Aalborg University

Basic Network Architecture and Building Blocks for WCDMA (3G) Systems

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Lecture-3
Aalborg University

Schedule 12.30-13.15 First lecture session 13.15-13.30 Break 13.30-14.15 Second lecture session Outline Basic Network Architectures Building Blocks for 3G UTRA concept

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Mobile Communications

Aalborg University

30kHz

Wide area coverage

200kHz EDGE 473 kbits/s GPRS 170 kbits/s EDGE Ph. 2 GERAN 473 kbits/s Real Time IP Enhanced EDGE 2Mbit/s WCDMA TDD 2 Mbits/s WCDMA HSPA 10 Mbits/s TD-SCDMA 1XEV - DO, phase 1 2.4 Mbits/s 1XEV - DV, phase 2 5.4 Mbits/s High Speed Downlik Packet Access

TDMA (IS41) CDPD 43.2 kbits/s GSM (MAP) HSCSD 115.2 kbits/s PDC/PDC-P 14.4 kbits/s cdmaOne (IS-41) 76.8 kbits/s 1.25MHz

5MHz WCDMA FDD 2 Mbits/s

cdma20001X 307.2 kbits/s

Local

HiperLAN 2 WLAN 802.11b 11 Mbits/s 54 Mbits/s IEEE802.11a 54 Mbits/s

Harmonised HL2IEEE802.11a standard

Higher data rate Enhanced WLAN WLAN 100 Mbps

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Network Architecture

Aalborg University

GSM

Um

digital 2G 9.6kbit/s symmetric circuit switched

Abis

A
EIR VAS IN PSTN/ISDN

BTS

AuC VLR HLR

BTS

BSC

MSC

GMSC

MS

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Management (NMS)

NSS

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Subsystems and Interface

Aalborg University

Four subsystems

Mobile station (MS): Base station subsystem: control radio link with MS Network subsystem: call control Network Management subsystem: operation and maintenance

Interfaces:

Um Interface : known as air interface or radio link. Abis Interface: between BTS and BSC A Interface: between BSC and MSC

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

GSM Elements
Aalborg University

MS: Mobile Station BTS: Base Transceiver Station BSC: Base Station Controller MSC: Mobile Switching Center HLR: Home Location Register VLR: Visiting Location Register AuC: Authentication Center EIR: Equipment Identifer SIM Card: Subscriber Identity Module Card VAS: Value Added Service (SMSC, VMC, USSCD, etc) IN: Intellegent Network (prepaid)

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Mobile Handset (MH)

Aalborg University

Used by the subscriber to access the GSM network via the air interface Contains the hardware and software specific to the radio interface Need a Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) which contains the subscriber-specific data to access GSM network, except emergency call

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

SIM Card
Aalborg University

SIM cards are embedded with a microprocessor

Stores customer identity information Memory capacity 1K, 3K, 8K, 16K With/Without OTAC (Over The Air Customization)

Two types of SIM card form factors

ID-1 SIM Plug-In SIM

Contains

phone number (MSISDN) international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) status of SIM service code authentication key PIN (personal identification code) PUK (personal unlock code)

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Base Transceiver Station (BTS)

Aalborg University

Responsible for communication to and from MHs via air interface

MH communicates with the mobile system using a radio channel to a BTS Including the antennae and signaling processing specific to the radio interface

BTS comprises radio transmission and reception devices

BTS separates the speech and control signaling associated with a MH and sends them to the BSC on separate channels

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Aalborg University

Monitor and Control several base stations

Frequency administration, control of BTSs, exchange functions Channel allocation and release, handover management BSC is connected on one side to several BTSs and on the other side to the MSC

Responsible for all the radio interface management

BSC is the interface between MSC and BTS

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Mobile services Switching Center (MSC)

Aalborg University

Responsible for all switching functions related to call processing

Call control Charging Statistics

MSC is the interface between GSM network & PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) Serving MSC: BSS connections, mobility mangement Gateway MSC: Connection to other networks

