat nhng no cho
thay nhng khac biet ve o phu mau tong quat.
6.2.4 obong cua mc
o bong cua cac lp mc in cung tng t nh o bong cua
giay. Khi phuc che anh th ngi ta muon dung mc co o bong
cao v no lam tang o tng phan va o bao hoa mau nhng
khi phuc che cac bai mau mau nc th mc o bong cao lai
khong can thiet.
o bong cua mc in phu thuoc vao loai va lng chat dan va
loai sac to co trong mc. o bong c o bang mot may o o
bong tren mau mc ang th nghiem tren t giay ma se c
s dung cho viec in.
6.2.5 Cac ac iem khac cua mc
Cac thuoc tnh co the nhan biet c khac cua mc gom co o
ben mau, tnh huynh quang va tnh kim loai.
Cac lp mc in co the b phai, chay hoac oi mau khi gap anh
sang, nc, sc nong, axit, xa phong, dau m, chat kiem, sap
hoac cac loai thc an khac. Phai mau do phi sang la mot van
e thong thng oi vi hau het tat ca cac loai mc. Cac sac to
trong mc in co o ben sang khac nhau, ac biet cac mau Vang
kem ben sang lam. Loai chat dan va s tap trung sac to cung
co anh hng en s ben mau.
Cac loai mc huynh quang hien a co ban tren th trng, chung
thng c dung cho loai mau nen tren bao b cung nh cho
mot so ap phch in lua. Mot so loai mc co tnh huynh quang
co the gay nen nhngvan e ve phoi mau va can s dung mot
nguon sang chuan e xem mau. Tnh huynh quang co the c
nhan biet bang cach chieu sang cac lp mc in bang anh sang
en trong mot phong toi hoac buong quan sat chuan.
6.3 In mau
Sau s la chon mc va giay in, th quy trnh in la mot yeu to
quyet nh cac ac tnh cua an pham. Khi may in truyen mc
sang giay ta co the kiem soat c o day cua lp mc in, s
truyen mc len giay va len cac lp mc c in trc o, s gia
tang tang th, s chong mau va o phan giai. May in tao ra san
pham c ban cua qua trnh phuc che mau va thng la ni tap
trung chi ph san xuat cao nhat.
6.3.1 iem qua mot so phng phap in
Cac phng phap in mau quan trong nhat gom in offset, in ong
ong va in flexo. In lua b gii han, ch dung cho cac an pham
co so lng in thap. In typo a tng la mot quy trnh in mau troi
nhat - nay a giam i tnh pho bien.
6.3.1.1 In offset
Quy trnh in offset co nguon goc t in thach ban c Alois
Senefelder phat trien vao nam 1798 tai c. Quy trnh goc
gom co ban ve mau tren mot loai a ac biet. Nhng phien a
nay c lam t bang nc va sau o c cha mc. Mc bam
vao vung co chi tiet in va khong bam len vung a c tam
t. Sau o chi tiet co mc c chuyen len giay tren mot may
in phang. Phng phap in offset c tr thanh mot phng
phap in chnh khi cac truc in tron, cac truc co lo cao su va truc
mang ban kim loai c gii thieu. Cho en sau nhng nam
1950 th ky thuat lam ban kem in offset, cac loai mc cung
nh giay in offset mi c tinh che en nh iem lam cho ky
thuat in offset chat lng cao tr nen co hieu qua. Vi viec cai
tien cac may in offset cuon va s pho bien nhanh chong cua
cac may in 4 mau th in offset a tr thanh quy trnh in mau pho
bien nhat hien nay.
Nhng thuan li c ban cua in offset bao gom chi ph lam khuon
in thap, toc o in cao, tiet kiem ve lau dai, co o phan giai cao
hn bat ky mot quy trnh nao khac. Van e ln nhat vi in off-
set la viec kiem soat s can bang mc - nc va s truyen mc.
6.3.1.2 In ong ong
Quy trnh in bang may in ong ong hien ai c Karl Klietsch
phat trien Ao va sau o la Anh vao nam 1890 t quy trnh
in khac lom. Cac vung hnh anh la cac phan t in di dang cac
o nho c khac vao be mat cua mot truc kim loai. Cac phan
t in co dien tch vao khoang 0,127 x 0,127mm va chieu sau co
the len en 0,05 mm. In ong ong truyen thong co cac phan t
in la cac o co kch thc bang nhau nhng chieu sau thay oi.
Cac ky thuat che tao khuon in ong ong khac gom co ky thuat
tao phan t in thay oi dien tch nhng gi nguyen chieu sau,
va thay oi ca dien tch lan chieu sau. Khi in phan t in c
nhung vao mang mc, mot li dao se gat mc tha khoi be
mat truc in sau o mc c chuyen en giay in di mot ap
lc. S truyen mc c ho tr bang hoat ong mao dan cua
cac si giay hoac cac he thong lam tnh ien vat lieu.
Nhng thuan li chu yeu cua quy trnh in ong ong la chat
lng in on nh, toc o in cao, o ben ban cao va o bao hoa
mau cao. Khuyet iem bao gom chi ph che tao khuon in cao va
Hnh 6.7:
Nguyen ly
in offset
phai in tren cac be mat in nhan. In ong ong thng c dung
trong viec in cac tap ch dai han, catalog, ba carton, bao b va
cac san pham ac biet.
6.3.1.3 In flexo
Quy trnh in flexo ra i vao khoang nam 1905 khi may in
Anilin c C.A. ngi Phap che tao. Khi o, Holweg dung
mot ban cao su noi, nap giay theo dang cuon va dung cac loai
mc kho cha cac pham mau hoa tan trong con. Ngay nay, hau
het cac ban flexo c trc tiep tao thanh t cac am ban tren
hp chat photopolymer. He thong cap mc la mot ac iem
giup phan biet in flexo vi in typo. Mc in flexo la mc co dung
moi dau long hoac nc c phan phoi en ban in bang mot
truc nh lng goi la mot truc anilox. Mot truc gat hay mot
li dao gat phan mc d ra khoi truc anilox trc khi no phu
mc len ban in flexo.
Nhng thuan li chu yeu cua in flexo la toc o in cao, co kha
nang in tren tat ca cac loai be mat, cac may in tng oi n
gian va khong at lam. Nhng bat li la viec che tao khuon in
chat lng cao kha phc tap va o phan giai thap hn in offset.
Hnh 6.8:
Nguyen lyin
ong ong

6.3.1.4 In lua
Viec s dung mot khuon c uc lung e tao anh co le la
phng phap lau i nhat e tao cac ban sao anh. Tuy nhien
quy trnh in lua hien ai bat nguon t sang che ve in lua cua
Samael Simon vao nam 1907 Anh, theo mau nay th mot
khuon lua c lam bang cach khac tay va trai cang qua mot
khuon go. Mc c nen qua li len be mat in bang mot cay
co. Quy trnh in lua ngay nay cung hoan toan tng t. Hien
nay ngi ta dung khuon lua li nylon hoac polyester va thay
the cay co bang mot dao gat mc lam t cao su.
Nhng thuan li cua qua trnh in lua la co the in tren moi loai
be mat (cong hoac phang), co the in c mot lp rat day va
tham ch quy trnh nay khong oi hoi phai co may in, mac du
no cung thng c dung e in cac an pham chat lng cao.
Cac nhc iem chnh cua in lua la toc o in thap, o phan giai
Hnh 6.9:
Nguyen lyin flexo
Hnh 6.10:
Nguyen lyin lua
khong cao va oi hoi phai s dung cac gia phi hoac cac bo
phan say. Quy trnh nay rat thch hp vi cac an pham co so
lng t, co o bao hoa mau cao c in nhieu kch c tren
moi loai be mat in. Cac ap phch va cac bang ron ln thng
c in bang quy trnh in lua.
6.3.1.5 In typo
In Typo la quy trnh lau i nhat trong cac quy trnh in, no ra
i vao khoang nam 593 khi ngi Trung Hoa s dung ban in
la cac khoi go noi. Khoang nam 1455 Johann Gutenberg a
phat trien quy trnh nay c bang cach ket hp vi viec sap
viec san xuat mc, sap ch, may in va giay thanh mot he thong
in hoan chnh. Quy trnh nay dung mot khuon anh noi va mot
loai mc nhao. Mc c can thanh mot lp mong bang mot
chuoi cac truc lan, sau o c chuyen t khuon in sang be mat
in bang cach in trc tiep.
Nhng thuan li chnh cua quy trnh nay so vi in offset la o
bao hoa mau cao cung nh chat lng in on nh. Nhc iem
bao gom toc o cham, can phai dung cac loai giay phang, o
phan giai thap hn in offset, chi ph che tao ban cao. Viec s
dung in Typo cho in chong mau a giam nhanh chong tren the
gii sau khi quy trnh in offset c phat trien.
Hnh 6.11:
Nguyen lyin Typo
Nhng yeu to anh hng di ay co the ap dung cho nhieu
quy trnh in, tuy nhien no tap trung chu yeu vao quy trnh kho
kiem soat nhat quy trnh in offset, tren cac may in 1 mau
hoac nhieu mau.
6.4 Cac yeu toanh hng en chat lng phuc che
mau trong quatrnh in
6.4.1 Tht in chong mau
Khi in chong 4 mau c ban vi nhau, co 24 kha nang thay oi
th t in chong mau. Hau het cac may in s dung mot trong
so 3 kieu th t in chong mau: Vang- Magenta - Cyan - en
(YMCK); Cyan - Magenta - Vang - en (CMYK) va en -
Cyan - Magenta - Vang (KCMY). Tuy theo khuyen cao cua
nha san xuat mc in, thoi quen hay ac iem cua tai lieu in ma
cac nha in se chon la th t chong mau.
6.4.2 Cac yeu toquang hoc
Cac yeu to nay c tao ra bi cac thuoc tnh quang hoc cua
cac lp mc in.
o trong suot: Mau in co khuynh hng chuyen sang tong
mau cua mc sau cung neu cac mc o co ac tnh khong
trong suot hoan toan. Tng t, neu cac mau in khong
trong suot c in phu len nen mau en th mat o o
c t 4 mau se giam so vi in mau en phu len nhng
mau o, ac biet khi mau Vang la mau in cuoi. Th t
chong mau KCMY co the lam giam mat o toi a khoang
0,40 so vi th t chong mau YMCK.
o bong: Mot so mau in (ac biet la mau Vang) co o
bong cao hn nhng mau khac. Bo tr mau Vang in sau
cung co the lam tang o bong cua t in.
S nhu hoa: Mot so loai mc trong thanh phan cau tao
co cac chat tao mau ac biet. Trong mot vai trng hp,
nhng chat nay co the di chuyen len be mat cua lp mc in
va lam thay oi mau cua lp mc nay. Co the giam thieu
van e nay bang cach in mc o trc trong th t in.
6.4.3 Cac van exuat hien trong quatrnh san xuat
Trong qua trnh san xuat, khi may in, mc in, giay in va ban
kem c ket hp vi cac ieu kien san xuat se xuat hien
nhieu van e nh sau:
S truyen mc: Kha nang truyen mot lp mc sang mot
lp mc t c in trc o tuy thuoc vao nhieu yeu to
khac nhau. Th t in mau anh hng en s truyen mc
nay neu mc in khong c sap xep theo ung o set cua
no. Lp mc in au tien nen co o dnh (o set) cao nhat,
moi lp mc ke tiep co o dnh hi thap hn.
up net: trong mot so trng hp, hien tng up net
gay bi truyen ong cua may in, tam cao su .v.v.. se gay
ra s gia tang tang th lam cho hnh anh c cam nhan
am hn, ac biet khi in cac lp mc day. e giam thieu
anh hng cua no, can in mau quan trong nhat n v
in cuoi cung (v du nh mau Magenta trong mot catalog
cha nhieu tong mau da hoac mau en trong tap ch co
nhieu ch).
Nhng van e ve c kh: neu mot n v in b mop ong
hay b loi c kh gay nhoe mau hoac chong khong chnh
xac se tao ra cac anh hng ve cam nhan mau. Van e
co the c giam thieu bang cach in mau Vang - mau t
c nhan ro bang mat nhat tren n v in b loi.
S lem nhiem mc: Khi in so lng ln vi cac lp mc
day th s lem nhiem dan dan cua mot loai mc bi mot
loai mc trc o oi khi co the thay c. S lem nhiem
nay co the xay ra di dang mau Magenta lem nhiem
vao mau Vang va bien no thanh mau cam. Van e lem
nhiem co the han che bang cach in cac mau sang hn
trc cac mau toi, chang han in mau Vang trc mau en
se khong a en s lem nhiem ang chu y, nhng ngc
lai co the gay nen s lem nhiem nghiem trong.
Cac soc gay ra do mc b truyen ngc: co nhieu yeu to
khac nhau gay nen hien tng soc do mc truyen ngc.
Cac mang mau ln cha khoang100% mau Cyan va 70%
Magenta hau nh eu co hien tng nay. Viec thay oi
th t in mau e lp mc day in chong len lp mc mong
se giam thieu c hau het ng soc.Viec in cac mau
thng gay soc (thng la mau Cyan) cuoi cung se loai
tr c soc trong mau o va cac mau in chong cua no
nhng oi khi lai nay sinh van e mot mau khac, oi
khi co the phai thay oi giay.
o phu mc: Cac loai mc vi o phu mc cao thng
gay nen s bien dang tren giay in co nh lng thap. e
chong mau de dang can phai in loai mc nay sau cung
trong th t in chong mau. e khac phuc tnh trang nay
ngi ta thng in mau Vang sau cung e giam moire va
lam tang kha nang chong ma sat.
Mot so ngi cho rang mau Vang c in vi o day lp
mc cao hn cac mau in khac se gay ra nhng van e ve
truyen mc va s gia tang tang th trong cac ieu kien in
bnh thng. Mot so khac cung cho rang mau Vang kho
truyen hn nen phai c in sau cung. Tuy nhien neu thay
oi o set theo khuynh hng mau in sau co o set nho hn
mau in trc th ta van co the truyen mc in mau Vang tot.
Can bang xam: SWOP (tieu chuan My oi vi in off-
set cuon) e ngh nen chon th t in chong mau e at
c can bang mau xam (va at c s truyen mc toi
a). Tuy nhien e toi a viec truyen mc cho 2 mau (v
du nh mau Vang va Cyan) th khong co ngha la viec
truyen mc gia cac mau in chong khac (mau Vang va
Magenta; mau Cyan va Magenta) cung at c toi a.
Can bang xam co the c thiet lap trong qua trnh che
ban vi cac ieu kien in cu the. Neu qua trnh che ban
tao ra can bang xam cho cac th t in chong mau CMYK
nhng khi in lai theo th t KCMY th co nhieu kha nang
khong at c can bang xam.
Ngoai ra con co nhng yeu to khac anh hng en th t in
chong mau nh de ra may (in cac mau lt trc cac mau am
sau), in cac mau quan trong sau cung va thoi quen cua th in.
Mot so ngi cho rang mau en at sau mau Vang trong chuoi
la phu hp nhat. S mat i mat o toi a (Dmax) trong viec in
mau Vang tren mau en lam cho van e tng phan in va phuc
che tong mau tr nen toi te them.
Du cho mot nha may in chon th t chong mau nao i na th
yeu to quan trong la th t o phai c gi nguyen trong tat ca
cac trng hp ngoai tr mot so trng hp ac biet.
6.4.4 oday lp mc
Ngoai viec anh hng en cac thuoc tnh cua mau sac, o day
lp mc con anh hng en nhieu yeu to khac nh kha nang kho
va s lot giay. Nhng lp mc qua mong co the gay nen nhng
van e ve lot giay va tao ra cac mang mau khong eu an.
Cac yeu to ve chat lng hnh anh b anh hng bi o day cua
lp mc c liet ke di ay. Nhng yeu to ve s gia tang
tang th va s truyen mc do s thay oi o day lp mc c
liet ke rieng.
obao hoamau: Viec gia tang o day lp mc thng
tao nen mot mau sam hn (o sang thap hn), tong mau
va o bao hoa co the thay oi khi o day lp mc cao
hn. V du o day lp mc Magenta cao hn lam chuyen
tong mau cua no o bam. Cac lp mc Cyan co o day
cao hn lam cho mau o mat o bao hoa va tr nen xam
hn. o bao hoa va tong mau cua cac mau tng oi
thuan khiet nh mau Vang cho thay co rat t thay oi khi
thay oi o day lp mc.
S chuyen oi tong mau co the c ly giai bang cach
tham chieu s d tong va thieu tong cua mc. D tong la
mau cua mot lp mc u day e tr nen uc hoan toan.
Thieu tong la mau cua mot lp mc mong u e tr nen
kha trong suot. Mau cua mot lp mc in bnh thng la s
ket hp cua d tong va thieu tong. Hieu ng cua d tong
tr nen manh hn neu in vi mot lp mc day hn bnh
thng. Thieu tong se xay ra khi in vi mot lp mc mong
hn bnh thng. V du mot mau Magenta neu in day se co
mau o bam, neu in mong se co mau hong nhat.
Mot v du xa hn ve s chuyen oi mau do o day lp
mc co the c minh hoa bang cach xem xet nhng ty
le phan xa cua mot loai mc Magenta. o day lp mc
bnh thng cua mau Magenta phan xa khoang 90% anh
sang o c ti no va 30% anh sang Xanh tm. T le o c
/ Xanh tm la 3 / 1. Neu lp mc co o day gap oi th o
phan xa trong vung mau o c bang 90% cua gia tr o
day bnh thng; o phan xa thuan cua tia ti mau o c
la 90% cua 90% (hay 81%). S phan xa trong vung Xanh
tm giam xuong 30% cua 30% (hay xuong 9%) cua tia ti
mau Xanh tm. Luc nay t le mau o c so vi mau Xanh
tm la 9 / 1.
obong: lp mc cang day o bong cang cao.
osai lech mau: khi thay oi o day lp mc cac mau
tang th co the bien oi khac vi nhng mau tong nguyen
tng ng. Cac mau tao bi s pha tron tang th co
khuynh hng ban hn cac mau tong nguyen. Hieu ng
nay ang chu y hn khi in vi o phan giai tram thap.
osac net: Gia tang o day lp mc se lam tang o
tng phan in va do o lam tang o sac net cua hnh anh.
Co the tang hoac giam o day cua lp mc trong in bang
cach m li dao gat mc, tang toc o vong quay cua lo
lay mc hoac tang mc o thng xuyen dao ong cua lo
truyen mc. oi vi in ong ong th co the tang o day
lp mc tren may in bang cach ha goc tiep xuc cua li
dao gat mc, dung mot li dao gat mc day hn hoac
cun hn. Cac phan t in c khac sau hn cung tao ra
o day lp mc cao hn. Trong in flexo, o tho cua truc
anilox, viec ieu chnh li dao gat mc (giong nh in
ong ong), o deo cua mc, cau tao ban in, ap lc in va
o mem cua truc lan mc, tat ca eu anh hng en o
day lp mc. o day lp mc co the at c nhieu hn
trong in lua bang cach dung li lua day hn, tang ap lc
dao gat cao su, dung li dao gat mc bang cao su mem
hn, e goc gat mc cua dao gat thap hn, o cang cua
lua thap hn, toc o keo dao gat cao su thap hn va o
ben cua dao gat cao su thap hn.
6.4.4 oday lp mc
Rat kho xac nh o day ly tng cho mot loai mc. Mot so
ngi e ngh s dung mat o tong nguyen va mat o cua tang
th 75% e co c mot o tng phan in tot. Ngi ta dung
cong thc sau:
Trong o Ds la mat o cua mau tong nguyen, Dt la mat o cua tang
th 75%. Day t le tng phan cho in tot la t 28% - 30%. Cong
thc nay co the giup can bang cac o day lp mc t mau nay sang
mau khac va t may in nay sang may in khac, nhng khong nhat
thiet phai dan en viec tao ra mot o day lp mc ly tng.
