KHOA CNG NGH IN T V TRUYN THNG B MN CNG NGH TRUYN THNG

ThS. ON TH THANH THO

T CHC MNG VIN THNG

Lu hnh ni b

THI NGUYN 2008 1

MC LC
Li ni u12 Phn I: T chc mng vin thng...18 Chng I: Tng quan v mng vin thng19 I. Cc khi nim c bn trong lnh vc vin thng19 II. Cc thnh phn c bn ca mng vin thng.22 1. Gii thiu chung v mng vin thng ..22 2. Thit b u cui .22 3. Thit b chuyn mch ...22 4. Thit b truyn dn...23 III. Mng truy nhp ...23 1. Mng truy nhp l g ? .23 2. Mng truy nhp cp ng:24 3. Mng truy nhp quang :26 4. Mng truy nhp v tuyn 27 IV. Chun ho trong vin thng 29 1.Vn chun ho trn mng vin thng29 2. Cc tiu chun trong vin thng...29 2.1. Cc tiu chun cho php vic cnh tranh.29 2.2. Cc tiu chun dn ti s cn bng v kinh t gia yu t k thut v sn xut..29 2.3. Cc quyn li v chnh tr hnh thnh nhiu tiu chun khc nhau nh Chu u, Nht bn v M. .30 2.4. Cc tiu chun quc t e do cc ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc ln nhng l c hi tt cho nghnh cng nghip cc nc nh...30 2.5. Cc tiu chun lm cc h thng thuc cc nh cung cp khc nhau c th kt ni vi nhau. .30 2.6. Cc tiu chun gip ngi s dng v nh iu hnh mng ca cc hng c lp, tng sn sng ca h thng. .31 2.7. Cc tiu chun lm cho cc dch v quc t c tnh kh thi.31 3. Cc t chc chun ho quc t .32

3.1. Cc nhm lin quan..32 3.2. Cc c quan c thm quyn v chun ho quc gia.33 3.3 Cc t chc Chu u...33 3.4 Cc t chc ca M...34 3.5 Cc t chc ton cu..35 3.6 Cc t chc khc 36 Chng II: Cc k hoch c bn xy dng mng vin thng..37 I. Gii thiu chung v cc k hoch...37 I.1. Cu hnh mng.38 1. Gii thiu..38 2. Cc cu hnh mng c bn38 2.1. Mng hnh li 38 2.2. Mng hnh sao..39 2.3. Mng kt hp40 3. Phn cp mng..40 3.1. T chc phn cp..40 3.2. Phn cp mng vin thng Vit Nam...41 II. K hoch nh s...42 1. Gii thiu..42 2. Cc h thng nh s ...43 2.1. H thng nh s ng ...43 2.2. H thng nh s m ...43 3. Cu to s .43 3.1. S quc gia...43 3.2. S quc t 44 4. Cc th tc cho vic lp k hoch nh s ..44 4.1 Quyt nh dung lng nh s.45 4.2 La chn vng nh s.47 III. K hoch nh tuyn47 1. Gii thiu .47

2. Cc phng php nh tuyn48 2.1. nh tuyn c nh..48 2.2. nh tuyn lun phin..48 2.3. nh tuyn ng...48 IV. K HOCH BO HIU.49 1. Gii thiu .49 2. Phn loi bo hiu.49 V. K hoch ng b.50 1.Gii thiu chung.50 2. Cc phng thc ng b mng .. .. 51 2.1. Phng thc cn ng b (Plesiochronous Synchronization Method)..51 2.2. Phng thc ng b ch t (Master - Slaver Synchronization Method) .51 2.3. Phng thc ng b tng h ...52 3. ng h v cc tham s lin quan53 3.1. Cc tham s tiu biu ca ng h ..53 3.2. Mt s loi ng h tiu biu ..54 4. Mng ng b Vit Nam...54 VII. K hoch tnh cc ....55 1. Gii thiu chung55 2. Cc tiu ch cho vic tnh cc 56 2.1. Tnh cc da trn s lng cuc gi..56 2.2. Tnh cc da trn thi gian duy tr cuc gi.56 2.3. Tnh cc da trn thi gian duy tr cuc gi v khong cch...56 2.4. Tnh cc ph thuc vo khi lng thng tin...56 3. Cc h thng tnh cc 57 3.1. H thng tnh cc u (Flat - Rate System)...57 3.2. H thng tnh cc da trn cuc thng tin (Measured - Rate System)..60 3.3. H thng tnh cc hn hp.60 VIII. Cc k hoch khc.60 1. K hoch truyn dn 60

2. K hoch cht lng dch v60 2.1. Cht lng chuyn mch .61 2.2. Cht lng m thoi...61 2.3. n nh61 Chng III: Cc mng cung cp dch v vin thng..63 I. Mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN)63 1. Gii thiu..... 63 2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng PSTN63 2.1.ng truyn dn..63 2.2- Phng tin chuyn mch63 3. My in thoi thng thng64 4. Cc chc nng bo hiu65 4.1. Bo hiu thu bao.65 4.2. Bo hiu lin i ..67 5. Thit lp v gii to cuc gi67 II. Mng truyn s liu chuyn mch gi...68 1. Gii thiu..68 2. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi.69 3. Cc k thut chuyn mch gi..70 4. Mng chuyn mch gi71 5. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi.71 III. Mng s tch hp a dch v ( ISDN).72 1- Gii thiu chung v IDN v ISDN...72 1.1. Mng vin thng s tch hp IDN ...72 1.2. Mng vin thng s tch hp a dch v ISDN73
1.3.

Ti sao chng ta cn c mng ISDN ?74 2. Nguyn tc ca mng ISDN..74 3. c tnh ca mng ISDN..74 3.1. ISDN p ng tho mn cc nhu cu ca ngi s dng. 74 3.2. ISDN p ng tho mn cc yu cu ca nh khai thc...76

4. Cu hnh mng ISDN....77 4.1. Cu trc chc nng c bn ......77 4.2. Cc chc nng ca ISDN.78 5- Cc dch v ca ISDN..82 5.1 Phn loi dch v ...82 5.2 Cc dch v mang...83 5.3 Cc dch v xa84 5.4 Cc dch v b xung (supplementary services)..85 6- Cc loi giao din mng...85 6.1. Khi nim giao din ngi s dng - mng..85 6.2. H thng khuyn ngh v giao din I 86 6.3. M t im giao din I (I Point)87 6. 4. Cu trc giao din I..........................................89 6.5. Thit lp cc lp giao thc thng tin.................89 Chng IV: Khi qut v cng trnh ngoi vi.....................90 I. Tng quan v cng trnh ngoi vi........................................90 1. Gii thiu chung v cng trnh ngoi vi (Outside Plant) .........................90 2. Phn loi cng trnh ngoi vi........................................90 2.1. Phn loi theo ng dng ..90 2.2. Phn loi theo lp t ...91 2.3. Phn loi theo thnh phn..92 2.4. Phn loi theo h thng truyn dn92 3. Nhng yu cu i vi cng trnh ngoi vi...93 3.1. in tr cch in..93 3.2. Sc bn in mi...93 3.3. in tr dy dn94 3.4. Suy hao truyn dn94 3.5. Mo94 3.6. Xuyn m...94

3.7. S ng nht ca cc tnh cht in..95 3.8. Sc bn c hc...95 3.9. Nghin cu nhng mi nguy him v nhiu lon.95 II.Tng quan v cng trnh ngoi vi.......96 1. c tnh ca cng trnh ngoi vi...96 1.1 S a dng ca tn hiu truyn dn.96 1.2. Quy m cng trnh.....96 1.3. Cc iu kin mi trng..97 1.4. Hiu qu ca cng vic xy dng v bo dng.......97 2. Kiu loi v c tnh ca cp thng tin.....98 2.1. Cp i cn bng.......98 2.2. Cp ng trc.....99 2.3. Cp si quang....99 3. ng dy thu bao100 3.1 c tnh ng dy thu bao v h thng phn b... 102 3.2 Cc kiu loi v cu trc cp thu bao.....102 4. Cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i....105 4.1. c tnh cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i ..105 4.2. H thng tuyn dn ca cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i...106 5. Cu trc ng dy.108 5.1. Cu trc ng dy treo..108 5.2. Cu trc ngm di t 109 6. Cc thnh phn ngoi vi trong h thng truyn dn vi ba s..112 6.1 Gii thiu..112 6.2 Dy song hnh..113 6.3 Cp ng trc114 6.4 ng dn sng hnh ch nht.116 6.5 ng dn sng c thanh dn bn trong (Ridged Wave guide)...122 6.6 ng dn sng trn.122

6.7 ng dn sng elip.122 6.8 Dy dn mnh v siu mnh.123 III. Bo dng cng trnh ngoi vi...124 1. Cng ngh khai thc/bo dng cng trnh ngoi vi..124 1.1. M u.124 1.2. Tnh hnh hin ti v bo dng/ khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi..125 1.3. Hon tt thit k cng ngh bo dng/khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi.125 2. H thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi..127 2.1. Mc tiu...127 2.2. S lc v chc nng...127 2.3. Qun l h s ng dy thu bao..127 2.4. Cc dch v ghi h s cng trnh ngoi vi...128 2.5. Cc dch v khai thc, phng tin v h s s c phng tin129 2.6. Mi quan h gia h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi mi v cc h thng khc...129 3. H thng h tr khai thc cp quang t ng (AURORA).129 3.1 Khi nim v AURORA...129 3.2 H thng no dng o th dy dn quang trong qu trnh truyn thng? 130 3.3 Vic cm nhn m c thc hin nh th no ti im ni cp? .130 3.4. u im ca vic s dng AURORA l g ?...130 4. H thng truyn v o th si quang (FITAS)...132 4.1. Khi qut..132 4..2 Cc u im khi dng FITAS..132 IV. Bo dng phng tin truyn thng cng cng...132 1. M u...132 2. Kim tra cc phng tin b hng...133 2.1. Loi cc danh mc kim tra ca cc phng tin hng...133 2.2. Cc phng tin b h hng.134

3. Bo dng b cp v h cp...135 4. Bo dng cng cp ngm..137 5. Bo dng phng tin thng tin...137 Chng V: Cc cng ngh vin thng mi..139 I. Xu hng pht trin cng ngh vin thng...139 1. Cng ngh truyn dn 141 1.1. Cp quang ...141 1.2. V tuyn..141 2. Cng ngh chuyn mch 142 2.1. Cng ngh ATM..142 2.2. Cng ngh chuyn mch quang...143 3. Cng ngh mng truy nhp 143 3.1. Mng truy nhp quang.143 3.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn.144 3.3. Cc phng thc truy nhp cp ng..145 3.4. Xu hng pht trin mng truy nhp bng rng..145 3.5. Truy nhp ring bit cho bng rng 146 3.6. H thng truy nhp kiu ghp knh.146 3.7. Truy nhp mc tiu..146 II. Tng quan v mng th h sau.147 1. Cu trc v t chc mng th h sau... 147 1.1. Nguyn tc t chc mng th h sau...147 1.2. Cu trc mng th h sau.149 2. Cc cng ngh c p dng cho mng th h sau....150 2.1. Cc cng ngh p dng cho lp mng chuyn ti ..................150 2.2. Cc cng ngh p dng cho lp mng truy nhp.........................150 2.3. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS..........151 III. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi..........................................154 1. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi X.25.............................154 2. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi chuyn tip khung (Frame Relay)...........154

3. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi ATM............................155 IV. Cc cng ngh truy cp bng rng.................................156 1. Gii thiu chung..........................................................156 2. Cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (x.DSL).........156 2.1. HDSL/HDSL2 (High bit rate DSL) ..............157
2.2. SDSL (Symmetric DSL)................................158 2.3. ADSL (Asymmetric DSL)..............................158 2.4. RADSL (Rate adaptive DSL) ........................158 2.5. CDSL (Consumer DSL).................................158 2.6. IDSL (ISDN DSL)..........................................158 2.7. VDSL (Very high-speed DSL).......................159

V. Cng ngh truyn ti qua WDM......................................159 Phn II: Cc dch v vin thng........................................161 Chng VI: Cc dch v thoi.............................................161 I. Cc khi nim c bn........................................................161 1. Khi nim ..............................................................161 2. Phn loi dch v vin thng............................................163 II. Nhng dch v gi s truyn thng..................................165 1-Dch v gi s ni ht (Local Call).............................165 2-Dch v gi s ng di.............................................166 3. Dch v gi s quc t.................................................166 4. Dch v in thoi th ................................................166 5. Dch v 108.............................................................167 III. Cc dch v gia tng ca dch v in thoi...................168 1. Gii thiu ...................................................................168 2-Dch v hp th thoi..................................................170 3-Dch v Collect call.....................................................171 IV. Dch v thoi qua giao thc Internet (VoIP)......................171 1. Gii thiu....................................................................171 2. Xy dng cc khi cu trc........................................172 3. Nhng u im...........................................................173

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4. Cc yu t khc...........................................................174 V. Dch v vin thng trn mng thng tin di ng mt t...........................175 1. Dch v in thoi di ng..........................................175 2. Dch v gi tr gia tng ca dch v in thoi di ng......................176 3. Dch v Cityphone (in thoi di ng tc thp ).176 VI. Dch v vin thng trn mng thng tin di ng v tinh cng cng..........177 1. in thoi v tinh........................................................177 2. in thoi v tinh VSAT ...........................................178 VII. Dch v vin thng trn mng v tuyn in hng hi cng cng ...........179 Chng VII: Cc dch v phi thoi.....................................180 I. Dch v in bo...............................................................180 II. Dch v TELEX .............................................................180 III. Dch v FAX..................................................................181 IV. Dch v truyn s liu ...................................................181 1. Dch v truyn s liu X25.........................................181 2. Dch v Frame Relay (chuyn tip khung).................178 3. Dch v mng ring o (VPN)182 V. Dch v truyn hnh hi ngh ..182 VI. Dch v truyn hnh cp.184 1. Gii thiu184 2. H thng truyn hnh cp184 Ti liu tham kho..189

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LI NI U
Gio trnh T chc mng v cc dch v vin thng c bin son theo cng do B mn in t vin thng Khoa Cng ngh thng tin - i hc Thi Nguyn, xy dng v thng qua. Ni dung c bin son theo tinh thn ngn gn, d hiu. Cc kin thc trong ton b gio trnh c mi lin h logc cht ch. Tuy vy, gio trnh cng ch l mt phn trong ni dung ca chuyn ngnh o to cho nn ngi dy, ngi hc cn tham kho thm cc ti liu c lin quan i vi ngnh hc vic s dng gio trnh c hiu qu hn. Khi bin son gio trnh, chng ti c gng cp nht nhng kin thc mi c lin quan n mn hc v ph hp vi i tng s dng cng nh c gng gn nhng ni dung l thuyt vi nhng vn thc t ang xy ra i vi mng Vin Thng Vit Nam (VNPT, SPT, ETC, Vietel) cng nh trn th gii gio trnh c tnh thc tin cao. Ni dung ca gio trnh c bin son vi dung lng 60 tit, gm 2 phn 8 chng: Phn I: T chc mng vin thng Chng 1: Tng quan v mng vin thng Chng 2: Cc k hoch c bn xy dng mng vin thng Chng 3: Cc mng cung cp dch v vin thng Chng 4: Cng trnh ngoi vi Chng 5: Cc cng ngh vin thng mi. Phn II: Dch v vin thng Chng 6: Cc dch v thoi Chng 7: Cc dch v phi thoi. Gio trnh c bin son cho i tng l sinh vin i hc, cao ng vin thng. Mc d c gng nhng chc chn khng trnh khi thiu st. Rt mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c ln ti bn sau c hon chnh hn. Xin chn thnh cm n!

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BI M U
1. Lch s pht trin lnh vc vin thng Cng ngh vin thng pht trin rt nhanh, chng ta s khng c ci nhn tng th nu ch quan tm ti cng ngh mi, tiu chun mi, thit b mi, v s khng hiu ti sao cng ngh vin thng li pht trin nh vy. Vic nghin cu lch s pht trin lnh vc vin thng l cn thit, qua gip chng ta hiu c s pht trin nhanh ca cng ngh vin thng v s hiu thm v cng ngh mi hin nay. T khi Samuel Morse pht minh ra TELEGRAPH (h thng vin thng u tin) n nay, mng vin thng pht trin theo nhiu pha khc nhau. Pha th nht, trong xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng, l s ra i v ng dng rng ri ca mng in thoi. Mc d h thng in bo i trc in thoi hn 30 nm. Vo nm 1884 Morse pht minh ra in bo (Telegraph). Sau , nm 1876, Alexander Graham Bell pht minh ra in thoi, khi cc ng dy in thoi i ti v tp chung ti mt s im thc hin u ni. Cc im u ni chnh l cc h thng chuyn mch nhn cng iu khin bi iu hnh vin. Nm 1889, Almond Strowger pht minh ra tng i c in kiu tng nc. Trong tng i tng nc, cuc gi thit lp v to tuyn da trn hng lot cc thao tc c in lin tip. Vo nm 1938, h thng Bell a ra tng i chuyn mch ngang dc (crossbar exchange). Trong h thng ngang dc, qu trnh chuyn mch thc hin nh mt mch c bit gi l MARKER thc hin iu khin chung cho cc u vo v chn ng cho cc cuc gi. Thi i hong kim ca in thoi t ng l nhng nm sau th chin th hai, khi ton b mng ng di c t ng ho. Pht minh v Tranzisto thc y vic p dng cc k thut in t vo h thng chuyn mch v dn n s trin khai h thng chuyn mch in t u tin vo cui thp k 50. Nh k thut in t m cc h thng chuyn mch in t c dung lng ln c thit k v ch to. Vo gia thp k 30, truyn dn v tuyn chuyn tip im ni im cho tn hiu tng t ra i da trn s pht trin k thut thng tin cao tn. Trong i chin th gii ln th II, h thng ny c pht trin ln k thut siu cao tn UHF.

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Tuyn kt ni u tin vi hn 100 trm lp tn hiu lm vic ti hai bng tn 4GHz v 20 MHz. Tip theo l vic trin khai cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip tng t dung lng va v cao trn ton cu. u nhng nm 70, k thut vi ba s tr thnh phng tin truyn dn quan trng. Vo nhng nm 80 k thut iu ch bin cu phng QAM c p dng rng ri v l phng thc iu ch cho cc h thng v tuyn chuyn tip s . Pha th hai l vic kt ni mng din ra t nhng nm 1960 bao gm 3 s kin trong i: Chuyn mch SPC, truyn dn s v thng tin v tinh. Nm 1965, AT&T gii thiu h thng chuyn mch SPC ni ht u tin vi tn thng phm l h thng chuyn mch 1-EES, H thng ny iu khin bng cc phn mm. Hng lot cc dch v c bit c thc hin (Speed calling, calling waiting, call forwading, three-way calling vv...). Chng trnh phn mm u tin cho h thng 1-EES p dng v xy dng h thng chuyn mch ln ti 100.000 ng (ngy nay c ti 10 triu ng). Nguyn l v chuyn i tn hiu Analog thnh Digital tr nn ph bin vi k thut iu xung m PCM. Khi tc cho mt knh thoi l 64 Kbit/s vi bng tn ting ni l 4KHz. Trong sut thp k 60 v 70, phn cp cho cc knh truyn dn s da trn cc knh 64Kbit/s v hnh thnh nn cc tuyn ng trc cho mng s ngy nay. Mt trong nhng h thng truyn dn s ph bin l h thng T1 tc 1544kbit/s vi 24 knh ting tc 64 kbits/s . Thng tin v tinh c nh vn khoa hc vin tng Anh Arther C Clacke xut u tin nm 1945. Thng tin v tinh tr thnh hin thc sau khi v tinh nhn to u tin ca loi ngi c Lin x phng thnh cng nm 1957. V tinh truyn thng dn dng ton cu u tin INTELSAT phng ln qu o 4/1965. Pha th 3 l vo nhng nm 70, c trng bi cc mng s liu v cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Mt mng chuyn mch gi th nghim u tin c thit lp tn l ARPANET (Advanced Reseach Project Agency Network) chnh thc hot ng nm 1971. Mng ARPANET gp phn thc y s pht trin v ng dng rng ri ca cng ngh chuyn mch gi di s iu khin ca Larry A.Roberts trn ton th gii. Mng chuyn mch gi cng cng u tin c tn l TELENET (hng

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BBN: Bolt, Beraneck and Newman) xut hin vo nm 1973, mng ny kt ni cc my tnh ch v thit b kt cui. Thi k ny, hai tiu chun c bn rt cn thit cho s pht trin ca mng s liu. Th nht l tiu chun ASCII ph chun nm 1964 v tr thnh phng php chung cho vic m ho s liu trong vin thng. Th hai l tiu chun RS-232D khuyn ngh bi Hi cng nghip in t EIA vi phin bn u tin ca n xut hin vo nm 1969 quy nh thng tin m ho truyn qua MODEM trn mng in thoi. t s tng thch gia my tnh v mng chuyn mch gi, ITU thit lp giao thc chun quc t X-25 vo nm 1976. iu ny ko theo hng lot cc giao thc quc t khc. Cng vi ITU, t chc chun ho quc t (ISO) ph chun khung giao thc 7 lp i vi truyn thng d liu nm 1978 cn gi l M hnh lin kt cc h thng m OSI. Mc ch ca OSI l cho php cc my tnh trn th gii trao i thng tin vi nhau nu chng da trn chun OSI ny. Trong pha v lin kt mng ny phi k n s pht trin rng ri cc mng d liu ni ht (LAN: Local Area Network ). Mng LAN u tin c bit l ETHERNET, khi u ca n l mt d n trong phng th nghim ca R.M.Metcalfe nm 1974. Vic pht minh ra Laser nm 1959 ko theo s pht trin ln trong lnh vc thng tin quang. Si quang dn tn hao nh (20 dB/ km) u tin cng b vo nm 1970.
in thoi Nm 1880s Mng s 1960s Ting ni Chuyn mch knh (s ) Dy dn ng, vi ba v v tinh Dy dn ng, vi ba v v tinh Mng s liu 1970s S liu Chuyn mch gi Cc mng s tch hp 1980s Ting ni, s liu, hnh nh K thut chuyn mch Phng tin truyn dn Chuyn mch knh (tng t ) Dy dn ng, vi ba Chuyn mch knh, gi v gi tc cao Dy ng, vi ba, v tinh v si quang

Kiu lu lng Ting ni

Bng 1.1: Bn pha trong s pht trin ca mng vin thng

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Pha th t v vn lin kt mng truyn thng, u thp k 80 a ra kh nng sn sng ca mng ISDN v thng tin di ng. ISDN l mng s a dch v, c kh nng cung cp mt phm vi rng v cc loi hnh dch v nh ting ni, hnh nh v s liu. iu ch yu trong ISDN l cho php cng mt thit b kt cui ca khch hng c kh nng truy nhp vo mng ISDN v tch hp nhiu loi hnh dch v khc nhau.
Telex S liu chuyn mch gi S liu chuyn mch knh Chuyn mch gi tc cao PC-Telex v Telexfax Telefax Telefax nhm 4 Telefax mu Th in t Bo in t Hp th thoi in thoi c hnh Hi ngh truyn hnh Cc h thng t bo Truyn hnh m thanh ni Pht thanh v truyn hnh s Nhn tin, s liu quan mng di ng Nm

in bo Teletex Telex S liu tc cao ATM S liu tc thp LAN in thoi Telefax in thoi v tuyn Fax nhm 4

in bo in bo Telex in bo in thoi in thoi V tuyn in thoi Bo in t

V tuyn
Truyn hnh

Stereo V tuyn s Truyn hnh Truyn hnh mu S in thoi di Truyn s ng liu qua di Nhn tin ng

1850

1880

1920

Hnh 1.1: S pht trin ca cc dch v vin thng

1930

1950

1970

1990

2000

Thng tin di ng i vo k nguyn mi vi khi nim "T bo". Nm 1981, y ban truyn thng lin bang FCC ch nh di tn 50MHz (824-849 MHz v 869894 MHz) cho cc h thng truyn thng t bo. n nm 1990, dch v t bo pht trin v c ti 5 triu thu bao. Nghin cu pha th 5, mng hi t bng rng. 2. Tm quan trng ca vin thng Rt nhiu mng vin thng khc nhau u ni thnh h thng ton cu phc tp v thay i rt nhanh. Chng ta xem xt vin thng t cc kha cnh khc nhau hiu r h thng m chng ta quan tm phc tp n mc no v chng ta ph thuc vo n nh th no.

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Cc mng vin thng thng c thit b phc tp nht so vi cc thit b khc trn th gii. Chng ta ch cp vo mng in thoi vi khong 1000 triu thu bao trn ton cu. Khi mt trong cc my in thoi yu cu m thoi th mng in thoi thit lp tuyn ni ti bt k mt my in thoi no trn th gii. Ngoi ra c rt nhiu mng khc kt ni vo mng in thoi. iu ny cho thy mt s phc tp ca mng vin thng ton cu; chng c mt h thng no trn th gii m phc tp hn cc mng vin thng. Cc dch v vin thng c nh hng rt ln n s pht trin ca x hi. Nu xem xt mt in thoi ca mt quc gia c th nh gi c s pht trin v kinh t v k thut. Ti cc nc ang pht trin th mt in thoi di 50 my trn 1000 dn; cn trong cc nc pht trin nh Bc M v chu u th mt khong 500 ti 600 my trn 1000 dn. S pht trin v kinh t ca cc nc ang pht trin ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nhng sn sng ca cc dch v vin thng cng ng mt vai tr quan trng. Cc hot ng ca mt x hi hin i th ph thuc rt nhiu vo vin thng. Khng th hnh dung mi trng lm vic s nh th no nu thiu cc dch v vin thng. Mng cc b (LAN) kt ni vi cc mng cc ni khc ca cng ty. Vic ny cn thit cc phng ban lm vic cng nhau rt c hiu qu. Hng ngy, chng ta lin lc vi mi ngi thuc cc t chc khc vi s tr gip ca th in t, in thoi, fax v in thoi di ng. Cc t chc thuc chnh ph cung cp cc dch v cng cng cng nh vo cc dch v vin thng nh cc t chc c nhn. Vin thng c vai tr cn thit trong nhiu lnh vc ca cuc sng hng ngy. Trong cuc sng hng ngy chng ta ph thuc nhiu vo vin thng, mi ngi s dng cc dch v vin thng cng cc dch v khc da trn vin thng. Cc dch v l: Ngn hng, My tr li t ng v ngn hng t xa; hng khng, t v; vic thng mi, bn hng hng lot, v t hng; cc thanh ton bng th tn dng ti cc trm xng du; cc i l du lch t cc phng khch sn; vic mua nguyn vt liu cc nghnh cng nghip; hot ng ca chnh ph nh thu...

17

PHN I T CHC MNG VIN THNG

18

CHNG I TNG QUAN V MNG VIN THNG

I. CC KHI NIM C BN TRONG LNH VC VIN THNG Gn y, my tnh pht trin nhanh, kh nng lm vic nhanh v gi thnh gim n ni chng ng dng khp mi ni trn th gii v xm nhp vo mi lnh vc. Do s a dng v tinh vi ca my tnh v s pht trin nhanh ca cc trm lm vic, nhu cu v mng vin thng truyn ti thng tin khng ngng pht trin. Cc mng ny kh nng cung cp cc ng truyn thng chuyn cc s liu trong lnh vc cng ngh, khoa hc k thut v m bo p ng cc loi ng dng phong ph khc nhau t gii tr cho ti cc cng vic phc tp. Cc mng ny cn c kh nng truyn ti thng tin vi tc khc nhau t vi k t trong mt giy ti hng Gbit/s. Theo mt ngha rng hn, cc mng ny cung cp chc nng truyn ti thng tin mt cch linh hot. Thng tin truyn ti vi tc khc nhau, an ton v tin cy cao. im ny khc xa so vi kh nng ca mng in thoi c hnh thnh truyn ti tn hiu ting ni vi tc c nh 64Kbit/s, an ton v tin cy khng ng b. im quan trng y l cc thit b trn mng vin thng cng c s tho thun v vic trnh by thng tin di dng s v cc th tc trn cc ng truyn. Tt c cc quy c, tho thun v cc quy tc nhm xc nh thng tin s trao i vi nhau gi l cc giao thc thng tin (communication protocol). S kt hp (marriage) gia hai cng ngh hng u vin thng v my tnh l mt thch thc mi cho cc nh khoa hc, k s v cc nh thit k.

19

in thoi
IN

Cc mng

Telex
Hai hng

s liu Cc mng

in Bo
Bu chnh
C KH

VIN THNG Truyn thng n hng

ring

Truyn hnh cp

Bo ch

Pht thanh

TV

Hnh 1.1: Vin thng Truyn thng (Communication) l mt khi nim rng m t qu trnh trao i thng tin (exchange of information) Communication = Post + Telecommunication (Telephony, Fax, Telex, Teletex,Videotex, Data) Vin thng (Telecommunication) l qu trnh trao i cc thng tin cc dng khc nhau (ting ni, hnh nh, d liu...) vi c ly xa nh vo cc h thng truyn dn in t (truyn dn cp kim loi, cp quang, vi ba, v tinh). Mng vin thng (Telecommunications Network) l tp hp cc thit b (Devices), cc k thut (Mechanisms) v cc th tc (Procedures) cc thit b kt cui ca khch hng c th truy nhp vo mng v trao i thng tin hu ch. Cc yu cu t ra cho mng vin thng l phi c kh nng cung cp cc ng truyn tc khc nhau, linh hot, c tin cy cao p ng cc loi hnh dch v khc nhau. Mng vt l & Mng logic (physical and logical networks) Mng vt l bao gm cc h thng truyn dn, chuyn mch nh: mng cp ni ht, mng vi ba s, mng SDH, mng thng tin v tinh, mng li cc tng i. Cc h thng c thit lp nhm to ra cc ng dn tn hiu gia cc a ch thng

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qua cc nt mng. Mng vt l ng vai tr l c s h tng ca vin thng, n phc v chung cho lin lc in thoi, truyn thng d liu v cc dch v bng rng khc. Trn c s h tng cc mng logic c to ra nhm cung cp cc dch v vin thng tho mn nhu cu ca x hi. Mng in thoi, mng TELEX, mng Radio truyn thanh l cc mng logic truyn thng. Ngy nay, ngoi cc mng trn cn c c thm cc mng khc c th cng tn ti trong mt khu vc, nh l mng in thoi cng cng (PSTN), mng d liu chuyn gi cng cng (PSPDN), mng nhn tin (Paging network), mng in thoi di ng, mng my tnh ton cu (INTERNET), mng s a dch v tch hp (ISDN) vv...Cc mng trn cung cp hng lot dch v vin thng tho mn nhu cu ca khch hng. H thng truyn thng (Communication System): l cc h thng lm nhim v x l v phn phi thng tin t mt v tr ny n mt v tr khc v cn gi l h thng thng tin. Mt h thng thng tin bao gm cc thnh phn sau: b m ho, b pht, mi trng truyn dn, b thu, b gii m.
Thng tin

B m ho

B pht

Mi trng truyn dn

B thu

B gii m

Thng tin

Hnh 1.2: M hnh h thng truyn thng

Trong h thng truyn thng chng ta cn quan tm: khun dng thng tin, tc truyn dn, c ly truyn dn, mi trng truyn dn, k thut iu ch, th tc pht hin v sa li. Cc phng thc truyn tn hiu trong h thng truyn thng: - n cng (Simplex): Thng tin ch truyn trn mt hng, b thu khng th trao i thng tin vi pha pht.

21

V tinh truyn thng

in thoi My Fax u cui d liu

Thit b u cui Thit b chuyn mch

in thoi My Fax My tnh ng truyn dn

Thit b chuyn mch Thit b u cui

Hnh 1.3: Cc thnh phn ca mng vin thng - Bn song cng (Half- Duplex): Thng tin truyn trn hai hng nhng khng cng thi im. - Song cng (Full-Duplex): Thng tin truyn trn hai hng ng thi . II.CC THNH PHN C BN CA MNG VIN THNG 1. Gii thiu chung v mng vin thng . Khi xt trn quan im phn cng, mng vin thng bao gm cc thit b u cui, thit b chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn. 2. Thit b u cui Thit b u cui l cc trang thit b ca ngi s dng giao tip vi mng cung cp dch v. Hin nay c nhiu chng loi thit b u cui ca nhiu hng khc nhau ty thuc vo tng dch v (v d nh my in thoi, my fax, my tnh c nhn...). Thit b u cui thc hin chc nng chuyn i thng tin cn trao i thnh cc tn hiu in v ngc li.

22

3. Thit b chuyn mch: Chuyn mch c ngha l thit lp mt ng truyn dn gia cc thu bao bt k (u cui). Chc nng chnh ca thit b chuyn mch l thit lp ng truyn ny. Vi thit b chuyn mch nh vy, ng truyn dn c chia s v mt mng li c th c s dng mt cch kinh t. Trong mng in thoi, thit b chuyn mch l cc tng i in thoi. Tu theo v tr ca tng i trn mng, ngi ta chia thnh tng i chuyn tip quc t, tng i chuyn tip lin vng v tng i ni ht.

: Nt chuyn mch

: Thu bao

Hnh 1.4: Cu trc mng in thoi c v khng c thit b chuyn mch

4. Thit b truyn dn Thit b truyn dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc tng i vi nhau v truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Thit b truyn dn phn loi thnh thit b truyn dn thu bao, ni thit b u cui vi tng i ni ht, v thit b truyn dn chuyn tip, ni gia cc tng i. Da vo mi trng truyn dn, thit b truyn dn c th phn loi s lc thnh thit b truyn dn hu tuyn s dng cp kim loi, cp si quang v thit b truyn dn v tuyn s dng khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. Thit b truyn dn thu bao c th s dng cp kim loi hoc sng v tuyn (radio). - Thit b truyn dn thu bao: gm cc loi cp kim loi, cc loi cp si quang hay v tuyn. Cp quang c s dng cho cc ng thu ring v mng thng tin s a dch v, mng ny yu cu mt dung lng truyn dn ln. - Thit b truyn dn chuyn tip: bao gm h thng cp quang, h thng cp ng trc, h thng vi ba, h thng thng tin v tinhTrong thit b truyn dn chuyn

23

tip, mt s ln cc tn hiu hay thng tin c truyn i mt cch kinh t qua mt ng truyn dn n. III. MNG TRUY NHP 1. Mng truy nhp l g ? Cng vi s pht trin ca x hi thng tin, nhu cu s dng dch v vin thng ngy cng tng t dch v in thoi ti dch v s liu, hnh nh v a phng tin. Do , hin nay mng vin thng trn th gii ang pht trin theo hng s ho hon ton, a dch v v a phng tin. Mt cch tng qut, t chc mt mng vin thng bao gm: mng chuyn mch, mng truyn dn v mng truy nhp.
Mng truy nhp Mng truyn dn Mng truy nhp

CPE

CPE

Thit b pha thu bao Mng chuyn mch Mng chuyn mch

Thit b pha thu bao

Hnh 1.5: T chc mng vin thng tng qut

Mng truy nhp (Access Network - AN) l phn mng gia nt mng (tng i ni ht) v thit b u cui ca khch hng; l mng trung gian cung cp dch v vin thng n khch hng. Mng truy nhp nm v tr cui cng ca mng vin thng bao gm tt c cc thit b, ng dy kt ni gia thit b u cui khch hng v nt chuyn mch ni ht. Da vo k thut v mi trng truyn dn c s dng m ngi ta phn loi mng truy nhp nh sau: mng truy nhp cp ng, mng truy nhp quang, mng truy nhp v tuyn. 2. Mng truy nhp cp ng: i vi mng in thoi truyn thng (PSTN), mng truy nhp, hay cn gi l mng thu bao, gm mng cp ng kt ni gia gi u dy (MDF) ti tng i v my in thoi ti nh khch hng. Cu trc chi tit ca mng cp ng phn chia thnh 3 phn: mng cp gc, mng cp nhnh v dy thu bao.

24

MDF

Mng cp gc
Tng i ni ht

T u dy

T u dy

dy thu bao

Hp u dy

Mng cp nhnh Hnh 1.6: Cu trc mng cp ng

Mng truy nhp truyn thng da trn mng cp ng nh trn tn ti mt s nhc im sau : * Bng tn hn ch: qua mch vng thu bao tng t hin nay ch cho php truy nhp da trn bng tn thoi (0,3-3,4 kHz), cc tn hiu thnh phn tn s cao hn bng thoi u b ct b ti tng i ni ht. Do , qua mch vng ny ch h tr cc dch v thoi truyn thng, fax nhm 3 hoc truyn d liu tc thp qua Modem tng t. * Suy hao ln: c ly ti a ca mch vng thu bao tng t nh hin nay tng i hn ch, khong 5km (ty thuc vo ng knh li cp ng) do ko di c ly ny cc nh khai thc lp t thm cc cun ti hoc lp cc b tp chung thu bao xa. * Cht lng cha cao: tn hiu thoi truyn trn mch vng thu bao tng t chu nh hng ca can nhiu in t v xuyn m gia cc i dy vi nhau. * tin cy v bo mt thp: khi thc hin truyn tn hiu trn mch vng thu bao tng t th tin cy khng cao do cht lng mng cp ng ni chung cn hn ch. Ngoi ra, tn hiu truyn dng tng t nn bo mt khng cao. khc phc nhc im ca mng truy nhp cp ng, ngi ta a ra cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (DSL) truyn d liu tc cao trn i cp ng truyn thng (truy nhp Internet tc cao,VoD, u ni mng WAN..). K thut

25

truyn dn s tc cao qua i dy in thoi khc phc c bn cc nhc im ca i cp ng truyn thng nh s suy gim tn hiu, nhiu xuyn m, s phn x tn hiu, nhiu tn s v nhiu xung. Cc u im ca cng ngh ADSL: * S dng cc i dy ng c sn nn khng cn ng dy mi * Tc truyn tn hiu cao, mt s loi DSL c th thay i ty theo c im v yu cu ca thu bao. * Khng cn nng cp tng i. * Kh nng cung cp dch v trc tuyn, khng cn quay s. * VDSL c th kt hp vi cp quang cho gii php hp l truy nhp bng rng vi tc rt cao. 3. Mng truy nhp quang : Mng truy nhp cp quang (OAN: Optical Access Network) l mng truy nhp dng mi trng truyn dn ch yu l cp si quang thc hin truyn dn thng tin. N khng phi l h thng truyn dn cp quang truyn thng m l da vo mng truy nhp thit k mng truyn dn cp quang c bit.
in Thu bao E/O Quang in O/E

Quang Si quang

Trm chuyn mch

Hnh 1.7 : S khi mng truy nhp cp quang

c im chnh ca mng truy nhp cp quang l: C th truyn dn dch v bng rng, c cht lng truyn dn tt, tin cy cao. ng knh ca mng tng i nh, c th khng cn b trung k (khuch i, b lp), nhng do thu bao rt nhiu cho nn phi phn phi cng sut quang, c kh nng phi p dng b khuch i quang b cng sut. -

Tnh hnh th trng rt tt, phm vi ng dng rng ln. Gi thnh u t ln, qun l mng tng i phc tp, cp in u xa tng i kh khn.

26

Hnh 1.8: Mng truy nhp quang th ng (PON)

Hnh 1.9: Cp quang n vng dch v (FTTSA)

Hnh 1.10: Cp quang n to nh cm dn c, nh dn Mng truy nhp quang dng k thut ghp bc sng c ng dng truyn cc dch v bng rng nh truyn hnh cp CATV, truyn hnh c nt cao (HDTV) v ISDN bng rng cng nh cc dch v thoi. 4. Mng truy nhp v tuyn K thut v tuyn pht trin da trn k thut s to kh nng pht trin cc dch v phi thoi, c cht lng tt, dung lng ln, tin cy v tnh bo mt cao. Nhng loi hnh thng tin v tuyn pht trin mnh nht hin nay l thng tin v tuyn c nh (WLL - Wireless Local Loop) v thng tin v tuyn di ng. Cc k thut truy nhp khc nhau l: TDMA v CDMA

27

Hnh 1.11: Truy nhp v tuyn Xu hng pht trin chnh ca k thut truy nhp v tuyn (Wireless Access) trong tng lai l ngy cng nng cao cht lng truyn dn, dung lng, tin cy v c th truyn thoi v cc dch v s bng rng.