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Home Location Register (HLR)

Aalborg University

A database in charge of the management of mobile subscribers Contains information of network subscribers

Information on teleservices and bearer services subscription, service restrictions, and supplementary services The data stored in HLR is of a semipermanent nature and does not usually change from call to call

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Visitor Location Register (VLR)

Aalborg University

Contains the relevant data of all MHs currently located in a serving MSC

The permanent data is the same as data in the HLR The temporary data includes
z

Temporary Subscriber Identity (TMSI) z Location Area Identity (LAI) of an MH

VLR allocates mobile subscriber roaming numbers (MSRNs) for the incoming call setup

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

GSM Features
Aalborg University

Multiple access: use TDMA/FDMA to share the limited radio

spectrum

The FDMA part involves the division by frequency of the (maximum) 25 MHz bandwidth into 124 carrier frequencies spaced 200 kHz apart. Each of these carrier frequencies is then divided in time, using a TDMA scheme.

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

GSM Frame Structure

Aalborg University

Superframe 6.12 sec 120 msec 4.615 msec 0

... ...
7

51 Multiframe

26 Frames 8 Multiframe

Coded data Midamble 0.57692 msec 3 57 1 26 1 156.25 bits Tail bit Stealing Flag

57

3 8.25 Guard period

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Network Architecture

Aalborg University

HSCSD

Um

SW&HW changes

BTS
SW&HW changes

BSC

MSC

GMSC
SW&HW changes

High Speed Circuit Switched Data

MS

Base Station Subsystem (BSS) Network Management (NMS)

NSS

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

PSTN/ISDN

digital 2.5G 14kbit/s channel bundling ~50kbit/s symmetric circuit switched

Abis

A
EIR VAS IN

SW&HW changes

BTS

AuC VLR HLR

Exchanged Data Rates for Global/GSM Evolution (EDGE)

Aalborg University

Introduce new methods at the physical layer

new form of modulation: 8PSK(phrase Shift Keying)

z z

introduced as a complement to GMSK (Gaussian Filter Minimum Shift Keying) 8PSK: use 8 phrases to carry signals nine MCS(Module Coding Schemes) have been defined, from 8.8kbps per timeslot(MCS-1 with GMSK modulation) up to 59.2kbps per timeslot(MCS-9 with 8PSK modulation)

Different ways of encoding

z

High radio interface data rates (up to 384kbps)

Provides an evolutionary migration path from GPRS to UMTS

Only one EDGE transceiver unit need to be added to each cell. Software upgrades to BSC and Base Stations can be carried out remotely. Higher layer protocols (GGSN, SGSN) stay the same Can be introduced smoothly in GPRS(doesnt require any new elements

Also introduced into existing IS-136 networks

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

3GPP Releases
Aalborg University

R99
UTRAN on top of GSM/GPRS Core Network is based on ATM Intersystem handover between GSM and UMTS Virtual Home

R4

R5

R6

Layered Architecture IP Transport QoS on Transport Layer

IP Transport on UTRAN ALL IP Architecture E2E QoS Introduction of IP Multimedia Domain (IMS)

Enhancements of IMS standardization

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UMTS Reference Model

Aalborg University

Alternative Access Network

Applications & Services *) SCP Mh CAP HSS *) Gr EIR Gf Gb Iu MGW SGSN Gn Cx

Legacy mobile signallingNetwork

R-SGW *) Mw Ms
CSCF

CSCF

Multimedia IP Networks

Mm Mr MRF Gi GGSN Gi MGW Nb Mc Nc GMSC server T-SGW *) PSTN/ Legacy/External Mg

Gi Gc

Gi MGCF Mc T-SGW *)

TE R TE R

MT Um

BSS/ Iu GERAN

Iu MT Uu
UTRAN

Iu

Mc MSC server CAP CAP Applications & Services *) D HSS *) Mh C

R-SGW *)