Preucil e ngh xem xet en hieu qua mau trc giac oi vi mot
loai mc nao o khi chon o day lp mc. No c xac nh bang
cach o mat o lp mc in qua cac knh loc mau o c, Xanh tm
va Xanh luc. Gia tr mat o thap nhat D
min
cua nhng ch so nay
c chia cho gia tr mat o cao nhat D
max
e tnh o xam cua
Preucil. Cuoi cung, mot bieu o kem theo c s dung e nh
v hieu qua mau cao nhat cho loai mc ang c o. ng cong
cho gia tr o xam a tnh c chon loc va tiep tuc cho en khi
at c nh iem. Mat o toi u c oc t truc hoanh.
tng phn in
o nga xam = 100%
D
max
D
min
Hnh 6.12:
Cac mat oin toi
u theo khai niem
vehieu quamau
trc giac
Mat olytng
ni mang
cong cho mot gia
troxam at ti
nh iem. Trong
thc tephai dung
cac mat o
cao hn.
Cac mat o in toi u theo khai niem ve hieu qua mau trc giac.
Mat o ly tng ni ma ng cong cho mot gia tr o xam
at ti nh iem. Trong thc te phai dung cac mat o cao hn.
Phng phap hieu qua mau trc giac cho rang cac mau
Magenta va Cyan phai c in nhng mat o thap hn nhieu
so vi cac mau Vang. Nhng e tao ra cac mau o c va Xanh
luc tot th that ra cac mau Vang c in cac mat o thap hn
so vi cac mau khac. Do o phng phap nay cung khong tra
li thoa ang cau hoi ve mat o toi u.
Ngoai ra con mot phng phap e xac nh o day lp mc cua
F.L.Cox (Gatf) . Phng phap cua ong ta da tren mot cong
trnh trc ay cua Preucil va a ra gia nh rang cac khoi
mau in chong o c, Xanh luc va Xanh tm se hap thu mot t le
nhat nh nhng hap thu mong muon cua chung. Nhng hap thu
mong muon cho mau Xanh luc la mau o c va Xanh tm; ng-
ha la mau Xanh luc in chong se co mot mat o cao thong qua
moi loai knh loc o c va Xanh tm nay. Cac lp mc rieng le
nen c ieu chnh cho en khi cac t le gan at en ly tng.
T le ly tng cua s hap thu anh sang mau Xanh luc so vi
mau Xanh tm e tao ra mau o c la 0,80; ty le ly tng cua
s hap thu anh sang o c so vi Xanh tm e tao mau Xanh
luc la 1,00 va t le ly tng cua s hap thu anh sanh mau o c
so vi mau Xanh luc e tao mau Xanh tm la 1,00.
Hnh 6.13:
Mau thnghiem
vi cac oday
lp mc
khac nhau
o chnh xac cua phng phap nay se b anh hng bi s
truyen mc va cac yeu to khac ve loi tong hp mau cong.
Trong thc te, nhng hng dan tren ay thng khong may
hu dung. Bi v o day lp mc anh hng qua nhieu en cac
yeut o chat lng in, mot thay oi co li cho mot yeu to nay
th lai bat li cho yeu to khac.Tham ch neu ch xet cac yeu to
ve mau sac th ieu nay van ung. ieu nay giai thch tao sao
cac nhan vien van hanh may in hay co thoi quen ieu chnh o
day lp mc va th t chong mau e lam tang s the hien cua
mot an pham.
Mac du khong the xac nh mat o toi u cua cac khoi mau in
do khong biet o day lp mc toi u, nhng ieu nay khong
co ngha la cac nha may in khong nen thiet lap mot tieu chuan
tham chieu noi bo. Mot tieu chuan noi bo rat hu ch e tao ra
cac thong so cho qua trnh che ban.
Cac mat o chuan se le thuoc vao o mn cua be mat in va s tap
trung chat mau cua mc. Ca hai thuoc tnh nay cang cao th mat
o at c cang cao. Trong qua trnh in, nhan vien van hanh
may in co the kiem soat c: mat o, tong mau va o bao hoa
cua cac mau tong nguyen cung nh cac mau tang th, o bong,
s gia tang tang th, o sac net va s truyen mc. Tat ca nhng
yeu to nay co the b anh hng khi o day lp mc thay oi.
o day lp mc tot nhat se giup tranh c nhng van e nh
boc mc hoac lot giay va giup cho qua trnh in on nh. Ngha
la se co mot s sap xep sao cho o day lp mc khong qua day
hoac qua mong e tao ra cac ieu kien in co kha nang phuc
che cao nhat.
6.4.6 S truyen mc
S truyen mc hay trapping ngha la chuyen mot lp mc len
mot lp mc a c in trc o. T le truyen mc la t le gia
kha nang mc phu len c tren mot lp mc in trc o so
vi o phu len giay cha in, v du s truyen mc 80% ngha la
o day lp mc cua mc in th hai tren lp mc in au la 80%
so vi o day lp mc th hai tren mot be mat giay cha in.
Cac t nh t chong t va t chong kho noi en viec lp
mc th hai chong len lp mc trc o con t hay a kho.
Trong in mot mau ngi ta in t chong kho trong in 4 mau la
t chong t va in 2 mau la t chong kho lan t chong t.
Trong cac ieu kien in thong thng, viec truyen mc khong
u thng xay ra. Nhng yeu to anh hng en viec truyen
mc bao gom:
otach dnh cua mc (oset): e tao ieu kien de dang
cho viec chuyen mot lp mc nay len mot lp mc khac
c in trc o th o set cua mc ang c in nen thap
hn o set cua cac loai mc a in trc. Neu nh o set cua
lp mc th hai cao hn lp mc th nhat th co the xay ra
hien tng mc b truyen ngc, tc la mot t mc in au
tien co the b mc in lan hai keo ra khoi giay va truyen
ngc ve mang mc cua no. V du khi in mau Magienta
co o set cao len tren mau Vang co o set thap hn th
co nhieu kha nang mau Vang b mau o lot ra va truyen
ngc ve mang mc mau o khien no nga sang mau cam.
oday lp mc: Neu o day cua lp mc in au tien
cao hn nhieu so vi o day lp mc in lan hai th co the
dan en hien tng truyen mc khong u. Gia s nh
mot bo mc co o tach dnh giam dan theo th t in ang
c s dung th o day lp mc cua tat ca cac mau nen
bang nhau. e truyen mc tot nhat, o day lp mc nen
gia tang mot t t n v 1 en n v 4, ong thi o tach
dnh cua cac lp mc in sau nen giam tng ng.
Mc c tch dnh cao = di mc ko ra di
Mc c tch dnh thp = di mc ko ra ngn
Hnh 6.14:
Thotach dnh
mc bang tay
Nhiet omc: S gia tang nhiet o lam giam o tach
dnh cua mot loai mc do o tac ong en kha nang
truyen mc cua no. Tat ca cac loai mc nen c gi
cung mot nhiet o.
Thi gian gia cac lan in: Thi gian ngng gia lan in
au va lan th hai cang dai bao nhieu, th cang co nhieu
thi gian cho lp mc au tien kho bay nhieu. o tach
dnh cua lp mc in se bat au tang khi no bat au kho.
S gia tang o tach dnh tao ieu kien cho s truyen mc
cua cac mau sau. Say kho hoac say mot phan lp mc
au tien gia cac lan in cung giup cai thien viec truyen
mc. Neu thi gian gia nhng lan in troi qua qua lau (v
du nh khi mot an pham 4 mau ang c in tren mot
may in mot mau) th nhng van e ve truyen mc kho se
xay ra. Khi o nhieu chat phu gia trong loai mc au tien
(v du nh cac chat sap) co the chuyen len be mat in va
ong vai tro nh mot rao can oi vi loai mc th hai.
Can bang mc - nc: Trong in offset, lg nc lam
am co the anh hng en o tach dnh mc va sau o la
s truyen mc. Neu co qua nhieu nc th o tach dnh
cua mc se giam. Neu nc cho vao khong u th o tach
dnh cua mc se tang (trong cac loai mc in, lng nc
chiem khoang 40%). Viec duy tr s can bang mc - nc
chnh xac cho tat ca cac mau la rat quan trong giup tranh
c hien tng bong tuyet va can d trong dung dch
mang nc.
ohap thu cua giay: Be mat in cang tham hut bao nhieu
th s tham nhap cua chat dan mc vao be mat in cang
nhanh bay nhieu. Viec nay a gay nen mot s gia tang ve
o tach dnh cua lp mc tao ieu kien cho viec truyen
mc cua cac loai mc ke tiep.
ophumc tren khuon in: Khi tat ca cac yeu to khac
khong oi th mc tren khuon in vi o phu mc thap
thng co khuynh hng b tang o tach dnh. Hien tng
nay c giai thch nh sau: khi in vi khuon in can t
mc th mc tren cac lo mc se chuyen xuong khuon
cham hn khi in vi cac khuon oi hoi o phu mc ln.
Mc cang nam lau tren cac lo mc th s boc hi hay
polymer hoa chat dan cang nhieu nen khi mc xuong en
ban th o tach dnh cao hn. e tranh van e nay khi in
tren cac khuon in can o phu mc thap ta nen dung cac
loai mc co o tach dnh thap. Ngc lai, cac khuon in
co cac vung hnh anh oi hoi o phu mc ln th phai co
lc tach dnh mc t giay cao hn cac khuon in yeu cau
o phu mc thap.
o s truyen mc. Phng phap o s truyen mc tien
li nhat la o mat o cua lp mc in au tien, mat o
cua lp mc th hai va mat o tai ni 2 mau in chong len
nhau bang knh loc danh cho mau cua lp mc in sau. V
du, neu magenta la lp mc xuong lan hai th cac ch so
c lay qua knh loc Xanh luc. May o mat o c can
chnh ve zero tren be mat t in trc khi o. T le truyen
mc c tnh theo phng trnh Preucil:
Trong oD
1
lamat ocua lp mc au tien, D
2
lamat o
cua lp mc thhai vaD
op
lamat otai ni 2 mau chong
len nhau.
Phng phap anh gia s truyen mc bang mat o ke khong
a ra cac so o chnh xac ve o day lp mc. ieu nay xay ra
do anh hng cua cac yeu to sau: o bong va phan xa cua be
mat, phan xa noi tai a phng, o uc cua lp mc th hai,
s hoi chuyen cua cac lp mc va o cam nhan pho cua may
o mat o. ac biet la viec s dung cac knh loc bang tan hep
so vi cac knh loc bang tan rong trong cac may o mat o se
anh hng en cac tnh toan ve s truyen mc. Mot s truyen
mc 100% thng dao ong gia 95% va 105% hoac trong vai
trng hp con nam ngoai nhng gii han nay.
Do anh hng cua o day lp mc nen viec truyen mc toi u
co the phu thuoc vao mot an pham nhat nh. Trong thc te,
at c s truyen mc 100% la bnh thng nhng cac gia tr
T l truyn mc thc t = 100%
D
op
- D
1
D
2
co the chap nhan c ve mat thng mai nam trong khoang
t 75 en 90% ngay cang quen thuoc khi in t chong t. Hn
na, tnh on nh cua s truyen mc quan trong hn viec at
c mot gia tr tuyet oi nao o.
Luc giac mau GATF la mot bieu o tot e tm hieu ve nhng
thay oi s truyen mc. Mat o cua cac lp mc in chong len
nhau c ve tren bieu o. S khac biet gia t in th va that
thng c so sanh tren loai bieu o nay.
e at c s truyen mc tot ngi ta thng khuyen cao nen
dung cac loai mc co o set giam dan. Ngha la loai mc in au
co the co o set cao nhat ma khong b boc giay, cac loai mc
sau o co mot o set thap hn khoang hai iem. V du loai mc
xuong au tien co o set la 18 va cac loai mc sau co gia tr
lan lt la 16, 14 va 12.
6.4.7 S gia tang tang thvacac yeu tocolien quan
e truyen mc sang be mat in can phai dung mot ap lc v
mc la mot chat long nen ap lc nay khong ch nen mc vao
be mat in ma con la lam cho no lan ra cac pha. Do can ap lc
e truyen mc nen mc cung b phan tan gay nen s gia tang
tang th.
Hnh 6.15:
Trang thai cua
iem tram qua
cac cong oan
6.4.8 S thay oi kch thc iem tram dan en s gia
tang tang th
S gia tang tang th: La mot phan cua s bien dang cac
hat tram. Cac dang khac la keo dch va up net. Keo dch
la s bien dang co nh hng cua iem tram, mot iem
tram tron tren ban kem co dang gan giong nh hnh bau
duc khi truyen len giay. up net la hien tng khi in hat
tram se co mot bong cua no nam lech mot ben va nhat
hn no.
Mac du co the loai bo keo dch va up net nhng mc
o nao o nhng s gia tang tang th luon xuat hien.
Bang liet ke di ay cho thay cac yeu to khac nhau anh
hng en s bien dang iem tram:
oday lp mc: lp mc cang day khi s gia tang tang
th cang nhieu.
Ap lc in: Ap lc in cang ln th s gia tang tang th cang
nhieu, ap lc co the ieu chnh bang nhieu cach nh lot
lai kem va tam cao su.
Tam cao su: Loai cao su chu nen lam bien dang iem
tram t hn nhng tam cao su thng va tao ra s gia tang
tang th t hn.
Hnh 6.16:
Sbien dang
iem tram:
up net
S can bang mc - nc: Trong in offset, cap nc nhieu
qua lam cho mc tr nen nhiem nc. Hien tng nay
cung lam cho gia tang tang th nhieu hn.
ocang cua ban kem vacao su: Neu o cang khong u
th up net co the xay ra.
Toc oin: Toc o in tang co khuynh hng lam giam s
gia tang tang th neu may in ang trong ieu kien tot
va co the ieu chnh c.
Cac yeu tovegiay: Cac loai giay cang mn, trang phan
cang nhieu cho thay gia tang tang th cang t.
Cac yeu tovemc: Cac loai mc co o tach dnh cang
cao va nong o sac to cang cao th gia tang tang th
cang t.
Cac yeu to thch hp vi cac quy trnh c liet ke di ay:
I n ong ong: S bien dang iem tram trong in ong ong
giong nh s lan trai iem tram. S lan trai chu yeu la do
hoat ong mao dan cua giay. Dung lng cua o cha mc
cang ln, o deo cua mc cang thap th s lan trai iem
tram cang de xay ra.
I n flexo: S gia tang tang th trong in flexo gom cac yeu
to cua in ong ong va in offset. Ngoai ra li iem tren
truc anilox cang tho th s gia tang tang th cang nhieu.
Tng t, goc tiep xuc li dao gat thap hn se lam gia
tang tang th cao hn. Nhng yeu to khac lam tang tang
th bao gom cac li gat mc day hn va cac truc lan
truyen mc bang cao su mem hn.
I n lua: Nhng yeu to gia tang tang th trong in lua la cac
yeu to ch co lien quan en quy trnh nay ma thoi. Li
lua day hn va ap lc dao gat cao su co khuynh hng
lam tang tang th. Cac dao gat bang cao su mem hn,
goc gat mc va toc o in thap hn, o deo cua mc thap
hn se lam tang tang th. Neu au cua dao gat cao su lam
tron thay v sac va neu o cang cua li lua hay o phan
giai tram thap th de lam tang tang th.
Nhng mau kiem tra cua GATF a phat trien e kiem tra
bang mat s bien dang iem tram c trnh bay trong minh
hoa. Mot van e vi cac o nay la chung khong xac nh c
nguyen nhan gay nen o bien dang ma chung ch cho thay
s bien dang. Cac o kiem tra hnh sao cua GATF cho thay ro
rang nguyen nhan gay nen s bien dang iem tram, o co the
la gia tang tang th, keo dch hoac up net. O kiem tra hnh
sao khuech ai s gia tang tang th en mot mc o nao o e
ngi th van hanh co the thay khi quan sat tam cua o kiem
tra. Mat o cua o nay cung co the o c. Minh hoa cho thay
nhng vi anh cua cac vung thang kiem tra hnh sao va tong
tram t hai t in. Bang di trnh bay cac so o mat o cua tong
tram va cac vung tong nguyen.
A. Okiem tra hnh sao
B. Thang kiem tra s gia tang tang th
C. Thang kiem tra s gia tang tang th
Viec sdung okiem tra hnh sao cho thay
A. Bnh thng B. Tang tang th
C. Keo dch D. up net

Hnh 6.17:
Nhng thang
kiem tra c
Gatf phat trien e
theo doi vekch
thc iem tram

Hnh 6.18:
Nhng thang
kiem tra c
Gatf phat trien e
theo doi vekch
thc iem tram
Chu y rang o bien thien 8% trong mat o tong nguyen lam
bien thien 26% trong mat o tong tram va 60% trong mat o tai
tam iem cua o kiem tra hnh sao. o nhay vi s gia tang tang
th cao cua thang kiem tra nay cho phep nhan vien van hanh
may in tm ra nhng thay oi trc khi chung phat sinh thanh
nhng van e nghiem trong.
Cac vi anh cua tong tram va o kiem tra hnh sao tren hai t in
mau. Tam cua o kiem tra hnh sao ong vai tro nh mot iem
ch th cc nhay oi vi nhng thay oi trong nhng ieu kien
anh hng en s gia tang tang th.
Theo doi s gia tang tang th bang cac so o mat o
Mot phng phap na e xac nh o bien dang iem tram la
thong qua viec s dung cac so o mat o. Tieu bieu la mat o
o t cac gia tr tong nguyen va tong tram cua mot ban in, dien
tch iem tra c tnh bang bang cach dung phng trnh Mur-
ray -Davies hoac phng trnh Yule - Nielsen la he qua cua
phng trnh nay. Mot so may o mat o c lap trnh san cac
phng trnh nay e de tnh dien tch iem tram.
Mot van e ve bien dang iem tram na la o gai (graininess),
no xuat hien khi s gia tang tang th kha cao. Cac dai tram
khong eu co lien quan nhieu en o bien dang cua chi tiet anh
ch khong phai gia tr tong.
Hnh 6.19:
Cac vi anh cua
tong tram vao
kiem tra hnh sao
tren hai t
in mau.
Mau
Tong
nguyen
Tong
tram
Mat otai o
kiem tra hnh sao
Dien tch
hat tram
No.1 1.36 0.38 0.64 54%
No.2 1.26 0.30 0.40 48%
Noi chung, giam thieu o bien dang iem tram la can thiet,
nhng mot so phng phap c s dung e giam o bien dang
iem tram co the gay ra nhng he qua khong mong muon. V
du, neu giam o day lp mc th se giam luon o bien dang
iem tram va he qua khong ang co la mat o mau toi a cung
b giam. Neu bo sung vao mc cac sac to e co the at c
mat o cao vi mot lp mc mong th cac thuoc tnh truyen
mc co the b anh hng en mc lam cho mc khong the s
dung c. Mot giai phap cho in offset la s dung mot tam cao
su chu nen thay v tam cao su thng. Tuy nhien s thay the
nay co the khong thoa man khi in cac khoi mau ln chang han
nh khi cac nhan hang.
Ap lc in, mc o nap mc va nhng yeu to khac nen c
ieu chnh e giam thieu hay loai tr o gai, keo dch va up
net. Nen xem s gia tang tang th nh mot loi can sa cha,
nhng ung hn la mot ac tnh cua mc, chat lieu in, ban kem,
tam phu va may in ang c s dung. Khi s gia tang tang th
tr nen on nh ta xac nh ac tnh cua no va bu tr trong qua
trnh che ban. Ngha la neu mot may in tao mot iem tram 50%
tren phim thanh mot iem tram 60% tren t in th cac phim sau
co the c ieu chnh e chung co gia tr iem tram thap hn
10% tai iem o. Thang kiem tra tang th Wedge cua GATF
c che tao e giup mo ta o lech tong tren may in.