Hnh 1.12: H thng truy nhp v tuyn ng dng ca k thut truy nhp v tuyn rt linh hot v c th c s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau: - S dng ti nhng khu vc c dn c tha tht, khong cch gia thu bao v tng i ln, a hnh phc tp. Vic lp t cc tuyn cp truy nhp ti nhng vng ny c chi ph rt ln v do truy nhp v tuyn l gii php tt nht v hiu qu nht. Gii php truy nhp v tuyn l in hnh khu vc nng thn.

28

- Trin khai nhanh chng ti nhng ni a hnh him tr, phc tp, khng c kh nng lp t cp t tng i ti thu bao vng su, vng xa - Lp t thu bao nhanh chng Hoc cn s dng : - Cung cp cho cc s kin c bit nh th thao, trin lm,... Truy nhp v tuyn c nhng li th hn hn so vi mng truy nhp cp ng truyn thng nhiu kha cnh: - Lp t trin khai nhanh chng. - Khng cn nhn cng xy dng cng b cp v i dy ti thu bao do gim c chi ph lp t v bo dng. - D dng v nhanh chng thay i li cu hnh, lp t li v tr ca thu bao. Vi vic s dng h thng truy nhp v tuyn, thit b ca h thng c th d dng chuyn ti lp t v tr mi theo yu cu c th i vi tng thi k. - Trong nhng mi trng nht nh chng hn nh khu vc nng thn th chi ph lp t ca h thng truy nhp v tuyn gim hn so vi truy nhp cp ng, l cha k n chi ph vn hnh v bo dng cng thp hn nhiu. Tuy nhin k thut truy nhp v tuyn cng c nhng nhc im: - Dung lng b gii hn theo di ph c cung cp. - Cht lng b suy gim ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng truyn dn. Nhiu v suy hao v tuyn l vn cn c quan tm trong h thng v tuyn. - Truy nhp v tuyn i hi phi c ngun nui cho thu bao. iu ny gp phn lm tng thm chi ph ca thit b u cui. - Vn bo mt cn phi c quan tm ng mc v i vi cc h thng truy nhp v tuyn nu khng m ho thng tin th vic nghe trm l rt d dng. IV. CHUN HO TRONG VIN THNG 1. Vn chun ho trn mng vin thng Thit b thuc cc hng sn xut khc nhau mun phi hp vi nhau nhm cung cp cc dch v vin thng th cng tc chun ho l rt cn thit. N to iu kin thun li cho ngi s dng, cng nh cho cc nh sn xut v cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng. Cng tc chun ho ni chung tng i phc tp do gp

29

nhiu kh khn v thi gian, kinh t i n s thng nht gia cc chun ca cc hng a ra. 2. Cc tiu chun trong vin thng 2.1. Cc tiu chun cho php vic cnh tranh Cc tiu chun m sn sng cho bt k nh cung cp thit b ca h thng vin thng no. Khi h thng mi c chun ho v hp dn v mt kinh doanh th s c rt nhiu nh cung cp c mt ti th trng. Nu h thng no b c quyn th cc c tnh k thut s l ca ring nh sn xut , iu ny rt kh cho cc nh sn xut mi bt u vic sn xut cc h thng tng thch cnh tranh. Cnh tranh m to ra cc sn phm rt hiu qu v mt gi thnh dn n c th cung cp cc dch v vin thng vi gi thnh thp cho ngi s dng. 2.2. Cc tiu chun dn ti s cn bng v kinh t gia yu t k thut v sn xut Cc tiu chun thc y th trng pht trin cc sn phm hng ti cc tiu chun chung, dn ti vic sn xut mang tnh ph bin v cn bng v kinh t gia sn xut v yu t k thut. Vic s dng cc vi mch c tch hp rt ln (VLSI) v cc li ch khc s gim gi thnh v gip cho sn phm d dng chp nhn hn. iu ny dn ti s pht trin v kinh t x hi nh vic ci tin v gim gi thnh cc dch v vin thng. 2.3. Cc quyn li v chnh tr hnh thnh nhiu tiu chun khc nhau nh Chu u, Nht bn v M. Vic chun ho khng ch l vn k thut. i khi cc quyn li v chnh tr ngn cn vic ph chun cc tiu chun ton cu v cc tiu chun khc nhau lm thch nghi gia Chu u, M v Nht bn. Chu u khng mun chp nhn cc cng ngh ca M v ngc li v mun bo v ngnh cng nghip ca h. Mt trong cc v d tiu biu v quyt nh mang tnh chnh tr (vo nhng nm 70) l lut m ho PCM ca Chu u c a ra thay v s dng lut ca M. Mt v d gn y l quyt nh ca M v vic khng chp nhn cng ngh GSM ca Chu u l cng ngh thng tin di ng t bo s chnh.

30

2.4. Cc tiu chun quc t e do cc ngnh cng nghip ca cc nc ln nhng l c hi tt cho nghnh cng nghip cc nc nh. Cc nh sn xut chnh ca cc nc ln c th khng ng h vic chun ho quc t v n m th trng ni a ca h thnh cc cuc cnh tranh quc t. Cc nh sn xut ca cc nc nh mun c h tr chun ho v h ph thuc cc th trng nc ngoi. Th trng ni a ca h khng ln v h tm kim mt th trng mi cho cng ngh ca h. 2.5. Cc tiu chun lm cc h thng thuc cc nh cung cp khc nhau c th kt ni vi nhau. Mc ch chnh v mt k thut ca s chun ho l gip cc h thng cng hay thuc cc mng khc nhau c th hiu ln nhau. Cc tiu chun gm cc ch tiu k thut cc h thng tng thch vi nhau v h tr cho vic cung cp trn din rng hay ngay c i vi cc dch v ton cu da trn cc cng ngh chun ho. 2.6. Cc tiu chun gip ngi s dng v nh iu hnh mng ca cc hng c lp, tng sn sng ca h thng. Mt giao din chun gia thit b u cui v mng cho php cc thu bao c th mua cc thit b u cui ca nhiu hng khc nhau. Cc giao din chun gia cc h thng trong mng cho php cc nh iu hnh mng s dng cc h thng ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Vic chun ho ci tin sn sng v cht lng ca h thng cng nh gim gi thnh ca chng. 2.7. Cc tiu chun lm cho cc dch v quc t c tnh kh thi Vic chun ho ng vai tr ch cht trong vic cung cp cc dch v quc t. V d cc tiu chun ton cu chnh thc nh dch v thoi, ISDN, dch v chuyn mch gi X.25 ton cu, telex v fax. Cc tiu chun ca mt s h thng c th khng c chp nhn rng ri mt cch chnh thc; nhng nu h thng tr nn ph bin trn th gii th mt dch v ton cu c th c thc hin. Cc v d gn y v cc dch v ny nh thng tin GSM v Internet vi WWW. Cc v d v cc phm vi chun ho quc t ch r s nh hng chun ho i vi cuc sng hng ngy:

31

* Cc bc ren ca inh c (ISO, u ban k thut 1): Mt trong cc lnh vc u tin c chun ho. Vo nhng nm 60 mt bng n ca t khng th lp va vo t khc. Nhng chng c chun ho quc t v hu ht tng thch vi nhau. * Vic nh s in thoi quc t, m quc gia: Nu vic nhn dng thu bao trn ton cu khng duy nht th cc cuc gi t ng khng thc hin c. * Giao tip thu bao in thoi. * M ho PCM v cu trc khung c s : lm cho cc tuyn ni s ho trong nc v quc t gia cc mng thc hin c. * Cc h thng pht thanh v truyn hnh. * Cc tn s dng cho v tinh v cc h thng thng tin v tuyn khc. * Cc b ni v cc tn hiu ca PC, my in v cc giao din vi modem * LAN: cho php chng ta s dng cc my tnh t bt k nh sn xut no trong mng ca cng ty. 3. Cc t chc chun ho quc t : C rt nhiu t chc tham gia vo cng vic chun ho. Chng ta xem xt chng theo 2 kha cnh: ai l nhng ngi tham gia vo thng mi vin thng lin quan n chun ho v nh cm quyn no ng h cc tiu chun chnh thc. 3.1. Cc nhm lin quan Cc nh khai thc mng ng h vic chun ho: * tng cng kh nng tng thch cc h thng vin thng *C kh nng cung cp cc dch v trn din rng v ngay c i vi cc dch v quc t * C kh nng mua thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau Cc nh sn xut thit b tham gia vo chun ho: * ly cc thng tin v tiu chun trong tng lai phc v cho hot ng pht trin cng sm cng tt * h tr cho cc tiu chun da trn cng ngh ca chnh h * hn ch vic chun ho nu n nh hng n th trng ca h Cc ngi s dng dch v tham gia vo vic chun ho * h tr cho s pht trin ca cc dch v chun ho quc t

32

* hiu c cc nh cung cp h thng tng ng (mng c nhiu nh cung cp tham gia) * tng kh nng tng thch cho cc h thng ca h Cc nhm quan tm khc bao gm: * Cc cng chc ca chnh ph nhng ngi m quan tm n vic c nh hng quc gia tun theo cc tiu chun quc t. Cc chuyn gia thuc cc vin nghin cu mun tr thnh cc nh pht minh ra cc nh
hng k thut mi.
Ngi s dng Nh khai thc mng Chuyn gia thuc vin hn lm Nh sn xut thit b

Hnh 1.13 : Cc nhm lin quan

3.2. Cc c quan c thm quyn v chun ho quc gia Cc c quan c thm quyn v chun ho ph chun cc tiu chun chnh thc. Rt nhiu tiu chun quc t bao gm cc la chn t cc nh c thm quyn quc gia chn ra mt tiu chun quc gia. Cc la chn ny c km theo v khng tm c cc quan nim ton cu chung. i khi mt s kha cnh m v chng yu cu mt tiu chun quc gia. V d c quan c thm quyn cc quc gia a ra k hoch nh s cho mng in thoi quc gia v vic phn b tn s trong nc h. H quan tm ti tt c cc lnh vc chun ho v c cc t chc c chuyn mn ho hay l cc nhm lm vic cho vic chun ho mi lnh vc k thut ring nh l cng ngh vin thng v cng ngh thng tin.

ANSI DIN SFS BSI

33

Hnh 1.14: Mt s v d v cc c quan chun ho quc gia (BTI, Vin chun ho Anh; DNI, Deutche Industrie-Normen; ANSI, Vinc chun ho quc gia m; SFS, Vin chun ho Phn Lan) 3.3 Cc t chc Chu u Cc t chc chun ho Chu u quan trng nht c trch nhim pht trin cc tiu chun Chu u rng ri ti cc quc gia khc ci tin cc dch v vin thng ca Chu u. Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u (ETSI) l mt c quan c lp c nhim v to ra cc tiu chun cho Chu u. Cc nh khai thc mng v cc nh sn xut cng tham gia vo cng vic chun ho.

ETSI
CEN/ CENELEC

CEPT

Hnh 1.15: Cc t chc chun ho chu u Hi ng chun ho v k thut in Chu u/ hi ng chun ho Chu u (CEN/CENELEC) hp tc thnh mt t chc chun ho cho cng ngh thng tin. N tng ng vi IEC/ISO v cp ton cu v quan tm ti cc kha cnh mi trng v c in hc. Hi ngh Chu u v qun l bu chnh v vin thng (CEPT) cng lm cc cng vic ca ETSI trc khi c quan thng tn ca u ban Chu u (Green Paper) m ra s cnh tranh Chu u trn th trng vin thng. Vic m ca vin thng yu cu c quan v in thoi, in bo v bu chnh (PTT) ca cc quc gia tr thnh cc nh iu hnh mng bnh ng vi cc nh iu hnh mng khc v h khng c php xy dng cc tiu chun na. Mt v d v cc tiu chun c ETSI a ra l h thng thng tin di ng t bo s GSM c chp nhn mt s nc Chu u, xem nh 1 tiu chun chnh cho thng tin di ng ton cu hin nay.

34

3.4 Cc t chc ca M C quan c thm quyn v tiu chun ca M, ANSI- Vin nghin cu tiu chun quc gia M, vin nghin cu k thut in v in t (IEEE) l mt trong cc c quan chuyn mn ln nht trn th gii to ra nhiu tiu chun quan trng v vin thng. Mt trong s cc tiu chun ny nh tiu chun cho mng cc b (LAN) c ISO chp nhn l tiu chun quc t. Hip hi cng nghip in t (EIA) l t chc ca cc nh sn xut thit b in t ca M. Rt nhiu tiu chun ca h nh cc b ni ca my tnh c nhn c chp nhn ton cu. V d, tiu chun v giao din s liu EIA RS 232 tng ng vi khuyn ngh V.24/28 ca ITU-T.

IEEE

FCC FCC EIA

Hnh 1.16: Cc t chc chun ho M U ban truyn thng lin bang (FCC) thc ra khng phi l c quan xy dng cc tiu chun nhng l c quan iu tit. N l c quan qun l nh nc quy nh v truyn thng v tuyn v hu tuyn, ng vai tr quan trng, v d trong s pht trin cc c im k thut v bc x v nhy ca nhiu in t trong cc thit b vin thng. 3.5 Cc t chc ton cu Lin minh vin thng quc t (ITU) l mt c quan chuyn mn ca lin hp quc chu trch nhim v vin thng. ITU gm gn 200 nc thnh vin v cng tc chun ho c chia thnh cc phn chnh: ITU-T (trc y gi l CCITT) v ITUR (trc y gi l CCIR). Hi ng t vn in thoi v in bo quc t CCITT/ ITU-T nay gi l ITUT, T vit tt ca Vin thng. Hi ng t vn v v tuyn quc t CCIR/ITU-R nay c gi l ITU-R trong R vit tt ca v tuyn. ITU-T v ITU-R xut bn ra cc khuyn ngh, thc ra chng l cc tiu chun chnh v cc mng vin thng. ITU-T xy dng cc tiu chun v cc mng vin thng cng cng (v d nh ISDN), v ITU-R v v tuyn nh vic s dng tn s

35

trn th gii v cc c tnh k thut ca cc h thng v tuyn. Rt nhiu nhm tham gia vo cng vic ny nhng ch c cc c quan thuc quc gia mi c quyn b phiu. ITU-T trc y l CCITT xy dng hu ht cc tiu chun ton cu cho cc mng cng cng. T chc chun ho quc t/ U ban k thut in quc t (ISO/IEC) l t chc chung chu trch nhim v chun ho cng ngh thng tin. ISO chu trch nhim chun ho trong lnh vc truyn s liu v giao thc, cn IEC trong lnh vc k thut in (v d nh cc b ni) v cc mt khc v mi trng.
ITU-T (CCITT) ISO/IEC ITU-R(CCIR)

Hnh 1.17: Cc t chc chun ho ton cu 3.6 Cc t chc khc Lc lng c nhim v k thut Internet (IETF) quan tm ti vic chun ho cc giao thc TCP/IP cho Internet Din n phng thc truyn thng d b (ATM) l t chc m thuc cc nh sn xut thit b ATM, h tr kh nng tng thch gia cc h thng ca nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau. Din n qun l mng l t chc ca cc nh sn xut h thng tng tc cho s pht trin ca cc tiu chun v qun l. Vi s tr gip ca cc tiu chun ny cc nh iu hnh mng c th iu khin v gim st mng c thit b ca nhiu hng mt cch hiu qu t trung tm qun l. Sau cc xut c chuyn ti ITU-T v ISO c chp thun mt cch chnh thc trn th gii. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu t chc khc; hng nm, mt s nhm mi xut hin thm (h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM, bin bn ghi nh v cc iu kin v din n ng dy thu bao s khng i xng ADSL), cn mt s t chc khc th gii th

36

CHNG II CC K HOCH C BN XY DNG MNG VIN THNG

I. GII THIU CHUNG V CC K HOCH

Vic lp k hoch trong mng vin thng ni chung v trong mng in thoi ni ring c nh qun l vin thng a ra phi rt r rng v mang tnh cht tng th. Tt c mi vn c xem xt k cng, c th nh vic s dng cc thit b ang tn ti, s pht trin dn s trong cc khu vc v s pht trin ca nn kinh t ni chung hay s chuyn ho sang cc cng ngh mi. Trong vn lp k hoch th yu t thi gian ph hp vi cc k hoch ny l rt quan trng, ph hp vi vic u t hay d bo di hn. Trong mng vin thng, cc thnh phn trn mng (thit b chuyn mch , thit b truyn dn, thit b ngoi vi) m nhim nhng chc nng ring ca n nhng m nhim chc nng ca mt mng th cn phi c s kt hp hi ho gia chng. Cc k hoch c bn nhm phi hp cc thit b trn m bo thc hin chc nng mng. Cc k hoch c bn (cc quy tc c bn cho thit k mng) sau c coi l
Cc k hoch c bn trong mng vin thng nn tng cho vic xy dng mng vin thng.

+ Cu hnh mng dng t chc mng vin thng. tnh cc, truyn dn, cht lng dch v... + K hoch nh s qui nh vic hnh thnh cc s (quc gia v MNG quc t ) v cc VIN chc nng ca tng thnh phn.
b quy nh vic chn tuyn Thit b cc nt mng cho truyn ti lu + K hoch Thit to tuyn gia chuyn mch ThitT b TRN MNG CC PHN THNG

nh s, to tuyn, bo hiu, ng b,

lng thng tin m bo hiu qu v kinh t cng nh k thut. Hnh 2.1: Cc thnh trong mng vin thng + K hoch bo hiu quy nh cc phn th tc truyn cc thng tin iu khin gia cc nt mng thit lp, duy tr v gii to cuc thng tin. + K hoch ng b quy nh th tc phn phi tn hiu ng h gia cc nt mng sao cho chng hot ng ng b vi nhau. + K hoch tnh cc xy dng c s tnh cc cho cc cuc thng tin. + K hoch truyn dn quy nh cc ch tiu v cc tham s k thut cho qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu trn mng.

ngoi vi

Truyn dn

37

+ K hoch cht lng thng tin ch ra mc ch cho vic t chc khai thc v bo dng trn mng. I.1. Cu hnh mng 1. Gii thiu Cng ngh cu hnh mng x l cc vn v nhu cu (dbo nhu cu v d bo lu lng), c tnh s lng cc tng i ni ht theo vng dch v, cung cp cc dch v yu cu v phc ho vng tng i toll. Cng ngh ny cng a ra mt s kiu (cp mng), cu trc mng (li hoc sao), cc thnh ph trong lp t cc tng i toll, v cc tuyn trc tip cng nh thay th. 2. Cc cu hnh mng c bn Cc cu hnh mng c bn bao gm mng hnh li, mng hnh sao v mng kt hp gia hnh sao v hnh li. 2.1. Mng hnh li Hnh 2.2 minh ho mt mng vin thng c hnh thnh thng qua vic kt ni cc tng i vi nhau mt cch trc tip, mng vin thng t chc nh vy gi l mng hnh li.Vi cu hnh mng ny th khng cn thit mt tng i trung gian no lm chc nng chuyn tip v chc nng chn tuyn, cng n gin bi v cc tng i u ni vi nhau trc tip. Tuy nhin, khi s lng tng i ln th s lng tuyn ni gia chng tng ln rt nhanh, do mng hnh li khng ph hp vi mng c kch c ln. V d nu s lng tng i l n th s lng ng ni gia chng c th c tnh nh sau = n(n-1)/2.

38

b. Mng hnh sao

c. Mng kt hp

hnh li a. Mng : Thit b u cui

: ng dy thu bao hay trung k : Tng i ni ht : Tng i chuyn tip

Hnh 2.2: Cc cu hnh mng c bn Khi lu lng gia cc tng i nh th s lng knh trn cc tuyn cng t do khng hiu qu trong vic s dng ng truyn. Nhn chung mng hnh li ch ph hp cho trng hp khi mt s t tng i tp trung trong mt khu vc nh v lu lng thng tin ln. V vn ti chnh, mng hnh li ph hp khi gi thnh truyn dn r hn so vi gi thnh chuyn mch. Trong trng hp c li trong tng i th s nh hng ca li s nh khng nh hng nhiu n cc h thng khc. 2.2. Mng hnh sao Hnh 2.2 m t mt mng hnh sao, mng ny hnh thnh khi cc tng i ni ht kt ni vi nhau qua tng i chuyn tip ging nh hnh ngi sao. Trong trng hp ny lu lng s tp trung phn ln ti tng i chuyn tip do hiu qu cu vic s dng ng truyn s cao hn so vi mng hnh li. Mng hnh sao rt thch hp khi m gi thnh chuyn mch nh hn so vi gi thnh truyn dn, v d khi cc tng i t trong mt vng rng ln. i cu hnh mng kiu ny, nu tng i chuyn tip c li th tt c cc cuc gi gia cc tng i ni ht khng th thc hin c, do phm vi nh hng ca li l ln. Bng 2.1 m t cc c trng ca mng hnh li v mng hnh sao.

39

Bng 2.1: M t cc c trng ca mng hnh li v mng hnh sao

MNG HNH LI Chc nng chuyn mch chuyn tip Hiu qu s dng knh nh hng ca li Khng yu cu Thp khi m s lng mch nh Ch mt s phn lin quan n thit b li - Gi thnh chuyn mch cao hn gi thnh truyn dn Phm vi p dng - p dng trong mt vng rng m lu lng gia cc tng i ln 2.3. Mng kt hp

MNG HNH SAO C yu cu Cao bi v lu lng c th c tp trung Ton mng - Khi gi thnh chuyn mch nh hn gi thnh truyn dn - Phm vi p dng i vi lu lng lin i nh

Nh cp trn, mng hnh li hay hnh sao u c cc u nhc im ring ca n. Do , mt mng kt hp gia mng hnh sao v mng hnh li c a ra tp hp cc u im ca hai cu hnh mng trn. Cu hnh mng kt hp ny hin nay ang p dng rng ri trong thc t. Trong mt mng vin thng c cu hnh kt hp, khi lu lng gia cc tng i nh th chng s chuyn qua tng i chuyn tip. Nu lu lng gia cc tng i ln th cc tng i ni ht ny c th u ni vi nhau trc tip. Do i vi mng kt hp th c thit b chuyn mch v thit b truyn dn c th c dng mt cch kinh t hn. 3. Phn cp mng 3.1. T chc phn cp quyt nh cu hnh mng vin thng, chng ta cn xem xt s lng v vic phn b thu bao trong ton mng, mc v hng ca lu lng gia cc tng i ni ht v gi thnh thit b v.v. Mt s tiu ch sau y rt quan trng cho vic cu hnh mng vin thng. Khi mt mng cn nh, n c cu hnh khng chia lp nh mng hnh sao. Nhng khi mng ny ln ln, vic s dng mng hnh li(khng phn cp) l

40

rt phc tp v khng hiu qu v mt kinh t. Nn t chc phn cp p dng cho cc mng c kch thc ln. T chc phn cp minh ho qua hnh 2.3.

Ti cc vng khc Tng i ni ht Tng i chuyn tip Tng i ng di

Hnh 2.3: M hnh phn cp mng

3.2. Phn cp mng vin thng Vit Nam Mng vin thng hin ti ca Vit Nam bao gm 4 cp, c m t trong hnh v 2.4 : cp quc t, cp quc gia, cp ni tnh v cp huyn. Cp quc t bao gm cc tng i cng quc t v cc tuyn truyn dn quc t. Cp quc gia bao gm cc tng i chuyn tip ng di v cc tuyn truyn dn lin tnh, cp ni tnh bao gm cc tng i ni ht v tng i chuyn tip ni ht v cc tuyn truyn dn ni tnh. Cp huyn bao gm cc tng i v tinh, c quan v cc ng truyn dn gia chng.

41

Ha Noi

Da Nang

Ho Chi Minh

GW

GW
Mng hnh li

GW

Tng i chuyn mch quc t Cp quc t

TOLL

TOLL

TOLL

Tng i chuyn tip quc gia Cp quc gia

TANDE M L S L S L S L S L S L S

Tng i ni ht/chuyn tip ni ht Cp tnh

Cc tng i v tinh Cp huyn

Min bc

G Tng i chuyn mch quc t W TO G Tng i chuyn tip ng di LL LS/T W M Tng i ni ht/ chuyn tip ni ht RS Cc tng i v tinh/ cc tng i dung lng nh

Min trung

Min nam

Hnh 2.4: Cu trc phn cp mng in thoi Vit Nam II. K HOCH NH S 1. Gii thiu K hoch nh s c thit lp phi locgic v mm do. Cc con s khng ch c s dng nh nhng iu kin phn chia gii hn cho cc im ni iu khin gia cc thu bao v mng li m cn c s dng cho vic tnh cc cc cuc gi.Khi lp k hoch nh s cn quan tm n cc vn sau: - K hoch nh s phi n nh trong mt thi gian di, s lng cc con s phi p ng cho nhu cu pht trin dung lng trong 50 nm cng nh khi pht trin dch v mi. - Trn ton mng quc gia cc con s phi c dng chung c thit lp mt cuc gi m khng quan tm ti v tr thu bao ch gi.

42

- K hoch nh s phi n gin v d s dng cho cc thu bao. S lng cc con s cng t cng tt sao cho khng vt qu nhng quy nh m ITU-T a ra cho s quc t. - V vn chuyn mch, k hoch nh s phi m bo sao cho th tc bin dch, to tuyn v tnh cc n gin. 2. Cc h thng nh s 2.1. H thng nh s ng H thng nh s ng l h thng nh s khi ton mng li c coi nh mt vng nh s, cc con s c gn cho cc thu bao trn mng theo mt khun dng chun . Trong h thng ny, mi thu bao c a ch ring v s lng cc con s l c nh. 2.2. H thng nh s m Trong h thng nh s ng, khi lng thu bao tng ln v mng ln ln th mi s thu bao phi tng thm s lng cc con s nhng khi quay s vi nhiu s con s nh vy th khng thun tin. Do , trong h thng nh s m, mng c xy dng da trn tp hp cc vng nh s ng. Trong h thng ny, thu bao thuc vng nh s ng khc nhau c u ni vi nhau nh vic thm vo cc con s tin t trung k v cc m trung k trc s ng. H thng ny cn cho php u ni cc thu bao trong mt vng, cng tnh , vi cc s ngn hn. 3. Cu to s 3.1. S quc gia :

43

Tin t trung k +

M vng

+ M tng i

S thu bao

S thu bao S quc gia

Hnh 2.5 : Cu to s quc gia

Tin t quc t + M quc gia

M vng

S quc gia S quc t

Hnh 2.6 : Cu to s quc t

M tng + S thu bao i

ITU-T quy nh rng con s 'O' lm s tin t trung k

-

M vng c th bao gm mt hay vi con s . Mi mt tng i ni ht trong mt vng c gn mt m ring.

3.2. S quc t + i vi nhng quc gia nh a ra cc dch v gi quc t ITU-T quy nh '00' l s tin t quc t. + M quc gia c th c t 1 ti 3 con s . ITU-T a ra bng m quc gia ca cc nc . + S kt hp gia m quc gia v s quc gia to thnh s quc t . * ITU-T khuyn ngh rng con s quc t khng nn vt qu 12 con s . Do s lng cc con s trong s quc gia phi l (12-n). {trong n l s con s trong m quc gia (country code)}. Ch : ITU-T khuyn ngh rng s lng con s ISDN quc t c chiu di ti a l 15 con s . Gi s rng, c vi mng in thoi v ISDN trong mt quc gia, ITU-T

44

m rng k hoch nh s cho in thoi t 12 s ln 15 s nhn dng c cc mng khc nhau. 4. Cc th tc cho vic lp k hoch nh s Thng thng, k hoch nh s thit lp da trn cc bc sau y: * Xc nh dung lng s D bo nhu cu pht trin s lng thu bao quyt nh s lng cc con s. La chn s ch s * Phn vng nh s - Xem xt s ph hp gia a gii hnh chnh v vng tnh cc. - S ph hp gia vng t thu bao v vng t trung tm chuyn mch s cp. * Cu to s - Xem xt s kt hp gia h thng nh s ng v nh s m - Quy nh chiu di cc s thu bao l thng nht.

45

4.1 Quyt nh dung lng nh s 4.1.1 Chu k cu k hoch nh s Mi ln mt k hoch nh s c thit lp, cc thay i trong k hoch xy ra sau thng gy ra nhiu kh khn. iu l khng trnh khi, v th vic a ra cc ch s v cc thng s khc phi cn c vo vic d bo nhu cu in thoi chnh xc trnh vic thiu s. Do vy, khi d bo nhu cu in thoi phi lu tm ti s pht trin trong tng lai. Trn thc t vic thc hin d bo nhu cu di hn l rt kh khn. Tuy nhin, k hoch nh s nn trin khai bng cch mi ln em p dng vo thc tin th i hi khng c thay i trong vng 50 nm 4.1.2 Cc ch s v dung lng s Dung lng s ph thuc vo vic c bao nhiu ch s c s dng cho vic nh s. Dung lng nh s tng trng cho gii hn cao hn v tng s thu bao v /hoc thit b u cui m c th c cung cp trong mt vng thch hp. V d, nu 4 ch s c s dng cho vic nh s th l thuyt n s to thnh 10.000 s c th s dng c, ln xung t 0000 n 9999. C ngha l kh nng nh s y s l 10.000 s. Tuy nhin, khng phi tt c cc s ny u s dng cho vic nh s, bi v c mt gii hn c quy nh cho cc tn t trung k v quc t v cc m dch v c bit. 4.1.3 La chn cc ch s Vic la chn cc ch s phi quan tm ti nhu cu nh s thu bao m bao gm c cc dch v c bit cng nh khi cc m ny c n nh ti cc thu bao. V d, chng hn ta gi s nhu cu nh s trong tng lai l 9 triu s, th cc ch s c la chn theo cch sau: a. Cc iu kin tin quyt: - Ch s 0 nn c s dng cho tin t trung k - H thng nh s 1XY nn c s dng cho cc s ca cc dch v c bit - M quc gia nn s dng 3 ch s b. Cc gii hn trong vic s dng s: - 9 ch s t 1 n 9 khng bao gn ch s 0 c s dng cho ch s u tin ca m tng i

46

c. Thc hin php tr i 3 ch s i vi m quc gia t tng s 12 ch s ch cn li 9 ch s. Nh vy chng ta c th s dng n 9 ch s cho s quc gia - Gi s vi 8 ch s, th kh nng nh s s l: 9 x 8 x 106 = 72.000.000 s Do vy, p ng c nhu cu nh s l 9 triu s th nn s dng 8 ch s. Hn na, cn phi quan tm n tn tht khi phn tch trong dung lng nh s lin quan ti vic thit lp mt vng nh s. minh ho khi nim tn tht phn tch, chng ta hy so snh mt vng c phc v bi mt tng i in thoi duy nht vi mt vng c phc v bi 2 tng i in thoi khc nhau.

S: 2-XXXX Nhu cu in thoi: 8000 a. nh s vi mt tng i duy nht

S: 5-XXXX Nhu cu: 5000

S: 6-XXXX Nhu cu: 3000

b. nh s vi hai tng i khc nhau

a. Nu l vng c phc v bi mt tng i in thoi duy nht - Ch s 2 s c n nh cho m tng i - Nu s ca mt thu bao gm 4 ch s th kh nng nh s l 10.000 s, do s p ng nhu cu trong tng lai l 8000 s. Ly 10.000 s ca kh nng nh s tr i 8000 s ca nhu cu tng lai th cn 2000 s l dung lng khng dng n. b. Nu vng c phc v bi 2 tng i in thoi khc nhau - Vng dch v ni ht ny c chia thnh vng A v vng B. - i vi vng A, gi s nhu cu trong tng lai l 5000 s, ch s 5 c n nh cho m tng i. - i vi vng B, gi s nhu cu trong tng lai l 3000 s, ch s 6 c n nh cho m tng i. - S thu bao c quy nh c 4 ch s. Kh nng nh s l 10.000 s s c n nh cho mi vng A v B. Nh vy, tng kh nng nh s cn c l 20.000 s. Ly 20.000 s ny tr i 8.000 s ca nhu cu tng lai cn 12.000 s l dung lng khng dng n.

47

Dung lng khng dng n l qu cao trong trng hp (b) cho vng nh s l khng thch ng. V d c trch dn trn c th l trng hp c bit. Tuy nhin n li minh ho cho kh nng m cc m trung k v/hoc cc m tng i c th thiu nu khng la chn s lng ch s hon chnh cho ton b dung lng nh s. 4.2 La chn vng nh s Qua v d trn cho thy ccc vng nh s nn c la chn cn c vo nhu cu tng lai, theo vic thiu kh nng nh s s khng xy ra.Nu kh nng nh s thiu th cc s ny c th c s dng t cc vng s khc. la chn vng nh s ng n th cn phi m bo tnh nht qun i vi kh nng nh s, gia cc vng dch v ni ht v cc vng tnh cc. Nu khng m bo tnh nht qun s dn ti cc vn sau:
-

Cc mc gi khc nhau c p dng cho cc vng c cng m trung k v nh vy th ngi s dng s khng th hiu ni h thng tnh cc Khi cc vng cung cp ca trung tm c s ging ht cc vng tnh cc th tng i c th to ra mt ch s tnh cc bng cch nhn dng m trung k. Nu c bt k s khng nht qun no gia cc vung dch v ni ht v cc vng tnh cc th tng i phi nhn dng m tng i t mi nhn dng vng tnh cc. iu ny dn ti s phc tp trong hot ng ca tng i.

Cc vng nh s nn c la chn cho ton b kh nng nh s theo ng h thng phn vng nh a ht qun l m nhng ngi s dng thng tho. III. K HOCH NH TUYN 1. Gii thiu Thng thng mt cuc gi c thc hin qua nhiu tng i khc nhau. nh tuyn l qu trnh chn mt ng i (tuyn) qua cc nt mng ti ch mt cch ti u nht v mt k thut cng nh v mt kinh t. Mt s yu cu t ra: . Qu trnh chn tuyn v cc th tc iu khin phi n gin. . m bo s dng knh & cc thit b mt cch hiu qu. . m bo thit k v qun l mng d dng .

48

2. Cc phng php nh tuyn 2.1. nh tuyn c nh : nh tuyn c nh l phng php quy nh mt s tuyn c nh cho vic chuyn lu lng gia hai tng i. Do phng php ny yu cu phn iu khin rt n gin nn n c ng dng trong cc h thng chuyn mch c in. Tuy nhin, phng php ny rt hn ch trong vic chn tuyn dn n khng linh hot khi c knh no b li. 2.2. nh tuyn lun phin: Phng php nh tuyn lun phin c t r trong hnh v di y. Gia bt k hai nt mng no cng c nhiu hn 1 tuyn. Nguyn tc nh tuyn lun phin nh sau: khi tt c cc mch thuc tuyn u tin bn th tuyn th hai c chn. Nu tuyn th 2 bn th tuyn th 3 c chn v c nh vy cho ti khi tm c tuyn ri hoc s mt cuc gi .
Tng i 4

Tuyn 3

Tng i 3

Tng i 1

Tuyn 2 (alternative route) Tuyn 1

Tng i 2

Hnh 2.7: Nguyn tc nh tuyn lun phin

Phng php ny rt hiu qu trong vic ti u ho s dng cc knh trung k v thng c p dng gia cc tng i in t s SPC. 2.3. nh tuyn ng nh tuyn ng l mt kiu c bit ca nh tuyn lun phin nh trn, mt im khc bit l tng linh hot v gim thi gian chn tuyn gia hai nt mng cn c vo tnh trng ca mng hoc theo thi gian nh trc. Kiu nh tuyn ny c th c s dng gia cc tng i in t s hoc gia cc nt trn mng s liu hin nay.

49

IV. K HOCH BO HIU 1. Gii thiu Bo hiu l qu trnh trao i cc thng tin iu khin lin quan n vic thit lp duy tr v gii to cuc thng tin v qun l mng gia cc thit b u cui v cc thit b chuyn mch hay gia cc thit b chuyn mch. Bo hiu l mt chc nng quan trng m bo s kt ni gia cc tng i, ng truyn v cc thit b u cui mng li. Khi p dng mt h thng bo hiu, n s nh hng ln v lu di ti chc nng mng li. V vy, bo hiu phi c tnh mm do sao cho d thch nghi vi s m rng mng li trong tng lai. 2. Phn loi bo hiu Bo hiu trong mng in thoi c chia thnh bo hiu thu bao, l bo hiu gia thit b u cui v tng i ni ht v bo hiu lin i, bo hiu gia cc tng i.
Thit b u cui Thit b u cui

Tng i

Tng i

Bo hiu thu bao Bo hiu lin i

Bo hiu thu bao

Hnh 2.8: Phn loi bo hiu trong mng in thoi Bo hiu thu bao l qu trnh trao i cc loi tn hiu bo hiu gia thu bao v tng i ni ht v ngc li. Bo hiu lin i gm bo hiu knh kt hp v bo hiu knh chung. i vi h thng bo hiu knh kt hp, cc tn hiu thu v pht trn cng mt ng vi tn hiu ting ni. Trong khi bo hiu knh chung tn hiu bo hiu thu v pht qua mt ng dnh ring cho bo hiu khc vi knh ting ni. H thng bo hiu lin i c phn chia thnh 2 h thng chnh l : Bo hiu knh kt hp (CAS) v Bo hiu knh chung (CCS). H thng bo hiu knh chung CCS c u im hn so vi bo hiu knh kt hp nh: dung lng cao, linh hot, gim phn cng v tin cy cao.

50

Trong mng in c nhiu h thng bo hiu khc nhau c s dng nh bo hiu MFC,CCITT No 5, CCITT No 6... Tuy nhin nhu cu ca khch hng v cc dch v ngy cng cao m cc h thng bo hiu c khng c kh nng p ng cc dch v ny do hn ch v tc , dung lng v cht lng. Do cn mt h thng bo hiu mi c kh nng p ng cc loi hnh dch v v tn dng ti u kh nng ca tng i SPC. Xut pht t yu cu v mt h thng bo hiu mi, gn y c mt vi h thng bo hiu knh chung c a vo p dng. Nm 1968 ITU-T a khuyn ngh v h thng bo hiu knh chung s 6 c thit k ti u cho lu lng lin lc a, s dng trn cc ng trung k Analog, tc thp 2,4 Kbps. Vo nhng nm 80, ITU-T gii thiu h thng bo hiu knh chung s 7 (CCS7) thit k ti u cho mng quc gia v quc t s dng trung k s, tc t 64 Kbps. Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam s dng c hai loi bo hiu: R2 v C7. Mng bo hiu s 7 (C7) a vo khai thc ti Vit Nam theo chin lc trin khai t trn xung theo tiu chun ca ITU (khai thc th nghim u tin t nm 1995 ti VTN v VTI). Cu trc mng bo hiu C7 xy dng da trn c s cu trc mng chuyn mch quc gia nhm chuyn ti an ton v hiu qu cc bn tin bo hiu CCS7 gia cc vng lu lng chia thnh 5 vng bo hiu tng ng vi 5 vng lu lng thoi. Cho n nay mng bo hiu s 7 hnh thnh vi mt cp STP (im chuyn tip bo hiu) ti 3 trung tm (H Ni, Nng, TP. H Ch Minh) ca 3 khu vc (Bc, Trung, Nam), s dng loi STP tch hp t ti cc tng i chuyn tip quc gia. i vi STP quc t cng l im chuyn tip lu lng bo hiu SCCP cho cc cuc gi Roaming quc t. V. K HOCH NG B 1.Gii thiu chung Trong mng lin kt s (IDN), vic truyn dn v chuyn mch cc tn hiu s trn mng li c iu khin bi ng h vi mt tn s ring. Nu cc ng h ti cc tng i hot ng c lp vi nhau th tn s ca chng s b sai lch, hay l hin tng trt , gy ra li thng tin nh hng n cht lng cc dch v . Do k hoch ng b c a ra xy dng v t chc mng ng b m bo s

51

ng b trn mng. S trt cc dng bt b nh hng khc nhau n cc dch v thoi, d liu hay truyn hnh. 2. Cc phng thc ng b mng ng b mng l mt khi nim chung m t phng thc thc phn phi tn hiu ng h (common time and frequency) ti tt c cc phn t trn mng sao cho chng hot ng ng b vi nhau. 2.1. Phng thc cn ng b (Plesiochronous Synchronization Method) Trong phng thc cn ng b, cc tng i trn mng lp t cc b to dao ng c lp nhau cung cp tn hiu ng h iu khin cho qu trnh lm vic ca tng i . H thng ny dng cho mng vin thng quc t v c nh gi nh sau : u im : - Linh hot trong vic m rng, sa i v ti s dng mng . - Khng yu cu mt mng phn phi tn hiu ng h . Nhc im : - Ti cc tng i trn mng yu cu cc ng h c n nh cao. - Yu cu cu hnh d phng cho cc ng h ny. - Gi thnh cho vic ng b mng cao.