Signalling Interface Signalling and Data Transfer Interface

*) those elements are duplicated for figure layout purpose only, they belong to the same logical element in the reference model

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Evolution of Network Architecture

Aalborg University

new air interface packet data interoperability with GSM New mobile service (CAMEL) Universal Mobile Terristial System

MSC

CN CS Domain

GMSC

BTS E-RAN

BSC

EIR MEXE

Uu

Iu Gb
SGSN

VLR HLR

USAT

WAP

VAS

AuC

IN

CN PS Domain

GGSN

NB UTRAN

RNC

Iu

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Internet

PSTN/ISDN

3GPP R99 UMTS

Um

Evolution of Network Architecture

Aalborg University

media gateway controlled by MSC

Um

MSC MGW
CN CS Domain

MGW

Universal Mobile Terrestrial System

BTS E-RAN

BSC
MEXE

Uu

Iu Gb
SGSN

WAP

HSS

VAS

IMS

CN PS Domain

GGSN

NB UTRAN

RNC

Iu

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Internet

USAT

IN

PSTN/ISDN

3GPP R4 UMTS

Evolution of Network Architecture

Aalborg University

All IP structure

Um

Universal Mobile Terrestrial System

BTS E-RAN

BSC
MEXE WAP HSS VAS

PSTN/ISDN

3GPP R5 UMTS

Iu

IMS

Uu

SGSN NB UTRAN RNC

CN PS Domain

GGSN

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Internet

USAT

IN

QoS Classes
Aalborg University

GPRS rel'97, '98 Allocation/retention priority Traffic handling priority Transfer delay Residual BER SDU error ratio Maximum bitrate Guaranteed bitrate Maximum SDU size Delivery order SDU format information Delivery of erroneous SDUs

GPRS/UMTS rel'99, 4, 5 Conversational class 1, 2, 3 Streaming class 1, 2, 3 Interactive class 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3 <100 ms 5*10-210-6 10-210-5 < 2048 kbps <2048 kbps <250 ms 5*10-210-6 10-110-5 < 2048 kbps <2048 kbps 4*10-36*10-8 4*10-36*10-8 10-310-6 < 2048 kbps -overhead 10-310-6 < 2048 kbps -overhead Background class 1, 2, 3

Precedence class

Delay class Reliability class Peak throughput class Mean throughput class

<=1500 octets <=1500 octets <=1500 octets <=1500 octets Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No Yes/No

Yes/No/-

Yes/No/-

Yes/No/-

Yes/No/-

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

3G Systems
Signal Processing Blocks

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Signal processing blocks Typical chain of signal processing blocks

A/D conversion

RF

D/A conversion

modulation

multiplexing

channel coding and interleaving

analogue source

source coding digital source

RF

A/D conversion

demodulation

demultiplexing

channel de-coding and deinterleaving

D/A conversion

analogue sink

source de-coding digital sink

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Signal processing blocks Source, sink, A/D and D/A conversion

Source and sink
voice video different data services requirements on delay, BER, FER and error pattern depending on

service

Source and sink A/D and D/A conversion

dynamic range and sampling rate dependent on source

characteristics

RF A/D and D/A conversion

dynamic range dependent on radio channel and different transmitted

and received carriers per RF unit sampling rate dependent of RF or IF bandwidth to be processed

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Signal processing blocks

Aalborg University

Source and channel coding, interleaving and multiplexing

Source coding and decoding

reduction of redundancy data compression coding for error detection and correction different level of coding for MSB and LSB coding to reduce impact of radio channel on transmitted data block codes convolutional codes Reed Solomon codes Turbo codes combinations of codes (concatenated codes)

Channel coding and interleaving

Multiplexing
combination of different user signals on one RF carrier according to

multiple access scheme

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Signal processing blocks Modulation and RF

Modulation and demodulation
for RF transmission and reception resistant schemes against noise and interference FM for analogue systems different types of BPSK, QPSK and GMSK for digital systems