Hnh 6.20:
Minh hoacac vi
anh, ttrai sang
phai ogia tang
dan
S gia tang tang th thng c dien ta nh mot so lng can
phai cong vao. Ngha la neu mot gia tr iem tram tren phim
la 50% th se c in nh mot iem tram 55%, mac du iem
tram o a thu them c 5% nhng ve mat toan hoc ma noi th
iem tram nay hien gi a ln hn 10%. Gia tang tang th cung
la mot ham so cua cac gia tr phim goc. Ngha la mot iem
tram 0% va mot iem tram 100% khong the tang them c.
Mot cham 99% co the thu them vao 1%, nhng mot gia tr tong
mau khoang gia (lan can 50%) co tiem nang tang len ang
ke. Mat khong tuyen tnh cua s gia tang tang th c trnh
bay trong o th. Vung tang cao nhat la gia tr tong mau co dien
tch iem tram ln nhat. Trong nhieu trng hp th gia tr iem
tram 50% se tang len nhieu nhat, nhng no co the cao hoac
thap hn tuy vao hnh dang cua iem tram.
Sharpening Correct size Dotgain
Nhieu cuoc khao sat trong nganh in cho thay s gia tang tang
th tong the (ket hp ca vat ly va quang hoc) bnh quan khoang
20% tai gia tr phim 50%. Gia tang tang th t phim sang ban in
khac nhau tuy thuoc vao viec s dung ban kem am hay dng.
Mot ban kem dng mat khoang 4% tai gia tr 50% trong khi
o mot ban kem am tang them 2%. Khi iem tram tren ban
kem hay t in co gia tr thap hn gia tr iem tram tren phim th
iem tram o tr nen sac net hn.
6.4.7 Kythuat UCR
Ky thuat UCR Under Color Removal la ky thuat thay the cac
mau xam c tao bi ba mau C, M va Vang bang lng mau
en tng ng phan toi cua hnh anh va bien the cua no
GCR Gray Component Replacement ky thuat thay the cac
mau xam tao bi 3 mau C, M va Vang c s dung rieng le e
bu tr cho mot so van e ve truyen mc va gia tang tang th.
Ky thuat UCR c phat trien da tren thc te la mot so may
in gap kho khan trong viec in cac lp mc 4 mau chong len
nhau trong khi lp mc trc o van con t. UCR lam giam
gia tr cac iem tram mau Vang, magenta va cyan bat ky ni
nao ma s phoi tron cua ba mau nay tao nen mau xam va thay
vao o la mot ty le mau en tng ng. Neu in 4 mau vi cac
gia tr C=100%, M= 100%, Vang = 100% va en 100% th ta se
co o phu mc 400%, neu cac gia tr cua 4 mau ong nhat c
giam xuong 60% Vang, 60% magenta, 70% cyan va 70% en,
o phu mc se la 260% so vi 400% trc o. Nhng ban tach
mau nay c mo ta la co 260% UCR.

Hnh 6.21:
Mot v duvecac
ac tnh gia tang
tang thtieu
bieu qua thang
tang th
Nhng ngi e xng UCR cho rang khi dung UCR th s
truyen mc chu yeu la mot ham so cua o day lp mc. Trong
v du 260% UCR oan cuoi cua ng cong tang th (phan
toi cua hnh anh) ro rang la phai co nhng vung cc nho trong
cac iem tram chong lap cha cac mau cua tat ca 4 mau. oi
vi cac iem tram nam canh va khong chong lap len nhau, th
cac gia tr cua moi iem tram se t hn 50%. Do o, o phu
400% chac chan xay ra oi vi hau het cac gia tr cua UCR.
e giai thch ay u ve nguyen ly hoat ong cua UCR th can
phai xem xet en s gia tang tang th. Hau het ng dung cua
UCR eu co lien quan en viec in bao, quy trnh nay s dung
cac loai mc co the in toc o cao tren mot loai giay co nh
lng thap. e phong lot giay can phai tranh cac lp mc mong
nhng cac lp mc day hn lai lam cho s gia tang tang th cao
hn. oi vi nhng gia tr iem tram 100% mc khong tham
c vao giay se tu lai mot lp tng oi day tren giay gay kho
khan khi truyen lp mc in ke tiep len lp mc au tien. oi
vi cac gia tr iem tram 60% th mc lan ra cac canh (gia tang
Gi tr UCR cao
Gi tr UCR thp
CMYK
370%
250%
320%
225%
157%
278%
CMY
Phi trn to tng xm
Hnh 6.22:
Hnh anh c
tach mau vi
cac ophumc
khac nhau
ophumc tai
cac vung toi khi in
4 mau CMYK
ophumc tai
cac vung toi khi in
3 mau CMY
tang th) theo lc ep in, sau o mot t mc tham vao giay va
phan con lai lan ra giay cho en mot mc o tng tng vi s
gia tang tang th cua he thong. Ket qua la o day cua lp mc
c in thap hn trng hp khong co UCR va s truyen mc
cua lp mc th hai len lp mc th nhat de dang hn.
Nhc iem chnh cua UCR la khi UCR tang th mat o toi a
(Dmax) cua t in giam. Dmax giam co ngha la o tng phan
giam va chat lng giam. Do o nen tranh dung UCR. Khi san
co cac nguyen lieu chat lng tot, may in a c lap trnh e
giam thieu s gia tang tang th va s truyen mc at c toi
a th mi can UCR. Khi in tap ch vi toc o cao va cac loai
an pham tng t th cung nen s dung UCR vi cac gia tr t
240% en 300%.
Mot bien the cua UCR la GCR, ky thuat nay ch mi c pho
bien gan ay. Hau het cac phan mem che ban hien ai ngay
nay eu co kha nang tao GCR. u iem chnh cua GCR la no
khong lam bien oi mau nghiem trong tren may in. V du: khi
khong s dung GCR, neu lng mau Cyan co trong mau nau
b bien oi khi in th mau phuc che c se dan chuyen thanh
o hoac mau en, neu s dung GCR va thay the cyan bang
mau en th nhng bien oi cua iem tram mau en se ch lam
cho mau nau tr nen sang hn hoac xam hn nhng tong mau
khong thay oi. Tuy nhien nghien cu gan ay cho thay rang
trong mot vai trng hp s dung GCR, cac mau rieng biet
trong hnh anh co the b bien oi nhieu hn so vi khi in bnh
thng. Thuan li khac cua GCR la giup han che s dung cac
loai mc in mau at tien.
Van e chnh vi GCR cung nh UCR la mat o cua cac mau
xam hn b giam xuong. oi vi nhieu an pham th ay khong
phai la mot van e ln nhng vi nhng an pham khac khong
sao ca. o phu 300% khong nhe hn ang ke so vi o phu
400% do o trong nhng trng hp yeu cau cac mau en manh
va day ac th lng GCR hay UCR nen s dung han che. Neu
s dung GCR qua mc th o bong cua ban phuc che se b giam.
Cac mc o GCR pho bien nhat nam trong khoang 40% va 60%.
6.4.8 S chong mau anh hng en chat lng phuc
chemau
S chong mau anh hng en chat lng phuc che mau. Nhng
thay oi ve chong mau co the lam giam o phan giai va o sac
net. No cung co the tao nen cac van moire.
Hnh 6.23:
Cac ban in 3
mau, en va4
mau oi vi cac
ban tach mau
bnh thng,UCR
vaGCR
o lech mau phu thuoc phan ln vao viec o phan giai tram
va o sac net cua hnh anh. Nhng bc anh chup khong sac net
hoac co o phan giai tram thap t b anh hng bi s chong
mau hn nhng bc anh chup sac net hoac co o phan giai cao.
Hnh 6.25:
Smat ophan
giai trong lech
mau so vi
in chong mau
chnh xac
Hnh 6.24:
In chong mau
khong chnh xac
selam giam o
phan giai
Nghien cu cho thay o bien thien chong mau cua cac iem
tram len en kch thc cua no ( 0,002 inch cho o phan
giai tram 150 LPI). Bon chong mau la cong cu giup tm ra s
chong lech mau rat nho. Chong mau khong chnh xac co the
lam bien oi mau. Neu in hai iem tram nam canh nhau th
mau tao ra se do s ket hp mau cong cua hai mau mc dung
e in hai iem tram nay, neu chong mau b lech lam cho hai
iem tram in chong len nhau th mau thu c se la s ket hp
cua nhng bc xa giay trang va cac bc xa t iem tram in
chong. Mc o bien oi mau tuy thuoc vao o phan giai tram,
gia tr tang th tram tng mau, o bien thien chong mau thc
te va cac lp mc ang c s dung. S bien oi mau nay la
mot trong nhng ly do chnh cho thay v sao ngi ta khong in
cac mau vi cung 1 goc. Viec in cac mau cung 1 goc cho o
phan giai cao hn nhieu so vi in 4 mau 4 goc xoay tram khac
nhau, nhng ieu nay ch thc hien c khi nao duy tr c s
chnh xac chong mau tuyet oi, ay la mot kha nang ma khong
mot nha may in nao thc hien c.

Hnh 6.26:
Cac bon chong
mau c phong
to 30 lan
6.4.9 Hien tng thieu mc do cap khong uvanhng
van ekhac
Hien tng thieu mc do khong cap u mc thng xay ra trong
in offset, hien tng nay xay ra neu mc khong c phan phoi
ong nhat tren t in khi in nhng vung phu mau rong. Hien
tng nay gay bi he thong mc cua may in offset khong the
cung cap mc cung mot t le nh no a tieu hao, chu yeu la do
cac lo mc khi lan het mot vong e truyen mc khong c cap
them mc kp thi e truyen xuong t in. Khi o phu mc thap
th hien tng nay khong gay ra van e ln nhng neu o phu
mc ln th no se gay ra cac soc theo chu ky bang chu vi cua lo
cha mc. Khi in mot an pham co dang khung ca so, cac thanh
vuong goc vi hng di chuyen se co mat o cao hn nhng
thanh song song vi hng di chuyen.
Ngoai nhng van e do cac dang khung ca so gay nen, bien
oi c hoc con co the gop phan lam cho mau sac bien oi trong
mot t in phai dung mc nhieu nh khi in nhan. Trong mot
vai trng hp, vung in c cha mc au tien la vung am
nhat va cac vung tiep theo hi nhat hn mot chut. Trong nhng
trng hp khac, mau in the lt hn va sau o th am hn. Anh
hng nh the nao con tuy thuoc vao thiet ke cua he thong
mc. S bien oi ve mat o t vung c cha mc trc va sau
co the la 0,15.
Nhng van e ve thieu mc do khong cap u co the giam thieu
c bang cach tranh cac thiet ke dang khung ca so, trnh bay
maquette sao cho cac vung phu mc nhieu khong in cung luc,
them mot lo truyen mc tren lo cha mc cuoi cung, dung mot
lng nc t nhat tren may in offset.
He thong mc cung co the gay nen s bien oi mat o tren suot
t in. Van e nay co the xay ra neu nh bo phan cap mc co
mot li dao mc c boc bang mot mieng thep deo. Nhng
ieu chnh mc quan trong tai mot iem oi khi gay nen s sai
lac khong ang co tai mot iem khac doc theo li dao nay.
Cac li dao mc phan khuc c ieu khien mot cach oc lap
co the loai bo c van e nay.
Viec cap mc gian oan t bo phan cap mc sang cac chuoi
lo truyen mc va tan mc co the gay ra s lech mau. Vet mc
c chuyen thng xuyen theo chu ky c xac nh bi viec
xac lap thong so cho lo chuyen mc.
S cap mc khong lien tuc se gop phan lam bien oi mat o
gia cac t in. Co the giam thieu van e nay bang cach a
li dao mc sat vao lo lay mc va a cac lo chuyen mc lai
gan vi cac lo truyen va tan mc.
TOM TAT
In mau la mot khau quan trong nhat cua qua trnh phuc che
mau bang phng phap in. ay la giai oan ma san pham cu
the c tao ra cho khach hang. Viec chuan b trc khi in het
sc quan trong gop phan lam tang chat lng cua t in va giam
thieu cac van e phat sinh trong qua trnh in, ay la ly do tai

Hnh 6.27:
Hien tng thieu
mc do khong
cap ugay ra bi
schon la thiet
kedang cac o
ca sotrong in
offset hoac
in typo
sao ta can phai thiet lap cac ieu kien in ly tng trc roi ieu
chnh cac thong so cua qua trnh che ban e lam cho khp vi
cac ac tnh cua qua trnh in.
ieu kien in ly tng ch co the at c khi may in chay
mc on nh nhat. Ngi th van hanh may in khong nen ieu
chnh cac thong so thng xuyen va qua mc trong ieu kien
san xuat bnh thng.
Khi o ong nhat cua t in la mot muc tieu c ban th nen
chuan b may in tot e giam thieu hien tng gia tang tang th,
nen toi a hoa s truyen mc, co gang at c s chong mau
hoan hao va in mau en trung tnh mat o cao. Khi s dung
cac loai mc co o tach dnh giam dan can phai ieu chnh ap
lc in. May in phai c chuan b e luon trong tnh trang ky
thuat tot va chon th t in chong mau ma trong o mau en
c in sau mau Vang. Neu thc hien ung nhng yeu cau tren
th may in se co the at c muc tieu nay.
Khi a xac lap c cac ieu kien e at c t in ly tng th
nhiem vu tiep theo se phai la thc hien lap lai mot cach chnh
xac cac ieu kien nay nham am bao cho cac t in co chat
lng on nh. Cac phng tien tr giup nh may o mat o
hoac may o mau ngay tren may in co the giup giam sat hieu
qua qua trnh san xuat. Cac ieu kien quan sat chuan va viec
kiem tra nhan vien in phai c xem xet theo ke hoach e am
bao tnh ong nhat trong qua trnh in.
7.1 Cac khai niem c ban
7.1.1 Quan ly mau
7.1.2 Tai sao phai quan ly mau
7.1.3 Quy trnh quan ly mau
7.1.4 ac tnh thiet b
7.1.5 Chu trnh kiem soat mau kn va m
7.2 He thong quan ly mau
7.2.1 Ho s mau cua thiet b
7.2.2 Ho s nguon va ho s ch
7.2.3 Cac thanh phan cua he thong quan ly mau CMS
7.3 Cac bc tien hanh quan ly mau
7.3.1 Tao ho s mau cho thiet b
7.3.2 Chuyen oi mau vi cac ho s mau
7.4 Quan ly mau trong Adobe Photoshop va cac chng trnh ng dung
7.4.1 Cac thanh phan trong he thong quan ly mau
7.4.2 Quan ly mau bang ho s mau (Profiles)
7.4.3 Khong gian mau lam viec trong cac chng trnh ng dung
7.4.4 Xac lap che o quan ly mau trong cac chng trnh ng dung
7.4.5 Gan ho s mau va chuyen oi ho s mau
7.4.6 Cac khong gian mau dung cho in th
7.4.7 Chuyen oi mau khi in
7 QUAN LYMAU
7.1. Cac khai niem c ban
7.1.1 Quan lymau?
San xuat in bao gom cac qua trnh phuc che tren nhieu thiet
b khac nhau va bang nhieu loai vat lieu khac nhau. Mot qua
trnh san xuat in thong thng se gom nhng cong oan phuc
che sau:
Hnh anh c chup bang may chup ky thuat so hoac
quet lai bang mot may quet.
Hnh anh c a vao mot chng trnh may tnh e x
ly va ket qua c hien th tren man hnh may tnh
Hnh anh c in th e khach hang duyet trc khi in
san lng
In san lng
Trong cac qua trnh nay ta co the thay mau cua hnh anh phu
thuoc rat nhieu vao loai thiet b dung e phuc che nh loai may
chup hoac may quet, loai man hnh, loai may in th, loai may
in san lng... nhng ac iem cua thiet b se lam cho qua trnh
phuc che tr nen phc tap.
Ngoai ra, cac loai vat t s dung trong qua trnh in nh mc in
va giay in cung ong vai tro het sc quan trong en chat lng
phuc che anh. oi khi, ch can thay oi loai mc in hoac loai
giay in th mau cua hnh anh se khac biet rat nhieu.
Mot iem ma tat ca cac nha thiet ke cung nh cac ky thuat vien
che ban eu thay la neu khong co bien phap quan ly mau th
mau hien th tren man hnh khac nhieu so vi t in th va mau
tren t in th cung se khac nhieu so vi t in san lng. ay la
cac yeu to khien cho nha in, nha thiet ke lan khach hang khong
the d bao c mau se c in ra nh the nao cho en khi no
c in thc te. Trong qua kh, nhng han che nh the se gay
ra nhng hieu lam va ngo nhan gia khach hang va nha in.
Mot he thong quan ly mau (CMS) la phan mem quan ly va duy
tr s xuat hien cua mau khi phuc che tren cac thiet b khac
nhau. Chung ta nhan manh en s xuat hien v co the co rat
nhieu mau khong the in ra c cung nh khong the hien th
c tren man hnh.
Quan ly mau chu yeu thc hien 2 chc nang:
Cho phep gan mot mau cu the vi mot gia tr RGB hoac
CMYK
Duy tr s on nh cua mau khi phuc che tren cac thiet b.
Du cho mot he thong quan ly mau co phc tap en au i na
th chung cung ch thi hanh mot trong 2 hoac ca hai chc nang
tren ma thoi.
Nh vay, quan ly mau la giai phap kiem soat va ieu chnh cac
thiet b khac nhau trong cung mot he thong phuc che theo cac
ieu kien in thc te e mau khi in ra se giong vi t in th hoac
ky vong cua khach hang.
7.1.2 Tai sao phai quan lymau:
Chung ta van co the phuc che mau tot ma khong can he thong
quan ly mau. Tai sao lai phai can quan ly mau?
Trong thc te, e phuc che mau tot ma khong dung en he
thong quan ly mau, can phai da vao s chnh sa cua ngi
ky thuat vien co kinh nghiem va can phai ton nhieu thi gian
cho viec nay. Trong mot moi trng san xuat va kinh doanh
hien ai, cac doanh nghiep thng khong co thi gian va cung
Quan lymau 291
khong co nhieu ky thuat vien kinh nghiem nh the, do vay ho
thng da vao mot he thong quan ly mau nham phuc che mau
on nh va chnh xac da tren mot nguyen tac can ban la khong
oi hoi nhieu thi gian, cong sc va kinh nghiem.
Quan ly mau cho phep ngi s dung: kiem soat mau va ieu
chnh mau khi phuc che hnh anh tren nhieu thiet b phuc che
khac nhau.
Lu :

In trn giy couche matt nh lng
150 g/m
2
, 4/4 mu, in th theo
tiu chun in standard coated.
HP NG IN
Hp ng in vi cc hnh nh,
file nh, cc yu cu v nguyn
vt liu
S ha hnh nh
bng my chp KTS
hay my qut
Chnh sa hnh nh
trn mn hnh
In th KTS
trn my in phun mu
Ghi phim/ ghi km
In sn lng
Bn in th
Bn In th
Hnh 7.1
Cac cong oan
phuc chetrong
san xuat in
7.1.3 Qui trnh quan lymau
Mot quy trnh quan ly mau gom ba giai oan c ban:
Can chnh thiet b (calibration): a thiet b ve ieu kien
hoat ong chnh xac nhat. Viec can chnh nham am bao
s chnh xac va on nh trong qua trnh phuc che.
Mo ta ac tnh cua thiet b (characterization): xac nh
khoang khong gian mau ma thiet b co the phuc che.
