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Introducti on
Cl ock m aki ng a ppe ar st o hol d : 1 f a s ci nat i on al 1of i t sown,par t i cul a r l y am ongs t m odt ) l e ngi neer s , many dec i di ng t o makc a el ok : k af t e rhavi ng ma de m odc l si A t -v a r i ol l st ypes .Tl l er e i ss omet hi ng a bs ol ut c l y f a s ci na t i l l g a bout cl o ck l ua ki ng t hat s e el ns t o dr a w on et o war ds i t . Thi s book i s i n t cnde d as a br i e fi nt r od uc t i on t ot hc t ool s ,m a t er i a l sa nd nR et hodsge ner a l l y us e d and t o of f er a l le xpl an at i on of gene r alf or m sofcons t r uc t i on.I ti snot a book of pl ans bt l tt hos e who ha N ' e s uf f i c i e nt cont i denc ec oul d us cl l ' 1 t ? i nf or l na t i on i t cont a i ns t o l ' nakc a s i n l pl ec l oc k.

t hc wor k. A l t hough a s peci al wor ks hop i s not r t l qui r e d l one t hi ng t ha t Br i 1 1 not do i st o wor k i n a ux l r ks hop t ha ti sf ul I of s v va r f and ot 1 1 c l -r ubbi s h. a ' Xt l ce pt i ng t hat ' we ca nnot a l s va ys l l a N ' e a cl i ni ca l l y el ca n pl ak l ci nN vhi c ht o oper at e,par t i c t l l a r l y i fi ts c r vk l ss t p s r t l r alpur pos es ,i ti ss t i l l pos s i bl et o l l l ak e a cl e an a r ea f or s pc ci al t l s u - al l d t l 1 i ss houl d be a pr i or i t y. At l or neroft ht lN v o r ks hop ca n bt lt r l ca l l e dl l 1 l dL l n y oi l01 -gr ea s el yi ng ( ) 1 1t ht ? be nch s ua bbc d of f Kee pt hi s ar ea cl ea n N vl l i I ( ) cl oc k n l a ki ng ope r a t i onsal vi n pr ogr c s s .l ti s a good i dk l at o 1 1 ' 1 a kt la f al s et op f or t he s vor kbe nc h and c ove ri tw i t h bai ze ora Al t hough c l ocks come i n a1 1s o r t s of s i n a i I a rna a t er i alwhi c hi ss of ' tan dwi 1 1 s ha pe sa nd s i z es t he bas i c pr i n ci pl e notc a t l s e da ma ge t o pol i s hed l mk l t a l . be hi nd a l l l ec hani ca l cl oc k la s not c ha nged f or a boutf i vk lhundr e d ye a r s . Aswi t ha 1 ln e u 'p r o j e c t s ,d on o tt r y Ofco ur s e m ode r nma t e r i al sa nd t ool s and r un bef or e yot lc a n wal k. Don' t ha ve s upe r s ed ed s om e of t he ol d cr s t a r tby t r yi ng t o bt l i l d a col mpl i ca t c d one s butt hi sa par tt he hor ol o gi s twi l l l mec ha ni s m s u ch a sa f ul I ' W ks t mi ns t er s t i l lt e nd t o wor ki n t he t r adi t i onal Chi l ne but r at he rn l a ke s om c t hi ng f as hi on.C l oc kn l aki ng ha sl ong b ee n si l npl c, A m e cha ni s l l l wi ' t has i ngl e pa r t of t he m ode le ngi nee r i ng hobb y hand i sa go od i de a. s t t ch : 1pi ec c w' l l e n r at h ert ha n bei ng e nt i r cl yt hc pr es er N ' c wel l pol i s he dt r a n l ook a t t r ac t i v ea s 0f t he hor ol ogi s t an d t hc t ype of wel l as be i ng f as ci na t i ng t o wa t c h wor ks hop owne d by t hc a vt l r agc wht , n i ti s wor ki n g. Vi s i tl mt l s et mn s m odel e ngi nce ri s qui t e sui t a bl cf or ' wl n e r e ( 2 l ock nR ovcm e nt s ca n be