RF
modulator, RF power amplifier, RF receiver and antenna system low noise receiver high dynamic range resistant against intermodulation

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

3G Systems
UTRA Concept

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA 3GPP specifications - Release 1999 I

Aalborg University

3G TS 25.101 UE Radio Transmission and Reception (FDD) 3G TS 25.102 UTRA (UE) TDD: Radio Transmission and Reception 3G TS 25.104 UTRA (BS) FDD: Radio Transmission and Reception 3G TS 25.105 UTRA (BS) TDD: Radio Transmission and Reception 3G TS 25.201 Physical Layer - General description 3G TS 25.211 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (FDD) 3G TS 25.212 Multiplexing and channel coding (FDD) 3G TS 25.213 Spreading and modulation (FDD)

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA 3GPP specifications - Release 1999 II

Aalborg University

3G TS 25.214 Physical layer procedures (FDD) 3G TS 25.215 Physical layer - Measurements (FDD) 3G TS 25.221 Physical channels and mapping of transport channels onto physical channels (TDD) 3G TS 25.222 Multiplexing and channel coding (TDD) 3G TS 25.223 Spreading and modulation (TDD) 3G TS 25.224 Physical layer procedures (TDD) 3G TS 25.225 Physical layer - Measurements (TDD) 3G TS 25.301 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA concept - main features

Aalborg University

UTRA FDD Multiple Access Method Carrier chip rate Pulse shape Carrier spacing Frame length Number of power control groups/time slots Time slot duration Modulation Spreading factor WCDMA based on DSCDMA

UTRA TDD TD/CDMA

4.096 Mchips/s Root raised cosine, r=0.22 5 MHz 10 ms 16 625 s QPSK Short codes (4 256) 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA frequency allocation

Aalborg University

UTRA/FDD is designed to operate in either of the following paired bands

a) 1920 1980 MHz: Uplink (Mobile transmit, base receive) 2110 2170 MHz: Downlink (Base transmit, mobile receive) b)* 1850 1910 MHz: Uplink (Mobile transmit, base receive) 1930 1990 MHz: Downlink (Base transmit, mobile receive) Deployment in other frequency bands is not precluded Duplex distance 190 MHz

UTRA/TDD is designed to operate in the following bands

a) 1900 1920 MHz: 2010 2025 MHz: b)* 1850 1910 MHz: 1930 1990 MHz: c)* 1910 1930 MHz: Uplink and downlink transmission Uplink and downlink transmission Uplink and downlink transmission Uplink and downlink transmission Uplink and downlink transmission

* Used in Region 2 Channel spacing: 5 MHz Channel raster: 200 kHz

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

UTRA concept: Radio interface protocol architecture around the physical layer

Layer 3 Control / Measurements

Radio Resource Control (RRC)

Logical channels Medium Access Control (MAC) Transport channels Physical layer

Layer 2

Layer 1

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

UTRA concept Radio interface protocol architecture

C-plane signalling GC Nt DC U-plane information

Duplication avoidance GC Nt DC

L3
control RRC PDCP

UuSboundary

control

control

control control

PDCP

L2/PDCP
BMC

L2/ BMC

RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC RLC

RLC

L2/RLC

Logical Channels MAC

L2/MAC
Transport Channels

PHY

L1
Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA concept
Aalborg University

Transport channel to physical channel mapping

Transport Channels DCH RACH CPCH BCH FACH PCH DSCH Physical Channels Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH) Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH) Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH) Common Pilot Channel (CPICH) Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH) Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH) Synchronisation Channel (SCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Acquisition Indicator Channel (AICH) Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator Channel (AP-AICH) Paging Indicator Channel (PICH) CPCH Status Indicator Channel (CSICH) Collision-Detection /Channel-Assignment Indicator Channel (CD /CA -ICH )
Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