Chuyen oi khong gian mau: bao toan mau hoac nh
hng chuyen oi mau gia cac thiet b.
7.1.4 ac tnh cua thiet b
Moi loai thiet b eu co mot kha nang phuc che mau khac nhau
(goi la khoang phuc che mau) nen se phuc che mau khac nhau.
Hnh anh chup t may chup ky thuat so cua Canon se khac vi
may chup cua Nikon, may quet cua HP va Epson se cho ra
anh quet khac mau nhau, may in mau cua Epson va HP se cho
ban in mau khac nhau, cac loai man hnh khac nhau cung the...
Tat ca cac thiet b ghi anh ky thuat so eu co nhng thuoc tnh
rieng cua no va neu tnh a dang cua thiet b khong c kiem
soat, chung ta se nhan c nhng ket qua khong on nh. Cac
he thong kiem soat mau phai x ly nhng ac tnh cua tng
thiet b bao gom tnh a dang cua thiet b va khoang phuc che
mau khac nhau cua chung.
7.1.4.1 ac tnh cua may quet:
Hnh anh quet thng la hnh anh RGB. Trong o moi iem
anh (pixel) the hien 3 gia tr Red, Green, Blue. Neu dung cac
may quet khac nhau e quet cung mot bai mau th se nhan
c nhng ket qua khac nhau.
Cung mot mau mau o c quet tren 3 may HP, Epson, Kodak.
Ket qua cac gia tr mau tren man hnh la:
Quan lymau 293
May quet HP : R=177 G=15 B=38
May quet Epson : R=170 G=22 B=24
May quet Kodak : R=168 G=27 B=20
Tat ca cac ket qua eu la mau o, nhng chung hi khac nhau.
Khi chuyen tn hieu mau o nay en man hnh, man hnh se thu
nhan cac gia tr iem anh khac nhau nen se hien th khac nhau.
7.1.4.2 ac tnh cua may in:
Nhng bien oi ve mau khi in tren cac thiet b in khac nhau cung
xay ra thng xuyen. Neu in mot hnh vuong mau o canh sen
bang 3 may in, moi may se nhan thong tin ve hnh vuong nay
giong nhau nhng lai co cach x l khac nhau. Khi in, chng
trnh o hoa se thong bao cho may in biet lng mc C,M,Y,K
can s dung e in hnh vuong nay, nhng v moi loai may in co
Va y que t HP
Va y que t Epson
Va y que t Kodak
RCB
177, 15, 88
RCB
17O, 22, 24
RCB
1G8, 27, 2O
Hnh 7.2
Tren cac thiet b
quet khac nhau,
mot mau ose
chuyen thanh
nhng giatriem
anh khac nhau do
ac tnh cua
may quet.
cong nghe in khac nhau, loai mc in khac nhau va s dung loai
giay in khac nhau do o neu gi cung mot thong tin en cac
may in th hnh anh in ra cung se khac nhau. V du mot hnh
vuong c tao bi cac gia tr CMYK: 8,67,0,0 c in tren 3
may in HP, Epson, Xerox se cho nhng ket qua khac nhau.
Do o:
giai oan quet hay chup anh, cung mot mau se chuyen
oi thanh cac thanh nhng gia tr pixel khac nhau do
nhng ac tnh cua may quet hay may anh.
giai oan in ra, cung mot gia tr pixel bien oi thanh
nhng mau in khac nhau.
Ngoai ra con co s khac biet gia cac loai man hnh. V the,
viec quan sat va chnh sa mau tren cac man hnh cung b anh
hng rat nhieu bi cac ac tnh cua chung.
Hnh 7.3
Tren cac thiet b
quet khac nhau,
mot mau ose
chuyen thanh
nhng giatriem
anh khac nhau do
ac tnh cua
may quet.
Quan lymau 295
e phuc che mau chnh xac can hieu ro thiet b ang s dung
e quet (hay chup), in hay hien th hnh anh. Trong v du may
quet, ta thay rang may quet Kodak tng oi yeu kenh mau
o (no ch co gia tr R:168). Trong khi may quet HP co gia tr
R: 177. Neu ieu nay xay ra do ac tnh cua tng may quet, ta
hoan toan co the khac phuc c. Trong qua trnh phuc che in,
mau c kiem soat khi hieu ro cac ac tnh cua tng thiet b.
7.1.5 Chu trnh kiem soat mau kn vam
Co 2 phng phap giup hieu c cac ac tnh cua thiet b:
Phng phap kiem soat mau theo chu trnh kn
Phng phap kiem soat mau theo chu trnh m
7.1.5.1 Phng phap kiem soat mau theo chu trnh kn
Trong thap nien 70, 80 cua the ky 20, cac nha in ln thng
s dung cac he thong phuc che mau cao cap cua cac hang
noi tieng nh Crosfield Electronics, Hell, va Dainippon Screen.
Cac nha san xuat se cung cap mot bo thiet b bao gom man
hnh, may quet, phan mem, may in, Nhng thiet b nay la mot
he thong khep kn. Trong he thong nay, tat ca cac thiet b c
thiet ke va cai at bi mot nha cung cap.
Trong cac he thong khep kn, viec ao tao tay nghe cho ngi
Ky thuat vien het sc can thiet. Qua nhieu gi lam viec, ngi
th se hieu c ac tnh cua may quet v du nh thiet b o
thng phuc che hnh anh nga sang mau g, hnh in ra co at
c o bao hoa can thiet khong? Co can chnh sa ng cong
tang th hay khong?...
e at c ket qua toi u, ngi th quet phai tien hanh nhieu
bc cong viec tren may quet. Nhng thiet lap tren may quet
se thay oi tuy thuoc vao ac tnh cua hnh anh: co nhieu tong
toi (lowkey), co nhieu tong sang (highkey), hnh anh nga tong
g, loai bai mau....Viec chnh sa mau tren he thong tuy thuoc
vao cam giac va kinh nghiem cua ngi th.
Mot yeu cau khac cua quy trnh khep kn la viec phuc che hnh
anh phai nam trong mot quy trnh xac nh. Tc la phai xac
nh ro loai may quet, loai man hnh hien th, loai may in va
moi quan he cua cac thiet b. Neu hnh anh c in tren mot
loai may in khac, cong viec xac lap cho he thong phai lam lai
t au.
Co mot so van e nay sinh trong qua trnh nay. Hnh anh chnh
sa se c lu tr trong cac bang tham chieu nh dang rieng
va chung khong tng thch vi nhng phan mem khac, do vay
khong the s dung cho file anh cua he thong nay cho mot he
thong khac.
Tom lai, cac thiet b phuc che anh luon co cac ac tnh rieng
cua no. Cach giai quyet s bien oi trong quy trnh khep kn
nay la hoc cac ac tnh cua moi thiet b thong qua cac th
nghiem va nhng lan sai sot. Tuy nhien, s phat trien khong
ngng cua cac thiet b che ban va ghi anh hien ai khien cho
chu trnh nay tr nen khong linh hoat, oc quyen va mang tnh
ca nhan cao. Nhng han che trong chu trnh kn:
Quan lymau 297
Quy trnh khep kn la mot quy trnh c xac lap san,
gom mot bo cac thiet b do mot hang san xuat cung cap.
Mang tnh cuc bo, gii han trong mot quy trnh nho
Kho tng thch vi cac thiet b khac.
Kho nang cap he thong.
Ngi th phai co kinh nghiem va tay nghe cao.
Khi phuc che mau vi nhng ieu kien ma chu trnh kn khong
ap ng c ta phai dung chu trnh m hay con c goi la
quan ly mau.
7.1.5.2. Phng phap kiem soat mau theo chu trnh m
He thong quan ly mau cung cap mot giai phap tinh te trong
viec kiem soat mau. Thay v co gang ket noi thiet b nay sang
thiet b khac, ngi ta s dung mot he thong quan ly mau lam
khong gian ket noi trung tam.
Khai niem ket noi trung tam a c nganh hang khong phat
trien t rat lau. Thay v phai thiet lap cac ng bay trc tiep
t tnh nay sang tnh khac, cac chuyen bay t cac tnh se tap
trung en cac trung tam nh Ha Noi, TPHCM hay a nang va
t o se co cac chuyen bay i khap ni. Neu moi tnh eu ket
noi vi cac tnh khac th oi hoi phai co rat nhieu chuyen bay,
iem thuan li cua he thong trung tam la giam so lng cac
chuyen bay en cac tnh. Ngoai ra con co mot thuan li khac la
de dang them mot mot a iem mi vao lch trnh bay. Neu co
mot chuyen bay t tnh C ket noi vi trung tam, ngay lap tc
tnh C c noi vi tnh A, B va cac tnh khac.
7.2. Hethong quan lymau
7.2.1 Hos mau cua thiet b
Trong Quan ly mau, ngi ta cung s dung mot he thong trung
tam e tnh toan mau gia cac thiet b. Trong lu o lam viec
hien nay, hnh anh c so hoa nhieu nguon khac nhau, c
hien th tren cac man hnh khac nhau va c in tren cac may
in khac nhau. Thay v ket noi tng thiet b vi nhau, he thong
quan ly mau se ket noi tat ca cac thiet b thong qua mot trung
tam goi la khong gian ket noi ho s ve ac tnh phuc che mau
cua thiet b (color profile). Ho s mau cua thiet b tuan thu cac
Hnh 7.4:
Nganh hang
khong sdung
khai niem trung
tam ket noi eket
noi nhieu chuyen
bay. Trong hnh
veta thay co2
trung tam ket noi
chnh laHaNoi
vaTp.HCM
Quan lymau 299
qui nh cua uy ban quoc te ve mau ICC (International Color
Consortium) c goi la ICC profile.
Trong quan ly mau moi thiet b phai co mot ho s mau e ch
ro ac tnh phuc che mau cua no, may in phai co ho s mau
may in, may quet phai co ho s mau cua may quet... v the quy
tac vang trong quan ly mau la Hnh anh + Profile e cho biet
hnh anh c chup hay quet t thiet b nao, x l tren phan
mem nao, in th may in nao va in san lng tren may in nao?
Hnh anh +Profile
7.2.2 Hos nguon vahos ch
Trong v du ve trung tam ket noi cua cac hang hang khong,
iem cuoi hanh trnh cua hanh khach khong phai la trung tam
ma trung tam ch la ni trung chuyen cua nhng chuyen bay en
va i. Tng t, trong lu o quan ly mau, hnh anh t may quet
co the c em vao khong gian ket noi cac ho s mau cua cac
thiet b bang cach khai bao vi trung tam ket noi ve ho s mau
cua may quet tc la noi cho trung tam ket noi hieu rang hnh
Hnh 7.5:
Hethong quan ly
mau sdung mot
hethong trung
tam etnh toan
chuyen oi mau
sac gia cac
thiet b.
anh c quet tren mot thiet b co nhng kha nang phuc che
mau ra sao? co nhng khiem khuyet g? e in hnh anh o, he
thong quan ly mau se chuyen hnh anh t khong gian ket noi ho
s mau en may in thong qua ho s mau cua may in (trc o
khong gian ket noi cung a biet c ac tnh cua may in thong
qua ho s mau cua may in). Do vay, e he thong quan ly trung
tam co the tnh toan va kiem soat viec phuc che mau t thiet b
nay sang thiet b khac th bat buoc phai co ho s nguon va ho s
ch - Tc la can phai biet hnh anh xuat phat t au va c in
ra tren may in nao.
Them mot quy tac trong quan ly mau:
Profile - Khong gian ket noi profile - Profile
Qui tac nay c the hien kha ro trong Photoshop. Trong hop
thoai chuyen oi khong gian mau, can xac nh ro profile nguon
va ch. Viec chuyen oi mau c thc hien thong qua khong
gian ket noi cac Profile.
Viec de dang them mot mot thanh pho mi vao lch trnh bay
cung giong nh de dang them mot thiet b mi vao lu o lam
viec trong quan ly mau. ieu n gian ch la tao mot ho s ket
noi thiet b o vi khong gian mau trung tam. Khi khai bao mot
ho s mo ta ac tnh cua thiet b vi he thong quan l mau th
ngay lap tc thiet b va profile cua no se c ket noi, cac ac
tnh nay cung se c cac thiet b trong he thong hieu c.
Do o co the quan ly anh gia cac thiet b khac trong he thong.
Profile ngun Profile ch
Chuyn i khng gian i mu
D liu ngun D liu ch
PCS
Quan lymau 301
He thong trung tam giup lam viec vi nhieu thiet b nhng van
kiem soat c moi lien he gia cac thiet b, ieu nay khong
the thc hien c trong chu trnh kn.
Ta co the tnh c so ket noi trong mot he thong. Neu lien ket
a nhom thiet b vi b nhom thiet b trong chu trnh kn se can
axb moi quan he (hnh 7.6) nhng trong chu trnh m no ch can
a+b moi quan he (hnh 7.7).
Tom lai, khong the loai bo c tnh a dang cua thiet b (v
co qua nhieu nha san xuat khac nhau) nhng chu trnh m co
the giai quyet van e nay theo cach khac. Mot he thong quan
ly mau theo chu trnh m s dung cac ho s mau va khong gian
Hnh 7.7:
Chuyen oi
khong gian mau
oc lap thiet b
Hnh 7.6:
Chuyen oi
khong gian mau
phuthuoc thiet b
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
= Mi quan h ca tng thit b vi nhau quan
Khng gian mu
chung
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
T
= Mi quan h vi khng gian mu
ket noi cac ho s mau cua thiet b e khac phuc cac ac tnh
rieng cua tng thiet b va tnh a dang cua moi loai thiet b.
7.2.3 Cac thanh phan cua hethong quan lymau CMS
(Color Management System)
Mot he thong quan ly mau co ba thanh phan c ban :
Khong gian mau oc lap vi thiet b - khong gian nay co
the la khong gian lam viec hoac khong gian mau tham
chieu. Thng la khong gian mau CIELAB
Ho s mau cua moi thiet b phu hp vi ICC (ICC profile).
Phan mem hay giai thuat chuyen oi khong gian mau t
thiet b nhap sang thiet b xuat (con c goi la mo un
quan ly mau CMM)
7.2.3.1 Khong gian mau oc lap vi thiet b
Cac khong gian mau tham chieu (con c goi la khong gian
ket noi, hoac PCS) la mot khong gian mau da tren s cam
nhan cua mat ngi va oc lap vi thiet b. Hau het cac CMS
hien tai s dung mot khong gian mau CIE c xac nh, v
du nh CIE Lab hoac CIE XYZ. Chung ta khong bao gi phai
lam viec trc tiep vi cac khong gian mau tham chieu, o la ly
thuyet e cac phan mem da tren o lam viec. Ta co the xem
no nh mot khong gian mau chung cho tat ca cac thiet b phuc
che mau, no la khong gian mau the hien c tat ca cac mau.
7.2.3.2 Hos mau ICC:
Con c goi la ICC profile, dung e mo ta kha nang phuc
che mau cua mot thiet b tren nen giao thc chuan c nh
ngha bi Hiep hoi mau quoc te (International Color Consor-
tium - ICC).
Mot ho s mau se cho biet kha nang phuc che mau cua mot
thiet b nh may quet, man hnh, may in. V du, mot ho s co
the thong bao cho cac he thong quan ly mau, ay la mau o
c nga magienta ma thiet b nay co the xuat ra Mot ho s cung
Quan lymau 303
co the xac nh mot khong gian mau ao khong lien quan en
bat ky thiet b cu the nao (v du nh cac khong gian mau Adobe
RGB. Ho s mau la cha khoa e quan ly mau. Neu khong co
ho s mau, mau o c 100% se khong co y ngha cu the; Neu
co ho s mau, he thong quan ly mau co the noi mau o nay
se giong nh mau o xuat hien tren mot may in cu the nao o.
Ho s mau phu hp vi tieu chuan ICC (International Color
Consortium) cho phep no lam viec vi tat ca cac he thong quan
ly mau. Ho s mau ColorSync tren Mac va cac ho s di dang
.icm hay icc tren PC eu tuan thu cac qui cach cua ICC. Co 3
loai ho s mau:
Hos mau t tao (custom profile): tao ho s mau cho
thiet b bang cach s dung cac cong cu o, cac mau kiem
tra, cac phan mem tao ho s mau. ay la phng phap
thng s dung nhat trong quan ly mau. Ho s mau t tao
la ho s c tao rieng cho thiet b trong ieu kien thc
te cua thiet b o. Nhng ho s mau c tao bi ngi
dung la mot loai ho s mau tot nhat v chung mo ta mot
cach chnh xac cac ac tnh cua va trang thai cua thiet
b. Tao mot custom profile la mot trong nhng bc quan
trong trong qua trnh quan ly mau.
Hnh 7.8:
Sdung phan
mem Monaco e
tao hos mau
cho may quet,
may in va
man hnh.
Hos mau cua hang san xuat (generic profile): la loai ho
s mau do nha san xuat thiet b cung cap, thng c cai
at nh trnh ieu khien thiet b (Driver), tuy nhien nhieu
thiet b co driver cai at nhng lai khong co ho s mau.
Nha san xuat thng cung cap mot profile chung cho moi
thiet b. No thng c cung cap nhng website va
hoac kem theo cac a CD driver cua thiet b. Loai ho s
mau nay ai dien cho mot thiet b trung bnh cua hang
san xuat.
Hos mau theo chuan : oi vi cac thiet b tuan thu cac
chuan cu the nao o nh sRGB, SWOP, ta co the s dung
cac ho s mau a c tao ra san cho cac chuan nay.
Nhng loai ho s mau nay c thiet lap va s dung rong
rai, cac trnh ng dung nh Adobe Photoshop eu co cac
loai Profile chuan nay.
Trong he thong quan ly mau co nhieu thiet b. Moi thiet b co
mot khong gian mau rieng (khoang phuc che mau rieng), thay
v co gang chuyen oi d lieu mau t thiet b nay en thiet
b khac, he thong quan ly mau se noi ket tng thiet b en
khong gian mau trung tam. Tng t nh vay, neu co gia tr
mau RGB, muon biet gia tr thc cua mau, ta dung ho s mau
e the hien gia tr mau RGB giong nh viec s dung ty gia hoi
oai e c tnh lng tien. Mot profile se cho biet gia tr iem
anh the hien mau g.
Quan lymau 305
7.2.3.3 Moun so khp mau:
Mo un so khp mau (oi khi c goi la phng phap chuyen
oi mau, hoac CMM) la phan mem giup chuyen mau mot cach
hp ly gia cac khong gian mau khac nhau, giong nh mot
ngi phien dch noi vi cac thiet b phuc che mau e chung co
the hieu nhau va phuc che mau chnh xac nhat. Trong mot he
thong quan ly mau, ta co the chon mot CMM cua Adobe hay
CMM cua Apple, Khi lam viec trong moi trng Adobe ngi
ta thng chon CMM ACE (Adobe Color Engine).
Mo un quan ly mau lam nhiem vu bien dch mau t mot
khong gian mau cua thiet b nay en mot khong gian mau cua
thiet b khac tuy theo muc ch dien dch.
Profile
thiet b
Profile
thiet b
Profile
thiet b
n v chuan
May quet Hp
May quet Heidelberg
May quet UMAX
Gia tr iem anh
cua tng may
Hnh 7.9:
Hos mau hieu
c cac giatr
mau RGB khac
nhau tnhieu
thiet bechuyen
sang giatrLab.
Hnh 7.10:
Tuy chon CMM
trong hop thoai
Color setting
cua chng trnh
Adobe Photoshop
CS4
Mo un nay co the gom mot phan mem hay la mot phan rieng
biet cua he thong. Mo un so khp mau CMM (Color Matching
Module) gom co cac kieu sau:
Mo un co tac dung tren toan he thong: Quan ly theo he
ieu hanh giong nh ColorSync tren he ieu hanh Ma-
cintosh
Mo un quan ly tren mang
Mo un ap dung trong pham vi phan mem hoac nhom
phan mem: Adobe bridge, cac cong cu quan ly mau cua
Photoshop, cac loai Rip cho qua trnh xuat film, ghi ban,
in th...