Hnh 2.9 : Phng thc cn ng b

2.2. Phng thc ng b ch t (Master - Slaver Synchronization Method) Trong phng thc ng b ch t, trn mng ng b ti mt nt no trang b mt ng h c n nh cao gi l ng h ch. Thng qua mng phn phi tn hiu ng b (Synchronization Network) , ng h ch s phn phi tn hiu ng h ti cc ng h ca tng i khc trn mng, cc ng h ca cc tng i ny gi l ng h t. Ti y tn hiu ng h c ti to li lm ngun ng

52

h tham kho cho tng i t thc hin iu khin to ra tn hiu ng h ng b vi tng i ch trn mng. u im: khng cn yu cu ng h ti mi tng i trn mng c n nh cao (ch yu cu ng h ch) . Nhc im : - Yu cu mt mng phn phi tn hiu ng h ng b (cc ng truyn dn thng thng dng cho mng ny ). - Khi xy ra sai li trn ng truyn, tn hiu ng b lm nh hng ti tng i t trn mng.

~
ng h t

ng h ch

~ ~ ~

~ ~

ng h t

Hnh 2.10 : Phng thc ng b ch - t

2.3. Phng thc ng b tng h Trong phng thc ng b ny cc ng h khc nhau c lp t ti cc tng i trn mng v iu khin tng h ln nhau to ra ngun ng h b chung cho mi ng h trn mng.

~ ~ ~

Hnh 2.13 : Phng thc ng b tng h

nh gi phng thc ng b tng h: u im :

53

- Khng yu cu ng h c n nh cao cho cc tng i trn mng. - Cc tng i khng cn phn cp (khc vi h thng ng b ch t). Nhc im : - Khi mt ng h ti tng i trn mng b li, th ton mng b nh hng. - Cc ng phn phi tn hiu ng h ng b hnh thnh theo kiu mch vng do vic cch ly li ra khi h thng kh khn hn. 3. ng h v cc tham s lin quan Vic ng b ho mng li c bn l vn gi cho cc ng h trn mng lm vic khng sai lch nhau v tn s cng nh v pha. ng h c nh ngha nh l mt ngun tn s, ni ti b chia hay b m. N to ra mt gc thi gian kim sot vic nh thi cho trng chuyn mch ca tng i s (to ra cc xung nhp iu khin cc mch s ni chung) . 3.1. Cc tham s tiu biu ca ng h Hai tham s quan trng nht c lin quan n cht lng ng h l n nh v chnh xc. (Stability & Accuracy). + chnh xc (A): l mc tng ng tn s ca n vi mt tn s chun (tn s danh nh )
A=
F d - F ra F d

A: chnh xc; F d : Tn s danh nh; F ra : Tn s ra + n nh (S): l mc m cn c vo mt ng h s to nn cng mt tn s trong khong thi gian chy lin tc ca n.
Fd - F ra 1 * F d T1- T0

F d : Tn s danh nh; F ra : Tn s ra; S

: n nh

54

3.2. Mt s loi ng h tiu biu C hai ngun ng h nguyn t v tinh th thch anh u dng to dao ng trong cc b to xung. Mt s im khc nhau gia hai loi ny l, ngc li vi ngun ng h nguyn t, tn s ca cc ng h thch anh n nh, s thay i tn s ca chng (do lu ngy) rt n nh v cc din bin tnh cht ca n c th on trc mt cch an ton. Din bin c d bo trc nn c th dng lp li chnh xc tn s. Cc ng h in t gm hai loi : loi dng tia Cesium chun gi l ng h Cs, loi dng pin cha kh Rubilium gi l ng h Rb. 4. Mng ng b Vit Nam Mng ng b Vit Nam hot ng theo phng thc ch t c d phng. Mng ng b ca VNPT bao gm 4 cp l: cp 0, cp 1, cp 2, cp 3. Trong : - Cp 0: l cp ca cc ng h ch quc gia. S dng ng h c n nh tn s,1.10E-11 (ng h Cesium). - Cp 1: l cp trc ng b trc tip t ng h ch (PRC) ti cc tng i nt chuyn tip quc t, chuyn tip quc gia v cc ng h th cp. - Cp 2: l cp mng ng b t ng h ca cc nt chuyn tip quc t hoc chuyn tip quc gia hoc ng h th cp ti cc tng i HOST v cc tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia. - Cp 3: l cp mng ng b t ng h ca cc tng i HOST v t cc tng i c trung k vi cc nt chuyn tip quc t v chuyn tip quc gia ti cc thit b thuc phn mng cp thp hn. ng b cho cc mng ni ht Mng ni ht c tuyn truyn dn SDH quc gia(1): + Tn hiu ng b ly t tuyn trc SDH quc gia ng b cho tng i Host (tng i Host phi c trang b cng ng b 2MHz) + Trong trng hp Host cha trang b cng ly tn hiu ng b 2MHz th ly tn hiu trc tip t lung E1 c lu lng. Mng ni ht ch c tuyn truyn dn PDH(2): + Tn hiu ng b ly trc tip t lung E1 ng b cho Tng i Host.

55

- u tin 1: Ly tn hiu ng b t cc tuyn truyn dn cp quang. - u tin 2: Ly tn hiu ng b t cc tuyn truyn dn viba. Cc tuyn truyn dn SDH ni tnh phi ng b theo tn hiu ng b ca tuyn trc truyn dn quc gia thng qua b phn phi tn hiu ng b SASE. Cc tng i v tinh v c lp ng b theo tng i Host theo tn hiu ng b ly t tuyn truyn dn ni tnh theo phng thc m t (1) v (2) tng ng. Cc thit b khi a vo khai thc hot ng trn mng vin thng ca VNPT phi m bo yu cu khng lm tng cp mng ng b. VII. K HOCH TNH CC 1. Gii thiu chung Hng nm trn mng vin thng, cc nh cung cp dch v vin thng phi u t nhiu cho vic vn hnh, bo dng cng nh pht trin, qun l mng, do cc thu bao phi tr cc cho cc dch v m h s dng. xc nh mc cc m thu bao phi tr cho cc dch v vin thng v cc tiu ch cho tnh cc vic lp k hoch tnh cc a ra cc loi cc, s tin v phng php tnh ton ph hp l rt cn thit. m bo xy dng c h thng tnh cc ph hp nh trn th k hoch tnh cc phi tho mn mt s yu cu sau y: - Quy tc tnh cc phi cng bng, d hiu i vi khch hng v n gin cho nh qun l. - H thng tnh cc ring phi ph hp vi cu trc tnh cc chung. - H thng tnh cc phi khuyn khch nhu cu s dng dch v thu bao hay dch v mi. - Cc thit b v k thut cho vic tnh cc phi tin cy chnh xc. Cc c phn chia thnh 3 loi : - Chi ph lp t ban u (Installation fee) khi pht trin thu bao mi th cc c quan ch qun phi u t cho lp t dy cp, do thng thng khi mi lp t th ngi s dng phi tr mt khon tng i ln. - Chi ph cho ng k dch v (Subscription fee) y l mt khon chi ph c nh duy tr hot ng ca ng dy v cc thit b lin quan.

56

- Cc cho cuc thng tin (Call charge) hai kiu trn th c nh v khng yu cu mt thit b hay mt cch tnh no nhng i vi vic tnh cc cho cc cuc thng tin th phc tp hn ph thuc vo thi gian, khong cch. 2. Cc tiu ch cho vic tnh cc 2.1. Tnh cc da trn s lng cuc gi Phng php ny ch quan tm n s lng cuc gi, khng cp n thi gian duy tr cuc gi. u im l n gin ho cc thit b tnh v lu cc, nhng nhc im l cc cuc gi c th din ra lu. 2.2. Tnh cc da trn thi gian duy tr cuc gi Thi gian duy tr cuc gi c tnh t khi thu bao b gi nhc my tr li cho ti khi cuc gi c gii phng. Trong phng php ny c li khi m cuc gi din ra di. 2.3. Tnh cc da trn thi gian duy tr cuc gi v khong cch Thng thng cc cuc gi ng di cn s dng nhiu thit b hn so vi cc cuc gi ni ht nn cc s cao hn. Do khong cch l tiu ch quan trng cho vic tnh cc cho cc cuc gi ng di cng vi thi gian duy tr cuc gi. Khong cch y cp ti khong cch gia tng i ch gi v tng i b gi. phc v cho vic tnh cc, mng quc gia c chia thnh nhiu vng cc khc nhau mi vng c quy nh mt mc cc c nh. 2.4. Tnh cc ph thuc vo khi lng thng tin Trong thng tin s liu th vic tnh cc c th da trn khi lng thng tin c chuyn.
Khi lng thng tin (bit) = Tc bt * thi gian truyn

Kiu tnh cc ny th rt d hiu i vi ngi s dng. i vi thng tin s liu, v d trong chuyn mch gi cc c tnh ph thuc s lng gi c chuyn i. * Ngoi ra cn c phng php tnh cc ph thuc vo tng thi im trong ngy. V d tnh cc cho bui m, cui tun hay vo nhng dp l. Khi m lu lng thp th c th gim gi tng nhu cu s dng dch v.

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3. Cc h thng tnh cc 3.1. H thng tnh cc u (Flat - Rate System) y l cch tnh cc n gin nht, khng quan tm ti s lng cuc gi cng nh thi gian duy tr cuc gi. Mt mc cc c nh c t ra cho ngi s dng trong mt khong thi gian thng thng l mt thng. Tuy nhin phng php ny c mt s u nhc im. . u im : - Khng yu cu thit b lin quan ti tnh cc . - Cng tc qun l rt n gin . - Ngi s dng bit trc c mc cc m h phi tr . - Khuyn khch vic s dng dch v vi cc thit b c sn. . Nhc im: - H thng khng cng bng i vi ngi s dng. - Hn ch vic ng k thu bao mi. - Thu bao khng iu chnh c mc m h phi tr. 3.2. H thng tnh cc da trn cuc thng tin (Measured - Rate System) Trong cc h thng tnh cc theo cuc gi th thng tin cc c th ph thuc vo thi gian duy tr cuc gi v khong cch thng tin. Nu mc cc cho mt c ly c nh trong khong thi gian T l a th mc cc cho mt cuc thng tin c th tnh theo cng thc sau: Mc cc = a * t/T Trong : a : l mc cc cho mt c ly nht nh trong khong thi gian T t : l thi gian duy tr cuc thng tin T: Chu k tnh Tu thuc vo s thay i ca chu k tnh hay t gi trn mt n v o m chng ta c th c hai cch tnh cc. a. Phng php tnh cc theo chu k c nh Chu k T l c nh, gi tr a thay i theo khong cch ca cuc thng tin. i vi cc thao tc nhn cng , phng php ny rt ph bin do thit b n gin (gm ng h o v cch tnh n gin). Chu k y thng thng c chn l 3 pht khi cuc gi bt u v sau l mt pht.

58

i vi cc h thng chuyn mch khng iu khin theo nguyn tc SPC th t gi a thay i nh vic thay i ca s lng cc xung o c theo tng khong cch. Do s lng cc vng cc tng ln v cc thit b rt phc tp. V d
20 Km 70Km
Vng A Vng B

Vng C

Hnh 2.14 : V d vic tnh cc theo chu k c nh

Gi s mt cuc gi din ra khong 5 pht 30 giy gia thu bao thuc vng A, B v C. Trong trng hp ny th t gi trn mt n v o lng c tnh nh bng sau . Bng 2.2: Tnh cc theo chu k c nh Khong cch < 40 Km 41 - 60 Km 61 - 80 Km T 1 ti 3 pht u 60 90 120 Mi pht sau 20 30 40

* i vi cuc gi t vng A ti vng B 60

0 3
20 20 20

Tng 120
6

Pht Tng 240

* i vi cuc gi t vng A ti vng C 120 60

0 3
40 0 40 40 0

Pht

59

b. Phng php o cc xung theo chu k Ti kiu tnh cc ny th t gi trong mt n v o lng a l c nh v chu k T s thay i phc thuc vo khong cch. Trong trng hp ny ngay c khi s lng cc vng cc tng ln th khng nh hng n thit b v ch cn thay i gi tr T. Bi vy thit b tnh cc trong tng i non- SPC khng b phc tp. Tng t nh v d trn khi mt cuc gi din ra trong khong 5 pht 30 giy cho 3 vng A,B v C i vi phng php tnh cc m c chu k thay i th c minh ho theo hnh v v bng sau.
Vng B

20 Km 70Km
Vng A

Vng C

Hnh 2.15 : V d vic tnh cc theo chu k thay i

Bng 2.3: Tnh cc theo chu k thay i C li thng tin < 40 Km 41 60 Km 61 80 Km 5 pht 30 giy = 330 giy * i vi cuc gi A B: * i cuc gi A C: 10 * 330/30 = 110 10 * 330/15 = 220 Chu k vi mc cc trn mt n v o lng l 10 30 s 20 s 15 s

. Qua hai v d trn ta thy rng mc cc c tnh cho thu bao l khc nhau, tu thuc vo nh qun l la chn kiu no v tng i SPC c th cung cp cc chc nng trn.

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3.3. H thng tnh cc hn hp H thng tnh cc hn hp c s dng khc phc cc nhc im v tn dng cc u im ca c hai h thng tnh cc trn. Trong h thng ny, ngoi mc cc tnh theo cuc thng tin nh trn th khch hng phi tr thm mt mc cuc c nh tu thuc vo tng dch v c th cho vic bo dng cc thit b kt cui. H thng tnh cc hn hp c mt s c im sau y : * Mc cc c nh cho cc thu bao cho cc dch v nh vy l kh cng bng * Khi khng c cuc thng tin no din ra th nh cung cp dch v vin thng vn c th p ng vic cp ngun nui cho cc thit b. * Cn thit cc thit b cho vic tnh cc VIII. CC K HOCH KHC 1. K hoch truyn dn Truyn dn l qu trnh truyn thng tin gia cc im trong mt h thng hay mt mng no . Thng thng khong cch tuyn thng tin gia hai im u cui l rt di. Cc h thng ny gi l cc phn t mng nh tng i, c ni vi cc h thng khc bng kt ni cung cp bi h thng truyn dn. K hoch ny m t mt s quy nh v k thut cho mng, bao gm mt s quy nh sau y: Suy hao (Attenuation): trong mt s trng hp tn hiu ting ni c th b yu i trn tuyn thng tin gia hai thu bao, c gi l suy hao trn ng truyn. Mo (Distortion): trong k hoch ny quy nh mo chp nhn c. T s tn hiu / nhiu (Signal /Noise Ratio) : k hoch truyn dn quy nh mc nh hng ca nhiu c th chp nhn c trn tuyn ni. Xuyn knh (Crosstalk) : l hin tng khi mt tuyn ni b nh hng bi mt cuc gi trn ng dy khc. 2. K hoch cht lng dch v Cc tiu ch c bn ca cht lng dch v ca mt h thng thng tin l : u ni nhanh, cht lng ting ni m bo v t xy ra s c. Cc tiu ch ny tng ng vi mt s tham s nh : GOS, cht lng truyn dn v n nh.

61

Cht lng chuyn mch

Tn tht u ni Tr u ni Cht lng mch pht

Cht lng thng tin

Cht lng m thoi

Cht lng mch thu

Cht lng truyn dn n nh khng sn sng T l li

Hnh 2.18: Phn loi cht lng thng tin 2.1. Cht lng chuyn mch i vi cc dch v vin thng, Nhiu ngi s dng phi chia s quyn s dng thit b trn mng li. Do , khi lu lng m cao th mt s cuc gi c th khng thc hin kt ni c. Cht lng m lin quan n qu trnh u ni cung cp dch v vin thng c gi l cht lngchuyn mch, c ngha l cht lng chuyn mch trong qu trnh k t khi thu bao ch gi quay s cho ti khi kt ni c vi b gi hoc l khi mt thu bao t my gii phng cuc thng tin cho ti khi gii phng hon ton cc thit b lin quan n cuc thng tin . Cht lng chuyn mch lin quan cht ch n cht lng ca thit b v lu lng thng tin. Ngi ta quy nh cht lng chuyn mch ny da trn iu kin l khi lu lng mc trung bnh v thit b hot ng tt. Cht lng chuyn mch c th tm chia thnh tn tht u ni v tr u ni. Tn tht u ni c ngha l mt cuc gi b tn tht khi m cc mch trung gian cho cuc gi ang trng thi bn hay thit b bn hoc l thu bao b gi bn hay khng nhc my tr li. Do tnh tn tht u ni ny ngi ta s dng tham s gi l xc sut tn tht. Trong khi tr u ni l khong thi gian t khi thu bao ch gi nhc my khi xng cuc gi cho ti khi nhn c m mi quay s (tr m mi quay s), hay l khong thi gian t khi quay s cho ti khi nhn c hi m chung (tr quay s) hay l khong thi gian t my gii phng cuc thng tin cho ti khi cc thit b lin quan tr v trng thi ri. tr ny thng c biu th qua tham s thi gian tr trung bnh.

62

2.2. Cht lng m thoi Trong dch v in thoi, nghe hiu phi c m bo trong sut qu trnh m thoi t pha pht n pha thu. Do , nghe hiu c a ra thng qua cht lng m thoi tng th bao gm cht lng pht, truyn dn v thu. Cht lng thu ting ni m t r nt ca mch thu iu ny ph thuc vo kh nng nghe ca ngi nghe, ting n trong phng v cc thnh phn khc. Cht lng pht ting ni m t r nt ca mch pht v n cng ph thuc vo ting ni ca ngi ni, ting n trong phng v ngn ng vv. Cht lng truyn dn ting ni m t mc truyn dn chnh xc trn cc ng truyn dn bao gm c thit b thu bao v tng i. Cht lng truyn dn c quy nh da trn nhy ca my in thoi, tn tht trn ng truyn, Nhiu v s hn ch v bng tn. Cht lng pht v thu ting ni cn ph thuc vo kh nng nghe hiu, pht m ca ngi ni, nghe v trng thi truyn dn ting ni. 2.3. n nh Ngy nay thng tin lin lc c coi l c s h tng quan trng ca mt x hi ho thng tin. Do tin cy ca cc thit b trn mng nh tng i v cc ng truyn dn phi m bo. iu ny c ngha l tin cy c th cung cp cac dch v cn thit trong iu kin lu lng khng bnh thng do li thit b hay t mt l do no . Cht lng n nh ( n nh) a ra cc mc bo dng cn thit cho cc dch v thng thng. n nh cng cao th cng tt tuy nhin tin cy m vt qu mt ngng no th gi thnh s tng rt cao. Do , mc tt nht c chn da trn s cn i gia gi thnh c th chp nhn c v vn k thut. Gi tr c chn ny phi tho mn mt s iu kin khc nh thit k mng, bo dng mng v.v. Cc tai nn hay thin tai gy ra c coi l cc nh hng khch quan khng tnh trong n nh ca h thng. Khi mt mng vin thng c thit k th cn ch vic lp t cc tuyn truyn dn v vic phn b ri rc cc tng i. tin cy ca thit b, h thng bo dng c coi nh l cc nhn t bn trong. Do chng ta cn quan tm nh cu hnh ca thit b d phng v cng ngh bo dng mng .

63

CHNG III CC MNG CUNG CP DCH V VIN THNG

I. MNG IN THOI CNG CNG (PSTN) 1. Gii thiu PSTN l mng in thoi cng cng chuyn mch knh bao gm (ng truyn dn, phng tin chuyn mch, my in thoi) cung cp dch v in thoi. Khi mt ng ni vo mng th thu bao c cung cp mt knh cho truyn ting ni (0,3-3,4kHz). Nu mng s dng cho cc dch v phi thoi th cn mt thit b thm vo thc hin iu ch v gii iu ch tn hiu cho ph hp vi mi trng truyn (ng dy in thoi tng t) v tc v dng tn hiu, chnh l MODEM. Mng PSTN xy dng da trn cc tiu chun khuyn ngh chung c th kt ni vi cc mng khc hay c th cung cp cc dch v phi thoi. 2. Chc nng ca cc thnh phn trong mng PSTN 2.1.ng truyn dn ng ni n thu bao: gm cc cp dy i xng, mi cp s dng cho ring mt thu bao. Thit b ng truyn: gm cc ng dy, cable, h thng truyn tng t, truyn s, vi ba hoc v tinh... ng truyn dn thc hin qu trnh truyn ti thng tin gia cc im kt cui ca mng. Trong mng, ng truyn dn kt ni cc tng i vi nhau. Ch rng, s lng knh thoi (l n v o dung lng truyn dn) cn thit gia cc tng i nh hn rt nhiu vi s lng thu bao v s lng thu bao thc hin gi ng thi l t. 2.2- Phng tin chuyn mch V nguyn tc, tt c cc my in thoi c th u ni trc tip vi nhau nh thi ban u ca n. Tuy nhin khi s lng thu bao tng ln, ngi ta thy rng cn phi thc hin chuyn mch gia cc dy vi nhau. Sau ch c mt s tuyn ni cn thit gia cc tng i, do s lng cc cuc gi ra th nh hn nhiu so vi

64

s lng thu bao. Cc th h tng i ban u u thc hin chuyn mch nhn cng da trn cc phin ni v phch cm. Cc h thng chuyn mch t ng u tin gi l cc tng i do Strowger pht trin vo nm 1887. Sau qu trnh chuyn mch iu khin do ngi s dng thc hin to ra cc xung khi quay s. Qua nhiu thp k, tng i c hng lot cc b chn in c phc tp, nhng khong 20 nm tr li y, chng pht trin thnh cc tng i s iu khin bng phn mm v c th cung cp nhiu dch v b sung. Cc tng i hin i thng c dung lng tng i ln, hng ngn s, thc hin nhiu cuc gi ng thi. 3. My in thoi thng Mt my in thoi ti nh thu bao nhn ngun in t tng i ni ht m bo hot ng ca my thng qua i dy cp ng. Cc i dy ny cng mang tn hiu thoi gi l mch vng thu bao. Nguyn tc cp ngun ny gip cho my in thoi thu bao khng ph thuc vo mng in li. Cc tng i ni ht c ngun d phng vi dung lng ln m bo cho n v cc my in thoi thu bao lm vic trong vng vi ting sau khi mt ngun in li. Vic ny rt cn thit v hot ng ca mng in thoi rt quan trng trong tnh hung khn cp khi ngun in li c s c. Mt s khc bit nh khi vn hnh cn tn ti trn th gii, c bit khi cung cp cc h thng PBX/PABX, nhng cc nguyn tc c cp trong mc p dng hu ht cho cc mng PSTN. a. Micro Khi nhc in thoi, kho chuyn mch ng, mt dng in bt u chy trong mch vng thu bao qua mirco, do micro ni ti mch vng ny. Micro lm nhim v bin i nng lng m thanh thnh nng lng in. Cc my in thoi hin i ngy nay thng s dng micro in t. b. Tai nghe Dng xoay chiu to ra t micro c bin i ngc li thnh tn hiu ting ni ti pha i phng. Tai nghe c mng mng vi mt ming nam chm bn trong ca cun dy. Dng xoay chiu to ra t micro c a ti cun dy pha

65

i phng. Dng in to ra mt t trng bin thin v t trng ny lm cho mng mng to ra sng m thanh gn nh m thanh pha pht. 4. Cc chc nng bo hiu Mng in thoi cung cp mt dch v chuyn mch hay quay s, n cho php thu bao khi to v gii to cc cuc thoi. Thu bao quay con s a ch ca thu bao b gi. Vic ny yu cu mt s thng tin thm vo v truyn n qua mch vng thu bao hay t tng i ny ti tng i kia trn tuyn ni v vic truyn cc thng tin b sung c gi l bo hiu. 4.1. Bo hiu thu bao Bo hiu thu bao l qu trnh trao i cc tn hiu bo hiu nh nhc my, t my, m mi quay s, m bo bn, chung v cc con s a ch thu bao gia thit b kt cui v tng i ni ht thit lp, gim st v gii to cuc thng tin. Cc tn hiu bo hiu ni trn c th c truyn i di dng dng in mt chiu, cc tn hiu thp phn hay a tn tu thuc vo loi thit b kt cui v tng i a. Bo hiu ng thu bao
Tng i
ng thu bao ng thu bao

Khi ngun cuc gi Tone mi quay s

Cc con s

Hi m chung
Dng chung

Tr li

Ct chung m thoi Kt thc cuc gi Kt thc cuc gi

Hnh 3.1: Qu trnh bo hiu ng thu bao Bo hiu ng thu bao l qu trnh trao i cc tn hiu bo hiu m cc tn hiu ny lin quan n cc trng thi ca ng thu bao. Thng qua qu trnh x l gi th cc tn hiu bo hiu ng c trao i gia thu bao v tng i ni ht

66

nh hnh v 3.1 m t tng qut mch vng ng dy thu bao. ng dy thu bao thng thng l mt i dy.
RL RA

- 48 V

+
RL

Hnh 3.2: Mch vng ng dy thu bao Khi iu kin bnh thng (thu bao t my ) mch vng thu bao trng thi h v khng c dng qua mch vng. Tr khng mch vng = Khi thu bao nhc my yu cu m thoi hay tr li gi th mch vng trng thi kn mch. Lc tr khng ca mch vng = R A + RL + RL Tng i s xc nh s thay i tr khng mch vng, v iu khin cp m mi quay s cho thu bao ch gi khi tng i sn sng thu s . b. Bo hiu a ch Bo hiu a ch l qu trnh trao i tn hiu gia thu bao v tng i ni ht, cc tn hiu bo hiu ny lin quan ti a ch ca thu bao b gi hay cc thng s lin quan ti vic chn tuyn ni gia cc thu bao. Cc tn hiu bo hiu a ch l cc con s ca thu bao b gi. Mt s loi tn hiu m t cc con s a ch tu thuc vo my in thoi l quay s hay n phm: cc xung, cc tn hiu a tn. Truyn cc con s a ch thu bao b gi t my in thoi quay s Cc xung c gi i mt cch lin tc bng vic ng, ngt mch vng ng dy thu bao (c dng, khng dng ). Truyn cc con s a ch thu bao b gi t my in thoi n phm My in thoi quay s c nhiu nhc im (tc , khng dng c cc dch v m tng i cung cp vi cc phm: - *, #, flat..., nn c thay th bng my in thoi n phm . ITU-T a ra khuyn ngh cho vic m ho cc m hiu minh ho cc con s a ch ca thu bao b gi nh hnh v trn. Mi mt con s bao gm s kt hp ca 2 trong 8 tn s trn (1 thuc nhm cao, 1 thuc nhm thp).

67

4.2. Bo hiu lin i a. Bo hiu knh kt hp Bo hiu knh kt hp, trong tn hiu bo hiu v ting ni truyn trn cng mt ng trn mng do gi l bo hiu knh kt hp. Trong mt s trng hp cn c gi l bo hiu knh ring v mi mt knh bo hiu ginh ring cho mt knh thoi c lp nhau. Trong bo hiu knh kt hp cc tn hiu bo hiu c phn chia thnh 2 loi: tn hiu ng v tn hiu ghi pht. b. Bo hiu knh chung Bo hiu knh chung l mt phng thc bo hiu trong dng mt knh c lp vi knh ting vi tc 64 Kbit/s truyn ti cc thng tin bo hiu cho nhiu knh thoi hay cc thng tin phc v iu khin mng. Cc thng tin bo hiu truyn di dng cc bn tin.
Knh ting

ng bo hiu

Hnh 3.3: Phng thc bo hiu knh chung 5. Thit lp v gii to cuc gi Mi my in thoi c mt kho chuyn mch dng xc nh cc trng thi nhc my v t my. Khi kho ny c ng th mt dng in khong 50 mA bt u chy trong mch. Trng thi ny c pht hin nh mt rle, thng tin ny c a ti khi iu khin ca tng i. Khi iu khin trong tng i l mt my tnh c cu hnh mnh v tin cy trong tng i. N kch hot cc mch bo hiu, sau cc mch ny thu cc con s a ch t thu bao ch gi (chng ta gi thu bao khi to cuc gi l thu bao A, Thu bao nhn cuc gi l thu bao B). Khi chuyn mch trong tng i in thoi s iu khin trng chuyn mch kt ni mch thoi ti thu bao B. Mt tuyn ni c thc hin theo cc con s m thu bao A quay.

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Khi cuc gi ti thu bao B, tng i cung cp chung ti mch vng thu bao v my in thoi ca thu bao B chung. in p chung c gi tr khong 85V DC vi tn s 25 Hz, in p ny kch hot chung ca cc my in thoi. Khi trng thi nhc my ca thu bao B c pht hin th in p chung ny c ct ngay lp tc v sau mch thoi gia 2 u c kt ni v cuc m thoi c th bt u. Khi tng i pht hin c trng thi nhc my qua mch vng thu bao, n cp cho chng ta m mi quay s v xc nhn rng tng i sn sng nhn cc con s. Sau khi quay s, tng i s bo cho thu bao bit vic thit lp mch thoi c thnh cng hay khng thng qua vic cp hi m chung khi thu bao b gi chung. Khi thu bao B nhc my tr li, tng i ct c tn hiu chung v hi m chung, sau kt ni mch thoi qua chng. Khi kt thc cuc m thoi, trng thi t my c pht hin bi tng i v mch thoi c gii phng. II. MNG TRUYN S LIU CHUYN MCH GI 1. Gii thiu Vi k thut chuyn mch knh (chuyn mch thoi thng thng) trn, mi cuc m thoi gia hai thu bao u chim gi mt knh nht nh trong sut thi gian m thoi (cho d hai thu bao ch nhc my m khng ni chuyn), knh ny ch c gii phng khi kt thc m thoi (thu bao t my). c im ny dn ti s lng ph v s chim dng trang thit b trong tng i, knh truyn dn v nhc im ny cn th hin r khi chng ta bit rng knh ch s dng khong 40% thi gian truyn tn hiu thoi, khong thi gian cn li l khong trng ngt qung gia cc cu, t trong qu trnh m thoi. Ngi ta tm ra phng thc chuyn mch mi khc phc nhc im ca chuyn mch knh trn, l phng thc chuyn mch gi. Khc vi k thut chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch gi khng thit lp knh truyn trc khi thc hin truyn thng. Thng tin ngi dng c chia thnh tng gi nh. Cc gi tin ny c truyn n mng chuyn mch gi v truyn n ch. Ti ch din ra qu trnh ghp cc gi tin ti to thng tin nh pha pht (hnh 3.4).

69

Ng i gi

Ng i nhn Mng chuy nm ch gi

Dli u ng i d ng Gi tin

Dli u ng i d ng

Hnh 3.5: Nguyn l chuyn mch gi 2. Nguyn l chuyn mch gi

Ti trm pht, thng tin ca ngi dng c chia thnh nhiu gi nh c di khc nhau, mi gi c gn mt nhn (tiu ) c th nh tuyn gi tin n ch.

Khi gi tin n mt trm bt k trn ng truyn dn, gi tin c trm lu tm v x l: * Tch ly phn tiu ca gi tin thu cc thng tin cn thit. * Kim tra li, nu gi tin b li: gi tin b hu b v yu cu trm pht pht li bn tin . Nu gi tin khng b sai li, trm s kim tra xem n c phi l ch n ca gi tin hay khng bng cch so snh phn a ch ch cha trong tiu gi tin v a ch ca trm, nu ng trm s chuyn gi tin n mt b m ch x l tip theo. Nu trm hin ti khng phi l trm ch ca gi tin, n c nhim v xc nh trm tip theo hp l nht m khi n , gi tin c th n c ch v truyn gi tin n trm tip theo. Ti trm ch: Thc hin qu trnh kt hp cc gi tin nhn c theo th t c quy nh trong phn tiu ca mi gi tin thnh thng tin ngi dng nh pha pht. Thng tin ny c chuyn n ngi nhn mt cch chnh xc.

70

Packet

Chuy n mch

Chuy n mch

Hnh 3.5: Truyn cc gi tin qua mng chuyn mch gi V thng tin ca ngi dng c chia thnh tng gi nh, mi gi c gn mt tiu (cha a ch ch) nn cc gi tin ca cc ngi dng khc nhau c th c phn bit mt cch d dng do nhiu ngi dng c th ng thi s dng chung mt ng truyn. K thut chuyn mch gi cng tng t nh qu trnh chuyn pht th trong Bu chnh. Thng tin ca khch hng (th) c ng gi (cho vo phong b) v ghi a ch bn ngoi (tiu ). Nhiu th ca ngi dng c th c truyn trn cng mt ng truyn. H thng chuyn pht th ca Bu in s cn c vo phn a ch ca l th chuyn n ngi nhn th. 3. Cc k thut chuyn mch gi C hai k thut truyn mt gi tin n ch l chuyn mch theo gi v chuyn mch theo knh o.

Chuyn mch theo gi tin:

Mi gi tin c truyn n ch mt cch c lp do chng c th n ch bng cc ng khc nhau. K thut ny c ng dng trong mng Internet v mng LAN.

Chuyn mch theo knh o:

Tt c gi tin ca ngi dng cng c truyn n ch trn mt con ng gi l knh o. Knh o c thit lp trc khi qu trnh truyn gi din ra. Khi thit lp ng knh o gia ngun v ch th cc gi tin c tiu n gin hn do , thi gian tr trn ng truyn cng nh hn. K thut ny c ng dng trong k thut chuyn tip khung (FR: Frame Relay) v trong k thut ATM.

71

K thut chuyn mch theo gi

Tuyn tu chn

a ch

D liu

Thng tin d liu chuyn mch gi thc s khng s dng cuc ni dnh ring gia cc nt thng tin. Mi gi cha y a ch ch v vic gi v nh tuyn c thc hin mt cch c lp. V d in hnh l: Internet

Chuyn mch theo knh o

Bo hiu Thng tin

Knh o

Mch o c thit lp ngay t u, sau d liu c truyn trn cng mt ng v cui cng mch o c gii phng Mi gi c thng tin nhn dng mch o. ng truyn c s dng chung cho tt c cc user V d: X.25, Frame relay v ATM

Hnh 3.6: Chuyn mch theo gi v theo knh o 4. Mng chuyn mch gi Mng chuyn mch gi bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau: DTE: Thit b u cui d liu l mt giao tip RS232 m my tnh c th trao i d liu vi modem hoc cc thit b c bit khc. DCE: Modem truyn s liu, thc hin qu trnh trao i d liu vi DTE ca my tnh hoc cc thit b truyn s liu c bit khc. PSE: Tng i (node) chuyn mch gi: Thc hin chc nng chuyn mch cc gi tin n cc tng i khc thch hp. Cc thu bao s liu DTE c u ni vi tng i chuyn mch gi PSE thng qua DCE. PSE thc hin nh tuyn cc gi tin n ch tng ng thng qua mng chuyn mch gi. 5. Cc c im ca chuyn mch gi

Tit kim ng truyn:

Trong k thut chuyn mch gi, mi gi tin c mt tiu mang thng tin iu khin nh tuyn gi ti ch cho php phn bit cc gi ca cc ngi dng khc nhau do vy, nhiu ngi dng c th s dng chung mt ng truyn (khc vi chuyn mch knh, mt ngi s dng phi c mt knh truyn c lp)

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NMC

DCE DTE

PSE

OSS

DCE DTE

PSE

DCE DTE DCE PSE DCE DTE PSE DTE

Hnh 3.8: Mng chuyn mch gi

Cc dch v do chuyn mch gi cung cp khng c nh bt k tc no do tc dch v ph thuc vo nhu cu ca ngi s dng (khc vi chuyn mch knh, tc dch v lun lun l 64Kb/s hoc bi s ca n) Thi gian tr truyn dn kh ln: V thng tin ngi dng c chia thnh gi nh do vy ny sinh thi gian chia gi, kt hp gi v thi gian x l gi tin ti mi trm trung gian. Mt khc, v c nhiu ngi dng chung ng truyn, nn nu tt c mi ngi u s dng th s lng gi trn ng truyn c thi im tng cao dn n d nghn mch gy mt thng tin v kh nng truyn tin gim hn. Bi vy, nn chuyn mch gi c thit k cho cc dch v khng yu cu tnh thi gian thc cao nh Internet, truyn s liu Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi u c u nhc im khc nhau; chng c s dng ng thi v h tr nhau cung cp nhng dch v a dng cho thu bao. Tuy nhin hin nay do s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh in ttin hc, k thut m ho ngy cng hon thin nn k thut chuyn mch gi ngy cng c s dng rng ri . III. MNG S TCH HP A DCH V ( ISDN) 1- Gii thiu chung v IDN v ISDN 1.1. Mng vin thng s tch hp IDN : l tp hp cc nt mng v cc ng truyn dn s m trong mng ny th truyn dn v chuyn mch l kiu tch hp

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cung cp cc kt ni s gia cc im trn mng cung cp kh nng truyn thng tin gia chng. 1.2. Mng vin thng s tch hp a dch v ISDN : l mt mng vin thng kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau v cung cp cc ng ni s gia cc giao din ngi s dng v mng (cc thit b kt cui). 1..3Ti sao chng ta cn c mng ISDN ? Ngy nay ngoi dch v thoi thng thng, do s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin nn khch hng c nhu cu s dng cc dch v tc v cht lng cao hn nh: Fax, truyn s liu... Tuy nhin, i vi mng in thoi thng thng ca chng ta hin nay da trn cng ngh tng t cung cp c cc dch v trn th chng ta phi thc hin bin i cc tn hiu s thnh cc tn hiu tng t v mng in thoi khng th cung cp cc dch v tc cao. Do hin nay cung cp cc dch v trn chng ta phi s dng cc mng ring bit .

Hnh 3.9: Cc mng vin thng ring bit

74

Tuy nhin, vi nhng mng ring l nh hin nay s dng nhiu dch v khc nhau th cn nhng ng dy thu bao ring l ti nh thu bao, iu ny khng thun tin do k hoch nh s cc mng l khc nhau.

Hnh 3.10: Mng lin kt s dng ISDN tn dng mt ng dy thu bao cho nhiu dch v khc nhau th cn c cc mng tch hp dch v. Hn na, ngy nay do cng ngh thng tin ni chung pht trin nhanh nn mt mng vin thng s tch hp a dch v hon ton c th c xy dng. Mng ISDN l mng s c kh nng tch hp c nhiu dch v nh : thoi, s liu, hnh nh qua cc giao din chun. Mng ISDN c kh nng cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau qua mt mng s c tc v cht lng cao gia cc thit b kt cui. 2. Nguyn tc ca mng ISDN

Hnh 3.11: Nguyn tc kt ni cc thit b in Trong cuc sng hng ngy, chng ta s dng nhiu gia dng ng thi nh vic kt ni (TIVI, Raio..) vo ngun in chung. Hn na tin in tr hng thng tu thuc vo lng in dng ch khng quan tm vo dng c loi no c s dng. em tng ny sang lnh vc vin thng, n ta nh cc thit b u cui

75

khc nhau cng kt ni vo mt ng dy thu bao cho php cc thit b kt cui lin lc ng thi, cc ph s tnh trn tng lng thng tin truyn i ch khng ph thuc vo dch v s dng.

Hnh 3.12: Nguyn tc kt ni ISDN Cc khuyn ngh quc t nh ngha ISDN l "mt mng cho php ngi s dng u cui kt ni thng qua cc mch s cung cp c dch v thoi v phi thoi s dng cc giao din tiu chun". 3. c tnh ca mng ISDN ISDN c th cung cp cc dch v khc nhau cho mt mng s, vi tc , cht lng thng tin gia cc u cui cao. Cc c tnh c bn ca ISDN c lit k nh sau: 3.1. ISDN p ng tho mn cc nhu cu ca ngi s dng Tch hp cc dch v

Hnh 3.13: Tch hp dch v s dng ISDN

76

Tiu chun c thng nht bi cc khuyn ngh quc t

Hnh 3.14: Cc giao din c chun ho quc t Tc v cht lng truyn thng cao. Trong mng thoi truyn thng s dng ng truyn tng t, tc truyn s liu ch khong 9,6 kbps, hoc ti 56 kbps nh cc cng ngh iu ch hin i. Tri li trong ISDN, tc ti thiu c th t ti 64 kbps, cn tc ti a cho ngi s dng u cui l 384 kbps v 1536 kbps hoc 2048 kbps. Mt khc, tn hiu s cng chng nhiu tt hn, d sa sai hn v do lm cht lng truyn dn tt hn. Mt v d: Trong mng thoi gi 1 trang A4 qua fax th mt khong 1 pht, cn trong mng ISDN (G4 fax) ch mt khong 4 giy v cht lng bc fax hn hn.
Kh nng m rng cc dch v tt

3.2. ISDN p ng tho mn cc yu cu ca nh khai thc Tc , bng thng p ng nhu cu tng ca dch v. Theo cc khuyn ngh quc t, cc giao din cho ngi s dng chun ho c v mt logic v vt l. N cho php kt ni vi cc loi thit b u cui khc nhau. Do mt thu bao c th s dng nhiu thit b truyn thng theo nhu cu. D pht trin dch v mi Bng vic tch xen tn hiu ca h thng ngoi knh. Kinh t khi xy dng mng Bng vic tch xen tn hiu ca h thng ngoi knh.