UTRA concept Logical channel structure

Control Channel (CCH) Synchronisation Control Channel (SCCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH) Paging Control Channel PCCH Decicated Control Channel (DCCH) Common Control Channel (CCCH) Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH) ODMA Dedicated Control Channel (ODCCH) ODMA Common Control Channel (OCCCH) Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH) ODMA Dedicated Traffic Channel (ODTCH) Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)
Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA concept
Aalborg University

Logical channels mapped onto transport channels (UTRAN side)

SCCHSAP BCCH- PCCHSAP SAP DCCHSAP CCCH- SHCCH- CTCHSAP SAP SAP (TDD only) DTCHSAP MAC SAPs

SCH

BCH PCH CPCH FAUSCH RACH

(FDD only)

FACH USCH

(TDD only)

(TDD only)

DSCH

DCH

Transport Channels

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA concept
Aalborg University

Logical channels mapped onto transport channels (UE side)

SCCH- BCCH- PCCHSAP SAP SAP

DCCHSAP

CCCHSAP

SHCCH- CTCHSAP SAP (TDD only)

DTCHSAP MAC SAPs

SCH

BCH

(TDD only)

PCH CPCH FAUSCH RACH

(FDD only)

FACH USCH
(TDD only)

DSCH

DCH

Transport Channels

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

UTRA Concept
FDD Component

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Multiple access schemes Direct sequence spread spectrum

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Multiple access schemes DS-CDMA principle, modulation signal

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Multiple access schemes DS-CDMA principle, reception and demodulation

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

Multiple access schemes: DS-CDMA principle, multipath and interference reception

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Code tree for channelization codes

Aalborg University

c4 ,1 = (1111 ,,,) ,) c2 ,1 = (11 c4 ,2 = (11 , ,1,1) c1,1 = (1) c4 ,3 = (1,11 , ,1) c2 ,2 = (1,1) c4 ,4 = (1,1,11 ,)

SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

(spreading factor, code length)

c2 n

c n,1 c c2 n,1 n,1 c n,1 cn,1 c2 n, 2 = = M M c c n,n n,n c2 n, 2 n c c , , n n n n

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

UTRA Concept
TDD Component

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

3G UTRA TDD - TD/CDMA Channel Structure

Aalborg University

One Time Slot

Energy

1 - 16

Fr e

qu en cy
14

8 TCH per time Codes slot

TD/CDMA
2 4 6 8 10 12

CDMA provides interference control and high system capacity Wider channel enables high user data rates

Time

frame with 15 time slots

Up to 8 users can share up to 16 spreading codes

GSM backward compatibility is provided by n x 120 ms multiframe structure for handover purposes

Identical frame structure as FDD provides harmonization

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

UTRA TDD - Frame and Burst Structure

Aalborg University

10 ms frame duration 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 667 s slot duration N data symbols midamble N data symbols guard Code 1 Frame

N data symbols midamble N data symbols guard

Midamble length sufficient to estimate at least 8 different users Use of up to 16 codes per time slot is possible Spreading factor up to 16
{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Code n

Aalborg University

UTRA TDD - Frame and burst structure Burst structures

One Burst consists of 2560 chips Different Burst Types for traffic channels
M data symbols Midamble 256 chips Midamble 512 chips M data symbols TPC N data symbols N data symbols guard guard

Burst Type 1 Burst Type 2

a)

M and N depending on spreading factor Two alternatives for TFCI transmission

Code
2560*T c

Data Midamble TFCI

b)

2560*T

Source: 3GPP

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University

Aalborg University

UTRA TDD - Frame and burst structure Examples for UL / DL allocation

10 ms DL / UL ratio
14/1 10

Symmetric
10 ms

13/2 12/3 11/4 10/5 9/6 8/7 1 7/8 6/9 5/10 4/11 3/12 2/13

4:1 DL/UL asymmetry

10 ms

14:1 DL/UL asymmetry

10 ms

2:13 DL/UL asymmetry

Source: 3GPP

0.1

1 2 3

4 5

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Number of DL time slots

{petarp,imr}@kom.aau.dk ; Department of Electronics Systems, Aalborg University