Anh goc
Ho so mau
Phan mem ung dung
Photoshop Ouark Xpress
He d|eu hanh
Vo dun CVV
Hnh anh duoc xuat ra
Hnh 7.11:
Chuyen oi
khong gian mau
oc lap vi
thiet bsdung
hos mau ICC
Quan lymau 307
7.2.3.4. Cac khuynh hng dien dch mau
(Rendering Intent):
Trong qua trnh mo un so khp mau lam viec, no se t ong
nhan dang khuynh hng dien dch mau hoac bien dch theo
yeu cau cua ngi s dung qua cac khuynh hng c ngi
s dung xac lap.
Khuynh hng phuc che mau la mot phng phap nen d lieu
va chuyen oi mau t khong gian mau nay sang khong gian
mau khac. V phan ln khong gian mau cua thiet b khong u
ln e phuc che cac mau ma mat ngi nhn thay nen ngi ta
phai nen cac khong gian mau lai e tao ra cac mau co the phuc
che c trong cac ieu kien thiet b cu the.
Co bon loai khuynh hng phuc che mau c ban:
Phuc chemau phuhp vi viec cam nhan mau cua mat
ngi (Perceptual I ntent): Phng phap tai tao mau nay
bao toan moi quan he ve mat th giac gia cac mau khi
chuyen oi. Tat ca cac mau se c thay oi cac thanh
phan cua no sao cho va kht vi khong gian mau ch.
Phng phap nay thay oi tat ca hoac phan ln khong
gian mau goc nhng moi lien he gia chung khong oi.
Kieu phuc che mau nay bao toan c tong mau nhng
mat i o tng phan.
Hnh 7.12:
Cac khuynh
hng dien
dch mau
Kieu phuc che nay thch hp cho cac anh ve hoac anh
chup, no thng c s dung khi khong gian mau goc
ln hn khong gian mau ch va trong trng hp chuyen
oi t khong gian mau RGB sang CMYK.
Lam tang obao hoamau - lam cho mau luon rc
r(Saturation I ntent): Phng phap chuyen oi nay co
gang duy tr cac mau o bao hoa cao nhat ma thiet b co
the phuc che c. Khi s dung kieu phuc che mau nay
th o bao hoa mau se c duy tr mc cao nhat nhng
tong mau va o sang b sai, ket qua la mau sac se khong
giong mau.
Thong thng kieu phuc che mau nay c dung cho cac
tranh anh tre em, o th hoac cac bai thuyet trnh khong
oi hoi s phuc che mau chnh xac.
ch Nguon
Hnh 7.13:
Khuynh hng
phuc chemau
theo cam nhan
mau cua mat
ngi
Hnh 7.14:
Khuynh hng
phuc chemau
lam tang obao
hoa mau dung
cho cac bieu o
hoac tranh anh
thieu nhi.
Quan lymau 309
Phuc chetng oi (Relative Colorimetric): Kieu phuc
che mau nay se gi nguyen cac mau cua khong gian mau
goc neu cac mau nay cung nam trong khong gian mau
ch. Cac mau co trong khong gian mau goc ma khong
gian mau ch khong the hien c se c bien oi sao
cho no gan giong vi mau goc nhat.
Phng phap nay cung so sanh iem trang cua khong
gian mau goc va iem trang cua khong gian mau ch roi
chuyen dch cac mau tng ng. Khi s dung kieu phuc
che mau nay mot so mau gan giong nhau trong khong
gian mau goc co the anh xa thanh mot mau n trong
khong gian mau ch.
Ngi ta thng s dung kieu phuc che mau nay khi
chuyen oi t khong gian mau CMYK sang khong gian
mau CMYK khac va khong quan tam en nen cua giay.
Phuc chetuyet oi (Absolute Colorimetric): Ve nguyen
tac, phng phap nay giong vi phng phap phuc che
mau tng oi nhng khi chuyen oi mau co tnh en
mau cua nen giay.
Kieu phuc che mau nay thng s dung khi chuyen oi
t khong gian mau CMYK cua may in th sang CMYK
cua may in that va trong trng hp o phai am bao
rang khong gian mau cua may in th ln hn khong gian
mau cua may in that. Khi lam viec vi cac mau pha nen
s dung kieu phuc che mau nay.
Trong nganh in, ngi ta thng s dung kieu phuc che
mau Relative Colorimetric va Absolute Colorimetric e
co c hnh anh tng oi giong mau nhat.
Nguon:
Offset
Nguon:
Khoa ng kho ng
g|an ma u |o n
0ch:
Khoa ng kho ng
g|an ma u nho
0ch:
Offset
Hnh 7.15:
Khuynh hng
phuc chemau
tng oi
Hnh ben tren in trai nen giay vang, hnh ben phai in tren nen
giay xanh. Khi s dung kieu phuc che mau Relative, mau ao va
may trang chuyen mau theo nen giay.
Hnh ben phai in tren nen giay vang, hnh ben trai in tren nen
giay xanh. Khi s dung kieu tai tao mau Absolute mau ao va
mau may van la iem trang
7.3. Cac bc tien hanh quan l mau
e co the quan ly mau, tat ca cac thiet b phai co ho s mau e
he thong quan ly mau nhan biet kha nang phuc che cua thiet
b. Ta co the hieu n gian la ho s mau cua thiet b cho biet
nhng mau nao co the phuc che va nhng mau nao khong the
phuc che hoac phuc che sai, tren c s ho s mau cua 2 thiet
Nguon
Offset
Nguon:
Khoa ng kho ng
g|an ma u |o n
0ch:
Khoa ng kho ng
g|an ma u nho
0ch
Offset
Hnh 7.16:
Khuynh hng
phuc chemau
tuyet oi
Hnh 7.17:
Sdung kieu tai
tao mau Relative,
iem trang se
thay oi.
Hnh 7.18:
Sdung kieu tai
tao mau Abso-
lute, iem trang
tren ao vamay
khong thay oi
Quan lymau 311
b nguon va ch, mo un quan l mau CMS se ieu chnh mau
e thiet b ch phuc che mau cua thiet b nguon tot nhat. Chat
lng cua viec phuc che phu thuoc vao giai thuat chuyen oi
cua CMM.
Ta co the hnh dung cach thc chuyen oi e phuc che mau cua
CMS nh sau: khi khao sat ho s mau cua mot may quet, ngi
ta thay rang mau Red co gia tr 155 b may quet A chuyen thanh
Red co gia tr 189 va mau Green co gia tr 200 b chuyen thanh
Green co gia tr 190 pha vi mau mau Red co gia tr 15. Tat ca
nhng sai biet nay eu c ghi nhan trong ho s mau cua thiet
b. Khi hien th mot hnh anh c quet t may quet A tren man
hnh, CMS se can c vao ho s cua may quet nh kem theo file
anh va ho s mau cua man hnh e the hien mau cua file anh
mot cach trung thc nhat bang cach thay the cac sai sot cua may
quet bang cac mau thc va can bang s khac biet cua man hnh
vi may quet. Ke tiep hnh anh se c in th tren mot may in
B va CMS cung am bao rang mau cua ban in th cung phai
giong mau tren man hnh. Cuoi cung e am bao cho nhng
mau tren t in th cung giong nh nhng mau tren t in san
lng tren may in offset, ta phai khao sat ho s mau cua may in
offset voi cac ieu kien in cu the nh giay in, ap lc in, can bang
mc nc sau o ho s mau nay se c CMS ket hp vi ho
s mau cua may in th e am bao mau cua hai may se in mau
giong nhau. Thong thng e may in th the hien giong mau
cua may in that th khoang phuc che mau cua may in th phai
ln hn khoang phuc che mau cua may in thc nham am bao
viec CMS ep cac may in th phuc che mau trong khoang ma
may in thc phuc che c, o la ly do tai sao ngi ta thng
s dung cac may in th co 7 hay 8 hop mc e m rong khoang
phuc che mau.
Tren thc te CMM khong ch can c vao 2 ho s mau cua thiet
b nguon va thiet b ch ma con can c vao tat ca cac ho s
co lien quan trong he thong. Khuynh hng dien dch mau do
ngi ky thuat vien khai bao trong qua trnh quan ly mau cung
quyet nh en viec mau sac se c phuc che nh the nao.
7.3.1 Tao hos mau cho thiet b
7.3.1.1 Tao hos mau cho may quet
e tao ho s mau cho may quet ta can phai dung 3 th:
Thang mau tham chieu: di dang bai mau phan xa va
thau minh, gom rat nhieu o mau
File tham chieu: la file co cha thong tin chnh xac cua
thang mau tham chieu di dang gia tr Lab
Phan mem tao profile: co nhiem vu so sanh cac gia tr
cua tng o mau c quet cua thang tham chieu vi file
tham chieu. Qua qua trnh so sanh nay phan mem se a
ra c ho s mau cua may quet
7.3.1.2 Hos mau cua may chup KTS
Cac nha san xuat may chup KTS thng khao sat kha nang phuc
che mau cua may chup va xac lap cac ho s mau tren may chup.
Khi chup anh, file anh se c nh kem ho s mau. oi vi
cac may chup khong co ho s mau, ta co the khai bao cho file
anh c chup ra mot ho s mau sRGB hay Adobe RGB trong
chng trnh x ly anh sao cho chat lng phuc che tot nhat.
Ho so mau cho may quet
H s mu cho my nh
Quan lymau 313
7.3.1.3 Tao hos mau cho man hnh
Man hnh bieu dien cac mau theo nguyen ly tong hp mau cong.
Hnh anh c bieu dien di dang cac iem anh. Man hnh co
kha nang bieu dien cac mau sang hn va co o bao hoa mau cao
hn t in. V khong co man hnh nao giong nhau nen hnh anh
c phuc che tren cac man hnh se khac nhau. S khac biet o
co the c ieu chnh bang ho s mau cua man hnh.
e tao ho s mau cua man hnh, ta can 2 th:
May o mau dung e o cac mau tren man hnh
Phan mem cha nhng file tham chieu co the phat ra
man hnh nhng mau vi cac gia tr lab. No co nhiem vu
ghi nhan cac gia tr o c t may o ng vi tng mau
c phat ra tren man hnh.
Trong qua trnh tao profile, phan mem tao profile se hien th
tng mau tng ng vi gia tr tham chieu va may o mau se lan
lt o gia tr tng mau va bao cho phan mem biet. Moi mau
RGB phat ra se c o va ghi nhan di dang mot gia tr Lab
tng ng. Sau khi so sanh cac gia tr mau chuan vi cac gia tr
o c cua tng mau phat ra theo Lab, phan mem se xac nh
c khoang khong gian mau co the c phuc che cua man
hnh va tao ra ho s mau cho man hnh o di dang bang qui
oi RGB - Lab
Vic o mu trn mn hnh
H s mu cho
mn hnh
Khac vi may quet, ho s mau cua man hnh ch chnh xac khi no
c ieu chnh o tng phan, o sang va ieu kien anh sang
trong phong giong nh khi tao ho s mau.
7.3.1.4 Xac nh ac tnh vatao hos mau cho may in
Khac vi cac man hnh va may quet, viec tao ho s mau cho qua
trnh in san lng phc tap hn nhieu. No phu thuoc vao cac bien
oi cua qua trnh in mau len tren giay. Qua trnh in phu thuoc
vao cac thong so chnh nh sau:
ac tnh cua qua trnh in
Loai giay s dung
Loai mc s dung
Kha nang truyen mc
Nh vay, ta khong the tao mot ho s mau co the dung cho tat ca
cac may in ma ch tao c ho s mau cho mot may in vi cac
ieu kien in va nguyen vat lieu cu the.
Cung giong nh qui trnh tao ho s mau cho may quet hay man
hnh, e tao ho s mau cho may in ta can 3 th:
File tham chieu co cac o mau vi gia tr cu the
May o mau
Phan mem e tao ho s mau
b
80
60
40
20
20 40 60 80 100 20 40 60 80 100
100
80
60
40
20
100
a
0 191 191 75 44 14
R G B L a b
0 0 191 30 64 92
0 191 0 71 78 63
191 0 0 48 68 60
191 191 0 80 17 75
191 0 191 54 81 46
Bn di: Chi tit bng h s qun l mu. Trong thc t, s gi tr mu thu
c thay i t 27 n 32,000 ph thuc vo chnh xc ca h s mu
Hnh 7.19:
Bang qui oi cac
giatrRGB-LAB
trong hos mau
cua man hnh
Quan lymau 315
7.3.1.4.1 etao hos mau cho may in thta lam nh sau:
M file tham chieu vi cac o mau co gia tr cu the va tien
hanh in th len giay
Dung may o e o cac o mau in ra va bao cho phan
mem tao ho s mau
Phan mem so sanh gia tr mau tham chieu vi gia tr mau
ma may in tao ra e tao ho s mau cho may in
7.3.1.4.2 etao hos mau cho may in offset hoac mot
may in khac ta lam nh sau:
M file tham chieu vi cac o mau co gia tr cu the va
tien hanh ghi kem CTP (neu khong co may ghi kem CTP
th cho xuat phim va phi ban nhng lu y kiem soat o
chnh xac cua may ghi phim va qua trnh phi ban)
In ra trong ieu kien thc te cua may in (ke ca mc in va
giay in)
Dung may o e o cac o mau in ra va bao cho phan
mem tao ho s mau
Phan mem so sanh gia tr mau tham chieu vi gia tr mau
ma may in tao ra e tao ho s mau cho may in

File tham chiu c in ra trn
my in phun
o bng kim tra mu bng my
quang ph. Nhng kt qu sau khi
o m t c tnh ca thit b in

Thang kim tra mu gm nhiu mu
vi cc gi tr chun c lu di dng
1 file hnh nh. File ny s c in ra trn
trn my in phun hoc xut ra khun in Thang kim tra mu gm nhiu mu
Co s khac biet gia ac tnh cua thiet b in va ho s mau. ac
tnh cua may in la mot file d lieu ch n gian trong o cac o
mau cua thang kiem tra co mot gia tr CMYK c gan cho mot
gia tr Lab tng ng sau khi thang kiem tra c in ra va o. Ho
s mau cua thiet b c tao ra t cac phan mem tnh toan t cac
d lieu ve ac tnh cua may in nhng co tnh en nhng bien oi
cua qua trnh in. T file d lieu ve ac tnh cua may in ta co the
tao ra nhieu ho s mau, v du nh ho s mau cua may in o nhng
cho nhieu loai giay khac nhau.
7.3.2 Chuyen oi mau vi cac hos mau.
Moi ho s mau cha mot bang d lieu ve cac mau RGB hay
CMYK cua thiet b tao ra (hay cua khong gian mau phuc che)
vi cac gia tr Lab tng ng vi chung. Khong gian mau Lab
ong vai tro l giao dien chuyen oi mau cho cac ho s mau. V
du, neu mot d lieu mau c quet vao di dang RGB c
chuyen oi sang d lieu CMYK e in tren giay trang phan theo
chuan ISO tieu chuan th ho s mau cua may quet se chuyen
nhng gia tr nay sang Lab e roi sau o cac gia tr Lab nay lai
c gan cho cac gia tr CMYK trong ho s mau cua may in tren
loai giay trang phan chuan.
He thong quan ly mau am bao rang thong qua cac ho s mau
tng gia tr mau RGB cua may quet se c gan cho cac gia
tr CMYK cua may in co cung gia tr Lab. V khong gian mau
Lab mo ta mau sac theo cach ma con ngi cam nhan nen viec
chuyen oi gia tr mau quet c sang gia tr mau in cung c
con ngi chap nhan.
Hnh 7.20:
Ben trai: dlieu
veac tnh cua
thiet bin.
Ben phai: hos
mau cua may in
c ket noi vi
khong gian
mau Lab
Quan lymau 317
V moi ho s mau co mot ket noi vi khong gian mau Lab nen
viec chuyen oi gia bat ky hai khong gian mau nao cung co
the thc hien c thong qua ho s mau, s chnh xac cua ho s
mau quyet nh en viec phuc che mau. Tuy nhien, neu cac ieu
kien tao thanh ho s mau thay oi, v du nh sau mot thi gian s
dung bong en cua may quet yeu i, o tng phan va o sang
cua man hnh thay oi th s phuc che mau khong con chnh xac
na, khi o ho s mau cua cac thiet b phuc che can phai c
khao sat lai.
7.3.2.1 Quan l mau vi cac dlieu CMYK
Phan ln cong viec quan ly mau lien quan en viec mo phong
mau cua t in cuoi cung tren man hnh va may in th, viec quan
ly mau chnh la x ly cac d lieu CMYK trong moi lien he en
khoang khong gian mau phuc che c tren giay, lam viec vi
cac khong gian mau RGB va chuan b d lieu RGB e in.
Khong co tieu chuan chung nhat va bat buoc cho may quet, man
hnh va may in mau. Mot mang quan trong cua viec van hanh he
thong quan ly mau la ieu chnh rieng biet cac thiet b nay theo
cac tieu chuan CMYK cho in Offset. Cac giai oan quet hnh, in
th tren man hnh va in th ky thuat so c toi u theo cac tieu
chuan in a c xac nh trc.
Hnh 7.21:
Schuyen oi
mau gia cac
thiet bc thc
hien thong qua
giao dien cua
khong gian
mau Lab
7.3.2.1.1 Lam viec vi cac may quet ac tao hos
mau vacac dlieu CMYK
Trc het, d lieu RGB sau khi quet se c chuyen qua ho s
mau cua may quet e oi thanh d lieu Lab. Cac d lieu Lab nay
sau o c chuyen oi sang d lieu CMYK theo mot ho s mau
cua in Offset chuan tren mot loai giay. San pham cuoi cung la bo
d lieu CMYK c toi u hoa theo tieu chuan in Offset (theo ho
s mau chuan cua in offset)
7.3.2.1.2 Dlieu CMYK tren man hnh atao hos mau
e bieu dien cac d lieu CMYK theo mot tieu chuan in a c
xac nh (v du nh tieu chuan in offset tren giay trang phan -
Japan coated paper), au tien d lieu se i qua ho s mau cua
may in roi chuyen en ho s mau cua man hnh. Ho s mau cho
may in offset se chuyen d lieu CMYK sang cac gia tr Lab, sau
o cac gia tr Lab nay lai c ho s mau cua man hnh chuyen
thanh gia tr RGB e bieu dien tren man hnh. V the oi vi mau
CMYK theo mot tieu chuan in, mot mau RGB tren man hnh
se c gan mot gia tr Lab tng ng vi gia tr Lab cua mau
Qu trnh to ra d liu
RGB bng my qut
H s my qut: d liu
c chuyn t RGB
sang Lab
d liu c chuyn t
H s my Offset chun
Lab sang CMYK (giy
trng ph chun)
Kt qu:
D liu CMYK ti u c thit
lp cho giy trng ph chun
Hnh 7.22:
Chuyen oi t
RGB tren may
quet sang hemau
CMYK theo mot
chuan in cosan
Quan lymau 319
CMYK. D lieu CMYK t mot nguon cha biet se c hien th
tren man hnh giong nh no va se c in ra theo mot tieu chuan
in a c xac nh.
7.3.2.1.3 Dlieu CMYK tren may in thatao hos
mau
Viec s dung cac ho s e quan ly mau CMYK tren may in th
cung giong nh tren man hnh: au tien d lieu CMYK se i
qua ho s mau cua mot tieu chuan in cu the e c chuyen oi
thanh d lieu Lab. Sau o, gia tr Lab nay c chuyen sang ho
s mau tao ra t may in th e chuyen oi gia tr Lab thanh gia
tr CMYK cua may in th, cuoi cung qua trnh in c tien hanh
e tao ra cac gia tr CMYK tng ng vi cac gia tr Lab cua
may in Offset mau chuan.