77

4. Cu hnh mng ISDN 4.1. Cu trc chc nng c bn ISDN mang li nhiu dch v vi tc v thit b khc nhau s dng cng mt ng dy thu bao, mt giao din. Do , mng phi c cc chc nng chuyn mch tng ng vi tng loi dch v v cc chc nng theo yu cu t thit b u cui. Bng 3.1 m t cc chc nng ny. TT
1

Chc nng
Phn b cc chc nng Chuyn mch knh - 64 kbps

Bng 3.1 m t cc chc nng ca ISDN. M t

La chn v phn b cc chc nng bn trong mng ph hp vi yu cu dch v ca ngi s dng, n cng x l cc tn hiu iu khin thit lp cc mch gia cc kt cui. Thit lp/gii phng tuyn thng tin gia cc kt cui v truyn dn tn hiu s tc 64 kbps. Tuyn thng tin b chim dng t khi bt u cho ti khi gii phng tuyn ni. Thit lp tuyn thng tin gia cc kt cui, v truyn tn hiu s 64 kbps. Thit lp/gii phng tuyn thng tin gia cc kt cui v truyn dn tn hiu s tc cao hn 64 kbps. Thit lp tuyn thng tin gia cc kt cui, v truyn tn hiu s tc cao hn 64 kbps.

3 4

6 7 8

ng thu ring - 64 kpbs Chuyn mch knh tc cao - trung bnh ng thu ring tc cao - trung bnh. Chuyn mch gi Bo hiu knh chung X l thng tin

Tuyn thng tin ch b chim khi thng tin c pht i. Cc tn hiu s c truyn i trong cc gi. Chuyn giao cc tn hiu thng tin iu khin phc v cho qu trnh thit lp/gii phng tuyn thng tin trong mng. Tu theo loi tin v vic x l d liu yu cu tc x l khc nhau, n chuyn i gia cc phng tin khc nhau v thay i thng tin.

78

64 Kbps
Phn b cc chc nng (3) ng thu ring 64 kbps (4) Chuyn mch knh tc cao trung bnh (5) ng thu ring tc cao trung bnh (6) Chuyn mch gi

(8) Chc nng x l thng tin Phn b cc chc nng

(1)

(1)

Thit b u cui

(7) Bo hiu knh chung

Hnh 3.15: M hnh ca cu trc ISDN c bn 4.2. Cc chc nng ca ISDN:

a. Chc nng phn phi :

ISDN
1 2 4
Thit b u cui(Terminals) Ch : 1-Thoi 2-Image 3-Gi 4- iu khin

Cc chc nng chuyn mch knh 64 kbit/s Cc chc nng chuyn mch knh tc cao

1 3

Cc chc nng chuyn mch gi Cc chc nng bo hiu knh chung

Hnh 3.16: Cc chc nng phn phi ca ISDN

Do ISDN l mng s tch hp nhiu dch v khc nhau nn c tnh ca n l ngi s dng dch v t do la chn dch v. thc hin iu ny cch hiu qu

Thit b u cui v nh cung cp dch v

(2) Chuyn mch knh

79

th ISDN phi cung cp chc nng phn b . Cc chc nng c dng p ng nhng yu cu v dch v ca khch hng th c gi l cc chc nng phn phi. Trong mng thc t, cc chc nng phn phi nm trong h thng chuyn mch ng dy thu bao. b. Chc nng chuyn mch knh: i vi dch v in thoi thng thng th h thng chuyn mch trong mng thit lp ng ni cho vic trao i thng tin gia cc thit b kt cui nh vo con s a ch ca thu bao c gi m thu bao ch gi gi ti. ng ni gia cc thit b kt cui b chim trong sut thi gian m thoi. chnh l cc chc nng chuyn mch knh. Cc dch v m s dng cc chc nng chuyn mch knh nh : Fax, DDX-C v dch v in thoi tng t thng thng. Tc truyn dn c s cho cc chc nng chuyn mch knh trong ISDN l 64kbit/s, ph hp cho tn hiu thoi. i vi nhng tc ln hn 64 kbit/s c chia thnh hai loi : Tc trung cao 384,1536 kbit/s, tc cao 30-140 Mbt/s. i vi nhng tc nh hn 64 kbit/s nh 8,16 v 32kbit/s c bin i truyn trn knh 64kbit/s . c.Cc chc nng ng thu Cc chc nng ng thu thit lp cc mch c nh hay bn c nh gia cc thit b kt cui. Cc dch v thu ng th c a ra cho cc h thng tc thp trong khong 50-9600 bits/s v tc cao t 64kbit/s -6Mbit/s. d.Cc chc nng chuyn mch gi. Cc chc nng chuyn mch gi chuyn cc thng tin c gi gia cc thit b u cui theo a ch b gi. Cc chc nng ny khc chuyn mch knh ch l ng thng tin ch b chim dng khi c thng tin truyn qua. Cc ng truyn dn gia hai thit b kt cui l mt chiu. Hnh 3.22 minh ho qu trnh lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi.

80

Thng bo A

H thng chuyn mch gi ch

H thng chuyn Thng bo A mch gi

u cui

Thng bo B B/Nh

ng truyn dn B/Nh Thng bo B

u cui

u cui

u cui

Hnh 3.17: Qu trnh lm vic ca mng chuyn mch gi

Dch v chuyn mch gi th hiu qu nht khi khi lng thng tin c gi th t hn mt cuc gi (chuyn mch knh). V d: khi thit b kt cui s liu thng trc (on line) truy cp vo my tnh ch. Cc cho dch v chuyn mch gi ny c tnh theo khi lng thng tin. DDX-P l mt trong nhng dch v s dng cc chc nng chuyn mch gi. Trong ISDN mt thit b kt cui c th la chn cc chc nng chuyn mch knh hay chuyn mch gi trn cng mt giao din chun. e. Chc nng bo hiu knh chung : Cc chc nng bo hiu knh chung c dng truyn cc tn hiu iu khin trong qu trnh thit lp, gim st v gii to cuc gi trong mng chuyn mch knh. Nu nh thng tin cn c trao i ca khch hng c truyn cng vi tn hiu iu khin th c mt s nhc im nh sau: Tn hiu iu khin khng th c truyn trong khi cuc gi ang din ra v dung lng tn hiu bo hiu thp do khng th trin khai cc dch v mi . Do trong ISDN mt kiu bo hiu mi c yu cu, l h thng bo hiu knh chung. Trong h thng ny tn hiu bo hiu c truyn trn mt knh c lp vi knh ting v phc v cho nhiu knh thoi. Cc chc nng bo hiu knh chung th cn thit cho vic a dng ho cc loi hnh dch v mi b xung cho cc dch v thng thng. Do chng l cc chc nng quan trng hnh thnh nn ISDN.

81

H thng chuyn mch Thng tin khch hng

H thng chuyn mch

Mch thoi

Mch bo hiu knh chung

Thng tin iu khin

Hnh 3.18: Chc nng bo hiu knh chung trong ISDN f. Cc chc nng x l thng tin
Tn hiu ph hp vi my tnh

Tn hiu fax

B nh Bin i tc

Tc cao

Tc thp Ting ni

S liu

Bin i dng thng tin

Hnh 3.19: Cc chc nng x l thng tin Cc chc nng x l thng tin c nhim v lu gi thng tin gi ti/ t cc thit b kt cui trong khi x l (trong hay ngoi mng) v bin i tc , mi trng truyn dn v l trm trung gian tr gip cho cc thit b kt cui. V d mt my Fax mun trao i thng tin vi mt my tnh c nhn, cc chc nng x l thng tin thc hin bin i tn hiu fax thnh tn hiu m c th c x l trong my tnh. Cc chc nng ny cn cho php hai my Fax nhm 3 v nhm 4 trao i thng tin hai chiu vi nhau. thc hin cc chc nng ny th cn nhiu

82

phng php khc nhau. C th c thc hin trong hoc ngoi mng ISDN thm ch c thc hin thit b kt cui. 5- Cc dch v ca ISDN 5.1. Phn loi dch v ISDN cung cp nhiu dch v khc nhau cho khch hng da trn cc chc nng thng tin. C th nh ngha dch v ISDN l tt c cc dch v m khch hng c th c s dng qua giao din ngi s dng v mng bao gm c ting ni, hnh nh hay s liu. Cc dch v ny thng c chia thnh hai loi: dch v mang, n c nh ngha nh l cc chc nng chuyn tip thng tin gia cc thit b kt cui u ni ti giao din S/T v dch v xa c coi nh cc dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng thng qua cc thit b kt cui. Ngoi ra cn c mt s dch v b xung khc h tr cho cc dch v vin thng c bn gip cho khch hng ngy cng tin li hn.
S/T/ S S/T/ S

ISDN

Dch v mang Dch v xa

Dch v xa c bn + Dch v b xung 3

2 S Point

1 T- Point H thng chuyn mch ma

TE1
R Point S Point

NT2

NT1

TE 2

TA
Hnh 3.20: Phn loi cc dch v ca ISDN

83

Dch v mng (bear service): Cc dch v vin thng c m t ti im truy nhp 1 v 2. Dch v xa (tele service): Cc dch v vin thng c m t ti im truy nhp 3,5. im truy nhp 4 l im m ti cc thit b kt cui thuc loi X v V s dng dch v ISDN qua b thch nghi (TA). 5.2. Cc dch v mang Hnh 3.26 cho thy cc dch v mang m bo cung cp tuyn thng tin hai chiu gia cc thit b kt cui ISDN. Bi vy cc dch v ny ch ng vai tr l vt mang ch khng phi l dch v cung cp ti thit b kt cui. Do mt chc nng kt cui phi c kt hp vi dch v mang cung cp dch v trao i thng tin m con ngi c th hiu c. Cc thuc tnh ca dch v mang l s phn loi v cc quy nh v c tnh ca cc dch v c cung cp bi mng, chng c chia thnh 3 loi: cc thuc tnh v truyn thng tin cp ti phng thc truyn v chuyn mch( chuyn mch knh hay gi) v tc truyn dn. Cc thuc tnh truy nhp quy nh cc loi knh ti giao din ngi s dng v mng (S/T interface) v cc h thng thng tin, cc thuc tnh chung ch ra vic p dng cc dch v b xung v cht lng dch v.
Cc thuc tnh truyn thng tin Cc thuc tnh chung

S/T Point u cui

ISDN Dch v mang

S/T Point u cui

Cc thuc tnh truy nhp

Cc thuc tnh truy nhp

Hnh 3.21: Vai tr cc dch v mang ca ISDN

84

Bng3.2: Cc thuc tnh ca dch v mng trong ISDN

THUC TNH 1. Cc phng thc truyn 2. Tc truyn GI TR CC THUC TNH Chuyn mch knh, gi Tc bt 64,2*64,384,1536 v 1920 (kbit/s) Xuyn (b/s) 3. Kh nng truyn thng tin 4. Cu trc 5. Phng thc thit lp gi 6. Cu hnh thng tin 7. Tnh i xng 8. Knh truy Thng nhp hng D(16/64) 1430,1431, Q920/921, Q930/931 v tc Bo hiu 9. Th tc thng tin 10. Cc dch v b xung 11. Cht lng dch v 12. Kh nng lin kt mng 13. Ti chnh tin sut 75, 150,300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, 48000.

TRUYN THNG TIN TRUY NHP CHUNG

im ni im, im ni a im, qung b i xng mt chiu, hai chiu, hai chiu khng i xng khch B(64), Ho(384), H1(1536), H12(1920)

5.3 Cc dch v xa Cc dch v xa c nhim v trao i thng tin hai chiu gia cc thit b kt cui ISDN, bao gm cc chc nng kt cui. Bng 3.3: M t cc dch v xa ca ISDN
Cc dch v xa Gii thiu chung in thoi thy Truyn tn hiu hnh nh ng v ting ni ng thi gia hai im cho 2 hnh Dch nhm 4 Telex v thu bao c th nhn thy nhau khi ang m thoi. Dch v ny gip cho vin thng ngy cng gn gi vi t nhin hn. Fax Truyn cc bc fax vi tc v phn gii cao Truyn i cc k t, ch ci theo mt khun dng ring. Dch v telex s dng cc b m 6 bt vi tc 50bit/s v n c th pht trin ln cc b m 8 bt vi Hi ngh t xa Videotex tc 2400bit/s vi mt khun dng chun. Cc bc nh v ting ni c truyn gia hai hay nhiu im phc v cho cc hi ngh t xa m cc thnh vin c th nhn thy nhau qua mn hnh. u ni mt my tnh ti mt trung tm ti mt thit b u cui phc v cc yu cu ca ngi s dng v truy nhp vo cc c s d liu ly thng tin

85

MHS (E.mail)

Cc bn tin c truyn i bao gm phn iu khin v phn ni dung. Bn tin ny c truyn i nh vo a ch ca n qua mng vin thng vi cht lng v tc cao.

5.4.Cc dch v b xung (supplementary services) Cc dch v b xung y a ra h tr thm cho cc dch v mang v cc dch v xa p ng nhu cu s dng dch v ca khch hng. Ngoi cc dch v b xung c cung cp trn mng thoi thng thng chng ta c mt s dch v b xung sau. * Dch v nhn dng thu bao ch gi (CLIP) . * Dch v thng bo cc cho thu bao (A.C). * Dch v chuyn tip dch v . * Chuyn tip cuc gi. 6- Cc loi giao din mng 6.1. Khi nim giao din ngi s dng - mng Cc iu kin kt ni (giao thc) trong ISDN phi c nh ngha, v nh kiu connector, in p, th tc bo hiu vv.... Thit b c thit lp cc iu kin kt ni cc im danh gii gia mng v u cui (cc im qui nh ) c gi l "giao din ngi s dng - mng". Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T v ISDN nm trong tp I (Series I). Giao din ngi s dng mng ca ISDN c quy nh trong cc khuyn ngh I.400 v c gi l giao din I theo ch I ca tp khuyn ngh.

86

Ngi s dng

Mng

Ngi s dng

u cui

ISDN Giao din ngi s dng - mng Giao din ngi s dng mng theo khuyn ngh
I.400

u cui

Hnh 3.22: Khi nim giao din ngi s dng mng Trong cc mng hin nay cc giao din ngi s dng - mng phn loi bi kiu dch v, vi mi loi mng khc nhau c giao din khc nhau. Tuy nhiu cung cp cc dch v ISDN khc nhau bi mt giao din ngi s dng - mng, cn phi thit lp cc iu kin chung gia cc kt cui v mng. Giao din I cung cp cc dch v thoi v phi thoi qua mt giao din ng thu bao. Cc c im giao din ngi s dng - mng nh sau: - La chn cc dch v khc nhau cho mi cuc gi. - Kt ni ng thi vi nhiu thit b u cui. - m bo tnh c ng ca thit b u cui. 6.2. H thng khuyn ngh v giao din I Hnh 3.28 l h thng khuyn ngh v giao din ngi s dng mng ISDN. Giao din ny c gi l giao din I.
Khuyn ngh chung v ISDN (I.100) Khuyn ngh I.200 v dch v Khuyn ngh I.600 v kim tra v bo dng
S/T

TE

ISDN
Khuyn ngh v cu trc mng (I.300)

Mng ISDN khc

Khuyn ngh v giao din ngi s dng mng (I.400)

Khuyn ngh v giao din mng- mng (I.500)

Hnh 3.23: H thng khuyn ngh I-Series

87

6.3. M t im giao din I (I Point)

Pha ngi s dng S TE1 R TE2 TA S T NT2 Pha mng NT1
ng truyn dn Ti h thng chuyn mch im tham chiu Nhm chc nng

Hnh 3.24: Cu hnh tham chiu cho ngi s dng mng

Hnh 3.24 cho ta thy khi nim v mi quan h gia im tham chiu v nhm chc nng. Thit b kt cui mng loi 1 (NT1): L thit b c cc chc nng tng ng vi lp vt l (lp 1) trong m hnh chun OSI. Cc chc nng ny bao gm cc tnh cht vt l v in ca thit b: Kt cui ng truyn; Bo dng, gim st cc c tnh ca lp 1; ng b; Ghp ng lp 1; Kt cui giao din.

Thit b kt cui mng loi 2 (NT2): Thit b c cc chc nng tng ng vi lp vt l (lp 1) trong m hnh chun OSI v cc lp cao hn theo khuyn ngh X.200/IUT-T. Cc tng i PABX, cc mng cc b (LAN), b iu khin u cui l nhng v d thuc li ny. Cc chc nng ca NT2 bao gm: iu hnh giao thc lp 2 v 3; Ghp ng lp 2 v 3; Chuyn mch; Tp trung; Cc chc nng bo dng; Kt cui giao din v cc chc nng khc ca lp 1.

Thit b u cui (TE): Thit b bao gm cc chc nng ca lp 1 v cc lp cao hn trong m hnh OSI. Chc nng ca TE bao gm: iu hnh cc giao thc; Bo tr;

88

u ni vi cc thit b khc; Cc giao din.

Thit b u cui loi 1 (TE1) l thit b u cui tng thch vi ISDN. Thit b u cui loi 2 (TE) l thit b u cui khng tng thch vi ISDN. B tng thch u cui (TA): cho php thit b khng tng thch ISDN c th truy nhp vo mng ISDN. V d v cu hnh tham chiu trn phng din vt l (hnh 3.30). Trng hp giao din vt l tng thch vi im S v T:
PABX S TE1 in thoi tng t TE2 R
B chuyn i A/D

in thoi s

DSU T NT1 DSU T NT1

ng truyn

NT2

ng truyn

TA S

- Trng hp giao din vt l tng thch vi im T nhng khng tng thch vi im S: Thit b iu khin u cui
TE+NT2 T DSU NT1 T DSU NT1 ng truyn ng truyn

in thoi tng t
TE2 R

Thit b iu khin u cui

TE+NT2

89

- Trng hp giao din vt l tng thch khng phn bit c im S v im T: ng in thoi DSU Hnh 3.25: s V d v cu hnh tham chiu trn phng din vt l truyn 6. 4. Cu trc giao din I B chuyn i ng DSU in thoi tng t truyn Knh: L n v c s dng mang thng tin ring qua giao din. Knh A/D S/T c phn ra: Knh truyn thng tin ngi s dng (Knh B, H) R Knh bo hiu (Knh D) Knh B: S dng truyn thng tin ngi s dng gia cc u cui. N c th c s dng cho c chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Trong thng tin chuyn mch knh, tc l 64 kbps (trong sut i vi cuc gi). Cn nu knh B s dng chuyn mch gi th tun theo chun X.25. Knh H : Knh H l knh truyn thng tin ngi s dng tc cao nh truyn hnh hi ngh, truyn d liu tc cao. Knh H0 c tc 384 kbps, knh H11 c tc 1,536 Mbps, knh H12 c tc 1,920 Mbps. KnhD: Knh D mang thng tin bo hiu cho iu khin cuc gi ca knh B v knh H. Knh D cng c th c s dng chuyn mch gi vi tc 16 kbps i vi giao din c s v 64kbps i vi giao din s cp. 6.5. Thit lp cc lp giao thc thng tin Khi cc u cui thc hin thng tin qua mt mch hoc mng, cn c s thng nht v giao thc im giao din. Giao thc ny s thit lp cc yu cu vt l, in, sa li cc giao thc c t th t theo cc lp da trn m hnh tham chiu OSI. ph hp cng ngh truyn thng v pht trin mng trong tng lai, ITU-T khuyn ngh giao din I tng thch vi m hnh tham chiu OSI nh hnh v di y. Trong phn cp 7 lp, thng tin gia u cui v mng ch s dng t lp 1 n lp 3, t lp 4 tr ln l lin quan n kt ni gia cc thit b u cui.
TE2 TA NT1 TE2 S/T NT1

CHNG IV KHI QUT V CNG TRNH NGOI VI

I. TNG QUAN V CNG TRNH NGOI VI

90

1. Gii thiu chung v cng trnh ngoi vi (Outside Plant) Khi mt cuc m thoi c thc hin qua mt mch thoi, hoc mt tin bo c gi i qua mt mch in bo, cc my in thoi hay thit b in bo ti hai u c kt ni vi nhau nh cc dy dn kim loi, sao cho dng in mang cc tn hiu thng tin c th lu thng gia chng. Trong mt mng in thoi hay in bo, tt c cc my thu bao u c kt ni ti thit b tng i bng cp hoc bng dy dn, thng qua n bt k thu bao no cng c th c ni vi mt thu bao khc nu c yu cu. Hn na, cc tng i cng kt ni vi nhau qua mt mng cp hoc dy dn m trn cc cuc gi ng di hoc cc bc in bo i qua. Cc phng tin ng vai tr cc vt dn in, k cc phng tin h tr v bo v ca chng, c gi l Cng trnh ngoi vi. Cc dy trn, dy cp, dy cch in c s dng lm dy dn. Cc cy ct, thanh x, dy v phn cng c s dng lm cc phng tin v cc cng cp, h cp c dng bo v cc cp ngm. 2. Phn loi cng trnh ngoi vi 2.1. Phn loi theo ng dng : a. Cng trnh ng dy thu bao Cng trnh ng dy thu bao l mt cng trnh m nh thu bao v phng tin in thoi cng cng v thit b PBX c kt ni vi thit b ca tng i trung tm. Cp dng cho ng dy thu bao c gi l cp thu bao v c phn loi nh hn thnh cp phi v cp phn b. Cp phi l phn cp thu bao i t tng i chuyn mch ti mt im ni s bt u cp phn b. im phn cch gia cp phi v cp phn b ny thng c gi l im kt ni cho. Trong vic s dng cp CCP (Color coded PE insulated - cch in bng cht do PE m m ho mu) lm cp phn b th t dy nhy (kt ni cho) thng c lp t ti im ny nhm thit k cc cng trnh cp mt cch c lp vi nhau. Do vy cp phn b l mt phn ca cp thu bao m cc hp u cui c gn ti. Cc dy r ti nh thu bao c cp t cc hp u cui.

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b. Cng trnh cp trung k Cng trnh cp trung k l cng trnh kt ni cc tng i ni ht vi nhau trong mt vng. Cp trung k cn gi l cp lin i. c. Cng trnh ng dy ng di Cng trnh ngoi vi ng di l cng trnh kt ni cc tng i ng di vi nhau. Thng thng cc loi cp ng trc, cp si quang v cc loi cp cch in bng PEF c s dng lm cp ng di. 2.2. Phn loi theo lp t : a. Cng trnh ng dy trn khng (dy treo) Mc d ng dy truyn dn trn khng c nhng nhc im c bn l b nh hng ca mi trng t nhin v nhn to, n vn c s dng mt cch rng ri, c bit l vi nhng ng dy thu bao (khong 95%) v cc cng trnh trn khng thng rt kinh t so vi cng trnh ngm. Cc cng trnh trn khng gm c cc cp, cc dy dn, cc tr , chng hn nh cc ct, cc dy chng, cc dy cp chnh v cc ph kin khc. i vi cc cng trnh trn khng, vic xy dng cn phi c an ton v chc chn chng li nhng iu kin khc nghit trn cao. b. Cc cng trnh ngm Khi cp ngm chn su di lng t trn 1m th chng c nhng s ph hoi ca thin nhin, nhn to. Tuy nhin, chi ph xy dng t hn vi ba ln chi ph cng trnh trn cao. ng truyn dn ngm thng s dng cho cp ng di, cp trung k v cp phi dng cho thu bao. Chng c chn di t hoc t trong mt ng cng. Do thng cn phi chn cp phn tn ng dy thu bao trong cc vng thnh ph ln v cc iu kin mi trng, nn cc cng trnh ng dy phn tn ngm gn y tng ln. c. Cc cng trnh ng dy di nc Cc dy cp t di y h hoc di y sng rng gi l cp di nc. Cc cp t di y bin c gi l cp bin. Cp di nc v cp bin c lp v bc kim c thit k mt cch c bit. 2.3. Phn loi theo thnh phn :

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Cc thnh phn ca cng trnh ngoi vi c th chia thnh mi trng truyn dn v cc phng tin h tr truyn dn. Mi trng truyn dn bao gm cp thng tin cng vi cc thit b i km nh t cp .. Cc phng tin h tr c th c phn chia theo cc cu trc treo (ct, cc ng dy nhnh v cc dy gia cng) v cu trc ngm (cng cp , b cp, h cp v hm cp). 2.4. Phn loi theo h thng truyn dn a. H thng truyn dn thoi Tn s ting ni ca con ngi thng nm trong phm vi 50 n 6000 Hz. Nhng trong trng hp mt cuc m thoi, khng cn thit pht ton b bng tn ny. Mt cuc hi thoi nghe r v d hiu c th c cung cp bng cch pht i mt di t 300 n 3400 Hz. Dy trn, cp khng gia cm v cp gia cm c s dng trong h thng truyn dn ting ni cho cc mch ni ht v cc mch ng di c ly ngn. b. H thng ti ba - H thng ti ba dy trn H thng ti ba dy trn thch hp vi cc trng hp khi cn c cc mch ph dc theo ng dy trn ang hot ng. C rt nhiu loi h thng nh 2 knh, 3 knh, 6 knh v 12 knh. Nhng h thng ti ba dy trn by gi rt him hoi bi v bn thn ng dy trn tr nn cc k him. - Cp ti ba khng gia cm Cp ti ba khng gia cm l cp c thit k cho cc h thng F-24, F-60, X60. cung cp cc mch mt cch ring bit trong cc hng ngc nhau, c hai si cp c t dc theo ton on. - Cp ti ba c ly ngn H thng T-12 SR s dng cp bc giy v ch v cp ng di PEF-P. Cc mch trong cc hng ngc nhau c cung cp trong mt cp, s dng mt bng tn khc, c ly c th p dng khong t 25 n 100km. - Cp ng trc

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Cc h thng C-4M, CP-12MTr, C-60M v DC-100M s dng cp ng trc 2,6/9,5mm. Cc h thng P-4M v P-12M s dng cp 1,2/4,4mm. C hai on cp ny u c ITU tiu chun ho. Trong trng hp cp ng trc, tn s cng cao th cc c tnh chng xuyn m cng tt, do vy khng cn thit phi dng cp ring bit cho cc mch trong cc hng ngc nhau. Cp mng ny thng c lp t ngm di t. 3. Nhng yu cu i vi cng trnh ngoi vi Cng trnh ngoi vi phi c nhng tnh cht in t tt truyn cc tn hiu thng tin. N phi vng chc di nhng iu kin hu hoi khc ca thi tit, a hnh, v nhn to. Sau y l nhng yu cu in v c t ra cho cng trnh ngoi vi. thc hi cc yu cu ny mt cch kinh t phi cn nhc thch ng n mi thit k, t sn xut n bo dng. 3.1. in tr cch in in tr cch in km gy ra suy hao truyn dn cao, xuyn m v tp m ln. Nht thit phi s dng cc vt c in tr ln cho lp cch in ca dy dn. Trong khi phi c bit ch bo v lp cch in lun lun tt. Lp cch in b bn, cnh cy chm vo ng dy hoc cp... u dn n lm hng lp cch in ca cc dy n hoc dy kp. Trong trng hp cp vi lp v b v c th dn n b thm nc v in tr cch in cng b thp i, i vi nhiu loi mch vo mt lc no . Do vy cn phi c bit ch trnh lm hng v cp. 3.2. Sc bn in mi Cng trnh ngoi vi i mt vi mi him nguy ca st v ca vic tip xc vi ng dy in lc. Sc bn lp in mi cao l cn thit bo v bn thn cng trnh ngoi vi cng nh nhn vin bo dng v cc thu bao khi nguy him. Trong cc h thng truyn dn mi y, ngun in lc cp theo cp ti cc trm lp xa. Trong cc trng hp ny sc bn in mi cao l cn thit cho lp v dy dn. 3.3. in tr dy dn Khi ng dy dn u ni vi thit b chuyn mch, iu ti cn thit l in tr dy dn phi thp cho php thit b hot ng di tr s rt nh ca cng sut kch thch gim suy hao truyn dn ti mc thp nht.

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3.4. Suy hao truyn dn iu mong mun l suy hao truyn dn cng thp cng tt, gi tr cc i cho php ca n c xc nh nh s dung ho gia cht lng truyn v tnh kinh t. Trong mng in thoi, suy hao cho php phn b cho mi tng ca mng. trong vic quy hoch tng i khu vc hoc mt mng ng di, cc h thng truyn dn hoc cc loi cng trnh ng dy thch hp cn la chn sao cho cc suy hao truyn dn vn nm trong phm vi nhng gii hn cho php. 3.5. Mo truyn cc tn hiu thng tin mt cch trung thc, ng dy phi l loi dy khng mo. C ba loi mo truyn dn: mo do suy hao, mo pha v mo phi tuyn. Mo suy hao do s bin i h s suy hao theo tn s to ra. Suy hao ny c th c b li nh s dng b khuych i. Mo pha do thay i tc truyn dn theo tn s to ra. Mo phi tuyn do s c mt cc phn t phi tuyn, chng hn nh cc n in t chn khng, cc tranzzito, cc vt liu t... trong mch to ra. 3.6. Xuyn m Xuyn m gia cc mch trong lp dy cp hoc trong ng dy trn phi cng nh cng tt. Mc xuyn m cho php xc nh t quan im duy tr tnh ring t v trnh s nhiu lon c th c trong truyn thng. gim ti thiu xuyn m phi duy tr s cn bng in v s che chn gia cc mch.Cc dy dn in ca cp c bn xon thnh tng cp hoc thnh tng quc t c s cn bng tt gia cc mch v t.Cc c tnh xuyn m ca cp ng trc c xc nh theo hiu qu mn chn ca dy dn ngoi v ca cc bng kim loi lm v bc.

95

3.7. S ng nht ca cc tnh cht in Nu tr khng c tnh khng ng nht dc theo ng dy, th tr khng s c nh hng bt li n cc c tnh truyn dn ca ng dy. Nu khong cch gia cc cun dy gia cm dc theo mt ng cp gia cm lch khi khong cch tiu chun th cc c tnh tr khng theo tn s s bin ng, dn n ting vng hoc ting rt trong mch. Tnh cht khng u trong tr khng c trng ca cp ng trc l nguyn nhn gy ra phn x tn hiu, nh hng xu n cht lng truyn dn. Phi ch c bit yu t ny trong vic ch to, lp t cp ng trc. 3.8. Sc bn c hc K thut cng trnh ngoi vi phi xem xt n nhng nh hng ca cc iu kin thi tit, chng hn nh ging tt, bo ln, tuyt ri, ng bng, thay i nhit ,.. Trong vic thit k cc cu kin ca cc thit b ca cng trnh ngoi vi cn nghin cu cc yu tt an ton thch hp. Khi xc nh mt tuyn cp cn trnh nhng ni c th gy nguy him do lt li hoc l t. Khi mt tuyn cp c chn dc theo mt con ng ln, m nn ca n khng rn chc th s qua li ca xe c s lm ro dy dn. Cn phi c bit ch n nhng yu t ny trong vic la chn tuyn cng nh lp t cp ti nhng ni nh vy. 3.9. Nghin cu nhng mi nguy him v nhiu lon Khi mt ng dy thng tin chy gn mt ng dy in lc hoc mt ng ray in, in p v tp m cao bt thng s xut hin trong mch thng tin do tip xc hoc do cm ng in t gy nguy him cho ngi, thit b v gy nhiu lon cho dng tin. Do vy, cng trnh thng tin cn c xy dng ti mt c l an ton cch xa ng dy in lc hoc phi c bo v bng cc thit b thch hp. Cc tuyn cp ngm c lp t ti vng ln cn vi ng ray xe in DC thng gp nguy him do n mn in ho t dng r. Do vy, cn trnh nhng ni nh vy hoc phi dng thit b thch hp bo v cp khi cc dng lc.

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II.TNG QUAN V CNG TRNH NGOI VI 1. c tnh ca cng trnh ngoi vi "Cng trnh ngoi vi" l tn gi chung cho mi cu kin to nn phng tin truyn dn hu tuyn. 1.1 S a dng ca tn hiu truyn dn C nhiu loi tn hiu c pht i trn cc ng dy thng tin, thay i t cc tn hiu analog 4kHz n cc tn hiu digital 2,4 Gb/s. Truyn thng nh vy, i hi cc c tnh truyn dn thun li. Cp i cn bng v cp si quang c dng truyn dn hiu qu cc tn hiu khc nhau ny tu thuc theo ng dng ca chng. 1.2. Quy m cng trnh Do cng trnh ngoi vi bao gm c cc ng dy truyn dn nn quy m ca n rt ln. iu ny i hi phi tit kim nht nu c th. Bng 4.1: Cc cu kin cng trnh ngoi vi
CC MC Cp treo ng dy thu bao Cp ngm C P Cc ng trung k Cp ngm Cp treo Cp i xng Cp si quang Cp i xng Cp si quang Cp i xng Cp si quang Cp i xng Cp si quang Cp i xng Cp treo Cc ng lin vng Cp ngm Cc cc, cc ng dn, cc b cp, cc h cp, cc ng hm cp... Cp ng trc Cp si quang Cp i xng Cp ng trc Cp si quang

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Ngoi ra, do cc cng trnh ngoi vi c phn b trn mt vng rng, nn cc h thng i dy ca chng phi cc k linh hot, nht l i vi cc ng dy thu bao. 1.3. Cc iu kin mi trng Do cng trnh ngoi vi thit lp ngoi tri, nn b tc ng ca c mi trng thin nhin ln mi trng do con ngi to nn. Nhng tc ng t bn ngoi ca thin nhin v nhn to, tnh c th c nh hng ti cng trnh ngoi vi c lit k trong bng 4.2. 1.4. Hiu qu ca cng vic xy dng v bo dng Cng trnh ngoi vi ch yu xy dng v hon tt ti ch. V vy trong qu trnh xy dng i hi tnh hiu qu ca cng vic phi cao. Hn na, do cng trnh phn b trn mt vng rng gy nh hng bt li n hiu qu ca s bo dng, cho nn iu ct li l mi cng vic bo dng phi c thc hin vi hiu qu cao nht c th c. V l trn nn ch yu l cng trnh ngoi vi phi c: cc c tnh truyn dn tuyt ho, kinh t, tin cy cao, xy dng v bo dng hiu sut cao. Bng 4.2: V d v cc tc ng ca ngoi lc thin nhin/nhn to
Yu t Tc ng Nhit ca trng thin nhin Gi (phun mui v.v..) Ma, nc (nn t r r, v.v...) Tuyt m Bo ct ng t a cht/a l Nng mi Nhng vn gy ra cho cng trnh ngoi vi Do ng bng in tr t tng ln Cc ct b lung lay Cp bn trong ng dn b v do nn Do thay i nhit Rn nt, dn n/co rt Xt l, rn nt do dao ng, t n mn ng ngp, n mn B t v b ph hu do tuyt ng cp khng tm cao do tuyt ri n mn, lp cch in b hng Lm h hng v cp, rut cp b n mn B ph hu t, st, sp do ln t i mu, lm xu cht lng Gy h hng

98

Chut, chim, cn trng Tc ng Dy in lc ca trng nhn to mi ng ray in 1 chiu ng ray in xoay chiu ng dy phn ti in Khi nh my v.v... Xe t (rung ng khi)

Cm ng n mn in phn Cm ng Cm ng n mn Rn nt, gy, n mn t, hu hoi

2. Kiu loi v c tnh ca cp thng tin Cp thng tin c th phn loi theo cu trc thnh cp i cn bng v cp ng trc m c hai u dng cc dy dn kim loi v dy si quang dng si thu tinh v mi y thu ht c nhiu s ch . S phn loi cp thng tin theo cu trc c trnh by trong hnh 4.1 Cp i cn bng Dy dn kim loi Cp ng trc Cp quang a phng thc Si thu tinh Cp quang n phng n Hnh 4.1: Phn loi cp thng tin theo cu trc 2.1. Cp i cn bng Cp i cn bng truyn tn hiu qua mt i dy kim loi cn bng. Mc du n khng t nhng khng thch hp vi truyn dn tn s cao, do n c s dng ch yu cho cc ng dy thu bao c l ngn v cc ng dy lin tng i vi dung lng thp v trung bnh.

Dy dn

Hnh 4.2: Cu to cp i 99

2.2. Cp ng trc Cp ng trc l cp khng cn bng vi si dy trong nm tm ca dy dn ngoi hnh ng. Mc d xuyn m do ghp tnh in hay do ghp in t thng l vn i vi cp i cn bng, dy dn ngoi trong cp ng trc to mn che cho dy dn trong khi b nh hng ca cc trng in, do xuyn m do ghp tnh in gy ra i vi cp ng trc s khng thnh vn . Hn na hiu ng mt ngoi trong dy dn ngoi lm gim xuyn m do ghp in t gy ra khi tn s pht tng ln. V vy cp thch hp vi truyn dn nhiu knh tn hiu in thoi v truyn dn hnh nh. N ch yu dng cho cc mch ng di c ly xa, dung lng ln. i vi cp ng trc, t s ng knh ca dy dn ngoi vi ng knh ca dy dn trong phi gn vi t s 3,6:1 cng tt nhm bo m iu kin suy hao ti thiu. Trong nhiu kha cnh cp si quang tt hn cp ng trc, nhiu n mc n khng cn c thit k thm na.
V

Dy dn trung tm Lp cch in Dy dn bn ngoi

Hnh 4.3 : Cu to cp ng trc

2.3. Cp si quang Thuc tnh c trng ng dng

Tn hao thp Thuc tnh truyn dn Bng tn rng Phi cm ng Trng lng nh Thuc tnh vt l ng knh nh

ng dy trung k ni ht ng trc c ly di on phi i ph vi cm ng H thng thu bao H thng di bin 100 H thng tng i

Hnh 4.4: Cc c trng, ng dng ca cp si quang Cp si quang truyn dn cc tn hiu quang bng cch dng si thu tinh lm ng dn sng quang. So snh vi cp thng tin tiu chun dng si dy kim loi, n cung cp cc c tnh tuyt vi, bao gm tn hao thp, bng tn rng, phi cm ng, trng lng nh, ng knh nh v n thch nghi d dng vi h thng truyn dn s v hnh nh. Do vy, cp si quang ang c a vo s dng lm cc ng dy lin tng i v cc ng dy truyn dn thu bao trn khp mng vin thng. 3. ng dy thu bao 3.1 c tnh ng dy thu bao v h thng phn b. ng dy thu bao ni tng i in thoi vi cc thu bao, c lp t tho mn nhu cu in thoi phn b trn khp mt vng. Do cch phn b ng u cc ng dy nh vy, t tng i in thoi ti mt vng s yu cu cc phng tin cc k rng ln cho nn cc ng dy ch c phn phi mt cch trc tip t tng i in thoi ti cc khi FDB (khi phn b c nh - Fixed Distribution blocks) c xc nh c xem xt n tnh hnh trong vng. Nhng ng dy nh vy gi l cc ng dy phi. Gia cc ng phi v cc thu bao, cc ng dy c phn b hnh thnh mt mng. Cc ng dy ny c gi l cc ng cp phn b. Do cc ng dy phi thng c lp t ngm di t, nn cp nhiu i c s dng. Tuy nhin, hu ht cc ng cp phn b u c lp t trn cao (mc d c mt s c lp t ngm), do cp i t s dng. ng dy thu bao thit k p ng nhanh chng vic lp t mi v chuyn dch cc my in thoi da trn nhu cu. Tuy nhin, nhng thay i v s lng thu bao khng th m t theo m hnh ton hc n gin, do giai on d bo c bit phi c xc lp cho mi khi phn b c nh (FDB). Nu giai on qu di th tnh chnh xc ca d bo s thp, phng tin s nm trong trng thi

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nhn ri trong thi gian di, khng kinh t. Mt khc, nu giai on qu ngn, th vic m rng c phi lp li. V vy, hin nay thng s dng cc giai on d bo l 5 nm cho cc ng dy phi v 10 nm cho cc ng cp phn b. a) Thit k ng dy thu bao Do ng dy thu bao thng s dng truyn dn bng tn gc ca tn hiu ting ni, dng hai dy nn chng c cu trc t cp i cn bng. Suy hao ng dy v in tr DC i vi cp i cn bng c tnh bng trong bng 4.3. i vi thit k c tnh kinh t, nht thit phi duy tr cc gi tr trong phm vi gii hn ny. Bng 4.3 : Tn hao cp v in tr DC
Kch c dy dn (mm) 0.32 0.4 0.5 0.65 0.9 Tn hao (dB/km) 2.76 2.20 1.75 1.33 0.93 in tr vng (/km) 470 295 187 113 58

(Ghi ch) Cp c kch c 0,5mm by gi khng c ch to na. b) H thng phn b ng dy phi Thit k ng dy thu bao da vo d bo nhu cu, nhng khng th d bo s lng chnh xc v nhu cu tng lai trong mt khi phn phi c nh, do cn thit phi xt n sai s ca vic lm d bo. Khc vi h thng phn phi t do i vi nhng CCP ni ht, cp phi i ngm c gia c cho nn phi s dng mt h thng phn b. iu ny i hi rng s bin thin nhu cu tng ng vi sai s trong d bo cn a ra trc khi thit k. (b1) Cc con ng, cc dng sng, ng st v cc ng ven l cc ranh gii cho cc h thng FDB bn c nh d kin c nh cu trong 15 nm sau ny. (b2) Hai hay ba khi phn phi c t hp li to nn vng i chung (Common Pair Area - CPA) , n cung cp 100 hay 200 i dy d phng nh cc dy dn thay i nhau. (b3) iu chnh s thay i s i dy ni cp phi vi cp phn phi, tu thuc vo nhu cu. c). H thng cp phn b: * H thng ng dy treo.