7.3.2.1.4 Lu olam viec n gian vi cac dlieu CMYK
Viec quan ly mau n gian c mo ta theo hnh di ay:
Thit b
xut
H s cho
thit b xut
H s my
offset chun
Thit lp d
liu CMYK
Hnh 7.23:
Chuyen oi t
CMYK sang bieu
dien tren man
hnh vatren may
in th
Trc khi in, khach hang se quyet nh loai giay s dung va tieu
chuan cho in th. ieu nay c ghi ro trong hp ong. D lieu
so hay hnh anh quet se c cung cap cho nha in kem theo cac
thong tin nay.
D lieu CMYK ma khach hang cung cap se c chuyen oi
trc tiep. D lieu RGB se i qua ho s cho khong gian mau
RGB e chuyen thanh gia tr Lab tng ng, sau o no se c
chuyen oi sang ho s cua may in offset theo mot chuan c
xac nh trc (v du nh SWOP hay Japan coated paper). D
lieu la hnh ve tay hay hnh chup se c quet, sau khi quet

lu :
In trn giy 3 cy thng,
140 gsm, 4/4 mu, in th
theo tiu chun Japan coated.
Hp ng T in th
Quan lymau 321
xong, d lieu RGB t may quet se c a qua ho s mau cua
may quet e chuyen thanh Lab va sau o chuyen t lab sang
CMYK cua may in.
e hien th hnh anh CMYK tren man hnh, toan bo hnh anh
CMYK se phai chuyen sang ho s mau cua may in CMYK e
bien thanh Lab roi sau o c chuyen qua ho s mau cua man
hnh e oi Lab thanh RGB.
In mau e khach hang ky bai c thc hien tren may in th gia
lap may in that, qua trnh chuyen oi tren c lap lai nhng
thay v chuyen sang ho s mau cua man hnh th no c chuyen
sang ho s mau cua may in th.
Khi xuat phim hay ghi ban, d lieu CMYK se khong b chuyen
oi do vay ban in th ong vai tro cua mot ban in that e khach
hang kiem tra mau va cach qui cac khac cua qua trnh in
7.3.2.2 Quan l mau vi cac dlieu RGB
Viec chuyen oi thanh cac gia tr CMYK e in Offset khong
phai luc nao cung la muc tieu chnh cho x ly anh ky thuat so.
Trong trng hp o, khong gian mau RGB la trung tam cua
quan ly mau. Tat ca cac hnh anh c lu vao may tnh thong
qua may quet, may chup KTS hay anh t CD phai c chyen
oi vao khong gian mau RGB tr khi chung a ton tai dang
RGB. Hnh minh hoa di ay cho thay qua trnh x ly may
anh ban chuyen nghiep vi cac hnh chup khong gian mau
sRGB. Khi hnh anh c hien th tren man hnh hay in ra tren
may in th, trc het chung phai i qua ho s mau sRGB roi mi
i en ho s mau cua thiet b xuat ra.
Chuyen d lieu la mot trong nhng iem quan trong nhat cua
quan ly mau, neu thiet b tiep nhan mot hnh anh RGB s dung
mot khong gian mau khac vi khong gian mau cua hnh anh
th hnh anh se b hien th sai va tat nhien khi chuyen oi sang
CMYK cung khong chnh xac.
7.3.2.3 Quan l mau vi cac hos mau c nhung
e chuyen ti thiet b phuc che ho s mau cua thiet b tao ra hnh
anh, ho s mau cua thiet b phai c nhung vao file anh khi anh
c lu. Neu anh khong co ho s mau th ngi ky thuat vien
co the xac lap thong so quan ly mau trong chng trnh ng dung
(nh Photoshop) e gia nh ho s mau nhung cho chung.
Hnh 7.24:
Lu olam viec
vi dlieu RGB
vaschuyen oi
dlieu trong he
thong cheban.
Neu mot khong
gian mau RGB
khac c s
dung trong suot
quatrnh xly
anh, mot sthay
oi mau sexay
ra nh 2 hnh ben
tren (hnh ben trai
- khong gian mau
sRGB, hnh ben
phai - khong gian
mau ECI- RGB)
Quan lymau 323
Cac hos nhung trong dlieu CMYK
Cac ho s mau c nhung trong cac hnh anh RGB chuan b in
thng c u tien s dung. Bang cach nhung ho s mau nh
the, hnh anh mi c am bao chuyen oi chnh xac sang ho
s mau CMYK cua thiet b in chuan.
Neu hnh anh CMYK vi cac ho s mau nhung c at vao mot
chng trnh co cac thong so quan ly mau khong chnh xac th
hnh anh se b sai mau. Cac chng trnh nh Adobe InDesign
CS2 hay sau nay co san cac thiet lap tieu chuan e e phong
hnh anh c nhap vao khong chnh xac. Cac phien ban trc
o can phai c thiet lap bi ngi co kinh nghiem va kien thc
ve quan ly mau.
Cung vi cac file anh nh dang thong thng, cac file PDF cung
c anh dau vi cac chuan CMYK ma chung c tao ra.
Trong nh dang PDF/X viec anh dau nhan dang nay la yeu
cau bat buoc khi chuyen file PDF i in.
Hnh 7.25:
Khi anh c
nhung hos mau
RGB vac m
len ung khong
gian mau th se
khong cossai
lech mau
xay ra.

Tp tin cha nhng h s mu
nhng c miu t bng
hnh v
Khi lam viec vi cac d lieu RGB, s chuyen oi d lieu gia
hai giai oan san xuat la mot iem chnh yeu trong quan ly mau.
Trong thc te co nhng giai oan d lieu phai c chuyen oi.
Lu o di ay cho thay viec s dung cac ho s mau trong viec
chuyen oi d lieu anh tai cac giai oan khac nhau cua qua trnh
san xuat.
Hnh 7.26:
Trong khi in san
lng, ngi th
in ieu chnh sao
cho tin ra giong
vi tin th
Qui trnh tiu biu
trong vic chnh sa
hnh nh RGB vi d
liu c nhng h s
mu Adobe RGB t
my chp KTS, vic
hin th trn mn hnh
c h s mu v chyn
i d liu vi h s
mu AdobeRGB c
nhng
chuyn vo
chng trnh dn
trang hay cho vic in
n, hnh nh Ado-
beRGB c chuyn
i sang khng gian
mu in CMYK tiu
chun. khng gian
mu ny c m
phng trn mn hnh
c h s mu v
file PDF CMYK c
nhng h s mu ca
my in offset
Bn in th
khch hng k cn
phi c lm
chnh xc t file
PDF
Qu trnh xut
phim hay ghi bn
khng yu cu
qun l mu
Quan lymau 325
7.4 Quan lymau trong Adobe Photoshop &
Cac chng trnh ng dung
Cung giong nh mot so chng trnh khac, Photoshop co rieng
mot he thong quan ly mau cap phan mem lam nhiem vu
quan ly tat ca nhng hnh anh c a vao va xuat ra khoi
chng trnh.
7.4.1 Cac thanh phan cua hethong quan lymau trong
Photoshop & cac chng trnh ng dung
Cung giong nh mot he thong quan ly mau thong thng,
Photoshop co 3 thanh phan quan ly mau c ban
Moun so khp mau - CMM: (oi khi c goi la
phng phap chuyen oi mau) c the hien di ten
goi Engine lam nhiem vu chuyen oi mau mot cach hp
ly gia cac khong gian mau hoac hai ho s mau khac
nhau, giong nh mot ngi phien dch noi vi cac thiet
b phuc che mau e chung co the hieu nhau va phuc che
mau chnh xac nhat. Trong Photoshop, ta co the chon
mot CMM cua Adobe hay CMM cua Apple, khi lam viec
trong moi trng Adobe ngi ta thng chon CMM ACE
(Adobe Color Engine).
Cac khong gian mau tham chieu - PCS: (con c goi
la khong gian ket noi) la mot khong gian mau da tren
s cam nhan cua mat ngi va oc lap vi thiet b. Ta co
the hieu khong gian mau tham chieu la moi trng mau
ma thiet b hay phan mem lam viec, no the hien kha nang
phuc che mau cua moi trng o, neu mot file anh co ho
s mau c a vao trong Photoshop th no se ch lam
Hnh 7.26:
Tuy chon CMM
trong hop
thoai Color setting
cua chng trnh
Adobe Photoshop
CS4
viec vi cac gia tr mau a c qui nh bi thiet b tao
ra no, neu file anh khong co ho s mau nh kem th no se
c Photoshop a vao mot moi trng lam viec vi cac
thiet lap mac nh di dang mot khong gian mau nh
sRGB hay Adbe RGB, khi o no se ch the hien mau
trong khoang phuc che mau cua khong gian mau o. Can
phan biet hai khai niem: khong gian mau va ho s mau,
khong gian mau la khoang mau theo mot tieu chuan, con
ho s mau la kha nang phuc che mau, ho s mau c
cha trong khong gian mau. Khi mot file anh khong co
ho s mau nh kem, ngi ta se ch nh no lam viec
trong mot khong gian mau nao o. Hau het cac he thong
quan ly mau hien tai s dung mot khong gian mau CIE
c xac nh, v du nh CIE Lab hoac CIE XYZ. Chung
ta khong bao gi phai lam viec trc tiep vi cac khong
gian mau tham chieu, o la ly thuyet e cac phan mem
da tren o lam viec. Ta co the xem no nh mot khong
gian mau chung cho tat ca cac thiet b phuc che mau, no
la khong gian mau the hien c tat ca cac mau.
Cac hos mau: nh a phan tch cac phan tren, ho s
mau se cho biet kha nang phuc che mau cua mot thiet b
nh may quet, man hnh, may in. V du, mot ho s co the
thong bao cho cac he thong quan ly mau, ay la mau
o c nga magienta ma thiet b nay co the xuat ra. Mot
ho s cung co the xac nh mot khong gian mau ao khong
lien quan en bat ky thiet b cu the nao (v du nh cac
khong gian mau Adobe RGB). Ho s mau la cha khoa
e quan ly mau sac. Neu khong co ho s mau, mau o c
100 % se khong co y ngha cu the; Neu co ho s mau, he
thong quan ly mau co the noi, O, mau o nay se giong
nh mau o xuat hien tren mot may in cu the nao o. Ho
s mau phu hp vi tieu chuan ICC (International Color
Consortium) cho phep no lam viec vi tat ca cac he thong
quan ly mau. Ho s mau ColorSync tren Mac va cac ho
s di dang .icm hay icc tren PC eu tuan thu cac qui
cach cua ICC.
Quan lymau 327
May man la chung ta ch phai lam viec vi mot thanh phan:
cac ho s mau. Ta se s dung ho s cua hnh anh en t nhieu
nguon hay se c phuc che tren nhieu loai giay khac nhau
trong khi cac Mo un so khp mau CMM thng khong thay
oi va thng an i.
7.4.2 Quan lymau bang hos mau (Profiles) trong
Photoshop & cac chng trnh ng dung
Cung nh trong cac he thong quan ly mau tieu chuan, khai
niem then chot trong viec s dung mot he thong quan ly mau
la mau truyen at nhng gia tr RGB va CMYK m ho thanh
nhng gia tr ro rang. Neu mot he thong quan ly mau biet cac
gia tr RGB ma mot may quet tao ra khi quet nhng mau cu the
va biet c nhng mau nao ma man hnh co the hien th c,
no co the tnh cac gia tr so RGB mi can phai gi en man
hnh e man the hien nhng mau o trung thc nhat.
7.4.2.1 Nhung hos mau vao file anh:
Khi nhung mot ho s mau vao trong mot hnh anh, ta khong
lam thay oi hnh anh o va cung khong thay oi nhng gia tr
mau cua no. Ho s mau c nhung vao hnh anh ch lam mot
nhiem vu la noi cho he thong quan ly mau biet lam the nao e
tao ra cac mau trong hnh anh bang cach dung cac gia tr mau
co trong file anh. ieu nay co the thc hien c v mot ho s
mau a c thiet ke e hien th gia tr mau o nh the nao
tren thiet b RGB va tren thiet b CMYK. Vi mot ho s mau
th mau se khong con m ho na v no luon biet phai the hien
nh the nao tren cac thiet b co cac ac tnh khac nhau.
Cac dang ho s mau trong Photoshop & cac chng trnh ng
dung:
Hos c nhung: trong cac chng trnh ng dung khai
niem tagged (nh kem) hay embedded (nhung) eu co
ngha la hnh anh co cha ho s mau ben trong.
Hos nguon vaHos ch: khai niem Source Profiles
va Destination Profiles thng c hoi khi thc hien
chuyen oi mau trong Photoshop, tc la thay oi gia tr
so trong file, trong trng hp o he thong quan ly mau
can biet cac gia tr RGB hoac CMYK en t au va se
chuyen i au, trong trng hp can xac lap cho he thong
quan ly mau trong Photoshop biet ho s nguon va ho s
ch cua file anh. Ta co the xem mot he thong quan ly
mau se lam viec vi cac t ng ch khong lam viec vi
cac mau. Muc ch cua he thong quan ly mau la dien
dch t ng t ngon ng nay sang ngon ng khac, neu ta
a cho no mot loat cac t th no chang biet g ca nhng
neu cho no biet rang o la tieng Phap (nguon) th no hieu
ngay lap tc y ngha cua t ang noi. Neu ta bao no rang
ta muon chuyen ngha sang tieng c (ch) th ngay lap
tc no se dch ung ngha t tieng Phap sang tieng c
7.4.2.2 Tien trnh lam viec
Khi quet anh ta se co d lieu RGB. e cho Photoshop & cac
chng trnh ng dung biet nhng mau cu the nao ma d lieu
RGB se the hien, cac chng trnh ng dung can phai oc ho
s mau mo ta may quet (nguon) a nhn thay mau ra sao.
Neu phan mem quet anh a nhung ho s mau vao hnh anh,
tat ca nhng viec ma ta can lam la m file anh len va cac
chng trnh ng dung se oc ho s mau co san trong file anh.
Sau o ta co the chnh sa file hay trc khi sa se chuyen
khong gian mau cua may quet ve khong gian mau tieu chuan
hn nh sRGB hay Adobe RGB (a c xem nh khong gian
mau ch).
Trong Photoshop ta co the kiem tra tai lieu co c gan kem
ho s mau hay khong bang cach m Info panel (hoac nhan
phm F8)
Quan lymau 329
Khi mot ho s mau c nhung vao trong anh c chuyen
oi sang mot ho s mau khac, Photoshop mac nhien xem ho s
mau c nhung la ho s mau nguon va chung ta se ch nh
ho s mau ch tc la ch nh ac iem phuc che mau cua thiet
b ma ta se in ra.
Khi in anh, he thong phuc che mau chuyen oi cac mau cua
anh sang mot nh dang ma chng trnh ieu khien may in co
the chap nhan. S chuyen oi nay luon xay ra du ta co muon
hay khong. Neu ta khong kiem soat s chuyen oi mau, cac
mau t Photoshop chuyen xuong en may in se thay oi. Neu
ta kiem soat s chuyen oi nay, hop thoai in trong Photoshop
se cho chung ta chon ho s mau cua loai may in (ho s mau
ch) trong o neu ro nhng mau co the in c, loai giay in,
loai mc inPhotoshop se chuyen oi mau xuong may in ma
khong lam hnh anh b in sai mau
ay chnh la th duy nhat ma he thong quan ly mau co the thc
hien. No chuyen oi d lieu mau t mot khong gian mau nay
sang mot khong gian mau khac (hoac t ho s mau nay sang
ho s mau khac) va s dung cac ho s mau e bao toan s the
hien mau trong lu o lam viec. Trong qua trnh che ban, ngi
ky thuat vien thng c may tnh hoi ve ho s mau nguon va
Hnh 7.28:
Hos mau cua
hnh anh c
hien thtrong
bang thong tin ve
file anh
ho s mau ch. Neu hai ho s mau nguon va ch khong ong
dang, tc co nhng mau co trong file anh ma man hnh hay t
in ra khong the hien c th ngi ta se dung bien phap bien
oi theo cac khuynh hng cam nhan mau khac nhau.
7.4.3 Khong gian mau lam viec trong cac chng trnh
ng dung
7.4.3.1 Phan biet cac loai khong gian mau trong cac
chng trnh ng dung
Khong gian mau lam viec - Working space - c
xac lap bang lenh Edit > Color Settings la khong gian
mau mac nhien cho cac file anh khong co ho s mau
khi no c m ra hay at vao trong Photoshop. Neu ta
tao mot tai lieu mi hay m mot tai lieu khong co ho
s mau nh kem th Photoshop se mac nhien coi khong
gian mau cua tai lieu o la khong gian mau lam viec va
neu ta m mot tai lieu co nhung ho s mau th Photo-
shop se lay khong gian mau c nhung lam khong gian
mau lam viec. Co 4 khong gian mau lam viec trong hop
thoai color setting cua Photoshop phu hp vi cac tai lieu
c a vao Photoshop, moi khong gian mau lam viec
se co nhng ac iem rieng cua no. Khong gian mau
lam viec rat quan trong khi ta lam viec vi cac hnh anh
khong co ho s mau nh kem, neu hnh anh cua chung ta
luon co ho s mau th ta co the bo qua viec xac lap khong
gian mau lam viec.
Khong gian mau cua tai lieu - Document color profile
- la mot cach e noi ve khong gian mau c nhung ben
trong tai lieu. Neu co 5 tai lieu c m ra trong Photoshop
va chung co ho s mau khac nhau th Photoshop se x ly
chung theo cach gi nguyen 5 ho s mau rieng biet lam
khong gian mau lam viec cho tng file.
Khong gian mau cua thiet bi - Device color space - ai
dien cho khoang mau ma mot thiet b co the phuc che
c. Thiet b co the la mot may chup KTS, mot may
quet, man hnh hoac may in. Photoshop luon s dung
Quan lymau 331
khong gian mau hien th cua man hnh. Do vay man hnh
phai luon c xac lap chnh xac va s dung ung khong
gian mau cua no e hnh anh c hien th tot nhat.
Trong lu o x ly anh tieu bieu, hnh anh luon phai co mot
profile nguon (nh ngha kha nang phuc che cua thiet b so
hoa anh) va c chuyen oi ve mot tieu chuan, khong gian
mau phu hp cam nhan th giac tng oi (chang han nh
Adobe RGB hay sRGB) cho phep chnh sa va lu lai nhng thay
oi. Cac ban sao cua hnh anh nay sau o c chuyen oi ve cac
khong gian mau thch hp e s dung s dung (Web, in, video, vv)
Luon co mot cau hoi c at ra la tai sao chung ta can nhieu hn
mot loai khong gian mau RGB hoac CMYK? Tai sao nhng anh
c tao ra t may chup KTS hoac may quet ch dung 1 khong
gian mau RGB, nhng anh dung e in offset ch dung 1 khong
gian mau CMYK? Ro rang la cac thiet b khac nhau phuc che
cac khoang mau khac nhau va cac khoang mau nay lai khong
ong dang hoac khong cung o ln, v vay neu ch s dung mot
khong gian mau th khong u e the hien mau. Khong gian mau
RGB tng oi nho, giong nh sRGB, no se khong u ln e bao
toan mau t mot khong gian co chat lng cao hn nh mot may
chup KTS chuyen nghiep. Trong trng hp o ta co the xem xet
en viec dung mot khong gian mau ln hn e lu tr ban goc.
Co nhieu y kien cho rang nen s dung mot khong gian mau
u ln e cha tat ca nhng khong gian mau khac. Tren thc
te van co nhng khong gian mau ln, co the cha c tat ca
cac khoang mau. Van e duy nhat vi viec s dung khong gian
mau ln, v du nh ProPhoto RGB, la kha nang x l cua thiet
b va thoi quen lam viec. Thong thng cac ky thuat vien che
ban thng chnh x ly hnh anh tren che o anh 8 bit /kenh,
viec the hien 1 kenh anh bang 256 sac o (8 bt) khong u e
trai rong tren cac khong gian mau co gamma mau ln nen khi
chnh sa hnh anh 8 bit/kenh trong ProPhoto RGB hnh anh se
b gay khuc hoac co cac soc gia cac bc chuyen. Viec chnh
sa mau trong khong gian mau ln ch thc s co y ngha neu
hnh anh co 16 bit/ moi kenh hoac nhieu hn na.
Viec thiet lap khong gian mau lam viec c tien hanh trong
hop thoai Color Settings (Edit > Color Settings). Cach n gian
nhat e s dung cac xac lap ve khong gian mau lam viec la la
chon nhng thiet lap co san t muc Settings. Nhng thiet lap co
san tai ay se tao ra nhng thay oi cac thong so trong hop
thoai ben di. Ta co the la chon mot thiet lap phu hp nhat
vi cong viec cua mnh hoac chon mot thiet lap gan vi yeu
cau va ieu chnh no lai cho phu hp.
2200 Matt Paper: Khong phc ch mu
trn giy couche trn my in offset
Adobe RGB: khng gian mu Adobe RGB
sRGB: khng gian mu sRGB
ProPhoto RGB: khng gian mu ProPhoto RGB
Vng mu c th thy c (hnh mng nga)
Hnh 7.28:
Hop thoai Color
Settings vacac
giatrcai at san
tmuc setting
Hnh 7.28:
Bieu oso sanh
khoang phuc
chemau cua cac
khong gian mau
Quan lymau 333
7.3.3.2 La chon khong gian mau lam viec
Trong Photoshop co 4 loai khong gian mau lam viec tng ng
vi 4 khong gian mau cho cac loai hnh anh: RGB (anh mau 3
kenh), CMYK (anh mau 4 kenh), Gray (anh trang en), Spot
(anh mau pha).
La chon khong gian mau lam viec RGB
Khong gian mau lam viec RGB ay la khong gian mau
mac nh, ch tac ong len nhng hnh anh RGB khong
c gan ho s mau. Neu hau het hnh anh eu a c
gan ho s mau cu the, ta khong can phai quan tam en
viec chon la ho s mau tot nhat cho anh na.
Trong trng hp che ban hoac in chat lng cao, khong
gian mau Adobe RGB la mot khong gian mau u ln, no
khong nhng d kha nang cha ho s mau cho in tren
giay t ri co trang phan theo tieu chuan cua My (U.S.
Sheetfed Coated v2) ma con co kha nang ap ng tot cho
cong viec chnh sa hnh anh che o 8 bit /kenh. Neu
cong viec chu yeu la lam Web hay video, khong gian mau
sRGB la s la chon tot nhat. Neu cong viec oi hoi phai
in vi khoang mau ln hn khoang mau do khong gian
mau CMYK tao ra, ngi ky thuat vien che ban nen x ly
chuyen oi mau sang che o 16 bit /kenh va chon khong
gian mau ProPhoto RGB lam khong gian mau lam viec.
Trong thc te san xuat, co nhieu ngi thch gi nhng th
n gian va hau nh s dung khong gian mau Adobe RGB
cho moi trng hp nhng cung co ngi s dung nhng
khong gian mau khac nhau tuy thuoc vao cong viec. Ngi
ky thuat vien khong can thiet phai s dung nhng khong
gian mau san co trong muc Settings ma co the s dung
lenh Assign Profile e ch nh mot ho s khac vi khong
gian mau hien hanh e gan cho mot hnh anh.
Khong gian mau RGB c tch hp trong Photoshop
c thiet ke e ap ng yeu cau chnh sa hnh anh.
Theo o co 2 thuoc tnh quan trong khong phu thuoc vao
phan ln vao khong gian mau cua thiet b tao anh.
Can bang xam. Cac khong gian mau lam viec trong
Photoshop a c can bang xam, co ngha la neu
3 thanh phan R, G va B tron vi nhau theo mot t le
eu nhau se tao ra mot mau xam. Tuy nhien ay la
trng hp hiem khi xay ra oi vi khong gian mau
cua cac thiet b (may scan, camera, man hnh, may
in). V mot trong nhng cach de nhat e can bang
mau chnh la can bang xam, khi o ta se chon t le
phoi hp gia 3 mau RGB e co c mau xam,
can bang xam la mot ac tnh rat hu ch.
Can bang mau theo cam nhan thgiac - Percep-
tual uniformity. Khong gian mau lam viec trong
Photoshop c co kha nang can bang mau theo
th giac. ieu nay co ngha la s thay oi gia tr
cua moi kenh mau trong hnh anh bang vi s thay
oi cam nhan th giac. Cac khong gian cua thiet b
cung khong hoat ong theo kieu nay.
Tat ca nhng chuyen oi gia cac khong gian mau eu
gay ra hien tng mat d lieu, kinh nghiem cho thay,
viec chuyen oi t khong gian mau cua thiet b (may anh
hay may quet) sang khong gian mau lam viec cho nhng
gia tr mau ang tin cay va khi thc hien che o 16-bit/
kenh hien tng mat d lieu la khong ang ke va khong
the phat hien. Ngay ca trong che o 8-bit/kenh, ta van co
the phuc che tot cac gia tr mau trong khong gian mau
lam viec so vi khong gian mau cua thiet b. Cac thuoc
tnh c ly tng hoa cua khong gian mau RGB co trong
Photoshop cung rat hu ch cho viec tao va lu tr ban
goc cua anh, t o ta co the tao ra cac ban sao co ac tnh
thay oi phu hp vi cac loai au ra cu the.
Co mot cau hoi quan trong c neu ra la Tai sao khong
dung khong gian mau Lab? Lab la khong gian mau c
thiet lap khong phu thuoc vao thiet b, la khong gian mau
can bang th giac. Nhng khong gian mau Lab co t nhat 2
thuoc tnh lam cho no mat tnh ly tng so vi mot khong
Quan lymau 335
gian mau chnh sa tieu chuan. Trc het Lab qua tru tng
khi noi en viec tinh chnh mau sac ieu chnh nho cac gia
tr a* va b* thng tao ra cac thay oi ln theo hng khong
oan trc c. Van e ln hn na la theo Lab, no cha
nhng mau mau mat co the nhn thay c va he qua la no
cung se cha nhng mau ma khong nhn thay c.
Khi s dung che o 8 bit/kenh e bieu dien cho toan bo
khoang mau, khoang cach t mot gia tr mau nay en gia tr
mau lan can kha ln. V trong thc te hnh anh c tao ra
t mot may quet hoac may anh ky thuat so mang mot khong
gian mau nho hn nhieu so vi khong gian mau Lab nen khi
dung khong gian mau nay ta se lang ph nhng gia tr (bit)
mau ma ta khong the chup, hien th, in, hoac tham ch nhn
thay. Neu lam viec vi hnh anh 16 bit/kenh, van e gama
mau se t phat sinh hn, nhng chnh sa hnh anh trong
khong gian mau Lab se rat kho thao tac, va viec chuyen oi
t khong gian mau cua thiet b chup sang Lab thng gay ra
mat d lieu nhieu hn do loi quantization (lng hoa khong
gian) so vi chuyen oi sang khong gian RGB.
Mot so ngi dung Mac mac nhien s dung Apple RGB
nh mot khong gian mau mac nh bi v no co t Apple
trong o. ieu nay sai. Apple RGB da tren man hnh o
phan giai cao Apple RGB 13-inch (640 x 480 pixel), a
khong c san xuat cach ay hn 15 nam. Bat ky mot
khong gian mau RGB nao cung tot hn. Khong gian mau
ColorMatch RGB cung ai dien cho mot thng hieu kha
noi tieng cua man hnh CRT.
La chon khong gian mau lam viec CMYK
Khong giong nh khong gian mau RGB rat tru tng va
khong phu thuoc vao bat ky thiet b thc te nao, khong
gian CMYK phan anh s ket hp gia mc in va giay.
Trng hp ly tng, nha in phai co mot ho s mau ICC
(ICC profile) c xay dng cho qua trnh in mau CMYK
ang c s dung. Trong thc te, rat t nha in Viet
Nam a co nhng ho s nay, tuy nhien a so nhng ngi
at hang in chuyen nghiep eu hoi ve no. Neu d nh in
nha in nao th ngi ky thuat vien che ban can hoi nha
in o ho s mau cua may in hoac neu khong co th phai
ho tuan theo chuan cong nghiep in nao e ta co the la
chon cho phu hp.
oi vi cac anh che o mau CMYK, chu trnh lam viec
khong yeu cau phai co ho s mau c gan theo anh ma
phai chon khong gian mau lam viec CMYK phu hp nhat
vi cac ieu kien in thc te ma anh se c in ra. Khong
gian mau phu hp nhat chnh la cac ho s mau cua may
in CMYK (v du nh may in offset) a c khao sat va
lu lai di dang file ho s mau, ta co the nap ho s mau
nay vao danh sach cac ho s mau trong muc setting va
la chon no. Trong trng hp cha khao sat c khong
gian mau lam viec CMYK ta co the chon nhng khong
gian tng oi phu hp co san trong danh sach. V du khi
in tren giay trang phan va dung mc in cua Nhat, ta co
the chon ho s mau lam viec Japan color 2001 coated.
Neu qui trnh in tuan thu cac tieu chuan cua SWOP hay
GRACOL th nen chon cac ho s mau tng ng Hnh 7.30:
Cac hos mau
cua lu olam
viec CMYK trong
color Settings cua
Photoshop
Quan lymau 337
La chon khong gian mau xam (Gray)
Ho s mau xam oc lap vi khong gian mau CMYK hoac
RGB. Tuy nhien, can lu y rang ho s mau xam ch cha
thong tin phuc che tong mau, no khong mang thong tin ve
mau cua mc en hay mau cua giay.
Khi Color Setting hien th che o Fewer Options,
ta co the la chon gia cac gia tr gia tang tang th
thang xam khoang t 10, 15, 20, 25, hay 30%, tuy theo
ieu kien in. Cac gia tr nay phan anh mc o gia tang
tang th vung tong 50%. Tuy nhien e co the xac
lap chnh xac gia tr nay ta phai khao sat s gia tang
tang th tren may in roi xac lap lai ng cong tang th
trong muc tuy chon.
Hnh 7.31:
Cotheieu chnh
ng cong gia
tang tang th
trong lenh custom
Dot gain
Ta cung co the chon gamma la 1.8 hoac 2.2, o la s
la chon tot cho nhng hnh anh trang en tren man hnh
hoac cho cac ieu kien in cha c xac nh ro. Cac gia
tr gamma nay cung co the c s dung cho hnh anh in,
hoac s dung ng cong tang th cho man hnh, nhng
noi chung, nhng gia tr gamma th c thiet ke e s
dung tren man hnh va nhng ng cong tang th th
c thiet ke dung cho viec in.
oi vi ho s mau CMYK, ta co the chon viec hieu chnh
s gia tang tang th trong muc Gray trong phan Working
Spaces cua hop thoai Color Settings. ieu nay can phai
thc hien neu ta ang lam viec vi hnh trang en va cha
co ho s mau xam c xac nhan. Co hai ly do e chnh
sa mot ho s mau xam: ieu chnh gia tr gia tang tang
th theo ung vi thc te hoac e tai cac kenh en t ho
s mau CMYK e s dung no cho hnh anh trang en.
e lu lai cac cai at cho mau xam thanh mot ho s mau
xam, chon Save Gray t menu con Gray working spaces.
La chon khong gian mau pha
Lenh Custom Dot Gain trong menu con cho khong gian
mau Spot can ban giong nh cac tuy chon cung ten vi
thiet lap cho mau xam, ta cung co the s dung lai mot
Hnh 7.32:
Cac giatrkhao
sat sgia tang
tang thtrong
ieu kien in thc
tec nhap vao
hop thoai Custom
Dot Gain
Quan lymau 339
trong so cac ng cong tang th a co san trong menu
con. Giong nh cac thiet lap mau xam, cac thiet lap cho
mau pha cung khong co moi quan he g vi mau thc te
cua mc in va giay va cung khong cha thong tin ve cach
thc tng tac gia mc in mau pha vi loai mc in khac.
7.4.3.3 Xlyviec chuyen oi khong gian mau
Neu muon s dung Photoshop va phat huy toi a kha nang
cua no, ngi ky thuat vien x ly anh phai tiep can vi viec
chuyen oi khong gian mau. Cac cong cu chnh c s dung
la hop thoai Color Settings, cac canh bao ve ho s mau khi m
mot tai lieu, cac lenh Chuyen oi ho s mau va ch nh ho s
e chuyen oi mau va hop thoai Print khi ket noi trc tiep en
mot may in.
Thiet lap chnh sach chuyen oi mau mac nhien
Trong Photoshop co han mot chnh sach quan ly mau cho
phep ngi s dung la chon. e chon la cac chnh sach
nay, ngi ky thuat vien phai tra li nhng cau hoi sau:
Photoshop se lam g khi m hoac nhap mot hnh
anh b mat/thieu ho s mau?
Photoshop se lam g khi m mot hnh anh co ho s
mau khac vi ho s mau hien hanh a chon?
Photoshop se thong bao khi mot ho s mau b
thieu hoac khong phu hp vi ho s mau lam viec
ang chon?
Quan lycac hos mau hien co:
Ca ba menu con trong muc Color management Policies
eu lam nhiem vu bao cho Photoshop phai lam g neu
hnh anh au vao a c nhung san ho s mau. Neu cac
hnh anh au vao a c nhung ho s mau chnh xac th
chnh sach bao toan cac ho s mau c nhung (Preserve
Embedded Profiles) la s la chon an toan nhat, ac biet
la trong mot chu trnh lam viec co quan ly mau. Chnh
sach chuyen oi tat ca cac ho s mau cua cac hnh anh
c m hay nhap vao Photoshop (convert to working
Space) thng c chon khi ngi ky thuat vien muon
chuan hoa tat ca cac ho s mau cua cac tai lieu c a
vao Photoshop thanh ho s mau cua khong gian mau lam
viec ang c chon. Trong chu trnh quan ly mau hien
nay, thong thng chung ta khong nen tat (off) chc nang
quan ly mau cua Photoshop tr khi co ly do nao o thch
ang e loai bo cac ho s mau cua hnh anh au vao. Khi
tuy chon nay c thiet lap e Off, Photoshop cung khong
nhung profile mau theo cau hnh mac nh vao anh khi ta
chon lenh New hoac Save As.
Neu ang lam viec vi cac hnh anh t nhieu nguon khac
nhau, ngi ky thuat vien nen bat che o hien th ho s
mau cua tai lieu tren thanh trang thai cua chng trnh va
hop thoai Info.
Hnh 7.33:
Cac chnh sach
quan l mau cho
phep khai bao vi
Photoshop cac tai
lieu c mhay
nhap vao Photo-
shop sec x
lynh thenao
trong moi lien he
en khong gian
mau lam viec a
c xac lap.
Quan lymau 341
Quan lymau khi mhnh anh
Neu chon muc Ask When Opening trong hop thoai
Color Settings, ta co the kiem tra lai chnh sach quan ly
mau a c thiet lap cho hnh anh, neu ta khong chon
cac muc kiem tra, Photoshop se im lang thc hien cac
thiet lap (v du, chuyen oi ho s mau cua hnh anh sang
khong gian mau lam viec cua Photoshop). Neu chon muc
Ask When Pasting ta co the kiem soat viec chuyen oi
mau cua hnh anh c dan hoac keo vao mot tai lieu
Photoshop ang m.
Thao tac vi cac hop thoai canh bao: Neu chon cac muc
Missing Profiles hoac Profile Mismatch trong cac
tuy chon khi thiet lap quan ly mau, ta se thay cac hop
thoai canh bao bat c khi nao m hoac nhap mot tai lieu
khong co ho s mau hay co ho s mau khac vi ho s mau
cua ho s mau hien hanh.
Embedded Profile Mismatch ngha la hnh anh c
m ra co ho s mau khac vi ho s mau lam viec hien
hanh. ieu nay khong co g sai ca, van e duy nhat phai
giai quyet la co can phai thay oi no khong? Neu khong
co ly do thay oi ta nen chon chnh sach s dung ho s
mau c nhung Use the embedded profile. Neu cong
viec yeu cau tat ca cac hnh anh phai c lu trong mot
khong gian mau cu the, chang han nh sRGB cho video
ky thuat so hoac mot ho s in mau CMYK th nen dung
chnh sach chuyen oi mau cua tai lieu sang khong gian
mau lam viec a c chon Convert document colors
to the working space. Tuy chon cuoi cung la xoa ho s
mau c nhung Discard the embedded profile, tuy
chon nay thng c dung trong cac quy trnh che ban
in v khong can phai co ho s mau.
Nhung hos mau vao anh
Nhung ho s mau - Embedding profile - c hieu n
gian la gan mot ho s mau cho mot hnh anh va lu no
lai. Trong hop thoai Save As, tuy chon Embed Color
Profile cho phep nhung ho s mau. e nhung ho s mau
vao tai lieu khi lu lai hnh ta co the chon muc Embed
Color Profile gan cuoi hop thoai Save As. Photoshop se
luon bao cho ta biet ho s mau nao se c nhung.
Ngi ky thuat vien nen s dung hnh anh co nhung ho
s mau va luc nao cung nen lam nh vay. Tuy nhien van
co trng hp chung ta se khong nhung ho s mau vao tai
lieu. V du, neu hnh anh khong qua quan trong en mc
phai giong mau tuyet oi, ngi ta co the khong nhung
bat c ho s mau CMYK nao vao cac hnh anh v tat ca
nhng hnh nay eu co cung mot ieu kien in e tiet kiem
dung lng o cng, thi gian x ly va thi gian truyen file
tren mang theo giao thc FTP. oi vi cac hnh anh dung
cho web, ngi ky thuat vien thng khong nhung ho s
mau. Thay vao o, ngi ta co the chuyen oi hnh anh
sang khong gian sRGB va gi nguyen nh vay. V cac ho
s mau c nhung vao anh se lam tang kch thc tap tin
hnh anh, lam anh hng en toc o duyet web nen hau
het cac trnh duyet Web mac nh co tnh nang tat cac ho
s mau ICC, nham u tien kha nang tai nhanh trang web.
Cuoi cung nhng quan trong khong kem, neu ngi ky
thuat vien ang lam viec trong mot chu trnh CMYK khep
Hnh 7.34:
Hop thoai Save
As cho phep
nhung hos mau
lam viec vao
hnh anh
Quan lymau 343
kn va khong muon cac gia tr CMYK thay oi khi gi file
en cong oan in th cung khong can nhung profile mau.
Trong tat ca cac tnh huong khac, chung ta nen nhung ho
s mau vao trong hnh anh. ieu nay giup ta truyen at
cac y nh ve mau cua mnh mot cach ro rang cho tat ca
cac thiet b va tat ca moi ngi trong chu trnh cong viec.
Neu khong co ho s mau cho anh, moi ngi cong oan
sau se phai lung tung khi tiep nhan, lam phat sinh nhng
thao tac khong ang co va co the gay sai hong.