102

Trong b phn phi cp c nh, tuyn phn b thit lp dc theo cc con ng ... vi nhng i dy cp t theo nhu cu d bo cho 10 nm sau. CCP thng c dng cho cp phn b. N c lp cch in Polytylen, khng b nt gy nu b t nh. N cng d dng g lp vi cc lp u cui c b g lp sn sao cho cc dy dn c th c kt ni ti cc im ti u, bo m kh nng rt cao lin kt cp phn b. Do vy, khi t cp ln u ch cn lp mt s lng cn thit trn cc ct ti ni c nhu cu. Vic i cp CCP ny cng cc hp u cui c lp sn b g cho php cc dy dn c chn la mt cch t do, cho nn n c gi l h thng phn b cp t do. * H thng phn b cp ngm Cc h thng phn b cp ngm c gi thnh xy dng t hn so vi gi thnh h thng phn b trn cao, song n chng c h hng do thin tai tt hn v khng b xung cp, cho nn nhu cu i vi chng hin nay vn gia tng. Thng thng, h thng UG c chp nhn phn b ngm, nu dng cp CCP - JF. C 3 loi h thng UG. H thng UG-B thch hp vi cc vng ni cc phng tin c th n nh sau khi chn trc tip v t c cc cng trnh ngoi vi, nh trong vic trin khai xy dng nh chng hn. H thng UG - P thch hp cho cc vng c th b o i xi li ti im u ni, nh di va h chng hn. H thng UG - H c s dng trong cc vng ni kh m o ln li. H thng SUD (Subscriber Undergroud Distribution - phn b cp ngm thu bao) nhm lm gim gi thnh xy dng. 3.2 Cc kiu loi v cu trc cp thu bao Cng ngh ny i hi cp thng tin tu trung vo ba im sau y: (*) To cc dy li mnh v nhiu i dy. (*) Nng cao thuc tnh truyn dn v (*) Nng cao tin cy. im c nhn mnh y l cch in ca cp v v bc bng cht do bo m tnh kinh t v nguyn vn. a) Cp phi Cp phi kt ni gia tng i in thoi vi cc hp phn phi cp c nh, trc y thng dng cp stalpet (stalpeth) c lp cch in bng giy v v

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bc ngoi bng Stalpet. Tuy nhin cp ni ht v cht do PEC v cc dy dn c m ho mu c a vo s dng mi y. Loi cp ny c cc c tnh nh sau: (*) C nhiu i dy do gim c ng knh dy dn (*) Vic u ni c tnh hiu qu hn do s chp nhn cc nhm nh mi i v h thng m ho mu dy. (*) Lp cch in dy dn c lm bng cht do nhm tng cng thuc tnh chng xuyn m. * Cu trc ca cp ni ht PEC Cp ni ht PEC c cc dy dn ng cch in bng Polytylen c m ho mu (DEF) c ng knh ca cc i dy t 0,32 n 0,9mm cung cp nhiu i. Mc d n ln hn cp stalpet nhng n m bo bn chc trong s dng thc th (xem bng 4.4). C 8 mu dng m ho dy dn (xanh, vng, , lc, tm, trng, nu v en) tng hp ni cp hin hu, tng t nh cp CCP ni ht (xem hnh 4.5). kt hp vic bc v cp v vic u ni, lp v ca cp ni ht l lp v bc gm cc phin mng (LAP) bo m tnh n hi tuyt ho v chng thm nc. Bng 4.4 : S i dy cc i ca cp ni ht PEC
ng knh dy dn (mm) S i dy cc i i vi cp ni ht PEC S i dy cc i i vi cp Stalpet

0.32 0.4 0.5 0.65 0.9

# 1 Quad

3.600 3.000 1.200 600

2.400 1.800 1.000 400

Nhm nh 10 i 4
1 0

# 5 # 4

# 2 # 3

5 1 2 6 7

3 9 (Nhm nh du 10 i) 8

Chung (Nhm nh 100 i)

(Nhm nh 10 i)

104

Hnh 4.5 : Cu trc ca cp PEC ni ht Bng 4.5 : Cp ni ht PEF - LAP

Loi cp Ni ht PEC Ni ht CCP Trung k PEF-LAP dy lp cch in (mm) 0.09 0.13 0.10 un cong cc i (%) Xp x 25 --Xp x 20

* u ni cc dy dn trong cp ni ht PEC. Trong cp ni ht PEC vic u ni s dng ca dy dn PAT tng tin cy. iu ny cho php cung cp dch v ca h thng phi thoi, v khng xy ra t mch chp chn. Do vy cp ni ht PEC c a vo thay th cp Stalpet. b) Cp phn b Cp CCP s dng trong cc hp phn phi cp c nh, chng c kh nng phn b t do, c cc c im sau y: chp nhn h thng m mu nhn dng dy dn d dng hn v cch in bng cht do p ng chng thm nc tuyt vi. * Cu trc ca cp ni ht CCP Cc dy dn trong cp ni ht CCP, c ng knh t 0,4 n 0,9mm, c bc bi lp polytylen m ho mu (8 mu) cch in tt hn (xem bng 4.6). Cu hnh ca cp ny tng t nh cp ni ht PEC vi s lng cc i dy bin i t 10 n 400. Loi cp CCP c v bc bao gm loi P, bc bng polytylen, v loi AP s dng lp bc LAP. Ngoi ra, cn c loi dy t lu (self - Supporting - SS), ghp vi cp ci thin cng vic ri cp, v loi CS trin khai ngn nga h hng do chim mung, th vt v n bn ca cc tay th sn. Bng 4.6 : Cc cu trc dy dn ca cp CCP tiu biu
S Quad 1 2 3 4 C dy 1 3 5 7 i dy s 1 L1 Xanh Vng Lc L2 Trng " " " C dy 2 4 6 8 i dy s 2 L3 Nu " " " L4 en " " "

105

Tm

"

10

"

"

Ghi ch : Cu hnh Quad nh di y. L1 v L2 bao gm mt mch, L3 v L4 bao gm mt mch khc. Cc chm mch c nhn bit bi mu sc ca di bng bc chng.
L1

L3

L4

L2

Cng cn c loi cp CCP - JF dng cho phn b cp ngm. N c li cp ph bng lp thch ng nhm chng thm nc rt tt. 4. Cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i.
4.1. c tnh cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i

Cu hnh ng dy cho cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i n gin hn cu hnh cho cng trnh ngoi vi thu bao, nhng n to ra nhiu mch c ly di c h s s dng cao. Do , n yu cu: tin cy cao, cht lng truyn tt, tit kim tt. V th, h thng cp truyn dn thch hp nht c chn la cho cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i da vo c ly truyn dn v s lng mch in. 4.2. H thng tuyn dn ca cng trnh ngoi vi lin tng i a) H thng truyn dn cp i cn bng. H thng thu bao dng dy dn i n truyn tn hiu ting ni theo hai chiu. Tuy nhin h thng lin tng i ghp nhiu tn hiu li truyn i s lng ln tn hiu qua mt hay i dy th kinh k hn. H thng DP - 1,5 M i din cho loi truyn dn kiu ny. H thng DP - 1,5 M c a vo trong qu trnh thit k mch tit kim nhiu hn v gim c suy hao truyn dn. N pht i cc tn hiu s nh mt t hp cc dy xung c ly mu tn s 8kHz, gp i tn s ting ni ca cc tn hiu gc (4kHz). Li th v h thng ny l cng ng truyn trn tp m ca

106

n. V th, n c trin vng lm gim mo truyn dn, vn l mt vn ln i vi truyn dn analog. H thng DP-1,5 M l mt h thng truyn dn 4 ng truyn i hi mt cp ng dy gi i v mt cp cho gi n, nhng cc ng dy c th c b tr trong mt cp. Trong trng hp ny, s lng ng dy c i hi p ng nhu cu d bo nhm m rng h thng trong tng lai c lu gi ti cc v tr m nh hng t xuyn m u gn s l nh nht. C ly chuyn tip cc i c thit k m bo suy hao truyn dn tn s 772 kHz, khng ln hn 37,8 dB trn mt t v khng ln hn 35,4 dB trn cao, tn s ny bng mt na tn s ca trm lp li c bn (1.544 kHz) (xem bng 4.7). Hn na, nhng trm lp li c t bn trong cc b cp hay trn cc ct v c cp in p 150 VDC (gia cc ng dy) to ra mt mch o cho mi mt tn hiu. Bng 4.7: C ly chuyn tip cho h thng DP - 1.5M
Cp Cp ng di PEF-LAP (0,9mm) Suy gim (772 kHz) 12.5 dB/km C ly chuyn tip cc i (km) 4.1 (3.8)

(Ghi ch): S trong ( ) l i vi cp treo. b) H thng cp quang dng cho cc h thng trung k truyn dn ni ht. Cp si quang cung cp cc c tnh truyn dn bng rng, suy hao thp v phi cm ng tt hn so vi cp ng. Do n l mi trng truyn dn vn nng nhm bo m tnh linh hot cao, tnh kinh t tuyt ho cho cc h thng truyn dn s v cc h thng video khc nhau - nhng h thng khng th thiu trin khai cc dch v phi thoi. Hn na n li rt nh v c ng knh nh - nhng yu t cho php gim kch thc cc trm chuyn tip ngoi vi mt vng rng ln, do n c phm cht ng k lin quan ti vic xy dng v bo dng. Si quang l mt si thu tinh di v mnh c th truyn nh sng vi suy hao rt thp. c th dn c nh sng, si quang c cu to gm bao gm hai lp: li v v, nh trn hnh 4.6. Li l mt si thu tinh hnh tr nh c chit sut cao hn v v l mt lp hnh ng bao quanh c chit sut nh hn. Mt bin (mt phn cch) gia li v v c th ng vai tr nh mt mt gng phn x nh phn x ton phn.nh sng truyn dc theo li b nht bi mt gng v li trong , thm ch c khi si quang b un cong.

107

40 ~ m

Li

V o

Si quang a mode

5 ~ 15 m

Hnh 4.6: Cu trc c bn ca si quang Tnh cht quan trng ca si quang l tn sc v suy hao. Tn sc lm mo dng cn suy hao lm yu tn hiu quang c truyn dc theo si quang. Si quang c phn loi theo cc tiu ch khc nhau nh vt liu ch to, phn b chit sut, mode truyn dn v.v... Bng 4.8: Phn loi si quang. Phn loi 1 2 3 Mt truyn dn a mt n mt Phn b chit sut Bc Gradient Bc

Si a mt c suy hao v tn sc ln v vy thng c s dng cho cc h thng tc thp v khong cch ngn. Si n mt c suy hao v tn sc thp nn c s dng cho cc h thng tc cao v khong cch ln. Si quang rt mnh v nhy cm vi cc tc ng c hc , nn cn ch khi trin khai lp t v khi lm vic ti ni c cc cng trnh cp quang trnh gy t gy cp. Do nhng tnh nng ny, nhng h thng truyn dn khc nhau s dng cp si quang ang pht trin. Tnh hnh pht trin m t trong bng 4.9. Bng 4.9: Cc h thng trung k ng di bng cp quang c ly ln
p dng H thng truyn dn Tc s liu (Mb/s) Dung lng truyn dn Si quang c s dng Khong cch cc i gia 2 trm trung gian di ng truyn (km) Ln u tin c a ra th trng

108

Cc ng dy trn mt Cc ng dy di bin

F-400 F100M F-32M F-6M FS400M FS400M F-6/M

397.200 97.728 32.064 6.312 397.200

5.700 ch/sys 1.440/ch/sys 480CH/SYS 96Lines 5.760ch/sys

SM SM GI GI GI SM

40 km 40 km 10km 10km 20km 42 km

9.800 4.620

2/83 3/81 6/83

72 1.060

5/84 6/86 7/83

6.312

96ch/sys

SM GI

68km 40km

180

5. Cu trc ng dy 5.1. Cu trc ng dy treo Cu hnh ca cc ng dy treo rt phc tp, chng nm trong mi trng chu nh hng ca iu kin kh hu nh gi, ma, sm, st v nhit , cc iu kin a hnh bao gm c iu kin lu lng v trng thi ca v bc ngoi. Cc iu kin ny phi c xem xt n trong thit k v xy dng cc ng dy treo cao. Bng 4.9 : Cu kin trong cu trc ng dy trn cao
Cu kin Ct - Ct g - Ct b tng Ph tng g lp Dy co Dy cp - Ct st - Dng c treo - Bng ct - Dy st m - Thp nhm chng n mn - Dy cp st m Cc khon - Ct phng gia c st - Ct hn hp - Th khc - M neo - Thp nhm chng n mn

Trc y, khi dng dy trn, ct in thoi bng g, km theo x ngang bng g hay bng st. V sau, ct lm bng b tng, ri n ct phng ct st. T ct st v ct hp cht c pht trin. Nh vy trc y 5 loi ct c dng. Nhng n by gi chgn ta khng ch to ct g na. Dy chng c dng duy tr s cn bng ca ti khng cn bng ti ct gc hay ti ct cui.

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Dy cp hoc l dy st m bn thanh cp, hoc l dy cp c nhm chng n mn c bn bng dy bc nhm (ALCD). Dy ny c th chia thnh 5 loi v c dng tu theo di chng, trng lng cp,... Dy st bc nhm chng n mn dng min duyn hi, ni m vn n mn kim loi l khc nghit. Cp SS l cp t hp gm cp dn v dy , do n c th lp t m khng cn n dy hay vng treo cp. 5.2. Cu trc ngm di t Cp c s lng ln cc i dy truyn dn cc tn hiu ghp knh c lp t ngm di t v rt nng, kh lp t trn cao. Mt cu hnh ngm di t cng vng chc hn ng dy trn cao. Cu trc ng dy ngm thng gm cc ng dn, ng hm cp, b cp v cng cp. Hu ht chng lp t di ng giao thng cng cng. Do chng phi chc v cng chu c lu lng giao thng cng thng do cc xe ti nng chy trong thi gian di. a) Cng cp Cng cp l cc ng ng c chiu di 1,2 mt, chn ngm di t. Chng cha ng v bo v cp thng tin. C 4 loi cng cp: ng polyvinil - clorit, ng thp ph nha ng (asphalt), ng st c, v ng thp chng n mn. Thng thng mt cng cp bao gm c hai loi ng polyvinil - clorit v ng thp ph asphalt. Tuy nhin, nu phng php ng hn hp kh c th s dng v nhng iu kin a l, iu kin t nn, v n mn in ho, v c nhiu cm ng ... th cng cp ny c s dng nhiu nht 6 do s cn nhc theo nhng yu t kinh t. ng c ng cc ng knh 100mm, 75mm, 50 mm v 25 mm, nhng ng c dng ph bin nht l ng c ng knh 75mm. B cp b tr dc theo tuyn cng cp gip cng vic t cp, thit lp cc trm lp... Khong cch gia cc b cp ch yu xc nh theo di cho php
Khong trng ca cp nhng b nh hng bi cc im nng cp hay cc ch r nhnh v cc Ph t bnh thng ng Polyviny clorit Khong trng bn trn

im n nh cho cc trm lp. C ly trc th gia cc b cp thng khng qu 250 mt.

Ct

T vt Khong trng bn di

ng thp ph nha ng

110

Hnh 4.7: Tit din ngang ca cng cp tiu chun

111

Bng 4.10: p dng ng tiu chun ni ng cng cp khng t hp c.

iu kin lp t ng thch hp 0 ng chy qua min c nhit t vt qua 40 C, ng thp ph nha ng nh sui nc nng chng hn ng gang c. Nhng ch giao nhau di ng hay ng rnh ng thep ph nha ng bng cch dng phng php y ng on i qua ging cu ng gang c ng polyvinil clorit ng thp chng n mn St cnh tr cu ng gang c ng polyvinil clorit ng thp chng n mn on nm trong t snh ly, nh l m sen Tuyn cng chui ln (phn ngm di t) Tuyn cng chui ln (phn thng ng) ng cng cp i ngm di t (phn ngm) Phn cng cp i ngm (phn thng ng) on cha can nhiu cm ng ng gang c ng thp chng n mn ng gang c ng polyvinil clorit ng thp ph nha ng ng polyvinil - clorit ng thp chng n mn ng polyvinil - clorit ng thp ph nha ng ng polyvinil - clorit ng thp chng n mn ng gang c ng thp ph nha ng

b) B cp v hp cp B cp l cu trc ngm di t c lp t gip dn cp vo/ra v u ni cp, lp t trm lp, kim tra cng, cp. B cp gm phn b chnh, vai b, c b v np st, n p ng ch cho mt ngi lm vic trong . Thng phn chia b cp theo loi v tiu chun ho chng theo loi cng cp i ngm g lp vi chng. Loi b hnh khi vung, tuyn nhnh loi L, tuyn nhnh loi T v tuyn nhnh loi ct cho. Kch thc b cp cng phn loi theo s ng m chng c th cha v vo vic c hay khng c cc b lp. V d, c 8 ng trong b cp vung, c nh s t No.1 n No.8 (xem bng 4.10). Cc b cp cng c phn loi theo qu trnh xy dng chng hoc nh loi c ti ch, trong b tng c rt ti ch xy dng b, hoc nh loi c

112

thnh khi, vi mi khi c ch to trc ti nh my v c ghp li vi nhau ti cng trng. Cc b xy bng khi khng mt nhiu thi gian bng loi b cp c ti ch v ci thin c hiu qu cng vic. Cn cc h cp c lp t ngm di t nhm gip vic dn cp vo, dn cp ra v u ni cp cha s i dy nh, lp t b lp li v kim tra cng cp v cp. H cp khng c phn thu hp l iu khc b cp. c) ng hm cp ng hm cp xy dng gia cc tng i in thoi v cha cc cng cp v cc b lp. Chng p ng khong trng dnh cho m rng sau ny, cho vic d b v bo dng, do chng c ngha lm cng vic t hiu qu hn, c tin cy cao. Ngoi ra do s lng cp cn lp t cng ln th cng kinh t, nn cc ng hm cp c s dng trong cc on, ni c nhiu hn 40 ng dy c cung cp trong mt ng trc chnh. ng hm cp phn loi thnh ng hm cp trn v ng hm cp vung v chng c cung cp cc tin nghi ph qut gi, chiu sng v thot nc.Thng kch thc ng hm cp xc nh theo s lng cp cn cha v c 5 tn gi, xp loi t s 1 (41-90 ng) ti s 5 (201-300 ng). Cc phng php xy dng ng hm cp c th tm phn loi hoc thnh phng php ct m, t c o t mt bng v tit din s l vung. Mt khc trong phng php c che bc, ngi ta dng kch y ng thp sao cho c th chng li sc nn ca t, v sc nn t pha ngoi xy dng c vch tng pha bn trong khi m mt trc chu nhng c thc t pha trong. Trng hp ny mt ct l hnh trn. gii quyt vn ny v xem xt n bo tn mi trng, phng php v bc c chp nhn hn 6. Cc thnh phn ngoi vi trong h thng truyn dn vi ba s 6.1 Gii thiu Cc dy dn sng (phi) l cc phng tin dn cc sng in t. C 4 loi dy dn sng sau: hai dy (song hnh), cp ng trc, ng dn sng, dy dn mnh v siu mnh.

113

ng dy song hnh ch s dng phn tn s thp trong bng tn viba, nguyn nhn l do tn hao bc x, suy hao do cht in mi v hiu ng mt ngoi. tn s trn 200MHz, s dng cp ng trc c hiu qu hn. Cp ng trc khc phc suy hao bc x do s dng phng php che chn bng cch cho dy dn ngoi bao quanh dy dn trong. Tuy nhin, chng c nhng hn ch do suy hao cht in mi v suy hao hiu ng b mt, dn n, kh nng v cng sut b hn ch. ng dn sng c c tnh tt hn so vi phn ln cc loi dy dn khc. Chng c s dng ph bin trong k thut ra a vi cng sut yu cu cao. Khi tn s cao hn, c bit l gn bng tn sng mili, dy dn mnh (stripline) v siu mnh (microstrip) c nhng u im r rt. Nhiu h thng tn s cao c s dng trong cc ng dng yu cu cng sut thp. Cc mch in cng sut thp s dng k thut mch tch hp vi ba n khi (MMIC) hay k thut mch tch hp vi ba lai ghp (HMIC) vi m ng trn bn mch in l ng truyn dn. Dy dn mnh v siu mnh c s dng v chng thch ng vi cng ngh sn xut bn mch in. 6.2 Dy song hnh Khi bit c in cm v in dung trn di n v, c th tm ra c tnh tr khng ca bt k ng dy no theo cng thc: Z0 =
L/C

Cc gi tr ca L v C ph thuc vo cu trc hnh hc trn ng dy. Cc dy song hnh c khong cch hu hn gia cc dy v mt ng knh dy xc nh. Cc h s ny c th c s dng nhiu hn cc gi tr L v C trn di n v. Nh vic s dng cc h s ny, chng ta c th tnh ton cc c tnh tr khng cho ng dy song hnh bng phng trnh sau: Z0 = (276 r )(log10 2D/d) Trong : Z0 = c tnh tr khng, D = Khong cch gia 2 dy dn d = ng knh ca dy dn r = hng s in mi tng i ( = 1 cho khng kh)

114

Cc dy dn

D d Hnh 4.8: Dy song hnh

6.3 Cp ng trc Dy dn th hai ca dy song hnh tr thnh lp v bao quanh dy dn trong, nh vy ta c cp ng trc. Dy dn trong c th c bi cc lp m in mi khi s dng khng kh lm cht in mi. Cht in mi c th dng lm lp cho dy dn trong l plitilen hoc mt cht in mi tng t. Mt loi cp ng trc rt quen thuc l dy dn ni may thu truyn hnh vi mt ng ten. Cc c tnh in ca cc loi cp ng trc khc nhau c th khc nhau ng k, c bit cc tn s vi ba, do cc kch thc ca cp v vic la chn v to cht in mi Dy dn ngoi (v) ca cp ng trc ni vi t, nn cp ng trc c xem nh dy dn khng cn bng. iu ny c th so snh vi ng dy cn bng nh dy dn song hnh cho T.V, 2 dy dn tn hiu u cch ly t. Bin p phi hp s dng phi hp mt dy dn ng trc vi dy dn song hnh T.V hoc ng ten c gi l bin p cn bng. Cp ng trc s dng cho h thng vi ba c ng knh ln hn rt nhiu so vi loi s dng thu truyn hnh thng thng. Trong h thng vi ba s thng s dng cc loi cp c ng knh dy dn ngoi 7/8 ins (1 ins = 2,54 cm) v 15/8 ins vi cc cht in mi xp hoc khng kh. Di c tnh tr khng cho cc cp ng trc thng t 40 n 150 . c tnh tr khng ca cp ng trc s dng cht in mi ng nht, cng. Cc cp ng trc c th s dng c tn s ti 40 GHz. Tuy nhin, hot ng di tn cao hn c thc hin trn bn mch MMIC m khng cn cp. Truyn lan qua cp ng trc c thc hin qua mt TEM (sng in t ngang), do mt cp ng trc l mt ng truyn dn 2 dy. Trong mt cp ng trc, sng TEM c gi l mt sng ch yu hay mt tri v l mt hot ng u tin. Khi

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hot ng trong mt tri, cc tn s t DC ti mt vi GHz u c th truyn lan c. V l do ny, cp ng trc c xem nh mt loi dy dn bng rng. Khi tn s cao hn, bc sng ca tn hiu v cc kch thc vt l ca dy dn lin quan n ch hot ng. Khi mt bc sng ( tn s cao) bng hoc nh hn kch thc vt l ca dy dn th s tn ti cc ch truyn lan sng bc cao hn. Kch thc ti hn ca cp ng trc l mt hm ca chu vi cht in mi gia dy dn trong v dy dn ngoi. Cc mt bc cao hn ny phn b cc trng nng lng ca chng trong lp in mi gia hai lp dn.

EY HX HZ Z H X

Hng truyn lan

Sng in ngang (TE) Y EY E Hng truyn lan EX Z HZ Sng t ngang (TM) X

Hnh 4.10: Cc mt truyn lan sng bc cao

Cc mt bc cao c phn thnh cc sng TE (sng in ngang) hoc TM (sng t ngang). Sng TE l mt sng in ngang trong t trng nm trong hng truyn lan sng v in trng nm ngang (vung gc) vi hng truyn lan.

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i vi sng t ngang (TM), thnh phn in trng nm trong hng truyn lan v t trng vung gc vi n. Cc mt bc ao c ch r bng cc ch s di m v n. Chng c vit l TEmm v TMmm . Cc ch s di lin quan ti s na bc sng c th tn ti xung quanh chu vi ca ng trn. Bc thp nht trong cc mt bc cao ny tng ng l TE11 v TM01. C th c nhiu mt bc cao khc. Tn s hot ng i vi cp ng trc c chn bn di cc mt thp nht. iu ny m bo vic truyn lan quan mt TEM, l mt chnh i vi cp ng trc. Cc mt cao hn khng c a dng v vic truyn nng lng khng hiu qu. Vn xy ra khi yu cu cc tn s cao hn, do cc bc sng ngn hn c th to ra cc mt cao hn. gii quyt vn ny th ng knh ca cp ng trc phi gim. Vic gim ng knh s lm gim kh nng x l cng sut b gii hn do hin tng nh thng in p. Hin tng nh thng c th xy ra gia cc lp dn t gn nhau. Tm li, ng knh gim gy ra hn ch ch yu ca cp ng trc l kh nng x l cng sut thp. Tuy nhin, cp ng trc c th c s dng cho khong cch ngn tn s cao vi suy hao khng ng k. Suy hao tng theo tn s v suy hao ca cp ng trc s dng cht in mi xp th hi ln hn loi s dng cht in mi khng kh. gim ti thiu suy hao gy ra bi cht in mi xp th mt s thit k s dng cc ai trn tch dy dn trong v dy dn ngoi, trong khi cc thit k khc li s dng mt mng xon. Khi khng kh c s dng lm cht in mi phi ch gi kh khng kh. i khi khng kh c thay bng mt kh tr nh nitr nn. Nu kh nitr c s dng th hin tng nh thng s khng mnh v nitr t b hin tng nh thng hn khng kh. Trong bt c trng hp no, gii php c a ra cng dung ho gia mc ch s dng v loi cht in mi. Cp ng trc c th c cu trc mm do, cng hoc bn cng theo mc ch s dng. 6.4 ng dn sng hnh ch nht ng dn sng l mt ng kim loi rng dng truyn lan sng in t. Khng ging nh cp ng trc, ng dn sng khng s dng dy dn trong. Ging nh hm trong tn ca n, ng dn sng s dng ng dn sng t ngun ti ch. C

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ba loi ng dn sng c bn: ng dn sng cng (hnh ch nht), ng dn sng trn v ng dn sng hnh elip. Mi loi ng dn sng c mt phm vi ng dng ring. ng dn sng c ch to bng ng hoc nhm. ng dn sng cng c dng trong khong cch vi ins n 10 foot (1 foot = 0,3048m). ng dn sng trn thng c dng trong khong 20 foot, trong khi ng dn sng elip, mm c th dng c vi cun 400 foot. cc tn s cc cao v i vi cc on ngn, mt trong ca ng dn sng thng c trng bc hoc vng. Khi nng lng phn x mt trong, n to ra dng xoy mt trong v do lm suy hao tn hiu truyn lan. Lp trng ny lm gim suy hao mt trong. Bng 4.12 trnh by mt s thit k ca EIA (Hip hi cng nghip in t) i vi ng dn sng hnh ch nht, trong c tn s hot ng nh nht v cc kch thc bn trong ng dn sng. V d " WR-90" ch ng dn sng (W), hnh ch nht (R) v rng l 90% ca mt ins. Bng 4.11: Cc loi ng dn sng hnh ch nht ca EIA
Tn gi ca EIA Tn s nh nht (GHz) Kch thc 1/100 ins Kch thc trong A(ins)

WR-2300 WR-2100 WR-1800 WR-1500 WR-1150 WR- 975 WR- 770 WR- 650 WR- 510 WR- 430 WR- 340 WR-284 WR-229 WR- 187 WR- 159 WR- 137 WR- 112 WR- 90 WR-75 WR- 62 WR-51 WR-42 WR-34 WR-28 WR-22 WR-19

0,256 0,281 0,3281 0,328 0,513 0,605 0,766 0,908 1,158 1,375 2,737 2,080 2,579 3,155 3,714 4,285 5,260 6,650 7,873 9,490 11,578 14,080 17,368 21,200 26,350 31,410

2300 2100 1800 1500 1150 975 770 650 510 430 340 284 229 187 159 137 112 90 75 62 51 42 34 28 22 19

23,000 21,000 18,000 15,000 11,500 9,750 7,700 6,500 5,100 4,300 3,400 2,840 2,290 1,872 1,590 1,372 1,122 0,900 0,750 0,622 0,510 0,420 0,340 0,280 0,224 0,188

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Bng 4.12: l mt hng dn tham kho i vi cc thit k khc. Cc thit k ny bao gm EIA, MIL (qun i) hoc JAN (hi qun), IEC (u ban k thut in t quc t) v Great Britain. Bng 4.12: Hng dn tham kho cc loi ng dn sng hnh ch nht khc
Bng tn(GHz) 0,75-1,12 0,96-1,45 1,12-1,70 1,45-2,20 1,70-2,60 2,20- 3,30 2,60-3,95 3,30-4,90 3,95-5,85 4,90-7,05 5,85-8,20 7,05-10,00 8,20-12,40 10,00-15,00 12,40-18,00 15,00-22,00 18,00-26,50 22,00-33,00 26,50-40,00 33,00-50,00 40,00-60,00 50,00-75,00 EIA WR- 975 WR-770 WR-650 WR-510 WR-430 WR-340 WR-284 WR-229 WR-187 WR-159 WR-137 WR-112 WR-90 WR-75 WR-62 WR-51 WR-42 WR-34 WR-28 WR-22 WR-19 WR-15 MIL hoc JAN RG -204/U RG-2051U RG-691U RG-103/U RG-104/ RG-112/U RG-481U RG-49/U RG-49/U RG-3431U RG-501U RG-51/U RG-52/U RG-346/U RG-119U Khng c RG-53/U Khng c RG-96/U RG-97/U RG-272/U RG-981U IEC R-9 R-12 R-14 R-18 R-22 R-26 R-32 R-40 R-48 R-58 R-70 R-84 R-100 R-120 R-140 R-180 R-220 R-260 R-320 R-400 R-500 R-620 Great Britain 4 5 6 7 8 9a 10 11a 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

Cc ng dn sng ch truyn lan cc tn hiu trn tn s ct c xc nh bi rng ca ng dn sng. Mt na bc sng ca tn hiu truyn lan phi "va" trong rng ca ng dn sng. Nh trong bng 4.13, cc tn s di 3 GHz khng th truyn c trong ng dn sng WR-229. iu ny l do rng 229% ins ca ng dn sng nh hn mt na bc sng ca cc tn hiu c tn s di 3 GHz. Cc ng dn sng c hnh dng n nht l do mt s l thuyt vi sng c bn. Xem xt mt my pht tn hiu c trnh by trong hnh 4.11. Nhng hiu bit c bn v in t cho chng ta thy rng mch ny s lm ngn mch my pht. Tuy nhin, s l khng ngn mch nu rng s bng 1/4 bc sng tn s tn hiu. Trong trng hp , ngn mch b s chuyn tt c dng in phn hi v my pht. Tng di ng truyn bng mt na bc sng (hoc lnh pha 1800). Cc dng

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ti v dng phn hi trit tiu ln nhau, kt qu l dng trn mng bng "0". Do , mt mch ngn mch 1/4 bc sng l mt b cch ly tn hiu hiu qu. Tr khng i vi phn ngn mch ny t l vi tang (tg) ca (bs), trong =3600/ . Nu s nh hn nhiu so vi trong trng hp cc mch tn s thp , th thc t tg (s) = 0 v do tr khng = 0. iu ny ph hp vi hiu bit ca chng ta v cc ngn mch tn s thp. Mt khc, nu s = /4 th s = 900 = tc l tr khng ca mt b cch in hon ho.
/4 s Dng in phn hi b- ngn mch

Hnh 4.11: Ngn mch sng Mc d v mt l thuyt vic tm ra on /4 c th c s dng nh mt b cch in cho cc mch tn s thp rt c ch, nhng chng khng thc t lm. tn s 60Hz, b cch ly s di 750 dm! a. Tn s ct Mt ng dn sng hnh ch nht c th coi nh mt chui ngn mch mt phn t sng. Khi ghp ni tip nhiu ngn mch s to ra ng dn sng hnh ch nht. iu ny c trnh by trong hnh 4.12. rng ca ng dn sng hnh ch nht n gin l bng 2s =a. Kch thc ny thit lp gii hn thp ca tn s c th truyn lan trong ng dn sng. Gii hn ny v bc sng c biu din C = 2a. Bt c tn hiu no c bc sng ln hn bc sng ct ny s khng truyn c trong ng dn sng. Xt ng dn sng hnh ch nht WR-90. Kch thc bn trong a ca n bng 0,9 ins hay 2,286 cm. Bc sng ct c th c tnh theo phng trnh trn l: C = 2 (2,286)cm = 4,572 Tn s ct tng ng l: fc = c/C= 3x108/4,572/10-2 = 6,56 x 109Hz = 6,56 GHz.

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Bt c tn hiu no c tn s thp hn 6,56 GHz u khng th truyn lan trong ng dn sng WR-90. Cc tn s cao hn fc c th truyn lan trong ng dn sng do cc kch thc na bc sng ca chng nh hn C. V th mt ng dn sng c th c coi nh mt b lc thng cao.

ng dn sng hnh ch nht

b s a s

Cc mch in ngn mch ni tip nhau

Hnh 4.12: ng dn sng hnh ch nht l mt chui on ngn mch /4 b. Vn tc truyn sng Vn tc truyn lan sng trong ng dn sng l thp hn trong khng gian t do. Vn tc thp hn ny l do cc phng thc truyn lan trng. ng i ca mt mt sng tn s vi ba tng i thp l theo hnh ch chi. Nhng do ng truyn di, thc t mt sng truyn lan rt chm trong ng dn sng. tn s cao hn, thc t mt sng hoc nhm sng truyn lan trong mt khong cch cho trc cn t thi gian hn. Vn tc chuyn ng theo trc ca mt mt sng hoc mt nhm sng c gi l vn tc nhm. Mi tng quan gia vn tc nhm vi vn tc chuyn ng cho to ra mt hin tng khc thng. Vn tc truyn lan dng nh ln hn vn tc nh sng. Nu mt thit b s dng xc nh 2 v tr trn thnh ng dn sng, khong cch gia 2 v tr ny s l P. Khong cch ny ln hn khong cch L hoc khong cch G. S dch chuyn ca tip im gia sng v thnh ng l ti mt vn tc

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ln hn. V pha ca tn hiu thay i trn khong cch P, vn tc ny c gi l vn tc pha VP. Ging nh vi cp ng trc, tn s thp nht c th truyn lan qua mt ng dn sng c coi nh mt sng tri hoc mt sng chnh. i vi mt sng chnh, mt na bc sng tn ti trong rng ng dn sng cho php mt in trng E bng 0 cc mt bn. Ti tn s ca mt chnh ny, ng dn sng c vai tr tr khng. Vic ghp nhiu na bc sng hn s cho cc mt truyn lan bc cao hn. Cc mt bc cao hn c nh r vi cc ch s di m v n (ging nh cc cp ng trc). Ch s m cho bit s dao ng na sng ca in trng hoc t trng theo chiu rng ca ng dn sng. Ch s n cho bit s dao ng na sng ca in trng hoc t trng theo chiu hp. Mt TE ch yu l TE10 trong khi mt TM ch yu l TM11. Mt chnh i vi mt ng dn sng c cc c tnh sau: - C bc sng hot ng di nht - C hiu sut truyn nng lng ln nht - C cu trc trng n gin nht - C phng thc n gin nht a sng vo (hoc ly sng ra).

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6.5 ng dn sng c thanh dn bn trong (Ridged Wave guide) ng dn sng ny c c tnh l tng rng bng tn cng tc. Tn s ct thp hn trong khi cc mt bc cao c cc tn s ct cao hn. Nh vy ng dn sng c thanh dn bn trong l mt ng dn sng bng rng. Thanh dn bn trong c lp thm vo lm gim kh nng x l cng sut ca ng dn sng. Tr khng ca ng dn sng loi ny thp hn tr khng ca ng dn sng hnh ch nht. Tr khng ca ng dn sng thay i theo thanh dn thm vo. Mt ng dng chnh ca ng dn sng c thanh dn bn trong l dng lm ng dn thch ng tr khng do tr khng ca n c th thay i d dng bng cch lm cho phn thanh dn trong ng thon dn. 6.6 ng dn sng trn ng dn sng trn l mt loi ng dn sng ph bin khc. N c cc c tnh rt ging vi cp ng trc v trong thc t n c cc mt chnh hay mt tri ging nh cc mt bc cao ca cp ng trc, l cc mt TE11 v TM01. S khc nhau ch yu l cc s nguyn m v n tng ng vi s bc sng xung quanh chu vi ca mt trong v s na bc sng ct ng knh trong. Vi cng mt bng tn hot ng, ng dn sng trn c kch thc ln hn ng dn sng hnh ch nht v iu ny c th c coi nh mt nhc im. Tuy nhin, hnh dng trn ca n thch hp vi vic quay trn cc anten raa. N c kh nng x l cng sut cao hn mt ng dn sng hnh ch nht c kch thc tng ng. Mt ng dn sng trn c th s dng ng thi cho c cc sng phn cc ng v phn cc ngang. ng dn sng trn thng c s dng nht truyn sng gia ngun pht v anten. Ch c th thay i kch thc trong ng dn sng trn l ng knh (hoc bn knh). Do , khng th loi b cc mt bc cao ch bng cch chn cc kch thc vt l. Hn na, cc tn s ct ca cc mt bc cao l gn vi tn s ct ca mt chnh, nh vy vic s dng ng dn sng trn thng b trnh tr trng hp nh trc. 6.7 ng dn sng elip ng dn sng hnh elip l mt trong s nhng loi phi c s dng ph bin nht cho cc h thng vi ba s hot ng di tn t 3,4 n 23,6 GHz. N lm gim c yu cu "thng ng" khi s dng phi do ng dn sng ny dng cc

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cun 400 pht ( 1pht = 0,3048 m) v mm do. ng dn sng c hnh bu dc v thng c ch to t ng cun (ng c to thnh tng lp v nhm. Cc mt bng ng cun em li cho ng dn sng elip sc chu nn tuyt vi v mm do cao. ng dn sng hnh elip c chia lm hai loi: tiu chun v cao cp. S khc nhau ca 2 loi ny l mc suy hao nng lng sng vi ba khi truyn qua. Thng s quan trng nht l VSWR. ng dn sng cao cp thng s ny thp hn. Loi cao cp c khuyn ngh cho cc h thng c mt knh cao hoc khong cch di. Loi tiu chun c dng cho cc h thng chuyn tip v tuyn khong cch trung bnh v ngn vi mt knh trung bnh v thp v cho cc h thng vi ba chuyn tip truyn hnh mu khong cch trung bnh. Mt hot ng chnh i vi ng dn sng elip l TE11, tng ng vi mt TE10 trong ng dn sng hnh ch nht. Vic hot ng trong bng tn m ch tn ti mt chnh c th kh mo dng sng do chuyn i mt v gim thiu VSWR. Do cc u ni n thit b u cui v tuyn v nten thng thit k cho ng dn sng hnh ch nht nn cn phi s dng b chuyn i (hoc u ni) ni ng dn sng elip. Cc u ni ny c th c mt c ch iu chnh bng vic s dng cc vt iu chnh iu chnh in trng b cho s khng thch ng. Mt u ni ng dn sng ch nht elip c th iu chnh in hnh c minh ho trong hnh 5.16. u ni (connector) thng c mt li vo p sut m khng kh hoc kh nitr kh c th c a vo. 6.8 Dy dn mnh v siu mnh Dy dn mnh l mt loi ph bin ca cc dy dn thu nh. Dy dn mnh c hnh dng mt dy cp ng trc dt vi mt dy dn mng gn vo hoc mt dy dn 3 lp. Khi mt lp dn c b i th lp dn trung tm s nm trn ca cht cch in, dy dn tr thnh siu mnh. Dy dn mnh c u im trong ch to nh s a dng v cc cht in mi, cht nn v s dng cc k thut mch in. N nh hn ng dn sng v cp ng trc v c rng bng tn ln hn. Cc tn s hot ng bt u t bng L (1,0 GHz) v c th ln ti bng mili (trn 40 GHz).

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Dy dn mnh c cu trc 2 dy u ng vi dy dn mnh. Suy hao bc x c gim nh nht do bn cht ca cu trc dy dn mnh l c bao bc, nhng suy hao do cht in mi v hiu ng b mt vn tn ti. Dy dn siu mnh l mt trong s cc loi dy dn c s dng ph bin nht. Vi s pht trin ca cc cng ngh tn s cao v HMIC, MMIC cng sut thp, dy dn siu mnh c th c cc linh kin tch cc hoc th ng kt hp vi n c sn xut trc tip trn hoc gn vo mch in. C cc IC n khi v cc mch lai ghp u c th c s dng. Cc vch ng tr thnh cc ng dn trong ng truyn dn. Bng cch thay i cc vch ng, tnh gin on c th c to ra t c cc thng s LC tng ng hoc s dng trong vic thch ng tr khng. Nhng suy hao i vi dy dn siu mnh l do hiu ng b mt, cht in mi hoc bc x. Do vic b mt dn trn cng nn hiu qu che chn b mt. iu ny ngha l dy dn siu mnh c suy hao ln hn do bc x. Phn ln cc suy hao ph thuc vo tn s. Kch thc tng i nh ca cc mch dy dn siu mnh cho php phn ln cc suy hao l chp nhn c. Cc cht nn v cht in mi mi cng c th lm gim suy hao. III. BO DNG CNG TRNH NGOI VI 1. Cng ngh khai thc/bo dng cng trnh ngoi vi 1.1. M u Vi s pht trin ca mt x hi thng tin, dch v vin thng tr nn khng th thiu c iu hnh cc hot ng x hi v kinh t. Do vy vic bo dng cc phng tin thng tin n nh v thun li ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn. Nhng hy vng rt cao ang c t ra cho vic kt hp gia bo dng v khai thc, c bit l i vi cng trnh ngoi vi m dung lng phng tin to ln ca n tri rng bn ngoi mi trng thin nhin rt d b tc ng bi thin nhin v x hi.

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1.2. Tnh hnh hin ti v bo dng/ khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi Bng 4.13: Cc nhim v bo dng v khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi
H thng iu khin lin kt Xc nh cc iu khon cn gim st v cc bin php cn thc hin duy tr cht lng khi qun l cc dch v khch hng v iu khin cc trng thi ca phng tin.

Gim st cc iu kin ca phng tin

Da trn h thng iu khin bo dng; trnh t cc nghip v thc t nh sau: Ch yu c ghi trn bn Gim st cc iu kin ca phng tin Khai thc/bo dng Sa cha cc s c Xc nh cc vn trong phng tin Ci thin phng tin Thc hin bng th cng Ch yu da trn ti liu

Vic bo dng v khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi thc hin theo mt chui lp i lp li, sau khi xy dng cc phng tin hon thnh. Nhng nhim v lin quan bao gm vic xc nh tnh trng hin ti ca phng tin, s bo dng, s khai thc, s pht trin v sa cha cc s c, xc nh tnh trng xu i v tng nhn cng, rt khng hiu qu. Tnh hnh ny c ci thin nh a vo cng ngh mi cng cng ngh t ng ho tng i. 1.3. Hon tt thit k cng ngh bo dng/khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi Vic tin hnh bo dng/khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi mt cch hiu qu hn i hi: Lin kt cng ngh bo dng/khai thc i vi cng trnh ngoi vi Tng cng cc chc nng khai thc.

a. Lin kt cng ngh bo dng/khai thc ca cng trnh ngoi vi Nhng cng ngh c bn cn thit h tr cng ngh bo dng/khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi nh c lit k trong bn 4.4, l cc chn on tnh trng xu i, gim st, o th v qun l cc phng tin. Nhng cng ngh c bn ny s tip tc c lin kt vi nhau. Bng 4.14: Cc cng ngh c bn h tr cng ngh lin kt bo dng/khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi.

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Cng ngh bo dng/khai thc

Gim st/ o th Chun on tnh trng xung cp Kim tra phng tin

M t
Gim st/o th tnh trang xung cp ca trnh dch v (h hng phng tin) v ca cc phng tin cung cp dch v Xc nh mt cch hiu qu v chnh xc bt k s xung cp no ca cng trnh ngoi vi p ng li cc thng tin v phng tin, chng hn thng tin lin quan n s xung cp hoc s h hng trong cng trnh ngoi vi, phi bo v cc phng tin ny nh cc bin php c p dng kp thi hoc bng iu khin t xa. X l, bin son thng tin v phng tin t c t chn on tnh trng xu i v gim st phng tin; ng thi cung cp kp thi thng tin cn thit sa cha v thay th phng tin.

Qun l phng tin

b. Tng cng cc chc nng khai thc m bo s phc v bo dng/ khai thc phng tin mt cch nhanh chng v hiu qu, nht thit phi tng cng cc chc nng khai thc. Ngoi ra, thng tin chnh xc v phng tin c yu cu hon thnh cc chc nng khai thc, cho nn cng khng th thiu c vic tng cng qun l phng tin. c. Cc iu kin ring Bng 4.16 lp nn danh mc cc cng ngh vn hnh/bo dng c trin khai cho cng trnh ngoi vi. Cc phn t c th c t hp li thc hin khi lng cng vic, t nht c i hi o th cp si quang v kim ra dy dn, nhm khi phc sm nht khi h hng ca dy dn. Bng 4.15: Cc cng ngh bo dng/khai thc cng trnh ngoi vi.
Kim loi Cp si quang H thng thu bao/h Cng ngh gim H thng ng thng ni ht AURORA K hoch thc hin nh s dng AURORA Cng ngh kim tra CATS kim loi phng tin CATS quang H thng ng di FITAS K hoch thc hin nng khi s dng FITAS FITAS

st/ o th dy thu bao gp Cng ngh kim tra phng tin

m rng cc chc nng khi nh m rng cc chc

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Cng ngh qun l phng tin

H thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi

AURORA/h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi

MONROU/h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi

AURORA: Automatic Optical Fiber Operations Support System (h thng h tr khai thc cp quang t ng) FITAS: Fiber Transfer And Test System (H thng chuyn giao v o th si quang) CATS: Cable Transfer Splicing System (h thng hn cp) MONROU: Management System for Outside Plant netwrok Route Information (H thng qun l dng cho thng tin nh tuyn mng ca cng trnh ngoi vi). 2. H thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi 2.1. Mc tiu Mc tiu ca h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi l h thng ho cng vic qun l cng trnh ngoi vi thng qua OA, v kt hp cc h s phng tin thu c t cc hot ng thit k, xy dng v bo dng; cn p dng nhng bin php cung cp cc thng tin chnh xc v thch hp nht v phng tin cho cng vic bo dng. 2.2. S lc v chc nng Mc tiu ca h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi c lm cho cng tc qun l phng tin c hiu qu hn, nhng mc ch ca h thng mi l lm cho ton b chui cng vic lin quan n cng trnh ngoi vi tr nn hiu qu hn, t thit k, bo gi, hon thnh xy dng to nn mt k hoch bo dng. 2.3. Qun l h s ng dy thu bao Thng tin v dy dn, hn nh h s phn phi cp, bng biu cho cc im ni dy trong bn kt ni cho, c duy tr trong h thng OA. iu ny lm gia tng kh nng p ng nhanh chng ti dch v ghi s khch hng, cng nh hp nht, tng cng tnh chnh xc vic qun l s cp.

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Bng 4.16: Cc iu khon ca thc n dch v

Thc n 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Dch v Tn gi s ca cp (t ng) Tn gi s ca cp (khng nh) H s gn cp (hin th) Tham chiu s dy dn Tham chiu thng tin ct Tham chiu thng tin dy dn Ng (khch hng) Hu b D phng phng tin khch hng Danh mc phn b s dng/s dng ph Sa cha (chuyn i dy dn) Sa cha (sa cha dy dn) Danh mc ng dy nhnh SD H s gn cp (my in) Cp nht thng tin dy dn Ghi nhn ng dy b hng Qun l h s cung ng (on iu khin cp treo) Qun l h s cung ng ( ng dy nhnh) Ghi nhn yu cu

2.4. Cc dch v ghi h s cng trnh ngoi vi Bng 4.17: Cc mc ca thc n dch v
Thc n s 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 Dch v Bng cc cp treo ni ht (on) Bng cc cp ngm ni ht (on) Tm tt cc kt ni chm xon ca cp phi Cc yu cu k thut cho kt ni chm xon ca cp phi Cc yu cu k thut ca cp trung k Cc yu cu k thut im ni cp ca cp trung k Bng iu tit cho cp MH/HH (B cp/H cp) Bng iu tit cho cp di gm cu Bng iu tit cho cc ng hm, ng hm dng chung, b cp (MH) lin tng i

2.5. Cc dch v khai thc, phng tin v h s s c phng tin Cc dch v ny xc nh r cc trng thi ca phng tin, s pht sinh mt s c v rt cn thit qun l/bo dng/vn hnh cc phng tin. Chng c kt ni ti c s d liu dng cho qun l ng dy thu bao v ti cc h s qun l cng trnh ngoi vi. Cc dch v ny c s dng cho vic qun l v nh gi chung phng tin v tin cy, bo dng , kh nng cp ngun v tit kim.

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2.6. Mi quan h gia h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi mi v cc h thng khc. Vic s dng hai chiu c bo m, sao cho h thng qun l cng trnh ngoi vi c th tn dng cc d liu trong cc h thng khc v ngc li. iu ny cho php ng dng cc d liu c hiu qu hn. 3. H thng h tr khai thc cp quang t ng (AURORA) AURORA c pht trin cho cc ng dy quang trong h thng thu bao v h thng trung k. N cung cp s o th t ng t xa ca cc dy dn quang, qun l thng tin v dy dn, c lp cc s c v.v... 3.1 Khi nim v AURORA AURORA bao gm mt trm lm vic (WS) hng dn o th t xa, mt on iu khin o th (TEM) iu khin t ng, vic o th, thit b chn dy dn cn o th v mt moun quang (nhnh) a nh sng vo ng dy thng tin o th. c hai loi trm lm vic, WS1 v WS2. WS1 c thit lp ti trung tm bo dng phng tin ch o cc php o th dy dn quang khc nhau v iu khin thng tin ca dy dn cho ti cao nht l 30.000 li cp. WS2 c thit lp ti trung tm o th ch yu ch o cc php o th khc nhau ca dy dn quang. TEM bao gm mt my o xung quang v mt khi iu khin; n c th iu tit ti 4.000 li cp ca 4.000 dy dn quang. Thit b chn dy dn c t ti b phn b quang (FTM) u ni my o ti dy dn quang cn o th theo mnh lnh t TEM. Moun nhnh quang c mt b ghp quang c th c gn ti nhiu si dy dn quang. N a nh sng o th t pha dy dn quang trong mt qu trnh truyn dn. Dy chn bc sng ch cho php nh sng dng cho thng tin c i qua b lc trong si quang v ngt nh sng o th. 3.2 H thng no dng o th dy dn quang trong qu trnh truyn thng? nh sng c bc sng =1,31 v 1,55 m c s dng lm nh sng o th. nh sng 1,31 m ch yu c dng o th sau khi lp t cp. nh sng 1,55m c s dng trong qu trnh o th cc dy dn quang ang lm vic bc sng 1,31m. Khi , c nh sng 1,31m cho truyn thng tin v nh sng 1,55m o th u c truyn lan bn trong dy dn quang cn o th, nhng

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dy chn bc sng c lp t c b lc s chn li nh sng th (1,55m) ngay trc thit b truyn dn. Do vy c th thc hin cc php o th khc nhau v tham chiu cc dy dn m khng nh hng n qu trnh truyn thng. Ngoi ra, nh sng o th b ngt bi b lc ngay trc thit b truyn dn trn pha thu bao, cn b phn x mnh. Do vy nu mch b hng, nh sng o th ny c th nhn dng c bng my o th xung quang xc nh vng khng b hng cho ng dy quang. 3.3 Vic cm nhn m c thc hin nh th no ti im ni cp ? Khi cm nhn m c lp t ti im kt ni ti cp quang khng cha kh (WS) c cu to nh th no sao cho mt vt liu b gin ra khi n tip xc vi m, s lm cong dy dn quang. Lng b un cong s c o khi suy hao cp quang gia tng trong on ny; nh my o xung quang. Vic o th nh k dy dn quang ny (c gn trong khi) cho php cm nhn nhim m ti im kt ni. 3.4. u im ca vic s dng AURORA l g ? AURORA cung cp hai chc nng, o th t ng v kim sot cc dy dn ca ng dy quang. Cc php o th c thc hin t mt WS ti trung tm bo dng hoc trung tm o th v mt thit b ghi ng dy xch tay (HART) ti im lm vic. a) o th nhanh cp si quang Vic o cc xung quang v vic xc nh cc kt qu o th c th c thc hin mt cch t ng. iu ny cho php th nhanh sau khi t cp si quang hoc p ng mt lnh bo dng. b) Sa cha nhanh Thit b truyn dn hoc ng si quang b hng c th c c lp theo hng dn t trung tm bo dng. Nu ng si quang b hng, vic nh v s c c th c xc nh t trung tm bo dng v vic thay th cn c nh ngay. Cn b sa cha khng cn phi i ti a im c s c cng vi cc thit b o th nh trc y phi lm. iu ny gim ng k thi gian sa cha. c) o th nh k cc ng dy cp quang trnh hng hc

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Vic o th nhim m ti cc im kt ni ng dy quang v trong cc si quang dn c thc hin trong qu trnh truyn thng. Nu c s bt bnh thng xy ra trong ng dy quang, gi tr suy hao quang gia tng c th dn n mt thng bo ca trung tm bo dng phng tin sao cho vic duy tr phng trnh hiu qu c th c thc hin ti mc ca dy dn. d)Vic iu khin thng tin v dy dn nh c s d liu Cc mc thng tin khc nhau c th c iu khin nh WS, k c thng tin v dy dn quang trong mt mng hn hp vng/hnh sao phc tp, thng tin u cui kim loi lin quan n cc dy dn quang, v cc iu kin s dng dy dn bng cch dng cc chc nng thu thp thng tin. iu ny gii quyt s bt tin ca vic qun l s lng ln cng vic giy t. Ngoi ra, trong cng vic t hng dch v v sa cha h hng, th mt dy dn thch hp nht c th c la chn, dy dn s ci thin hiu sut ca cng vic hng ngy. e) Gn dy dn mt cch hiu qu Trong qu trnh chuyn giao s c v r nhnh cc ng dy quang, nht thit phi gn cc dy dn. Bng vn hnh t xa ca HART ti im lm vic, AURORA c th cung cp mt cch t ng nh sng gn dy dn. V nh sng o th 1,55m c s dng trong qu trnh gn gy dn, cho nn vic kt ni ti mt dy dn ang truyn thng hoc ti mt dy dn khc do nhm ln khng gy nh hng ti mch truyn thng.

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4. H thng truyn v o th si quang (FITAS) 4.1. Khi qut FITAS c trin khai s dng cc ng dy quang trong mt h thng u ni. N cung cp cc chc nng o th t ng v chuyn mch t xa cc dy dn quang nh chuyn mch cc u ni. 4..2 Cc u im khi dng FITAS a)Tng hiu qu lm vic Vic o th ng dy v.v... m trc y c lm th cng, c th c thc hin t xa v t ng nhm tng cng hiu qu ca vic o th cng trnh, o th bo dng, chuyn giao s c... v p ng nhanh hn i vi mt h hng xy ra. b)Truyn tin s c d dng hn Cc dy dn c chuyn mch gia cc trm lp theo cc khi 2 li hoc 4 li. Vic chuyn mch ng thi gia cc moun chuyn mch/r nhnh quang c thc hin nhanh hn 0,01 giy khi s dng cc b ni chuyn mch lp t ngay trong cc moun ny. iu ny lm tng tc chuyn giao s c. Ngoi ra, FITAS thc hin chuyn mch dy dn ngay trong on i hi chuyn giao s c, bt chp dung lng truyn dn bng bao nhiu, nn trong tng lai n s hin th dung lng truyn dn ln hn. IV. BO DNG PHNG TIN TRUYN THNG CNG CNG 1. M u K hoch m rng cc phng tin thng tin gia tng ht nm ny sang nm khc dn n mi quc gia c hng trm ngn ki l mt cng cp ngm, hng trm ki l mt ng hm, hng trm ngn b cp ...Nhim v bo dng cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng l lun lun duy tr v kim tra mt s lng cc phng tin ln nh vy trng thi lm vic tt, v gp phn bo m an ton thng tin. Trong mt thi i truyn thng v thng tin tin tin nh hin nay, tm quan trng ca thng tin cng ngy cng tr ln ln v khng cho php ngng tr thng tin, cho d ch mt khc, bi v cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng l nhng phng tin c bn trong mt cuc lin lc. Nhng phng tin cha ng s lng ln cc ng cp quan trng. Do vy vic h hng ca nhng phng tin nh vy c th c nhng tc ng khn lng ti x hi. Hn na, cc np cng cp

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l mt phn ca cng trnh ng s, nn trch nhim x hi l phi gi chng lun lun trng thi tt. Tuy nhin, khi m hu ht cng cp v cp ca truyn thng cng cng u c chn trc tip di lng t th cng vic bo dng nhng phng tin nh vy tr nn kh khn hn tng xng vi s gia tng khi lng ti. Mt iu t hi hn l s gia tng khi lng cng vic ci thin ng ph thng dn n lm hng cc cp thng tin. Do vy, trong vic bo dng cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng, phi nhn thc tt tm quan trng ca cng vic v phi p dng cc bin php thng minh nht. Khi nghin cu cng tc bo dng cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng, bn cn phi i mi cc suy ngh v phi hiu bit y tm quan trng ca vic bo dng. 2. Kim tra cc phng tin b hng Khi cc phng tin cng cng c lp t cng ch vi ng s, ch mt khi lng nh cng vic bo dng cng cn thit phi o bi ng s, mt cng vic rt b hn ch bi lu lng giao thng v mi trng x hi. Do vy, cng vic bo dng phi c tin hnh c ch nh trc. Mc dng bin php tc thi cn phi c p dng ngay cho cc phng tin cng cng b hng, song vic ci thin c ch nh trc cng cn c thc hin sau khi lm sang s c cc trng thi h hng v gii thch c nguyn nhn h hng bng phng tin c bit. V li, cng nn phn tch nguyn nhn h hng da trn cc tnh hung c sa cha ca cc phng tin tt v p dng ngc tr li cho cc on lin quan. 2.1. Loi cc danh mc kim tra ca cc phng tin hng. a) Danh mc kim tra v h s b cp H s v kt qu kim tra np b, c b, bn thn b v cc g lp nh cc khp ni cho mi b cp. b) Danh mc kim tra v h s ng cng cp H s v kt qu kim tra cc trng thi lun cp ca ng cng, cc trng thi lp t ng cp, s thay i cc lp t, trang b i xhuyn di gm cu, cn in thoi v trang thit b ph cho mi chng.

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c) Danh mc kim tra v h s ng hm cp H s v kt qu kim tra cc thit b thng gi, phn phi ngun, cc rnh thot nc, cc tm kim loi g lp, s cp nc, bn thn ng hm, cc np b v b ch th cho mi on ng hm. d) Danh mc kim tra v h s im u cui ca cp chn trc tip H s v kt qu kim tra vic tnt i hay khng tn ti k hoch v s tin hnh cng vic, s thay i cc trang thit b ph v cc trng thi lp t cho mi on. e) Danh mc kim tra v h s cc phng tin b h hng Qun l cc phng tin h hng bng nh lng sau khi kim tra chun b k hoch v bin php sa cha chng. H s v kt qu sau khi sa cha qun l s tin trin. Danh mc ny c coi nh bo co v cc phng tin b hng. f) Biu qun l cc phng tin b h hng Cc phng tin b h hng bit, c qun l bng s nhn bit theo mu sc trn bn . g) H s sa cha b cp L lch sa cha b cp c ghi li qun l chng theo nh lng. h) H s sa cha cng cp ngm L lch sa cha cng cp c lp h s qun l chng theo nh lng. 2.2. Cc phng tin b h hng. Trong vic ci thin cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng b h hng, nhng kh khn thc thi cng vic s nh sau: a) Chu chi ph v cng sc lao ng b) Do lin quan n nhng hn ch khng c xem xt ng s Nn nht thit phi thc hin cc cng vic sa cha mt cch tc thi cng vi cc cng vic lt li ng hoc cc cng trnh xy dng khc. c) Nht thit phi chun b ni dung sa cha mt cch thch hp v nh thi gian thch hp t quan im kinh t ca cc phng tin cng cng. d) Cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng b h hng c th l nguyn nhn trc tip ca s h hng cc dy cp.

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e) S bt tin hoc tn hi c th do nhng ngi th ba gy ra. f) Cc phng tin cng cng b h hng c th l nguyn nhn ca nhng tai nn khng ng trc c. Do vy, i vi mt cng on m trch bo dng, nht thit phi kim tra cn thn cc phng tin b hng nhm sao cho c th p dng nhng bin php ci thin thch hp cho cc phng tin truyn thng cng cng b h hng. 3. Bo dng b cp v h cp nm chc tnh hnh hin ti ca phng tin, nh cc b cp ..., trc ht, phng trnh cc s c v cc tai nn xut hin v duy tr mi trng lm vic an ton, th cn phi tin hnh vic tun tra v thanh tra. Cn phi ghi chp cc trng thi h hng c pht hin vo danh mc h s; h s ny c th c s dng trong vic lp k hoch cc cng vic sa cha v trong vic tra cu dng cho cc cng vic bo dng v sa cha. a) Tin hnh tun tra v thanh tra. Trong vic tin hnh thanh tra, phi nhn c php s dng ng s. Cc cng c my mc , cc cng c v sinh v cc thit b bo v cn cho cng tc thanh tra cn c chun b trc. Lun lun em theo giy php s dng ng s v theo di nghim ngt thi gian v iu kin lm vic quy nh trong giy php ny. Cn thc hin cng tc an ton bng vic nm vng tnh hnh giao thng v iu kin ti ch. B tr ngi iu khin giao thng chn lung xe i li. b) Nhng iu cn phng trong vic thc hin thanh tra. Trong vic thc hin cng tc thanh tra, trc ht cn bo m an ton, trong khi phi ch cc vn sau: Khi bc xung cc b cp, phi cung cp s thng gi thch hp, phi kim tra xem liu c cht kh gy chy v gy n trong b hay khng; khng kh c thiu xy hay khng v c hi c hay khng ( dng my pht hin hi c). Khi bc xung b cp, phi b tr ngi gc trn mt t v phi chun b trc thit b bo nguy him. Ngi gc trn mt t phi ch n vic lu thng xung quanh b cp.

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 Khi xung v ln khi b cp, hy s dng thang dng ring cho b cp, thang phi vng chc v gia c tt trnh cho ngi kim tra b trt chn. Khi th cc vt liu hoc cng c my mc xung b cp phi bo cho ngi kim tra di b. Dy dn cho n thp sng phi l loi cp bc cao su, v bng n in phi c cung cp vt chn bo v. Trong sut qu trnh tin hnh cng vic, cn phi thng gi lin tc v phi thng xuyn kim tra xem kh c c pht sinh u khng. Phi c bit ch khi c s dng ho cht. Nc thi (nc tiu) khng c chy ra ng m phi chy vo cc rnh tiu nc. Nc ln bn t phi cho thot sau khi cho qua b ngng t. Phi trnh va p hoc dm chn ln cp. Khi y np, phi gt ht ct v bn t tch t bn trong khung khng gy ra s cp knh, lung lay. Khi s cp knh do np b cp qu c to ra th phi m bng cao su chng rung m khng c lm hng n khi ng/m np b. Kh c c pht hin bng cch s dng my pht hin kh c chng n sau khi m np cng v trc khi thng gi (m qut gi). Khng c dng la xung quanh b cp trc khi pht hin hi c v trong qu trnh qut gi. c) Tin hnh kim tra v cc bin php cn p dng sau khi kim tra.

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4. Bo dng cng cp ngm nm vng trnh trng hin ti ca ca cc cng cp ngm, phng trnh s xut hin cc s c phin h, chun b k hoch sa cha, bo dng v thay th theo cc d liu thu c qua kim tra, vic tun tra v thanh tra phi c tin hnh. Tn sut tun tra v thanh tra cn c quyt nh theo mc tiu, cc phng tin ca chng v cc iu kin ca khu vc. a) S thn trng trong tun tra v thanh tra Trong vic thc hin tun tra v thanh tra cc cng cp ngm, hy b tr nhn vin iu khin giao thng khng gy nguy him cho lu thng. b) Th lun ng Php th ny cn thit c tin hnh theo cc bc sau, v th lun ng l mt cng vic quan trng bc nht. Lun dy mi: cng vic lun dy mi l phi ko cp mi (thng l dy thp 4.0mm) a u nong hoc mu o th vo ng, v n c lm bng ng PE hoc bng cch s dng khng kh nn. V sinh bn trong ng: mt u ca dy dn cn lun qua theo mc (1) trn, c gn mt bn chi v khn lau (mt s on khn lau cch nhau 40 cm) v mt dy thp 4,0mm, sau tin hnh lun t mt b cp th hai v sinh bn trong ng cng. Cng vic v sinh cn c lp li cho n khi t nho v bn c ra sch. Th lun dy mi: sau khi hon thnh cng vic v sinh hy dng dy mi lun dy li bng vic gn n vo dy mi. u ni dy 4 mm vi u sau ca dy li sao cho n c th c y tr li khi n b chn. Tuy nhin, i vi ng bng snh hoc bn tng aming, vic th lun bng cch dng mt mu th cn c tin hnh, tr trng hp khi ng cng khng lun c cn c kim tra. 5. Bo dng phng tin thng tin Qun l phng tin = h s cng trnh

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5.1) Nm vng s lng phng tin => 5.2) Nm vng s lng cc phng tin b hng =>

S lng cc b cp, tng di v s ko di ng cng S lng theo mi khon b hng V d: ng cng khng lun c v.v Cc b cp nm tm ng.

Hn ch gi tr cho vic qun l cc phng tin hng. 5.3) Lp k hoch v ngng bo dng v i mi Ngi ca mi cung on ph trch bo dng Bo co ti on quy hoch Thit lp k hoch hng nm Phn b ngn sch -> Cng vic bo dng v i mi

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CHNG V CC CNG NGH VIN THNG MI

I. XU HNG PHT TRIN CNG NGH VIN THNG Trong qu trnh pht trin, cc ng lc thc y s tin b ca k thut vin thng l: - Cng ngh in t vi xu hng pht trin hng ti s tch hp ngy cng cao ca cc vi mch. - S pht trin ca k thut s. - S kt hp gia truyn thng v tin hc, cc phn mm hot ng ngy cng hiu qu. - Cng ngh quang lm tng tc truyn tin vi cht lng cao v chi ph thp... Nhng xu hng pht trin cng ngh an xen ln nhau v cho php mng li tho mn tt hn cc nhu cu ca khch hng trong tng lai. Vi s gia tng c v s lng v cht lng ca cc nhu cu dch v ngy cng phc tp t pha khch hng kch thch s pht trin nhanh chng ca th trng cng ngh in t - tin hc - vin thng. Nhng xu hng pht trin cng ngh v ang tip cn nhau, an xen ln nhau cho php mng li tho mn tt hn cc nhu cu ca khch hng trong tng lai. Th trng vin thng trn th gii ang ng trong xu th cnh tranh v pht trin hng ti mng vin thng hi t ton cu to ra kh nng kt ni a dch v trn phm vi ton th gii. Xu hng pht trin cng ngh in t - vin thng - tin hc ngy nay trn th gii c ITU th hin mt cch tng qut nh hnh 5.1 di y. Cc dch v thng tin c chia thnh hai xu hng: - Hot ng kt ni nh hng (Connection Oriented Operation). - Hot ng khng kt ni (Connectionless Operation)

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IP
CL C nh tranh v i CO

ATM
CO

PSTN/ISDN
Mi tr ng vi n thng
QoS khng c mbo QoS c mbo QoS cao

CO : Hot ng k t ni nh h ng CL : Ho t ng khng k t ni : Song h ng

Hnh 5.1: Cc xu hng pht trin trong cng ngh mng Kt ni nh hng: Cc cuc gi trong mng vin thng, PSTN, ISDN l cc hot ng kt ni nh hng, cc cuc gi c thc hin vi trnh t: quay s - xc lp kt ni - gi v nhn thng tin - kt thc. Vi cht lng mng tt, cc hot ng kt ni nh hng lun lun m bo cht lng dch v thng tin. Cng ngh ATM pht trin cho php pht trin cc dch v bng rng v nng cao cht lng dch v. Khng kt ni: Khc vi cc cuc gi quay s trc tip theo phng thc kt ni nh hng, cc hot ng thng tin lin lc da trn giao thc IP nh vic truy nhp Internet khng yu cu vic xc lp trc cc kt ni, v vy cht lng dch v c th khng c m bo. Tuy nhin do tnh n gin, tin li vi chi ph thp, cc dch v thng tin theo phng thc hot ng khng kt ni pht trin rt mnh theo xu hng nng cao cht lng dch v v tin ti cnh tranh vi cc dch v thng tin theo phng thc kt ni nh hng. Hai xu hng pht trin ny dn tim cn v hi t vi nhau tin ti ra i cng ngh ATM/IP. S pht trin mnh m ca nhu cu dch v v cc cng ngh mi tc ng trc tip n s pht trin cu trc mng mi (xem hnh 5.2).

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IEC v LEC truy n thng Cc d ch v pht tri n ti p theo ca m ng hi n t i Cc d ch v pht tri n ti p theo ca m ng th h sau.

S pht tri n d ch v

Cc d ch v hi n nay ca m ng hi n t i

Cc d ch v hi n nay ca m ng th h sau Xen k S pht tri n m ng CLEC,ISP, ITSP

IEC: Cng ty chuy n m ch ng di LEC: Cng ty chuy n m ch ni h t CLEC: LEC c nh tranh ISP: Nh cung cp d ch v Internet ITSP: Nh cung cp d ch v tho i Internet

Hnh 5.2: Xu hng pht trin mng v dch v 1. Cng ngh truyn dn 1.1. Cp quang Mc d mi ra i nhng k thut quang c pht trin rt mnh, hin nay trn 60% lu lng thng tin truyn i trn ton th gii c truyn trn mng quang. Cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH cho php to nn cc ng truyn dn tc cao (155 Mbit/s, 622 Mbit/s, 2,5 Gbit/s) vi kh nng vu hi bo v ca cc mng vng c s dng rng ri nhiu nc v Vit Nam. K thut ghp bc sng WDM ang ng mt vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong vic p ng cc nhu cu v dung lng tng ln trong tng lai vi chi ph chp nhn c. WDM cho php s dng rng bng tn rt ln ca si quang bng cch kt hp mt s cc tn hiu ghp knh theo thi gian vi di cc bc sng khc nhau v ta c th s dng c cc ca s khng gian, thi gian v di bc sng. Cng ngh WDM cho php nng tc cc truyn dn ln 5 Gbit/s, 10 Gbit/s v 20 Gbit/s. 1.2. V tuyn: - Viba: Cng ngh truyn dn SDH cng pht trin trong lnh vc viba, tuy nhin do nhng hn ch ca mi trng truyn sng v tuyn nn tc v cht lng truyn

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dn khng cao so vi cng ngh truyn dn quang. Cc thit b viba SDH hin nay trn th trng c tc N x STM-1. - V tinh: c hai loi LEO: Low Earth Orbit - V tinh qu o thp. MEO: Medium Earth Orbit - V tinh qu o trung bnh. Mt s h thng v tinh c s dng rng ri trn th gii l: Ellipso (HEO, MEO), Odyssey (MEO), Globalstar (LEO) v mt s h thng v tinh qu o thp nh:Orbcomm, Starsys, LEOStar, Aries, TELEDESic, Archimedes... Th trng thng tin v tinh trong khu vc c s pht trin mnh trong nhng nm gn y v cn tip tc trong cc nm ti. Cc loi hnh dch v v tinh rt pht trin nh: DTH tng tc, truy nhp Internet, cc dch v bng rng, HDTV... Ngoi cc ng dng ph bin i vi nhu cu thng tin qung b, vin thng nng thn vi s kt hp s dng cc u im ca cng ngh CDMA, thng tin v tinh ngy cng c xu hng pht trin c bit trong lnh vc thng tin di ng, thng tin c nhn... 2. Cng ngh chuyn mch 2.1. Cng ngh ATM Cc cng ngh chuyn mch s dng ph bin trc y v hin nay khng tho mn c a phng tin, a dch v bng rng tng lai. Cng ngh ATM da trn c s phng php chuyn mch gi, thng tin c nhm vo cc gi c chiu di c nh ngn trong v tr ca gi ch yu khng ph thuc vo ng h ng b m da trn nhu cu bt k ca knh cho trc. Mi mt cell bao gm: trng thng tin ngi s dng, trng tiu , c th truyn vi nhiu loi tc khc nhau 155 Mbit/s, 622 Mbit/s hoc ln hn trn cc mng truyn dn SDH. Cc chuyn mch ATM cho php hot ng vi nhiu tc v dch v khc nhau. Cc h thng chuyn mch ATM s c thit k ch to c kh nng kt ni lm vic vi cc mng hin ti. Hin nay, c s h tng vin thng ca cc nc gm c cc mng sau: Telex, PSTN, N-ISDN, ng knh thu ring, mng truyn hnh cp... v vy cn c s kt ni gia h thng ATM mi v h thng c.

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2.2. Cng ngh chuyn mch quang Cc kt qu nghin cu mc th nghim ang hng ti vic ch to cc chuyn mch quang. Trong tng lai s c cc chuyn mch quang phn loi theo nguyn l nh sau: chuyn mch quang phn chia theo khng gian, chuyn mch quang phn chia theo thi gian, chuyn mch quang phn chia theo di bc sng. 3. Cng ngh mng truy nhp Trong vi thp k qua, quan im truyn thng i vi ng dy thu bao thay i do nhu cu truy nhp cc dch v tin tin - yu cu cht lng dch v cao, thi gian p ng sa cha cung cp dch v v chi ph vn hnh. Cc phng php truy nhp a knh bao gm: TDMA, FDMA, CDMA, SDMA. Cc k thut truy nhp ny c th kt hp s dng vi cc k thut khc. Cc dch v tin tin c nhu cu truy nhp thng qua mng ni ht bao gm: cc dch v bng rng, mng ni b, ISDN tc c bn, hi ngh truyn hnh, kt ni LAN/LAN ti tc 2Mbit/s v cao hn... 3.1. Mng truy nhp quang Mng a truy nhp s dng k thut ghp bc sng l mng s dng bc sng mt cch hiu qu bng cch truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu quang cc bc sng khc nhau trn cng mt si quang. Mt trong cc ng dng u tin ca ghp knh theo bc sng WDM l vic s dng cc b ghp bc sng trong mng quang th ng. Cu trc mng quang th ng cng c th c s dng truyn cc dch v bng rng nh truyn hnh cp CATV, truyn hnh c nt cao (HDTV) v ISDN bng rng cng nh cc dch v thoi dng k thut ghp bc sng. Mng quang ny c gi l mng quang th ng bng rng (BPON). Mi mt bc sng quang c th c s dng cho cc dch v khc nhau hoc cng c th dnh ring cho mt thu bao. Mng a truy nhp s dng k thut ghp bc sng (WDMA) c chia lm hai loi chnh l: mng WDMA n bc (hay cn gi l cc mng WDMA ton quang) v mng WDMA a bc. Cc mng a truy nhp phn chia sng mang ph (SCMA) c chia lm hai loi l mng SCMA n knh v mng SCMA a knh.

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3.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn K thut v tuyn pht trin da trn k thut s to kh nng pht trin cc dch v phi thoi, c cht lng tt, dung lng ln, tin cy v tnh bo mt cao. Nhng loi hnh thng tin v tuyn pht trin mnh nht hin nay l thng tin v tuyn c nh (WLL - Wireless Local Loop) v thng tin v tuyn di ng. Cc k thut truy nhp khc nhau l: TDMA v CDMA Xu hng pht trin chnh ca k thut truy nhp v tuyn trong tng lai l ngy cng nng cao cht lng truyn dn, dung lng, tin cy v c th truyn c thoi v cc dch v s bng rng. ng dng ca k thut truy nhp v tuyn rt linh hot v c th c s dng vi cc mc ch khc nhau: - S dng ti nhng khu vc dn c tha tht, khong cch gia thu bao v tng i ln, a hnh phc tp. Vic lp t cc tuyn cp truy nhp ti nhng vng ny chi ph rt ln v do truy nhp v tuyn l gii php tt nht v hiu qu nht. Gii php truy nhp v tuyn in hnh nng thn. - Trin khai nhanh chng ti nhng ni c a hnh him tr, phc tp, khng c kh nng lp t tuyn cp t tng i ti thu bao (vng su, vng xa). - Lp t thu bao nhanh chng ch trong vng vi ngy ti nhng thu bao c bit. Hoc cn s dng : - Cung cp cho cc s kin c bit nh th thao, trin lm,... Truy nhp v tuyn c nhng li th hn hn so vi mng truy nhp cp ng truyn thng nhiu kha cnh: - Lp t trin khai nhanh chng. - Khng cn nhn cng xy dng cng b cp v i dy ti thu bao do gim c chi ph lp t v bo dng. - D dng v nhanh chng thay i li cu hnh, lp t li v tr ca thu bao. Vi vic s dng h thng truy nhp v tuyn, thit b ca h thng c th d dng chuyn ti lp t v tr mi theo yu cu c th i vi tng thi k. - Trong nhng mi trng nht nh chng hn nh khu vc nng thn th chi ph lp t ca h thng truy nhp v tuyn gim hn so vi truy nhp cp ng, l cha k n chi ph vn hnh v bo dng cng thp hn nhiu.