7.4.4 Xac lap cheoquan lymau trong cac chng
trnh ng dung
7.4.4.1 Sdung cac thiet lap cosan trong Color Setting
Trong menu Setting tren cung cua hop thoai Color Settings,
ta co the chon mot thiet lap co san cho khong gian mau. Trong
muc nay ta co the nap them cac ho s mau t bat c ni nao
tren o cng (dung nut Load) hoac t tao cho mnh mot thiet lap
rieng va lu lai. Trong may tnh s dung Mac OS X, ni lu cac
thiet lap ve mau la Library\Application Support\Adobe\Color\
Settings folder; Trong Windws cac thiet lap ve mau nam trong
Program Files\Common Files\Adobe\Color\Settings.)
Hnh 7.35:
Cac cheoquan
lymau ac
thiet lap san trong
hop thoai Color
Settings.
Cac thiet lap lu lai xuat hien trong muc Settings giup chung ta
cau hnh Photoshop cho mot nhom lam viec. Neu ta s dung bo
phan mem Creative Suite, ngi ky thuat vien co the ong bo
cac thiet lap mau cho tat ca cac ng dung trong bo phan mem
Creative Suite (trong Bridge, chon Edit> Creative Suite Color
Setting va chon Synchronize Color Settings).

7.4.4.2 Cac tuy chon nang cao cua Color Setting
Trong cac chng trnh cua bo phan mem Adobe Creative
Suite, khi nhan vao nut More Options trong hop thoai Color
Settings, ta se truy cap vao cac tuy chon Conversion Options
(chuyen oi khong gian mau) va Advanced Controls (cac kiem
soat nang cao) giup m rong cac thiet lap cho ho s mau.
Conversion Options giup ch trong cac quy trnh lam viec mau,
Advanced Controls yeu cau ngi thiet lap phai co kien thc
chuyen sau khi s dung no.
Hnh 7.36:
Chon la cau
hnh mau cho tat
cacac phan mem
trong bophan
mem Creative
Suite
Quan lymau 345
Trong Conversion options, co hai muc: Engine va Intent.
Engine chnh la Mo un so khp mau CMM, co nhiem vu tnh
toan chuyen oi qua lai gia hai khong gian mau theo phng
phap anh xa co nh hng, nh hng nh the nao la do cac
xac lap trong muc Intent (bao gom cac khuynh hng chuyen
oi nh a phan tch phan tren). Co hai CMM san co trong bo
phan mem Adobe Creative suite la Adobe Color Engine (ACE)
cua hang Adobe va Apple CMM cung hang Apple. Khi quan
ly mau tren toan bo he thong may tnh cua Apple ta nen dung
Apple CMM va khi ch can quan ly mau trong pham vi chng
trnh hoac cac chng trnh trong cung mot nhom cua Adobe,
ta nen chon Adobe (ACE)
Hnh 7.37:
Cac tuy chon
chuyen oi khong
gian mau trong
Color settings
Hnh 7.38:
Cac khuynh
hng chuyen oi
mau khi chuyen
oi khong
gian mau
Nh a phan tch tren, cac khuynh hng chuyen oi mau
bao gom: Perceptual (theo cam nhan cua th giac), Saturation
(tang o bao hoa mau), Relative colorimetric (co gang gi
nguyen tong mau nhng khong chu y en nen giay) va Abso-
lute Colorimetric (co gang gi nguyen tong mau co va chu y
en nen giay)
Trong Conversion Options con co 3 thong so ho tr them cho
qua trnh quan ly mau, o la:
Use Black Point Compensation - Bu tr cho cac iem
en chenh lech gia 2 ho s mau, che o nay dung e anh
xa iem en cua khong gian mau nguon trung vi iem
en cua khong gian mau ch nham bao toan khoang mat
o tch cc cua t in. Che o nay nen c chon mac du
oi khi no khong co tac dung ro ret.
Use Dither (8-Bit/Channel Images) - Duy tr o mn va
s chuyen tong eu an khi chuyen hnh anh t che o 8
bit/kenh sang che o cao hn. Tuy nhien, neu ta lu hnh
anh cac che o nen nh JPEG hay thap hn 8 bit no co
the lam tang kch thc tap tin (v che o nay Photo-
shop luon them nhng hat mau vao hnh anh).
Compensate for Scene - Referred Profiles - Bu tr
cho qua trnh lam phim bang cach phan mem nh After
Effects. oi vi cong viec che ban, viec thiet lap no nh
the nao khong quan trong. ay la mot trong so cac tuy
chon nang cao.
Trong phan kiem soat nang cao (Advanced Controls), co hai
thong so:
Desaturated Monitor Color By . - Giam o bao hoa
mau i bao nhieu phan tram. Che o nay nen c
chon khi lam viec vi mot khong gian mau rat ln nh
ProPhoto RGB v cac khong gian mau ln, v du nh
Kodak ProPhoto RGB, co rat nhieu mau man hnh co the
hien th c nhng khong the in ra c, e man hnh
co the phuc che tng oi giong vi nhng mau co the
in ta chon thong so nay va ieu chnh giam o bao hoa
Quan lymau 347
mau cua man hnh trong khoang 12 en 15 %. Tuy nhien
nen tranh s dung tuy chon nay va phai tat no i trc khi
quay tr lai che o lam viec bnh thng, neu khong hnh
anh tao ra se co mau khong chnh xac!
Blend RGB Colors Using Gamma - e thay hieu qua
cua tuy chon nay, ve mot hnh (vuong) co nen mau o
vi vien la mau xanh la cay sang va tat tuy chon nay roi
sau o bat tuy chon nay vi gia tr gamma bang 1.0. Khi
tat tuy chon, tong mau cua ng vien se nga sang mau
nau, bieu th cho tnh chat cua mau mc in. Khi bat tuy
chon, tong mau cua ng vien se nga sang mau vang,
bieu th cho tnh chat cua mau anh sang. Co the hieu rang
cac trang thai tat/m cua tuy chon nay bieu th cho cac
ieu kien phuc che mau cu the (mc in/anh sang).
7.4.5 Gan hos mau vachuyen oi hos mau
Trong menu Edit cua Photoshop ta co the gan ho s mau cho
mot hnh anh cha co ho s mau bang lenh Assign Profile va
thc hien chuyen oi ho s mau cho mot tai lieu a co ho s
mau bang lenh Convert to Profile. Khi can gan mot ho s mau
cu the cho hnh anh ma khong lam thay oi gia tr mau ta se s
dung lenh gan ho s mau (Assign Profile) va e thay oi cac
gia tr mau cua hnh anh khi at no vao mot khong gian mau
khac (nh chuyen oi t RGB vao CMYK, hoac t Adobe RGB
vao sRGB) trong khi van co gang gi nguyen s the hien mau
tren toan bo hnh anh ta se s dung lenh chuyen oi ho s mau
(Convert to Profile).
7.4.5.1 Gan hos mau
Lenh Assign Profile cho phep gan mot hnh anh vi mot ho s
mau c ch nh hoac g bo ho s mau ra khoi hnh anh. No
khong lam thay oi mau ma ch n gian la nh kem mo ta
(giai thch) cho cac so lieu ve mau co trong hnh anh, hoac loai
bo mo ta ang co va thay bang mot ban mo ta khac.
Don`t Color Manage This Document. Tuy chon nay cho
phep Photoshop bo i ho s mau trong tai lieu. Cac thong
so trong tap tin c gi nguyen va c dien dch phu
thuoc vao khong gian mau hien hanh
Working RGB or Working CMYK. Tuy chon nay gan
ho s mau cua khong gian mau lam viec hien hanh vao
tai lieu. Cung giong nh tuy chon trc o, cac so lieu
trong tap tin c gi nguyen nhng c dien dch lai
theo khong gian mau lam viec hien hanh. S khac biet la
tai lieu c x ly nh c gan ho s mau. Neu a m
mot tai lieu khong co nh kem ho s mau va xem ho s
mau cua khong gian lam viec la mot s lua chon hp ly
th ta co the s dung tuy chon nay.
Profile. cho phep gan vao tai lieu mot ho s mau khac
vi ho s mau cua khong gian mau lam viec mac nh.
Cung giong nh tren, cac thong so trong hnh anh c
gi nguyen, nhng trong trng hp nay chung se c
dien dch theo ho s mau a nh kem. V du, neu ta quet
mot hnh anh va quen khong nhung profile, nhng lai co
ho s mau cua may quet o, ta co the s dung tuy chon
nay e nh ngha mau cho hnh anh va c quet. Sau
o s dung lenh Convert to Profile e a hnh anh vao
khong gian chnh sa hp ly hn nh AdobeRGB.
Khi s dung cac lenh chuyen oi ho s mau, ngi ky thuat
vien nen chon tuy chon Preview trong hop thoai Assign Profile
va Convert to Profile, no se giup xem trc hnh anh c bien
oi ra sao.
Hnh 7.39:
Hop thoai gan
hos mau trong
Photoshop CS5
Quan lymau 349
7.4.5.2 Chuyen oi hos mau
Lenh Chuyen oi ho s mau (Convert to Profile), cho phep
chuyen oi mot tai lieu t khong gian cha ho s mau cua no
(hoac trong trng hp tai lieu khong c gan ho s mau)
sang bat ky khong gian mau co ho s mau khac, cach thc va
qua trnh chuyen oi co the c kiem soat hoan toan
Cac ky thuat vien che ban co kinh nghiem va kien thc ve
quan ly mau nen s dung lenh chuyen oi ho s mau thay v
dung lenh mot Image> Mode cho hau het cac chuyen oi (khi
chuyen oi RGB sang CMYK, anh xa CMYK len CMYK, hoac
bat c chuyen oi nao khac), bi v no cho phep kiem soat
chat hn, va ac biet la chung ta co the xem trc cac khuynh
hng dien dch mau khac nhau.
7.4.6 Cac khong gian mau dung cho in th
Thong thng, e biet hnh anh in ra se nh the nao trc khi
ky ket cac hp ong in ngi ta phai tien hanh in th (in proof).
Co ba cach e tao ra t in th: truyen thong (in th ngay tren
may in se dung e in san lng voi cac ieu kien thc te ve
nguyen vat lieu va thiet b), in th tren mot may in mau (s
dung cac dong may in phun mc cao cap), hoac xuat ra file e
quan sat tren man hnh. In th theo cach th 3 c goi la soft-
proofing (gia lap in th tren man hnh). Photoshop cung cap cac
Hnh 7.40:
Hop thoai chuyen
oi hos mau
cho phep kiem
soat hoan toan
quatrnh chuyen
oi vi cac thong
soveMoun
so khp mau,
khuynh hng
chuyen oi mau
vacac hos mau
san co.
tien ch cho soft-proofing c gii han theo o chnh xac cua
cac ho s mau lien quan.
Mot trong nhng nhiem vu kho nhat va quan trong nhat trong
Photoshop la in th file hoan chnh tren man hnh hay tren may
in mau. Lenh Proof Setup (View> Proof Setup) cho phep kiem
soat cac mo phong ve t in th tren man hnh. ong thi cung
co the xem cac mo phong khac nhau cua cung mot tap tin trong
cac ca so khac nhau. Ta co the xem cac khuynh hng chuyen
oi mau khac nhau va anh hng cua chung en mau cua t in
trc khi tien hanh chuyen oi thc s.
Trong Photoshop, soft-proofing cung co nhng thiet lap rieng
cho mnh trong hop thoai Color Settings. ieu nay cho phep
xem trc ket qua xuat ra cua hnh anh mot cach chnh xac,
cho du o la RGB hoac CMYK. ay la mot li the rat ln cho
nhng ngi in tren khong gian mau RGB vi may in phun gia
lap thiet b CMYK. Gia lap in th tren man hnh la mot cai tien
ln oi vi nhng ieu kien in CMYK. Chung ta co the thiet
lap cho cac chuyen oi eu hng ve CMYK trong khi van
ang lam viec trong RGB va van c mo ta mot cach chnh
xac tren man hnh. V du, ta co the xem nhanh cung mot hnh
anh se trong khac nhau nh the nao khi ban in tren giay in bao
va giay co trang phan.
Lenh View> Proof Colors cho phep bat va tat gia lap in th
tren man hnh. Soft-proofing ch thay oi tren ca so tai lieu
hien tai, ma khong thay oi tren cac ca so khac hoac d lieu
hnh anh a c lu. Theo mac nh, viec gia lap in th tren
man hnh c tien hanh nh sau:
au tien chng trnh mo phong cac chuyen oi t khong
gian mau cua tai lieu sang khong gian mau CMYK, s
dung cac thiet lap ve khuynh hng chuyen oi va bu tr
iem en c quy nh trong Color Settings.
Chng trnh the hien cac mo phong tren man hnh bang
cach s dung khuynh hng phuc che mau tng oi
(relative colorimetric rendering). Neu viec bu tr iem
en Use Black Point Compensation c chon trong
Quan lymau 351
Color Settings, no cung c ap dung e the hien theo
khong gian mau in th tren man hnh.
Ro rang, chat lng cua viec mo phong soft-proofing phu thuoc
vao tnh chnh xac cua viec canh chnh man hnh va chat lng
ho s mau. Nhng moi quan he gia hnh anh tren man hnh va
au ra cuoi cung cung nh tat ca cac moi quan he trong in th
la mot van e ln. Cho en nay, moi ngi van tha nhan rang
cha co mot he thong in th hoac dang rut gon cua he thong in
th tren man hnh thc s cho ket qua giong vi t in that.
Cac chc nang soft-proofing cho phep xem hnh anh thc s se
xuat hien nh the nao au ra, giup toi u hoa hnh anh trong
khong gian au ra c la chon. Chung cung giup xem cac
tap tin tren cung mot tong the co the at c ket qua phu hp
hay khong nham ieu chnh lai cac thiet theo cach quan ly mau
a c thiet lap. V vay, cho du nhu cau cong viec che ban
mc o cao cap hay va phai, cac cong cu soft-proofing trong
Photoshop luon la nhng bo sung vo gia cho ngi ky thuat
vien che ban.
7.4.7 Chuyen oi mau khi in
Trong hop thoai Print, Photoshop co the chuyen oi mau khi no
gi hnh anh en may in. Tren thc te Photoshop chuyen oi
mau tot hn la cac trnh ieu khien may in. No rat tien li v ta
khong can phai chuyen oi sang khong gian mau nao o trc
khi in. Cach chuyen oi mau nay cho phep in mot tap tin RGB
vi mot may in mo phong au ra CMYK ma ta a thc hien
soft-proofing, tc la ta se nhan c t th thc s ma khong
can phai chuyen oi hnh anh sang CMYK.
e s dung tnh nang quan ly mau trong hop thoai Print (File>
Print), chon Color Management t menu con xuat hien au
cua nhom tuy chon ben phai. Tuy chon Color Management
cho phep kiem soat cac d lieu c gi en may in va lam c
s cho Photoshop thc hien chuyen oi ve khong gian may in.
Trong hop thoai nay, co cac phan can lu y nh sau trong muc
Color Handling:
Printer Manages Colors - e may in quan ly mau:
chng trnh se gi d lieu nguon cha c chuyen oi,
cho phep trnh ieu khien may in chuyen oi mau ve
khong gian mau cua may in. Hnh anh CMYK co quan
ly mau tren cac may in PostScript yeu cau s dung Post-
Script 3, neu dung may in PostScript Level 2, can phai
chon Lab Color e thay the. Viec quan ly mau tren Post-
Script khac nhieu vi quan ly mau ang c e cap nen
ngi ky thuat vien che ban khong nen dung giai phap
nay v Photoshop co the chuyen oi mau tot hn so vi
cac trnh ieu khien may in.
Photoshop Manages Colors - e Photoshop quan ly mau:
Photoshop chuyen oi d lieu sang ho s khong gian mau
c mo ta bi profile a c la chon t menu Printer
Profie en may in, s dung khuynh hng chuyen oi
mau c quy nh trong cac menu con Rendering Intent.
Separations is available only for CMYK documents
- cac ban tach mau ch co san cho cac tai lieu CMYK:
Photoshop se gi cac ban tach mau rieng biet en may in.
Hnh 7.41:
Hop thoai in ho
trchc nang
xem trc vain
thmau tren man
hnh vi cac thiet
lap quan lymau
Quan lymau 353
No Color Management - Khong co quan ly mau: tng
t nh Printer Manages Colors no se gi nhng thong
so trong tai lieu en may in, nhng khong cha profile
mo ta chung. Ngi ky thuat vien che ban nen s dung
tuy chon nay e tao ra ho s mau cho may in.
Cac tuy chon Match Print Colors va Show Paper White trong
hop thoai Print khong anh hng en viec chuyen oi mau cho
may in. Tat ca nhng g chung lam la ap dung ho s mau cua
may in a c chon trong hop thoai Print cho nhng hnh anh
c ch nh, do o trong hop thoai Print co the hien th mot
ban in th e xem trc ve mau se in ra. Match Print Colors
va Gamut Warning hoat ong tren tren ho s mau c chon.
Theo kinh nghiem cua cac chuyen gia che ban, tnh nang nay
hoat ong tot khi tuy chon Photoshop Manages Colors c
chon trong menu Color Handling, nhng no co the tao ra cac
ket qua ngau nhien khi theo cac tuy chon khac. Tnh huong nay
nen c kiem soat bang cach thc nghiem nhieu lan.
TOM TAT
Trong quan ly mau, khong gian mau lam viec cua cac thiet b
va s chuyen oi khong gian mau can phai c phan nh ro
nh sau:
Nha nhiep anh: tao ra va x ly cac anh RGB (can lu y
khi a file cho nha thiet ke/che ban la hnh anh c lu
vi ho s mau g)
Nha thiet ke/che ban: chuyen oi d lieu anh sang
CMYK, a vao cac chng trnh ng dung e thiet ke,
dan trang va tao ra ban in th e khach hang ky bai theo
mot tieu chuan in offset nh trc. ( can lu y nha nhiep
anh a file vi ho s mau c nhung)
Nha in: In ung theo ban in th. (Lu y nha thiet ke a
file d lieu CMYK nh dang PDF/X cung vi ban in th
theo ung ho s mau in chuan.
Quan ly mau trong qua trnh phuc che yeu cau ngi
ky thuat vien che ban phai hieu biet sau rong khong ch
rieng qua trnh che ban ma con phai hieu cac tac ong t
qua trnh in va vat lieu in. Viec chon la ung cac giai
phap quan ly mau cho tng cong viec cu the se giup tiet
kiem thi gian va mang lai hieu qua thiet thc. Nguyen
tac c ban cua quan ly mau la moi th can co nguon goc
va oi tng can hng en phai c hieu ro trong mot
chu trnh quan ly mau.
Ti liu tham kho:
1. Banks, W.H. (ed.): Advances in printing science and technology. Vol. 22,
Pentech Press, London, 1994.
2. Gary G. Field: Color and its reproduction. Gaft, 1999.
3. Haim Levkowitz: Color theory and modeling for computer graphics, visuali-
zation, and multimedia applications. Kluwer academic publishers Boston /
Dordrecht / London, 1997.
4. Helmut Kipphan (Ed.) Handbook of Print - Media Technologies and Produc-
tion Methods. Springer, 2000.
5. Jan - Peter Homann: Digital Color Management - Principles and Strategies
for the Standardized Print Production. Springer, 2009.
6. Mortimer, A.: Colour reproduction in the printing industry. Pira Interna-
tional, Leatherhead (UK)
7. Sren Winslw: Colomanagement worfow analysis. Ifra, 2000.
8. Stevenson, D.: Handbook ofprinting processes. GATF, Pittsburgh (PA), 1994
9. Sturge, J.et al.:Imaging processes and materials. VanNostrand Reinhold, New
York, 1989.
10. Tritton, K.: Colour control in lithography. Pira International, Leatherhead (UK)
11. Ng Anh Tun: Mu sc v Cht lng In. Khoa In & Truyn thng trng i
hc S phm K thut TPHCM, 1998.

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