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Tuy nhin k thut truy nhp v tuyn cng c nhng nhc im: - Dung lng b gii hn theo di ph c cung cp. - Cht lng b suy gim ph thuc nhiu vo mi trng truyn dn. Nhiu v suy hao v tuyn l vn cn c quan tm trong h thng v tuyn. - Truy nhp v tuyn i hi phi c ngun nui cho thu bao. iu ny gp phn lm tng thm chi ph ca thit b u cui. - Vn bo mt cn phi c quan tm ng mc v i vi cc h thng truy nhp v tuyn nu khng m ho thng tin th vic nghe trm l rt d dng. 3.3. Cc phng thc truy nhp cp ng Mt hng pht trin truy nhp tc cao t thu bao n tng i khng dng cp quang m dng chnh trn i cp ng truyn thng, v nhng l do khc nhau m truy nhp cp ng vn lun lun tn ti trong hin nay v c tng lai. - ng dy thu bao tc cao HDSL (High Bit-rate Subscriber Line): HDSL s dng cng ngh VLSI trong nhng thit b u cui HDSL. Cng ngh tin tin ny cho php HDSL c lp t vo cc i cp. HDSL l mt lung s khng lp tc truyn dn 1,536 Mbit/s. HDSL dng c bn ch ph hp cho nhng khong cch ngn. - ng dy thu bao s khng i xng ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line): ADSL l mt cng ngh mi. N ang trong thi k th nghim, cha c sn xut trn quy m ln. ADSL c tc 1,536 Mbit/s n cng, hng v thu bao, mt knh n cng s liu v iu khin tc thp hng v tng i cng cc dch v POST song cng, tt c trn mt i cp. Tc ng truyn thc t i vi ADSL l gn 1,6 Mbit/s cung cp tn hiu iu khin v mo u. ADSL l cng ngh khng s dng b lp. Tnh khng i xng ca ADSL gii hn nhng ng dng ca n trong mt th trng vin thng nht nh, c th l th trng dn c. ADSL c thit k chuyn ti nhng loi ng dng nht nh n h thu bao, gm c: truyn hnh, gio dc t xa, a phng tin, s liu tc cao (ti 1,546 Mbit/s), video gii tr qung b v phim theo yu cu... 3.4. Xu hng pht trin mng truy nhp bng rng Trong mng truy nhp bng rng th mc tiu l tt c cc dch v bng hp s c kt hp vo cng mt ng truy nhp cc dch v bng rng, nhng trong qu

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trnh pht trin nhng dch v ny c th c truy nhp ring bit. Ba cu trc cho mng truy nhp c s dng trong cc doanh nghip l: truy nhp ring bit cho bng rng; truy nhp kiu ghp knh v truy nhp mc tiu. 3.5. Truy nhp ring bit cho bng rng Theo phng php ny cc dch v bng rng c a ti khch hng qua ng truy nhp ring bit ti tng i ni ht ATM. Nh vy s khng c s nh hng no ti cc dch v mng hin ti. S dng k thut truy nhp ring bit ti mi mt mng to iu kin thun li hn cho nh khai thc trong vic gii thiu cc dch v bng rng cho bt c ai v bt c khi no xut hin nhu cu hoc l khi c quyt nh v mt chnh sch trong vic cung cp cc dch v. N cng c th c da trn cc k thut sm nht ca ATM. Tuy nhin iu ny s dn ti vic phc tp ho v a chng loi ca mng. u im ca phng php ny l: chi ph ban u thp; kh nng to ra li nhun sm; khng b nh hng bi mng truy nhp bng hp; cho php sm gii thiu ATM t u cui ti u cui (end-to-end ATM connectivity). Tuy nhin, n cng c mt s nhc im l s kt hp gia cc dch v mi v cc dch v ang tn ti l kh khn, vic vn hnh v bo dng mng phc tp. 3.6. H thng truy nhp kiu ghp knh Phng php ny s dng mt lung truy nhp bng rng n nht ti khch hng truyn ti ng thi cc dch v bng hp v bng rng. Vi k thut ghp knh ATM tt c cc dch v c truyn trn knh o v mch o ATM sau khi ti thu bao th cc dch v bng hp c tch ra. Nhng u im ca phng php ny l chi ph ban u chp nhn c; c kh nng to ra li nhun nhanh; c kh nng sm gii thiu ATM u cui - u cui (end-to-end); bc u n gin ho vic vn hnh v qun l mng ni ht. Nhc im ca phng php ghp knh l cuc m thoi i v n ATM cho cc dch v bng hp c th b tr. 3.7. Truy nhp mc tiu Phng php ny gip cho khch hng s dng y nht thit b ATM ca mnh bng cch to kh nng truy nhp ATM y vo mt tng i ATM. Cc u im ca cc phng php truy nhp mc tiu l pht trin nhanh hn hng ti

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mng truy nhp mc tiu, kh nng thu li nhun ln nht; linh hot nht cho khch hng; n gin nht trong vic vn hnh v bo dng mng truy nhp thu bao. Tuy nhin chi ph ban u cao do s cn thit phi c cc tng i cng cho cc mng phi ATM v cc giao din (gia cc thit b phi ATM vi thit b ATM). II. TNG QUAN V MNG TH H SAU 1. Cu trc v t chc mng th h sau Bt ngun t s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, cng ngh chuyn mch gi v cng ngh truyn dn bng rng, mng thng tin th h sau c h tng thng tin duy nht da trn cng ngh chuyn mch gi, trin khai cc dch v mt cch a dng v nhanh chng, p ng s hi t gia thoi v s liu, gia c nh v di ng. Mng th h sau c t chc xy dng theo nguyn tc v cu trc nh sau: 1.1. Nguyn tc t chc mng th h sau Mng th h sau c t chc da trn cc nguyn tc c bn sau y: - p ng nhu cu cung cp cc loi hnh dch v vin thng phong ph a dng, a dch v, a phng tin. - Mng c cu trc n gin - Nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim thiu chi ph khai thc v bo dng. - D dng m rng dung lng, pht trin cc dch v mi. - linh hot v tnh sn sng cao, nng lc tn ti mnh - T chc mng da trn s lng thu bao theo vng a l v nhu cu pht trin dch v, khng t chc theo a bn hnh chnh m t chc theo vng mng hay vng lu lng. Cc nhu cu cung cp cc dch v vin thng hin nay v cc loi dch v vin thng th h mi c chia thnh cc nhm bao gm: - Cc dch v c bn - Cc dch v gi tr gia tng - Cc dch v truyn s liu, Internet v cng ngh thng tin - a phng tin

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Xu hng t chc mng c cu trc n gin, gim s cp chuyn mch v chuyn tip truyn dn nhm nng cao hiu qu s dng, cht lng mng li v gim thiu chi ph khai thc v bo dng. Trn c s nguyn tc t chc nh vy, cc phng thc xy dng, pht trin mng th h sau c th chia thnh hai khuynh hng nh sau: * Pht trin cc dch v mi trn c s mng hin ti tin ti pht trin mng th h sau. y l xu hng i vi nhng ni c: - Mng vin thng v ang pht trin hin i ho - Cc dch v hin ti pht trin trn c s mng hin c - C cc nhu cu pht trin cc dch v mi. Mng th h sau c pht trin theo nhu cu dch v trn c s mng hin ti.
S pht trin dch v

Cc dch v pht trin tip theo ca mng hin ti

Cc dch v pht trin tip theo ca mng th h sau

Cc dch v hin nay ca mng hin ti S pht trin mng

*Xy dng mi mng th h sau

S pht trin dch v

Hnh 5.4: Xu hng pht trin mng, dch v theo hng nng cp mng hin ti

Cc dch v pht trin tip theo ca mng th h sau

Cc dch v hin nay ca mng hin ti

Cc dch v hin nay ca mng th h sau

S pht trin mng

Hnh 5.5: Xu hng pht trin mng v dch v theo hng xy dng mi

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- Mng th h sau c xy dng vi nhim v trc mt l m bo cc nhu cu v dch v mng hin nay. - Tin ti pht trin cc nhu cu v dch v mi. - Cc dch v mi c trin khai trn mng th h sau. y l xu hng pht trin ca nhng ni c mng vin thng cha c hin i ho, cc nhu cu ch yu l cc dch v vin thng c bn hin ti, nhu cu dch v mi cha c nhiu. Con ng pht trin l xy dng mi tin thng n mng th h sau. 1.2. Cu trc mng th h sau Cho n nay mng th h sau vn l xu hng pht trin mi m, cha c mt khuyn ngh chnh thc no ca ITU v cu trc mng th h sau. Cc hng cung cp thit b a ra mt s m hnh khc nhau. Cc din n, hip hi v t chc vin thng khc ang c gng tin ti nhng nguyn tc chung v nhng chun chung cho mng th h sau. Nhn chung t cc cc m hnh ny, cu trc mng vin thng th h sau (hnh 5.6) c c im chung l bao gm cc lp chc nng sau: - Lp truy nhp - Lp chuyn ti - Lp iu khin - Lp qun l
Lp iu khin (Control)

Lp chuyn ti (Transport / Core)

Lp truy nhp (Access)

Hnh 5.6: Cu trc mng th h sau Trong : - Lp truy nhp:

+ V tuyn: Thng tin di ng, V tinh, Truy nhp v tuyn c nh + Hu tuyn: Cp ng, Cp quang - Lp chuyn ti (core, transport): + Truyn dn: quang SDH, WDM. + Chuyn mch: ATM/IP. - Lp iu khin:

n uq p L

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Hin nay ang rt phc tp, kh nng tng thch gia cc thit b ca cc hng l vn cn quan tm. Cc giao thc, giao din, bo hiu iu khin kt ni rt a dng v cn ang tip tc pht trin, cha c chun ho nn rt phc tp. Cn c thi gian theo di, xem xt v cn c bit quan tm n tnh tng thch ca cc loi giao din, giao thc, bo hiu khi la chn thit b mi. - Lp qun l:
Lp ng dng/dch v (application/service) Lp iu khin (Control)

Lp chuyn ti (Transport / Core)

Lp truy nhp (Access)

Hnh 5.7: Cu trc mng v dch v th h sau trng: qun l mng , qun l dch v, qun l kinh doanh

y l lp c bit xuyn sut cc lp trn.Cc chc nng qun l c ch Xem xt t gc kinh doanh v cung cp dch v th m hnh cu trc mng th h sau cn c thm lp ng dng dch v.Trong mi trng pht trin cnh tranh th s c rt nhiu thnh phn tham gia kinh doanh trong lp ng dng dch v. Nh vy, cu trc mng vin thng th h sau bao gm cc lp chc nng sau: lp truy nhp (Access), lp chuyn ti (Transport/ Core), lp iu khin (Control), lp ng dng dch v (Application / Service), lp qun l (Management). 2. Cc cng ngh c p dng cho mng th h sau 2.1. Cc cng ngh p dng cho lp mng chuyn ti Lp mng chuyn ti trong cu trc mng mi bao gm c truyn dn v chuyn mch. Theo ti liu t cc hng cung cp thit b v thng tin v tnh hnh pht trin mng vin thng mt s quc gia th cng ngh p dng cho lp chuyn ti trong mng th h sau l: - Cng ngh truyn dn quang SDH, WDM - Chuyn mch ATM/IP; IP/MPLS 2.2. Cc cng ngh p dng cho lp mng truy nhp + Hu tuyn (wire): cp ng(xDSL), cp quang

n uq p L

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+ V tuyn (Wireless): thng tin di ng: cng ngh GSM hoc CDMA, truy nhp v tuyn c nh, v tinh 2.3. Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS: Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS c vai tr quan trng trong mng NGN. Vic hnh thnh v pht trin cng ngh MPLS xut pht t nhu cu thc t v c cc nh cng nghip vin thng thc y rt nhanh chng. c bit s thnh cng v nhanh chng chim lnh th trng cng ngh ny c c ch yu da vo vic tiu chun ho cng ngh. Khi nim chuyn mch nhn xut pht t qu trnh nghin cu hai thit b c bn trong mng IP: tng i chuyn mch v b nh tuyn. Sau y gii thiu mt s khi nim c bn v vn ny: - Nhn (Label): Nhn l mt thc th c di ngn v c nh khng c cu trc bn trong. Nhn khng trc tip m ho thng tin ca mo u lp mng nh a ch lp mng. Nhn c gn vo mt gi tin c th s i din cho mt FEC (Forwarding Equivalence Classes - Nhm chuyn tip tng ng) m gi tin c n nh. - B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR - Label Switch Router): l thit b nh tuyn hay chuyn mch (Router hay Switch) s dng trong mng MPLS chuyn cc gi tin bng th tc phn phi nhn. C mt s loi LSR c bn nh: LSR bin, ATM-LSR, ATM-LSR bin... - B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn (LSR - Label Switch Router): l thit b nh tuyn hay chuyn mch (Router hay Switch) s dng trong mng MPLS chuyn cc gi tin bng th tc phn phi nhn. C mt s loi LSR c bn nh: LSR bin, ATM-LSR, ATM-LSR bin... - n nh v phn phi nhn: Trong mng MPLS, quyt nh kt hp mt nhn L c th vi mt FEC F c th l do LSR pha trc thc hin. LSR pha trc sau khi kt hp s thng bo vi LSR pha sau v s kt hp . Do vy cc nhn c LSR pha trc n nh v cc kt hp nhn c phn phi theo hng t LSR pha trc ti LSR pha sau.

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ATM -LS R K nh o iu khin M P LS M ng iu khin M P L S trong t ng i

ATM -L S R M ng iu khin M P L S trong t ng i ATM -L S R bi n

(0/32)

ATM -L S R bi n M ng iu khin M P L S

M a trn chuyn m ch A T M

M a trn chuyn m ch A T M

M ng iu khin M P L S

M ng s liu

M ng s liu

A TM

A TM

Hnh 5.8 C ch thit lp knh o iu khin MPLS a. Tnh hnh trin khai: Bng 5.1 : Mt s d n trin khai MPLS:
6- 2003 6- 2003 6- 2003 6- 2003 6- 2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 5-2003 4- 2003 4- 2003 4- 2003 3-2003 MASERGY trin khai dch v thng mi VPLS Kuehne & Nagel m rng dch v IP VPN k vi Equant AT&T thng bo cung cp dch v mi cho cc khch hng doanh nghip BellSouth la chn cng ngh ca Lucent v Cisco trin khai cc dch v mi trn nn h tng NG-SONET Dch v gii php kt ni ng cp gia cc nh khai thc truyn ti ca Veraz's c trin khai Norlight cung cp dch v IP VPN Any-to-Any Nh khai thc dch v ca Litva Lithuanian Telecom trin khai mng trc IP trn nn MPLS NTT Communications trin khai mng dch v Vivace trong mng a dch v MPLS Equant k hp ng khai thc IP VPN c gi tr 5 nm vi b phn IT ca Electrolux Hng tin BBC k tho thun vi Genesis Networks (SM) thit lp mng bng tn chuyn i gia 5 thnh ph Hng Cox Communications trin khai cc thit b nh tuyn thuc h T-ca Juniper trong mng ng trc quc gia IP BellSouth la chn MPLS cho mng dch v MetroNet trin khai MPLS nhm truyn ti cc dch v VPN cao cp trn ton quc ca Mexico BT thng bo la chn MPLS m rng kh nng cung cp cc dch v ICT gia cc doanh nghip ti M Acceris Communications la chn MPLS cho gii php nng cp mng truyn s liu ICG trin khai MPLS trong mng s liu quc gia T-Systems Inc. thng bo trin khai m rng phm vi cung cp dch v IP MPLS sang Bc M NTT America bt u cung cp dch v IP-VPN trn nn MPLS ti Thi Lan BellSouth a vo khai thc dch v mng VPN

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3-2003 2-2003 2-2003 1-2003 1-2003 1-2003 11-2002 11-2002 10-2002

Hng Hanaro Telecom ca Hn Quc la chn CoSine's IPSX 9500 tch hp IPSec v Firewall vi dch v MPLS VPN Chiyoda-ku Hitotsubashi trin khai cc b nh tuyn 12000 ca Cisco trong mng li 10 Gbit/s MPLS Nortel Networks xy dng mng trc a dch v cho China Netcom Connex trin khai cc thit b chuyn mch a dch v ca Nortel Networks trong mng ng trc BELNET truyn ti cc ng dng Internet cao cp bng cc sn phm Alcatel IP/MPLS KT Corporation la chn CoSine's IPSX 9500 tng cng cc dch v th h sau IP VPN Cellcom trin khai cc router M10 ca Juniper Networks cho mng IP/MPLS ti Israel NTT America thng bo hon thnh vic lp t gii php mng MPLS cho hng Allied Telesyn Group China Telecom la chn gii php mng trc a dch v MPLS ca Nortel Networks

Ngun: MPLS-World. - http:\\www.mplsworld.com b. Xu hng pht trin: Cc nh sn xut thit b hng ti mng vin thng truyn thng khng c nhiu nghin cu v MPLS m ch yu bng cch mua li hay sp nhp cc cng ty nh hn (nh Ericsson vi Juniper, Lucent Tech. vi Ascend, Alcatel vi NewBridge, Siemens vi Unisphere...) chuyn v thit b mng. C th nhn thy tt c cc nh sn xut thit b u rt quan tm n MPLS v pht trin cc sn phm MPLS. Do c s hi nhp v xu hng ha ng gia thit b chuyn mch v cc thit b nh tuyn nn xu hng pht trin cc sn phm MPLS l tt yu v ang din ra rt mnh. Qu trnh hnh thnh v ra i ca cc tiu chun c thi gian ngn, cc tiu chun c cc nh sn xut thit b lin tc ng gp, cp nht v sa i cho ph hp vi thc t. S la chn MPLS hin nay ang c coi l s la chn ng n cho tt c cc nh khai thc, t nh khai thc c quyn trc y n nhng nh khai thc mi xut hin. Tuy nhin nguyn tc hot ng, t chc, cc giao thc c th pht trin ng dng cho cc cng ngh sau ny m hin nay c xc nh l GMPLS Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching. GMPLS l giai on pht trin nng cao ca MPLS, n cung cp mng iu khin chung da trn c s IP cho tt c cc lp; s dng phng thc chuyn mch

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gi (b nh tuyn v chuyn mch), chuyn mch knh (SDH ADM), chuyn mch bc sng v chuyn mch cng vt l (chuyn mch quang). GMPLS cho php tn dng nhng kinh nghim trong khai thc, hot ng ca MPLS. Mng iu khin GMPLS trn c s tiu chun m cho php cc nh khai thc la chn thit b t cc nh cung cp khc nhau. Hn na, GMPLS cho php cc nh cung cp dch v to ra mm do hn trong thit k mng. Mc d tin trnh tiu chun ho GMPLS c thc hin rt nhanh v cc c tnh c bn nht c nh ngha nhng vn cn nhiu vic ang c tin hnh. Kh khn ln nht hin nay l vn nh ngha s dng cc tham s c bn nh th no tch hp c im ring v c tnh ca tng lp. III. CNG NGH CHUYN MCH GI C nhiu cng ngh chuyn mch gi, chng hn X.25, Frame Relay, ATM..., chng ta s ln lt xem xt cc cng ngh ny. 1. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi X.25 X.25 c thit k s dng qua cc PDN. Chng giao thc X.25 cung cp truyn thng gia gia hai mng cc b trn mng din rng bng cch s dng cc thit b u cui d liu (DTE - Data Terminal Equipment) v thit b cui knh d liu DCE (Data Circuit-terminating Equipment). Do cc mng X.25 c pht trin khi mng in thoi cha hon ton c tin cy, nn X.25 thc hin chc nng kim tra v sa li. Chnh v l do ny,tc cc mng X.25 chm i v ch t ti tc xp x 64Kb/s. Cc mng X.25 cung cp cc kt ni khng li, ng tin cy, tuy nhin chng ngy cng t ph bin do s pht trin ca Frame Relay v ATM. 2. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi chuyn tip khung (Frame Relay) Frame Relay ra i sau X.25. y l giao thc mng din rng tng 2, cung cp cc kt ni tc cao gia cc thit b DTE (chng hn cu ni hoc Router). Frame Relay nhanh hn X.25 do loi b chc nng iu khin v sa li, cc chc nng lm gim kh nng chuyn gi ca X.25. Cc kt ni Frame Relay c th hot ng tc khong 56Kb/s ti 1.544Mb/s. Frame Relay s dng cc knh o thng trc cho cc tc v truyn thng gia cc im trn mng din rng. Cc knh o ny c nhn bit bi mt s hiu nhn

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dng kt ni lin kt d liu (DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier), mt gi tr do nh cung cp dch v Frame Relay cung cp. Do nhiu knh o c th tn ti trn mt giao din Frame Relay nn DLCI dnh cho mt knh o c th c th c s dng lm tham chiu m bo cc gi tin c chuyn ng ch. iu ny c thc hin bng cch nh x a ch giao thc (chng hn a ch IP nu dng giao thc IP) ca cc DTE gi v nhn vi DLCI ca knh o chng ta s dng truyn thng. Mt trong nhng iu hp dn khch hng l cc kt ni Frame Relay c th c thit lp cho bt k s i hi no v bng thng. Hin nay, cc kt ni Frame Relay kh ph bin v chng cung cp mt trong cc kt ni mng din rng tc cao nhng gi thnh r. Cc kt ni Frame Relay c th c thc hin bng cch s dng mt b thch ng Frame Relay CSU/DSU v mt cu ni hoc Router. 3. Cng ngh chuyn mch gi ATM ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) l mt cng ngh chuyn mch gi tc cao, c th cung cp kh nng truyn d liu tc cao qua mng din rng. ATM c th c s dng qua nhiu phng tin truyn thng vi cc h thng truyn thng bng c s v bng hp. Vic thc hin chuyn mch gi ca ATM c gi l chuyn mch t bo (cell-switching) v n s dng cc gi d liu c di c nh. Khng ging nh Frame Relay, ni di cc gi d liu c th thay i, cc gi ATM (c gi l cc t bo) c di c nh 53 byte. Trong s 53 byte ny c 48 byte cha d liu v 5 byte mo u. Do cc gi d liu chun d dng di chuyn hn cc gi c kch thc ngu nhin, ATM thc hin hu ht vic vn ti v chuyn mch qua cc thit b phn cng. Hiu qu ca vic s dng chuyn mch phn cng vi cc gi d liu nh cho php ATM c th t ti tc thc t 622Mb/s (tc l thuyt c th t ti 1.2Gb/s). Ging nh Frame Relay, ATM li vic sa li cho cc thit b tng lin kt d liu ti mi u ca kt ni v cng thit lp mt knh o thng trc gia hai im qua mng din rng. ATM c xem nh l cng ngh ca tng lai trong mi trng mng LAN cng nh cho php tch hp thoi, d liu v video vo mt mng vt l duy nht c bng

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thng ln, mm do. Tuy nhin, thc hin cc tnh nng yu cu cng ngh rt phc tp m ch c th thch hp vi cc ng truyn d liu gi cc ln v vic truyn cc dch v thoi, video bng cc qu trnh ghp knh. Tnh phc tp lm gia tng chi ph v lm cho ngi dng cha sn sng chuyn ln dng ATM. Trong qu trnh chy mt thi gian di ngi ta ch thy li ch ca vic p dng ATM vo mng LAN l kh nng t c cht lng dch v QoS v cc loi dch v CoS. Vic lp t ATM trong cc mng ng trc ch loi b tc nghn v bng thng ln, tuy nhin cc mng ng trc khng th lun thay i v chi ph u t ln. IV. CC CNG NGH TRUY NHP BNG RNG 1. Gii thiu chung Khi nhu cu s dng cc dch v bng thng rng v cht lng cao nh hi ngh truyn hnh, Internet tc cao ngy cng tng nhanh th mng truy nhp cn c pht trin hng ti bng thng rng, cht lng v linh hot cao s dng cc mi trng truyn dn khc nhau: cp quang, cp ng, v tuyn v s dng cc cng ngh truy nhp hin i c th cung cp c cc dch v mi. 2. Cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (x.DSL) Bng 5.3: Cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (xDSL)
TN NGHA TC PHNG THC TRUYN GHI CH

HDSL/ HDSL2 SDSL ADSL RADSL

ng dy thu bao s 1544 kb/s tc cao 2048 kb/s ng dy thu bao s 768 kb/s i xng ng dy thu bao s 1,5-8 Mb/s bt i xng 16-640 kb/s ng dy thu bao s 1,5-8 Mb/s thch ng tc 16-640 kb/s

i xng i xng Hng v Hng i Hng v Hng i

S dng 2 i dy (HDSL2 s dng 1 i dy) S dng 1 i dy S dng 1 i dy C ly ti a 18Kft S dng 1 i dy Tc d liu Thay i theo cht lng ng truyn S dng 1 i dy Khng cn thit b ti nh khch hng S dng 1 i dy Cn c gi l BRI khng

CDSL

ng dy thu bao s Ti 1 Mb/s cho ngi dng 16-128 kb/s

Hng v Hng i

IDSL

ng dy thu bao s Tc BRI i xng ISDN ca ISDN

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VDSL

ng dy thu bao s 13-52 Mbs/s tc rt cao 1,5-6 Mb/s

Hng v Hng i

cn qua tng i C ly t 1- 4,5 Kft Cn kt hp vi cp quang v cng ngh ATM

C nhiu cc gii php khc nhau khc phc tnh trng qu ti trn mng thoi (PSTN) do cc dch v s liu (Internet) hoc cc dch v bng rng gy ra. Trong s , c th lp t cc h thng mi da trn cc cng ngh truy nhp quang, truy nhp v tuyn v.v. Tuy nhin, gii php tn dng mng cp ng rng ln sn c c cc nh khai thc quan tm v pht trin nhiu nht. Gii php ny da trn cc cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (xDSL) p ng c cc yu cu v kinh t do tn dng mng cp ng cng nh cc thit b u cui ca khch hng. Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s (DSL) bt u vi mng s tch hp a dch v (ISDN). i vi cc dch v trin khai ti nh khch hng, ISDN DSL c cung cp vi tc 144 kb/s i xng (2B+D) qua giao din tc c s (BRI). Cc cng ngh xDSL sau ny c nhiu c im ni bt hn nh cho php truyn dn i xng hoc bt i xng v truyn dn vi tc cao hn. Cc cng ngh l: HDSL (ng dy thu bao s tc cao); SDSL (ng dy thu bao s i xng); ADSL(ng dy thu bao s bt i xng) v VDSL(ng dy thu bao s tc rt cao). 2.1.HDSL/HDSL2 (High bit rate DSL): Cng ngh ng dy thu bao s tc cao (HDSL) l cng ngh truyn dn i xng (tc trn hai hng bng nhau). Tc trn hng i v v l 1,5 Mb/s (theo chun M) hoc 2 Mb/s (cc nc khc). Vi tc ny, HDSL tng xng vi cc h thng truyn ti T1 hoc E1 trc y. Trong thc t vi cng ngh HDSL ny c ng dng cho truyn ti cc lung tn hiu vi tc 1,5 hoc 2 Mb/s qua i cp ng cc h thng DLC hoc cc kt ni mng din rng (WAN) gia cc mng cc b (LAN). Phin bn mi nht l HDSL2 ch s dng mt i dy v kh nng tng thch gia cc nh cung cp thit b cao. 2.2. SDSL (Symmetric DSL): ng dy thu bao s i xng s dng mt i dy truyn tn hiu s vi tc 768 kb/s i xng vi c ly t a 10 kft. Truyn tn hiu trn mt i dy nh

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vy chnh l tn dng c cc mch vng thu bao tng t. Tuy nhin, so vi SDSL th HDSL2 c nhng c tnh tng t v cn nhiu u im hn na. Do , HDSL2 s c th thay th SDSL. 2.3. ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): ng dy thu bao s bt i xng vi c im tc trn hai hng khc nhau rt ph hp vi c im ca cc loi dch v bng rng v c th t c ly ti a l 18kft.
2.4.

RADSL (Rate adaptive DSL): Thng thng cc trang thit b c lp t v lm vic ti mt tc c nh no khi cht lng ng truyn mc thp nht cho php. Tuy nhin, iu g s xy ra khi cht lng ng dy thay i ? Cng ngh RADSL tha hng cc c im ca ADSL v s dng m ho DMT thch ng vi s thay i cht lng ng dy v iu chnh tc trn cc hng c th t tc ti a.

2.5.

CDSL (Consumer DSL): Mc d v c bn l ging ADSL v RADSL; tc hn ch hn nhng CDSL c u im ring, l khng cn phi lp t cc b chia ti nh khch hng. Chc nng tch tn hiu thoi v s liu ny s c tch hp trong my in thoi hoc my fax.

2.6.

IDSL (ISDN DSL): K thut ny s dng cc knh truyn (2B+D) nh tc c s ca IDSN, hot ng tc 144 kb/s. Tuy nhin giao din tc c s (BRI) ny khng kt ni vi tng i ISDN m kt ni ti cc thit b DSL. IDSL s dng mt i dy v c ly ti a c th l 18 kft.

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2.7.

VDSL (Very high-speed DSL): y l cng ngh mi nht trong h cng ngh xDSL, n t tc cao nht nhng ch c ly ngn (1 - 4,5 kft). iu ny khng qu tr ngi i vi VDSL bi v VDSL thng c s dng vi cp si quang v truyn ti cc t bo ATM. V. CNG NGH TRUYN TI QUA WDM Cng ngh truyn ti qua WDM l cng ngh s dng cp quang lm mi trng truyn dn ch yu truyn thng tin thu bao. So ci cng ngh truy nhp cp ng, n c nhiu u im v trin vng ng dng rt rng ln. WDM dng cc bc sng khc nhau cho cc khi mng cp quang (ONU) khc nhau. Do khng cn linh kin in t phc tp, ng thi tn dng ca s bc sng suy hao thp ca si qung. V mt x l tn hiu a vo v ly ra, c th dng bc sng khc nhau phn bit. Nh p dng bc sng on 1.310 nm truyn tn hiu bng hp a vo, dng on bng 1.550 nm truyn tn hiu bng rng ly ra, ng thi knh a vo v ly ra hon ton trong sut. Nu tn hiu ly ra suy hao tng i ln, c th s dng b khuch i quang trn Erb (EDFA). Hnh 5.9 a ra ng dng phng thc WDM thuc cu trc h thng mng cp quang th ng khng ngun (PON). N iu ch tn hiu truyn dn a vo ca cc ONU thnh tn hiu quang c bc sng khc nhau, a n b chia ng quang (OBD), ng thi phi hp vo cp si quang. Tn hiu ghp ny sau khi n thit b u cui ng quang (OLT), qua linh kin WDM c tch thnh tn hiu quang ca cc ONU v i qua b o thm d quang/ in (PD) gii iu ch thnh tn hiu in.
OLT 1 2 N PD PD 1 2 N Knh a vo OB WDM D 1 2 N 1 2 N ONU LD ONU LD ONU LD 1

PD

Hnh 5.9: M hnh WDM- PON

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Nhc im ch yu ca WDM l yu cu n nh bc sng ca ngun quang rt cao, s ng truyn a vo b hn ch, khng th dng chung thit b quang OLT, gi thnh tng i cao.

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PHN II: CC DCH V VIN THNG

CHNG VI CC DCH V THOI
I. CC KHI NIM C BN 1. Khi nim: Dch v vin thng l dch v truyn k hiu, tn hiu, s liu, ch vit, m thanh, hnh nh hoc cc dng khc ca thng tin gia cc im kt cui ca mng vin thng.
PC Modem

F ax

1 4 7 *

2 5 8 8

3 6 9 #

MNG VIN THNG

NGI S DNG DCH V VIN THNG

NH CUNG CP DCH V NH CUNG CP H TNG MNG

Hnh 6.1 : Dch v vin thng Ni mt cch khc dch v vin thng l cc hot ng trc tip hoc gin tip ca cc doanh nghip vin thng (doanh nghip cung cp dch v, doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng) cung cp cho khch hng kh nng truyn a hay tip nhn cc loi thng tin (m thanh, k t, tn hiu, vn bn, hnh nh) thng qua mng vin thng (hnh 6.1 minh ho iu ny). Nh cung cp h tng mng: L doanh nghip nh nc hoc doanh nghip m vn gp ca nh nc chim c phn chi phi hoc c phn c bit, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut thit lp h tng mng v cung cp dch v vin thng.

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Cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng ti Vit Nam hin nay c 7 doanh nghip (thi im 12/2004), bao gm: Tng cng ty Bu chnh vin thng Vit Nam (VNPT), Cng ty in t vin thng qun i (VieTel), Cng ty c phn dch v BCVT Si gn (SPT), Cng ty vin thng in lc (ETC), Cng ty c phn vin thng H ni (Hanoi Telecom), Cng ty thng tin in t hng hi (Vishipel), cng ty cng ngh truyn thng FPT. Ngoi ra cn c mt s cng ty khc nh: NetNam, OCI... Nh cung cp dch v vin thng : L doanh nghip thuc mi thnh phn kinh t, c thnh lp theo quy nh ca php lut cung cp dch v vin thng. Hin nay ch mi duy nht VNPT l doanh nghip tham gia cung cp ton b cc dch v vin thng, cc doanh nghip cung cp h tng mng khc ch cung cp mt phn cc dch v vin thng. Ngoi ra cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v vin thng khc ch yu tham gia cung cp dch v truy nhp Internet (ISP) v cung cp dch v ng dng Internet (OSP). Nh vic lp t cc tng i in thoi, cc thit b truyn dn hin i ni gia cc tng i nn mng in thoi c th vn ra rt xa v i ti mi vng trong mt nc. Cc thit b u cui ca mng ny l cc thu bao hay cc my in thoi cng cng, cc ghis hoc cc tng i ring ca cc c quan. Nh s lng khch hng tng ln ng k, tho mn c nhu cu ton x hi v m thoi bt k ni no. Ngoi cc dch v thoi, k c my c nh v my di ng, cn nhiu loi hnh dch v phi thoi khc c p ng qua mng vin thng. iu rt ph hp vi nhu cu pht trin ca x hi. Ngoi vic trao i tin tc bng li ni, con ngi cn trao i vi nhau nhiu loi thng tin hay nhng tin tc khc. Trong mi lnh vc hot ng ca x hi, nhu cu trao i, nhu cu tm kim thng tin c nhng hnh thc v mc khc nhau. Ngun tin cng c ct gi v bo qun khc nhau bng nhng phng tin k thut khc nhau. Do vy s hot ng ca cc nh doanh nghip, cc chnh tr gia, cc nh s hc,... u cn cc ngun thng tin nhanh chng, chnh xc, b mt, y nht ko theo nhng hnh thc truyn tin hin i, cht lng nht phc v cho s nghip ca mnh. Ngnh vin thng cn p ng nhng yu cu a dng v kht khe y ca khch hng. Nhng loi hnh dch v

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khc nhau c th cn c nhng mng ring ca n, cng c th ghp ni chng vi mng thoi vn rng khp v pht trin thnh h thng ISDN. 2. Phn loi dch v vin thng Mt cch tng th th dch v vin thng c phn chia lm cc nhm sau:
a. Dch v c bn

L dch v truyn a tc thi dch v vin thng qua mng vin thng hoc Internet m khng lm thay i loi hnh dch v hoc ni dung thng tin. b. Dch v Internet: * Dch v kt ni Internet l dch v cung cp cho cc c quan, t chc, doanh nghip cung cp dch v Internet kh nng kt ni mng vi nhau v vi Internet quc t. * Dch v truy nhp Internet l dch v cung cp cho ngi s dng dch v kh nng truy nhp Internet. * Dch v ng dng Internet l dch v s dng Internet cung cp cc dch v kinh t, x hi khc cho ngi s dng. c. Dch v gi tr gia tng L dch v lm tng thm gi tr thng tin ca ngi s dng dch v bng cch hon thin loi hnh, ni dung thng tin hoc cung cp kh nng lu tr, khi phc thng tin trn c s s dng mng vin thng hoc Internet. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu cch phn loi dch v trn c s nhng tiu ch khc nhau, nhm mc ch to iu kin thun li trong vic qun l, hoch nh chnh sch. - Theo a im cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ti nh thu bao v dch v ti im cng cng. + Dch v ti nh thu bao: l dch v c cung cp n tn a ch ng k ca tng ch thu bao trn c s cc thit b u cui thu bao c lp t ti nh thu bao v c u ni vo mng in thoi cng cng thng qua hp ng cung cp v s dng dch v c k gia ch thu bao v n v cung cp dch v.
+ Dch v ti im cng cng l dch v c cung cp cho ngi s dng trn c s

cc thit b u cui do n v cung cp dch v lp t ti cc im cng cng. Dch v ti im cng cng bao gm :

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*Dch v c ngi phc v: in thoi cng cng, Fax cng cng, truyn s liu cng cng (truyn file); *Dch v khng c ngi phc v: in thoi, Fax, truyn s liu thanh ton t ng bng th. - Theo phng thc khai thc dch v, dch v trn mng in thoi cng cng bao gm dch v quay s trc tip v dch v qua in thoi vin: + Dch v quay s trc tip l dch v m vic lin lc gia thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v qua mng in thoi cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc t ng (bm) s trc tip. + Dch v qua in thoi vin l dch v m vic lin lc gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v qua mng in thoi cng cng c thc hin bng phng thc bn t ng thng qua s tr gip ca in thoi vin hoc thit b hng dn kt ni cuc gi. - Theo phm vi cung cp dch v, bao gm dch v ni ht, dch v ng di trong nc v dch v quc t: + Dch v ni ht l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v trong cng mt phm vi (vng cc) ni ht; + Dch v ng di trong nc l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v nm cc phm vi (vng cc) ni ht khc nhau; Theo quyt nh s 20/2003/Q-BBCVT ngy 19/2/2003 ca B BC-VT Vit Nam, t ngy 1/3/2003 dch v ng di trong nc ti Vit Nam c chia lm 3 vng cc (vng 1: khong cch lin lc n 400km, vng 2: n 1200 km, vng 3: trn 1200 km). + Dch v quc t l dch v m lin lc c thit lp thng qua mng in thoi cng cng gia cc thit b u cui hoc gia thit b u cui vi thit b truy nhp mng dch v, trong c t nht mt thit b u cui hoc thit b truy nhp mng dch v c lp t hoc ng k s dng nc ngoi. - Theo phng thc thanh ton, dch v trn mng in thoi cng cng bao gm dch v tr tin trc v dch v tr tin sau:

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+ Dch v tr tin trc l dch v m ngi s dng thanh ton cc cho n v cung cp dch v trc khi s dng dch v, di hnh thc mua th tr trc (prepaid calling card) v cc dch v s c tr dn trn th cho n ht ph thuc vo phm vi v thi gian lin lc. Cc dch v in hnh hin c nh: in thoi di ng dng th tr trc Vinacard, Mobicard, Sfonecard, Vietelcard, in thoi dng th Cardphone. + Dch v tr tin sau l dch v m ngi s dng thanh ton cc cho n v cung cp dch v sau khi s dng dch v trn c s thng bo hoc ha n thanh ton cc ca n v cung cp dch v. Dch v vin thng c bn (v cc dch v gi tr gia tng ca n) bao gm (nhng khng gii hn) cc dch v k tn di y: II. NHNG DCH V GI S TRUYN THNG Dch v in thoi l dch v dng thit b in thoi truyn a cc thng tin di dng m thanh hoc m thanh cng hnh nh (i v in thoi thy hnh videophone). Nhng dch v gi s truyn thng l dch v c bn nht trong mng in thoi PSTN. Cc cng ty vin thng s cung cp cho ngi s dng dch v 1 ng dy thu bao kt ni vi tng i in thoi c nh ni ht do cng ty vin thng qun l cung cp dch v. My in thoi u cui do thu bao s hu (mua) hoc thu (c th mn trong thi gian ngn) ca cng ty vin thng. 1-Dch v gi s ni ht (Local Call) a. Khi nim: Cuc gi in thoi ni ht l cuc in thoi c thit lp gia hai thu bao trong cng mt vng (tnh) thng qua mng vin thng ni tnh. b. Cch s dng dch v : Mun s dng dch v in thoi ni ht khch hng cn quay s theo quy nh nh sau: M tng i + S thu bao (V d : 86.31035) Thng thng, s con s ca thu bao thuc H Ni, Thnh ph H Ch Minh l 7 ch s, cn li cc tnh khc 6 ch s. Nu khch hng c kh khn g trong vic quay s c th gi 101 yu cu in thoi vin ni thng n s my cn gi.

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2-Dch v gi s ng di a. Khi nim: Cuc in thoi ng di l cuc in thoi c thit lp gia hai my in thoi thuc hai vng (tnh) khc nhau thng qua mng vin thng lin tnh. b. Cch thao tc dch v gi s ng di Mun thao tc dch v in thoi ng di khch hng cn quay s nh sau: 0 + AC + SN 0 : M truy nhp lin tnh (Tin t trung k) (V d: 0.34.820860) AC : M vng (tham kho bng m vng mng din thoi Vit Nam) SN : S thu bao(7 hoc 6 ch s) Khi khch hng gp bt k kh khn g trong khi khai thc dch v in thoi ng di, xin mi quay s 101 c gii p, gip . 3. Dch v gi s quc t a. Khi nim: Cuc in thoi quc t l cuc in thoi gia hai thu bao thuc hai quc gia khc nhau thng qua mng vin thng quc t. b. Cch khai thc dch v: Dch v in thoi quc t c th c chia thnh dch v gi in thoi trc tip i quc t IDD v dch v in thoi quc t c h tr ca iu hnh vin bng cch quay s 110. Dch v gi in thoi trc tip i quc t IDD: Khch hng c th thit lp cuc gi quc t trc tip bng cch quay s theo quy tc sau: 00 + CC + AC + SN 00 : M truy nhp gi i quc t (tin t quc t) CC: M quc gia cn gi Dch v in thoi quc t c s h tr ca iu hnh vin c thc hin nh sau: Khch hng quay s 110 gp in thoi vin quc t, cung cp s in thoi cn gi n nc khc v yu cu ni thng. in thoi vin s hon tt th tc tip thng cho khch hng. 4. Dch v in thoi th a. Khi nim: Dch v in thoi dng th l dch v vin thng cng cng, m bo thng tin lin lc t my in thoi th n cc my in thoi trong nc v nc ngoi vi phng thc dng th in thoi do khch hng mua trc ca bu in vi cc mc khc nhau.

167

in thoi th Vit Nam s dng cng ngh IC hin i. My in thoi th thc hin trc tip cc cuc gi: ni ht, lin tnh, quc t, cc dch v c bit v gi n cc my in thoi di ng. Hin ti cuc gi n cc my in thoi th cha thc hin c. in thoi th Vit Nam chnh thc hot ng t ngy 4/11/1997, hin nay c mt ti tt c cc tnh, thnh ph hn 8800 cabin in thoi cng cng do cng ty Dch v Vin thng GPC qun l. b. Cch khai thc <1> Nhc ng nghe v nghe m mi quay s <2> n phm chn ngn ng hng dn th hin ln mn hnh <3> a th vo khe, mn hnh s hin ln s tin cn li ca th <4> Quay s v m thoi khi bn kia tr li <5> Gc ng nghe ln mc kt thc m thoi <6> Rt th ra v xin gi th cn thn Ch : Th in thoi Vit Nam c th s dng ti bt k cabin mu xanh no trong phm vi c nc. Trc khi s dng phi c k bng hng dn cch s dng c dn ti cc cabin xanh ca h thng in thoi th. Khi c s c v dng th trn my in thoi th, khch hng c quyn kin ngh vi cc c s bu in ni pht hnh c hng dn gii quyt. 5. Dch v 108 a. Khi nim: dch v 108 l dch v cung cp v gii p cc thng tin kinh t vn ho x hi qua mng in thoi cng cng theo yu cu ca khch hng Bng 6.1: Danh mc cc dch v 108
STT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Danh mc D bo thi tit Kt qu s s kin thit Hp th m nhc Chng trnh c truyn Chng trnh pht thanh ci lng Chng trnh pht thanh kch C ly t HCM v H Ni i cc tnh Chuyn mc thng tin gi vng v ngoi t Chuyn mc qung co Chng trnh truyn hnh K chuyn c tch + DOREMON Ca nhc thiu nhi SN 8011101 8011102 8011103 8011104 8011105 8011106 8011107 8011108 8011109 8011110 8011112-8011127 8011130

168

13 14 15 16 17 18 19

K Chuyn gio dc Cu tui th Tin th thao Tin thi s Chng trnh dnh cho thiu nhi Chng trnh dy ting Anh ph thng Chng trnh dy ting Anh ph thng

8011128 8011129 8011141 8011142 8011131-8011140 8011144 8011143

b. Cch s dng: Khch hng c th gi 108 t bt k mt my no k c di ng c cung cp v gii p thng tin c trong danh mc dch v m bu in thng bo. C 2 phng thc phc v : nhn cng v t ng. Nhn cng : Khch hng c th quay 108 (ni tnh ) hay m vng + 108 (ngoi tnh) gp in thoi vin yu cu cung cp thng tin. T ng: Khch hng quay s tng ng vi danh mc thng tin mnh cn. Hin nay dch v ny ang c cung cp ti thnh ph H Ch Minh. Khch hng c th quay: 08+SN c. Ch cc ph: (theo quy nh ca B Vin Thng) Nhn chung gi cc ph dch v 108 tu thuc tng tnh, tuy nhin n cao hn gi in thoi ni ht. i vi nhng cuc in thoi 108 lin tnh th c tnh cc nh in thoi ng di thng thng. III. CC DCH V GIA TNG CA DCH V THOI. 1. Gii thiu Cc h thng tng i in thoi hin c trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, ngoi vic cung cp dch v in thoi c nh tiu chun cn c th cung cp nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng cho dch v in thoi nh : - Dch v bt gi cuc gi c (Malicious Call Tracing): Cung cp cho ch thu bao b gi bit s my, a ch thu bao thu bao c cuc gi c hay quy ry ti thu bao g gi. - Dch v quay s tt: ch cn bm 1 n 2 con s thay v phi nh tt c cc con s ca thu bao b gi. - Dch v hin th s ch gi (CLIP- Caller Line Identity Presentation): cung cp cho ngi s dng thng tin v s my ca ngi gi n, cho php ngi c gi c th bit c ngi gi n l ai, loi b nhng cuc gi khng cn thit, chng nhng cuc gi vi mc ch xu. c th nhn c s ch gi bn cn: + Dch v CLIP c cung cp t tng i ni ht

169

+ D liu s ch gi c phn cng h tr + Mt in thoi c kh nng bt s ch gi, hoc mt hp bt s ch gi, hoc mt card bt s ch gi & phn mm thch hp, hoc mt modem c th nhn bit s ch gi bng phn mm thch hp. - Dch v hn gi bo thc; - Dch v thng bo thu bao vng nh - Dch v thng bo c cuc gi n khi ang m thoi - Dch v lp cc s my in thoi lin tip (s trt): Tin li cho cc cng ty, khch sn, nh hng. - Dch v chuyn cuc gi i (chuyn cuc gi ti my th 3) - Dch v thoi hi ngh (thit lp cuc gi hi ngh vi nhiu im) - Dch v gii hn cuc gi ng di (trong nc, quc t) theo yu cu ca thu bao. - Dch v in thoi t hn. - Dch v in thoi giy mi trong nc . - Dch v in thoi thy hnh . - Dch v in thoi quc t tm ngi . - Dch v gii hn thi gian m thoi quc t. - Dch v thoi HCD (Home Country Divert). Ngoi ra cn c cc dch v gia tng gi tr ca dch v in thoi cung cp cho ngi s dng tu theo tnh nng k thut ca h thng tng i in thoi do cng ty vin thng ti a phng cung cp.

170

2-Dch v hp th thoi a. Khi nim Dch v hp th thoi l dch v cung cp cho khch hng hp th in t t ti tng i ghi li bn tin nhn bng ting ni ca ngi gi n. Hin nay tng cng ty ang trin khai dch v ny trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh. H thng ny c 3 dch v : in thoi o, tr li cuc gi v hp th thng tin. b. Dch v in thoi o: cung cp cho nhng c nhn hoc c quan cha c my in thoi mt s my ngi gi c th lu li ni dung mun nhn, nhng bn tin ny s c ngi b gi nghe li bt k lc no ti mt my a tn. c. Dch v tr li cuc gi: Dch v ny cho php chuyn ti hp th thoi nhng cuc gi khi khng c ngi tr li hoc khi my ang bn. Hp th thoi tr li cho cuc gi v ghi li bn tin m ngi gi nhn. d. Dch v hp th thng tin: Hp th thng tin l dch v m Bu in cung cp cho khch hng mt hp th ti tng i h ghi li bng li ni nhng thng tin cn cung cp cho ngi c nhu cu s dng. Cc doanh nghip s dng dch v ny nh mt phng tin qung co gii thiu v sn phm ca mnh, khng cn phi c nhn vin chuyn trch tha in thoi tr li nhng cu hi thng xuyn lp li nhiu ln ca khch hng. e.Cch s dng Khch hng ti quy giao dch ca Bu in ng k s dng dch v s c cp s hp th thoi v s c hng dn c th cch ci t s hp th, s c nhn v s dng nhng tnh nng ca dch v sao cho hiu qu nht. f. Quy trnh s dng in thoi o -

A gi s hp th thoi li tin nhn cho B B nghe tin nhn bng cch quay s 8010 (nu thnh ph H Ch Minh) hoc 08.8010 *** (nu gi t tnh khc, *** l 3 s bt k), sau quay s hp th ca mnh v m c nhn.

g. Quy trnh s dng dch v tr li cuc gi Thu bao A gi B

171

Thu bao B ang bn- i vng - Khng mun b quy ry Cuc gi s c chuyn ti hp th thoi Thu bao A li tin nhn cho thu bao B Thu bao B nghe tin nhn bng cch :

+ Quay 8010, v m s c nhn (nu gi t my ng k dch v) + Quay 8010, nhn phm *, quay s hp th thoi m m s c nhn (gi t my bt k). h. Quy trnh s dng dch v hp th thng tin:
-

Khch hng (ngi cung cp thng tin) ng k dch v hp th thng tin c cung cp s hp th, t ghi thng tin v thay i thng tin trong hp th ca mnh bt k lc no bng cch quay 8011999 (nu thnh ph HCM) hoc 088011999 (nu thnh ph khc), quay s hp th v m c nhn.

Nhng ngi cn bit thng tin ch cn quay s hp th thng tin v nghe on tin ghi sn.

3-Dch v Collect call. y l dch v ngi gi khng phi tr tin m ngc li ngi b gi tr tin. Loi dch v ny c thc hin khi gia hai pha ng k vi c quan qun l mng thoi. Hin nay do nhng iu kin c th, mt s quc gia ng k vi Vin Thng Vit Nam cc hip c t chc dch v Collect call. Hip c ny p dng cho hng gi t Vit nam ra nc ngoi. N qui rng ngi b gi s thanh ton cc ph cho cng ty in thoi nc , sau hai cng ty hai pha s quyt ton vi nhau. IV. DCH V THOI QUA GIAO THC INTERNET (VoIP) 1. Gii thiu Truyn thng thoi qua Internet c th nghim vo nm 1994 bng mt chng trnh phn mm ban u cho nhng ngi c my tnh kt ni Internet chuyn phim vi nhau. Sau n c pht trin thnh in thoi giao thc Internet (IP) vi nhiu ng dng nh in thoi, th thoi, Fax, hi ngh video, chia s ti liu... in thoi IP dn dn dnh c s quan tm ca cc nh cung cp dch v Internet, cc nh cung cp d liu, cc nh cung cp in thoi v khai thc vin thng v chi ph r.

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 hiu in thoi IP trc tin hy n in thoi tiu chun hin nay. in thoi hin nay l in thoi chuyn mch knh v pht trin ln t mng analog. Mng ny s dng tt c cc knh kt ni nn khng tn dng hiu qu bng thng hin c, cng sut gii hn l 64 kbit/s/knh v thc hin 30 cuc in thoi trn mt ng trung k s liu E1. in thoi IP l in thoi da trn giao thc Internet s dng phng thc chuyn mch gi pht trin l t cc mng s. Dung lng truyn dn c tt c cc thng tin chia s v bng cch bng thng c s dng c hiu qu hn m khng cn phi cung cp cho tng knh ring l. Mi knh hoc mi ng trung k cung cp nhiu kh nng ng dng nh s liu, thoi, fax v hi ngh video. in thoi IP s dng giao thc Internet truyn ting ni theo cc gi thoi qua mng IP. 2. Xy dng cc khi cu trc S dng in thoi IP chng ta s tn dng c nhng u im ca bng thng. y b codec s dng knh 6,4 kbit/s kt hp vi mo u TCP/IP cng thm 2,25 kbit/s thnh 8,65 kbit/s lm dung lng tiu chun. in thoi IP c kh nng cung cp s lng cc cuc in thoi cao gp 7 ln so vi in thoi truyn thng c ngha l thc hin 235 cuc gi trn mt ng dy trung k s liu E1 so vi 30 knh s dng in thoi truyn thng. Sau y l cc khi cu trc in thoi IP: - Cng thoi - thoi n IP v ngc li. - Gatekeeper nh tuyn. - My ch nhn thc, xc nh tnh hp l, tnh cc (AAA) - Cng chuyn i bo hiu s 7 sang TCP/IP - IVR - cc dch v tr trc. Cng thoi c mt chc nng nh l mt giao din vt l gia mng in thoi PSTN v mng IP. N c nhim v bo hiu v nhn tn hiu t v ti mng in thoi. N s nhn s in thoi, chuyn i cc s in thoi, v a ch IP, v cui cng qun l qu trnh x l cuc gi. X l cuc gi bao gm vic nhn tn hiu thoi, nn, gi ho, trit ting vng, nn thi gian tnh lng... Cng thoi nn dn tn hiu thoi v hai l do: gim lng bng thng yu cu gim chi ph v cng gim nh hng ca tr t mng.

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Khi thu bao quay s in thoi cng thoi s p li bng mt m chung cho thu bao b gi v bng nh tuyn s xc nh cng no gn nht vi mng in thoi ca thu bao b gi. Sau a ch IP ca cng s c s dng nh tuyn cuc gi nh cc gi d liu chuyn qua mng IP. Cng ny cng i c hot ng i vi cc gi n t mng v i t thu bao. C hai hot ng ny (i v n mng in thoi) c th din ra cng mt lc cho php m thoi song cng hon ton. in thoi IP cho php thc hin mt s cc dch v nh in thoi my tnh n in thoi, in thoi n my tnh, my tnh n my tnh, fax n fax, hi ngh v cng tc video t my tnh bn. Cho n nay thoi qua Internet i hi phi c my tnh mi kt cui. 3. Nhng u im i vi mt nh khai thc in thoi cng cng, nu h s dng mng s liu ca h cung cp dch v thoi (chuyn tip khung ATM, intranet, ng dy thu ring Inter net) v cc dch v gi tr gia tng qua mng IP truyn ti chung th gi ca n s rt r v h c th trin khai mng IP nhng ni cha c mng ny mt cch nhanh chng. Nh khai thc mng in thoi IP s c c nhng li th nh: - Gim c chi ph truyn dn (tng c dung lng truyn ti trn bng thng hin thi) - Cu trc truyn dn n - Kt ni vi mng - Gim c chi ph u vo v lin kt c vi mng dch v IP ton cu. Nh khai thc in thoi IP c th tit kim c 40% chi ph so vi mng in thoi truyn thng. Mng in thoi IP c th cung cp mt c s cho cc dch v gi tr gia tng qua mng IP chung. Cc chc nng ca IP - Nhiu kiu truyn thng (thoi, video v s liu) trn cng mt mng - Nhiu a ch im u cui - S linh hot ca cc ti nguyn mng - Khai thc v qun l d dng Cc kh nng ca in thoi IP

174

in thoi IP chi ph khai thc thp hn v cung cp nhng kh nng sau: - Tnh cc trc tuyn - T ng cung cp dch v - Cho thu (out-source) khai thc v bo dng cc dch v (cc dch v IP c t ch (host) trn mng Internet) - Khai thc v bo dng d dng trn mng www 4. Cc yu t khc Cc ph ca in thoi ng di IP s gim do u vng ng di hoc gim ng di. in thoi IP s to c hi cho truyn thng a phng tin v c th tch hp cc mng thoi v s liu. Lu lng in thoi s tng khi chi ph dch v thp hn. Giao thc Inter net ngy cng c s dng nhiu khng ch nh l mt phn mm mng m cn nh l mt phn mm ng dng thc t. iu ny lm cho thoi qua IP hn hn thoi qua chuyn tip khung v ATM, ni ch c s dng nh l mt phng thc truyn ti. Vic truyn thoi qua IP dn n kh nng nng cp v tch hp truyn thng vi cc ng dng khc nh video, chia s d liu, chia s ng dng, lm vic t xa, cc dch v th mc. in thoi IP khng ch l vn "Cc cuc gi gi r" m cn l s tch hp dch v. Tch hp dch v c ngha l mt s dch v c th c h tr qua mng cho php gim chi ph vn hnh v chia s cc dch v mi. Cc mng IP c pht trin dnh cho cc ng dng s liu v khng cung cp cc kh nng gi tr thi gian thc cho cc dch v thoi v video. iu ny khng c ngha l khng th s dng in thoi IP d cht lng thoi cha ph hp. Khi mng IP b ti nng vic sp hng trong cc b nh tuyn mng s cha kim sot c tr khi sp hng cho lu lng thoi. Tr u cui n u cui thng xut hin t cng thoi v cc b nh tuyn. Yu t tng tc lin quan n cc sn phm cu cc nh khai thc khc nhau cng nh cc mng ca cc nh cung cp. i vi mt nh cung cp, ti chnh l mt vn chnh v hai l do sau: - S khng c c mt s tho thun tiu chun v cc ch s thanh ton v cc bin php tnh cc cho in thoi IP

175

- Cc nh khai thc trn ton th gii phi t c cc tho thun song phng v thanh ton. iu ny c li cho chuyn mch knh v nhiu nh khai thc mi do quy nh b bi b. Tch hp vi mng PSTN Vn chnh tch hp mng in thoi IP vi mng PSTN lm cho mng PSTN v IP ny tr thnh mt mng cho ngi dng u cui v gip cho nh khai thc d qun l. Khi tch hp hai mng phi xt s hn ch ca cng ngh chuyn mch knh cng nh ca cngngh chuyn mch gi, cng ngh chuyn mch knh b hn ch bi dung lng chuyn mch v cng ngh chuyn mch gi b hn ch bi bng thng v mng l mng chuyn mch. Tm li, in thoi IP cung cp cc kh nng: - Chi ph truyn dn thp - Chi ph khai thc thp - Cc dch v gia tng gi tr in thoi IP ang trong giai on pht trin v ha hn ng vai tr quan trng trong thi gian ti y trong vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng. V. DCH V VIN THNG TRN MNG THNG TIN DI NG MT T 1. Dch v in thoi di ng Sau dch v in thoi c nh, dch v in thoi di ng hin c s ngi s dng cao nht vi khong 4 triu thu bao ti Vit Nam. C 2 loi dch v in thoai di ng: dch v in thoi di ng tr sau (hay in thoi di ng thu bao) & dch v in thoi di ng tr trc (hay in thoi di ng dng th) + Mobiphone: do Cng ty thng tin di ng VMS cung cp, s dng cng ngh GSM. + Vinaphone: do Cng ty Dch v vin thng GPC cung cp, s dng cng ngh GSM. + Sfone: do Cng ty Dch v vin thng Si Gn SPT cung cp, s dng cng ngh CDMA.

176

+ Vietel: do Cng ty vin thng qun i cung cp, s dng cng ngh GSM. Tng s nh cung cp dch v in thoi di ng hin c l 5: VMS, GPC, SPT, Vietel v Hanoi Telecom. 2. Dch v gi tr gia tng ca dch v in thoi di ng Ngoi dch v in thoi di ng c bn k trn, cc nh cung cp dch v thng tin di ng cn cung cp nhiu dch v gi tr gia tng nh nhn tin ngn (SMS), hp th thoi (voice mail), Fax v truyn s liu, dch v WAP, chuyn tip cuc gi (Divert), chuyn vng trong nc v quc t, bo thc k hoch, dch v thy hnh, dch v Internet khng dy... 3. Dch v Cityphone (in thoi di ng tc thp ): H thng in thoi cm tay c nhn (PHS) l mt h thng vi t bo s h tr cho cc h thng thng tin a phng tin c nhn, s dng bng tn 1900 MHz. PHS l mt h thng cho php s dng t hp cm tay ca in thoi v tuyn s trong v ngoi to nh nh c quan, trng hc, cc khu vc thng mi hoc cc khu cng cng. Trong h thng ny, trm gc c gi l trm t bo (CS-Cell Station) v thit b u cui c gi l trm thu bao (PS-Personal Station). Thut ng thng tin di ng ni vng c hiu l h thng thng tin di ng nhng tnh di ng ca thu bao b hn ch trong mt vng nht nh (trong mt thnh ph, mt khu vc). V vy v cu trc v nguyn l hot ng s n gin do , gi cc dch v s r hn .Vic trin khai thng tin di ng ni vng s gp phn gii quyt nhu cu t my ca khch hng ti nhng thnh ph ln, ni ang gp kh khn v pht trin thu bao c nh do thiu cp ni ht v phc v cho nhng khch hng c nhu cu di ng hn ch trong mt vng nht nh. Hnh 6.2 minh ho cu trc tng quan h thng di ng ni vng. Dch v ny hin ang c trin khai ti H Ni v Thnh ph H Ch Minh (mng Cityphone).

177

RPU FAU

WLL Feeder

Phn phi WLL

FAU

km

30
RPCU

Feeder Cables WLL Drop

Trung tm

60

RPU

Hnh 6.2 : Cu trc tng quan h thng di ng ni vng

VI. DCH V VIN THNG TRN MNG THNG TIN DI NG V TINH CNG CNG 1. in thoi v tinh: in thoi di ng cm tay s dng thng tin v tinh cng cng cho lin lc di ng ton cu. Hin nay trn mng Vin thng Vit Nam vn cha cung cp dch v in thoi v tinh. Trong thi gian ti khi Vit Nam phng v tinh vin thng VINASAT th dch v in thoi v tinh s c cung cp trn th trng Vit Nam. Dch v in thoi v tinh l loi hnh dch v in thoi mi c a vo s dng trong vi nm tr li y; nh cung cp dch v in thoi v tinh nh IRIDIUM, phng ln qu o 48-64 v tinh a tnh v cc my in thoi v tinh thc hin vic thu pht trc tip vi mng cc v tinh ny. Ti mt t c trang b cc trm u ni gia h thng v tinh trn v mng Vin thng mt t v vy m bo lin lc gia my in thoi v tinh v cc thit b vin thng ca mng vin thng trn ton th gii. Dch v ny pht huy rt hiu qu ti nhng vng xa xi, hoang mc, sa mc, trn i dng v nhng ni chin s. Tuy nhin chi ph cho s dng ny cng rt

178

t, t hn so vi s dng dch v VSAT (do thit b gn nh hn, tnh di ng cao hn).

Hnh 6.3: Vng ph sng v in thoi v tinh ca IRIDIUM

Hnh 6.4 : Vng ph sng v my di ng v tinh ca Imasat

2. in thoi v tinh VSAT : VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) l mt dng trm thng tin mt t c nh vi anten c ng knh thng t 1,8 m - 3 m, ng dng cc cng ngh tin tin trong thng tin v tinh cho php ngi s dng c th lin lc vi nhau qua v tinh. VSAT c thi gian cung cp dch v nhanh chng, tin cy cao, trin khai trn mi a hnh, phm vi lin lc rng... V vy y l phng tin thng tin lin lc c hiu qu trong vic phc v nhng vng xa xi, nng thn, hi o, bin gii, gin khoan ngoi khi, cc im Bu in Vn ho x... hoc bt c ni u ti Vit Nam v khu vc chu . VSAT cng p ng a dch v nh: thoi, fax, truyn s liu, video conferencing, ISDN...

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VSAT c nhiu ng dng nh kt ni vi mng in thoi c nh, di ng, truyn s liu, Internet..., thit lp knh thu ring trong nc v khu vc chu , truyn hnh hi ngh ,o to, gio dc t xa, thit lp cc mng dng ring cho cc cng ty c mng li hot ng giao dch rng khp nh: ngn hng, bo him, hng khng, qung b thng tin ,th trng chng khon, qung co, gii thiu sn phm v cc tin tc khc... Vit Nam hin ang khai thc 2 h thng thng tin VSAT l VSAT SCPC v VSAT TDM/TDMA. - H thng VSAT SCPC ch yu phc v cho cc x min ni, bin gii, vng su, vng xa. H thng gm 01 Gateway t ti TP.H Ch Minh v hn 50 trm u cui thu bao. H thng lm vic trn bng tn C. - H thng VSAT TDM/TDMA vng phc v l cc ni thu bao c nhu cu truyn s liu. H thng lm vic trn bng tn C. Trm ch t ti H Ni. VII. DCH V VIN THNG TRN MNG V TUYN IN HNG HI CNG CNG Hin nay cng ty thng tin in t hng hi (Vishipel) l doanh nghip duy nht cung cp cc dch v vin thng trn mng v tuyn in hng hi cng cng. Cc dch v ny bao gm : - Thng tin qua cc i duyn hi : nh cc dch v in thoi, in bo, fax, telex. Cc i duyn hi cng cung cp cc dch v thng tin hng hi cng ch nh : d bo thi tit bin, kh tng, ch dn an ton hng hi, ch dn y t, ch dn cu nn trn bin,.. - Thng tin v tinh mt t Inmarsat (A, B, C, M v miniM) D n xy dng h thng cc i Thng tin Duyn hi phn pha Bc c a vo s dng t thng 3/2003. Tip tc, thc hin D n Thng tin Duyn hi phn pha Nam. Cng ty ang chun b cung cp dch v VoIP trong nc v quc t.

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CHNG VII CC DCH V PHI THOI

I. DCH V IN BO in bo l dch v truyn a ni dung tin tc qua mng li v thit b vin thng di hnh thc ch vit (vn bn) t ngi ny n ngi khc. Bng 7.1: Cc dch v in bo
in bo trong nc - in bo kh tng thu vn - in bo an ton nhn mng - in bo quc v - in bo ph thng (cng, t) - in b nghip v Bu in - in bo bo bo ch - in bo chuyn tin in bo quc t - in bo an ton nhn mng - in bo quc v - in b nghip v Bu in - in bo t - ...

Ngoi ra, dch v in bo c bit do Bu in cung cp nh: in bo u tin (ho tc, khn), in bo nhiu a ch, in bo c yu cu thu, bo pht, in chc mng, in chia bun... II. DCH V TELEX Dch v Telex l dch v dng thit b Telex (in bo truyn ch) truyn a cc thng tin c sn di dng ch telex Dch v Telex gm 2 loi: - Telex thu bao: Thit b u cui c t ti c quan, t chc, c nhn c kt ni vo tng i ca Bu in. Khch hng Telex thu bao thng l cc Cng ty, hng, khch sn ln, c quan bo ch, i din thng mi, ngoi giao s dng dch v ny. - Telex cng cng: Thit b u cui c t ti cc ghi s Bu in phc v khch hng c nhu cu v s dng telex. III. DCH V FAX Hnh 7.1: My Telex

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Dch v Fax (Facsimile) l dch v dng thit b Fax truyn a cc thng tin c sn di dng vn bn, biu mu, bt tch, th t, s , hnh nh, bn v (gi chung l bc Fax).
ng in thoi ng in thoi

My Fax

Mng in thoi

My Fax

Hnh 7.2: u ni my Fax Tng t nh dch v Telex, dch v Fax c 2loi:

Fax - Fax thu bao (Telefax): My Fax c u ti nh ring, c quan ca thu bao,
cc ph s dng fax thu bao tnh nh cc ph s dng in thoi. - Fax cng cng (Bureaufax): My Fax c t ti ghi s phc v khch hng ti cc ghi s Bu in. Hin nay gi dch v chuyn mt trang fax i quc t (trang A4) ti Bureaufax vo khong 1,5-2,5USD/trang A4, fax trong nc: 35.000ng/trang A4. IV. DCH V TRUYN S LIU Dch v cung cp mng truyn a hoc cc ng dng truyn a cc thng tin di dng s liu trong mng vin thng. Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam, Cng ty VDC c coi nh cung cp dch v truyn s liu duy nht vi 3 sn phm dch v: 1. Dch v truyn s liu X25 Truyn s liu tc thp (<64 Kbps) X.25 l dch v truyn s liu chuyn mch gi da trn c s giao thc X.25. Dch v ny hin nay do Cng ty VDC cung cp thng qua mng VIETPAC (Vietnam Packet Switching Network) v c kt ni vi mng truyn s liu ton cu. Dch v ny c coi l gii php hiu qu v tit kim kt ni cc mng my tnh ring (LAN) phc v cc ngnh: Ngn hng, ti chnh, x s, tit kim, giao thng vn ti, qun l mng li bu chnh vin thng, du lch, ng k v, truy nhp cc c s d liu,.. to mng din rng (WAN)...

P S TN

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Dch v X.25 c bit c hiu qu i vi cc doanh nghip c nhu cu s dng thng xuyn, yu cu tnh bo mt thng tin cao, vi dung lng truyn v tc khng ln. 2. Dch v Frame Relay (chuyn tip khung): L dch v kt ni mng d liu theo phng thc chuyn mch khung vi tc cao, to ra bng thng ln thch hp vi cc ng dng phc tp i hi dung lng truyn ln v tc cao. 3. Dch v mng ring o (VPN) Dch v mng ring o l dch v to lp mt mng LAN o trn nn cng ngh IP v cc ng dng Internet. Vi dch v ny cc Cng ty, doanh nghip c th to cho mnh mt mng din rng (WAN) vi kh nng truy nhp gin tip hoc trc tip qua mng VDC-IP-VPN. V. DCH V TRUYN HNH HI NGH: Dch v truyn hnh hi ngh (Video conferencing) c cung cp bi cc cng ty vin thng, n cho php 2 hay nhiu ngi, nhm ngi cc a im khc nhau c th cng gp mt v tho lun qua truyn hnh ti mt thi im. Mt u im ni tri ca dch v truyn hnh hi ngh s dng cng ngh ISDN hoc IP so vi cu truyn hnh truyn thng (Televison bridge) l cho php chia s cc ng dng ca cng ngh my tnh, nh cng lm vic vi cc trang ti liu, cng s dng cc chng trnh phn mm. Mt cuc gi truyn hnh hi ngh ISDN c kt ni gn nh mt cuc gi in thoi, sau khi kt ni bn c
Camera Camera

Hnh 7.3: in thoi truyn hnh Dch v truyn hnh hi ngh

183
Hnh 7.4:Truyn hnh hi ngh qua ISDN

th nhn thy ngi cn gp vi y mu sc v ngi s dng c th chuyn file d liu hoc cng sa mt vn bn. Tc dch chuyn khun hnh l 5-30 khun hnh/giy tu thuc vo tc kt ni, phn cng v phn mm iu khin. Hi ngh truyn hnh c th kt ni trong mt mng cc b (nh LAN) hoc s dng mng cng cng (cc ng in thoi ISDN). ISDN lm vic trn cc ng dy thoi thng thng, tc truyn dn ti thiu l 128 Kbps, v rng bng thng ny cung cp ng truyn thng cho c hnh nh v thoi (15-30 khung hnh/giy). Ngy nay tc 384 Kbps c xem l ti u cho hi ngh truyn hnh ISDN. Trong thi gian gn y nh s kt hp ca cng ngh my tnh v vin thng s dng k thut nn hnh nh s cho php truyn thng qua Internet hoc mng in thoi thng thng, iu lm gim thiu gi thnh mt cuc Hnh 7.5: Hi ngh truyn hnh qua Internet hi ngh truyn hnh. Tuy nhin vi cu hnh ny, hnh nh chun thu c ch bng 1/16 kch c mn hnh my tnh v tc dch chuyn hnh nh l 3-4 khun hnh/giy. Cng ngh Webcam l mt ng dng in hnh ca dch v ny. Hin nay trn mng vin thng Vit Nam (Cng ty vin thng quc t, Cng ty VTN, cc Bu in thnh ph: H Ni, H Ch Minh, Nng,...) c cung cp cc dch v hi ngh truyn hnh ISDN trong nc v quc t cc tc khc nhau, t 128 Kbps n 512 Kbps (c n im v a im). Tuy nhin lng khch hng s dng dch v ny cn t. Chi ph cho 1 gi s dng dch v truyn hnh hi ngh n im tc 384 Kbps gia H ni v Tp. HCM hin cn kh cao. V. DCH V TRUYN HNH CP 1. Gii thiu Trong thi k u pht trin h truyn hnh qung b, phng tin mang tn hiu video l sng v tuyn in. T nhng nm 1930 cc nc xut hin cc i pht v tuyn truyn hnh vi ct anten cao. V vy ni ti truyn hnh qung b

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ngi ta hiu l v tuyn truyn hnh. Ngay nc ta c nhng thut ng sai: "xem v tuyn" "my v tuyn" gi my thu hnh.

Hnh 7.6: H thng truyn hnh v tuyn Cc h thng v tuyn truyn hnh pht trin rt nhanh, nhu cu xem tn hiu video c cht lng ngy cng nng cao. Vo nhng nm cui ca thp nin 1940 h thng truyn hnh CATV xut hin ng vi tn gi ca n. CATV l tn vit tt ca h thng truyn hnh dng chung anten (Community Antenna television). H thng CATV c kh nng phc v vng dn c, m cc my thu hnh kh thu c tn hiu v tuyn truyn hnh bng cc an ten ring ca tng h, do sng v tuyn b che khut bi i ni. 2. H thng truyn hnh cp H thng CATV thit lp cc anten c cht lng cao t ti cc a im thun li cho iu kin thu cc sng v tuyn in t cc i pht v tuyn truyn hnh. Cc tn hiu thu c cht lng tt ny c x l v phn phi qua cp n cc u my thu hnh ca cc h thu bao.

B lp B phn phi

Truyn dn v tuyn

Truyn dn hu Hnh tuyn

Hnh 7.7: S tng qut h thng truyn hnh cp

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Hnh 7.7 l s tng qut mt h thng truyn hnh cp truyn dn qua cp kim loi ng trc phc v cho mt khu vc nh. Trm thu tip nhn cc tn hiu v tuyn truyn hnh t cc i pht v tuyn truyn hnh hoc t cc trm viba chuyn tip. Vo nhng nm 1980 cc h thng v tuyn truyn hnh qua v tinh pht trin mnh m. Trm u thu cng thu nhn c cc tn hiu v tuyn truyn hnh quc t qua v tinh. ng nhin l h thng CATV c s chng trnh rt phong ph. Thu bao c th chn mt trong 30 chng trnh (hoc nhiu hn na). H thng cp phn phi trong s trn gm cp trung k, cp thu bao u dng cp kim loi ng trc. Trong nhng nm 1950, h thng CATV pht trin chm vi s chng trnh t hn 5 v cc knh truyn nm trong di tn cn di ca bng VHF thp. Mt l do chnh do cc cp kim loi thi c suy hao kh ln tn s ln hn 100MHz.
TN HIU QUANG

TN HIU HNH

B KHUCH I

B CHUYN I IN/ QUANG

TN HIU QUANG

Cp quang

TN HIU HNH

B CHUYN I QUANG/ IN

B CHUYN TIP

Hnh 7.8: H thng truyn dn tn hiu hnh bng cp quang T nm 1960 n 1970, nhiu cng ty ch to cc loi cp kim loi c suy hao nh tn s 500MHz t chu nh hng ca thi tit. Ngi ta s dng loi cp ng trc kim loi cho CATV. Dy dn rut bng nhm bc ng (li nhm nhm gim nh khi lng; phn v ca dy dn bng ng nhm tng dn in, thun li cho vic truyn dng in c cng ln). V bo v ngoi cng ca cp bng nhm. Gia rut v v c lp nha xp PE c nhi du. C 2 loi cp tiu chun, mt dng cho ng trc (ung trung k), mt dng cho ng cung cp cho thu bao. Cp c cht lng tt cho php CATV truyn c nhiu chng trnh trong phm vi di thng cn di ca UHF. Mt h thng CATV c s tch lu suy hao ca rt nhiu thnh phn mc ni tip nn h thng ny cn c cc b khuych i b li suy hao. S thay i h

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s khuch i hay p tuyn tn s ca mt thnh phn bt k d gy ra s thay i ln ca ton b h thng. Ngi ta a tn hiu o tn (pilot ) cng vo u vo v cui mi bng tn. Da vo mc tn hiu pilot cc b khuch i t ng iu chnh cho h s khuch i ton tuyn c duy tr n nh trong di tn s rng. T nhng nm 1980, h thng truyn dn cp quang c pht trin rng ri: cp quang a ti cc h thu bao (FTTH), cp quang a ti cng s (FTTO), cp quang a ti cao c (FTTB), cp quang ti cc i l (FTTC), m ra nhiu kh nng mi, t chc h thng truyn cp.
T. ba o
Trm thu
quang

H thng phn phi

Trm pht quang

Trm
chuyn

tip Trm thu

quang

Trm u thu Cp quang

Cp ng

Hnh 7.9 : S cu trc h thng truyn hnh cp H thng truyn cp s dng cp quang v cp ng c trnh by nh s hnh 7.9. Trm u thu, thu nhn cc tn hiu v tuyn truyn hnh. Ti y cc tn hiu c x l v ghp knh v chuyn i t tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang. Sau tn hiu quang c truyn trn cp quang ti cc trm khu vc. T cc im khu vc, tn hiu quang li c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Qua b phn phi, cc tn hiu in c truyn theo cp ng n my thu bao. Cp quang c s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu truyn hnh tng t (analog) cng nh cho tn hiu truyn hnh s (digital). i vi tn hiu analog, do c nhiu tch lu, nn mng truyn trn c ly ngn, tuy nhin n cho php khng

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dng mng bin i A/D v D/A. Trong h thng CATV nh, tn hiu hnh s thc hin iu bin AM ln ngun pht quang. Phng thc tn FM c s dng khi c nhiu tn hiu hnh cn truyn trn cp quang. Khi , ta thc hin ghp knh tn hiu in theo tn s v iu ch tn s ln ngun pht quang. Cp quang c nhiu u im trong vic truyn dn tn hiu digital. Do cp quang c u im: - Bng tn rng cho php truyn vi tc bit cao. - suy hao nh nn c th thc hin truyn gia u thu vi trm nt khu vc trn mt c ly xa. Cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca mng s ho tch hp a dch v ISDN, xu hng s dng cp quang pht trin dch v truyn hnh CATV l hon ton mang tnh thc t. C th ni rng, vic s dng ng truyn dn cp quang ni ht ca Bu in pht trin dch v truyn hnh cp hu tuyn l phng n ti u. Hin nay, cng ty dch v truyn thanh truyn hnh H Ni BTS s dng truyn dn cp quang ca bu in cung cp dch v truyn hnh n hng. Cc knh truyn c phn phi trn phm vi di tn rng t bng VHF thp n cn di ca UHF. Ngi s dng c th xem cc chng trnh VTV1, VTV2, VTV3, HTV... v cc chng trnh quc t (qua v tinh). D kin cui nm 2002, mng cp trin khai cc nt dn quang (node) thnh nt song hng (hai chiu) th mng cp quang s trin khai thm dch v nh Internet tc cao, thng mi in t, xem video theo yu cu VOD (video on Demand). y l s hnh thnh kt ni a phng tin. Lc ny cc quan h ca thu bao vi mi trng truyn thng c thay i nhiu. Thu bao c th la chn ch , ni dung truy nhp thng tin. s dng c nhng dch v ny mi h thu bao c mt giao din ci t v gii m s ng k ID ca tng thu bao v cung cp cc dng tn hiu cho my in thoi, my tnh hay ti vi.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Cao Phn, Cao Hng Sn. C s k thut thng tin quang - Ti

liu gio dc i
2. hc cng ngh. Hc vin Cng ngh BCVT, H Ni, 6/2000. 3. Dng Vn Thnh. Bi ging cng ngh chuyn mch s. Hc

vin Cng ngh BCVT.1999.

4. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng. Thng tin di ng 3G. Hc vin

Cng ngh BCVT, 2004.

5. Nguyn Thc Hi. Mng my tnh v cc h thng m. NXB

Gio Dc, 1997.

6. TS. Phng Vn Vn, TS. Trn Hng Qun, TS. Nguyn Qu

Minh Hin. Mng vin thng v xu hng pht trin. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.
7. B mn quy hoch - Vin kinh t bu in. Quy hoch pht

trin mng vin thng. NXB KHKT, 2000.

8. KS. Bi Nguyn Cht, KS Nguyn Thanh Vit. Cng trnh ngoi

vi. NXB Bu in, H Ni, 2002.

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