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s t l t l l l ds f r i gl l t el l i l ' l g bt l tr eal I yi tl l l a kc s t 2 ( . ) 1 ' 1 p1 k z t t l s el ) s e. . A1 t hot l gl ) t le I l l t l vt l l nen t or l l l ec l l ani s l l li sr ot at i ng c ol l t i l l ' ua l 1 y.i ti sl ' l ar ( l 1 / . ' goi l ' l gt ( )br c ak ' a 1 1 3 , s s . r ( ) l ' l ds pk l t t c l l ' k l k r ol ' k l si 1s ( )t 1 ( ) i l l g.I t I l a s1 0r k l a ly N ' t 3 l ' k 't o do i l 1a sl nt l t l l lasi t i s( 7 1 7 I y dr i s ' i l l g1 t s t l l fa nd s ( )t hk ls l l l t l l bc ar i l l gs t l l l l ct : tl ' l f l st lt . la dN ' t l l t ag et l at i t ct l t st i i c t l t d l l( ' . 1 t l u' nt o al ' ni 1 1 i I l l t l l l ' l and i t s ll ' u s t l l tr edu cc st he p( 7 . v N ' t ? l ' I ' l k l t l dt l l . it t 'I ' t l l l1 1 ) i lgs .
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Thi si sa l l t l t hert hi n gN v hi ch e ngi nct l r s l ' nay f i nd a 1 i t t l k l di f fi ct l l t l o undk r r s t and. A s l ) 1 1 f t or s pi ndl t li ' s k l l t n vn as a n ar bor a l l dt he bea r i l l g s ur f a cc a tt l l k ' l t l ' l l di snot2 1s ha f tt ) l ' ax1 k ? but a pi vo t .( i ea r s bc eol ne s v he el si 1 1 s pi t e of t he s ' er y obvi ou st e ct h al I r ound t he l mt ht )I ' na ki ng ofN vhi ch i st l l t l l ' na i n par tofcl ot kl ' naki ng.AI t h ot l gh t he t c c t h on t hc N v hk l k l l sa r e c al l t r d t e e t h,s vhe nt h ey ar t l( ) 1 a pi ni on t h e y l t r t pf r e qu ent l y de s cr i bt l d a s I t l a v ds . The s egea r s( u' heel s )a r t ll na deol t hi n s e ct i on br a s s ,N vhi c hi si de al f o rt l l c I ' nc k r hani s l ' nt hat i s bci ng cons t r t l c t ed i n or de rt o gi ve : 1 go od t i t on t l l c

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s pi ndl c s( a r bor s) t le ya r e' l i t l e d on bos s es f r on)now on known a sc ol I e t s . To a ne ngi ne er ,a e 01 I e ti ss om c t hi ng whi c ho pe ns a nd c l os e st o hol dt ool s

H el p and A s si s t ance

The r ea r e: 1c ons i der a bl e num bc r ot ' pl a ns a vai l a bl ef or l naki ng cl oc ks of var i ous t ype s. Som e s uch a s t he orm at er i al . To a c l oc kl nake rt l l et e r m des i gns of J ohn W i l di ng ar es ol di n i ncl udes t he l e ngt h of br a s st l s ed t o book f or m, c om pl e t e wi t h f ul l s uppor t a wheel -a nd f i l l al l yt h er ei s i ns t r uc t i ons ,t ' he y ar et ob e ve r y hi ghl y t he m e cha ni s mi t s el fwhi ch i sc al l e da r ec om m e nded. Ot her ss i l ni l ar books mo vem e nt .I ti sa 1 Iver yc onf u s i ng a t ar ea va i l a bl ea s bas i c pl ans a nd i n f i r s tbutwe m us tr e l nt l m be rt hate ve r y s om e cas e s c om pl e t e ki t s c an bt l t r a d eh a si to wnt e r mi n o l o g y . j t l s t l o o k pur c has e d. Thc phot ogr aph on t h e f or exam pl e at t ha tt t s ed b y t ht ) f r ol l tc ovt ! r of t hi s bo ok i s one of a c ompu t ere ngi ne er . mo N ' e mt t n tma d ef r o mj u s ts u c hak i t ,

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b y Re pt on Cl oe ks a nd t hi st oo i sa n i de a!wa yt ol ear nt heba s i c sofc l oc k c ons t r u ct i on.The Br i t i s h Hor ol ogi c al l ns t i t ut e,Up t on Hal l ,Upt on,Newa r k Not t s .N 623 5TE s t ock a l ar ge r a nge ofbooksa nd ot he ri t e m sde al i ng w i t h cl ock m aki ng a nd i na ddi t i on or gani s e cou r s e s,bot h r es i de nt i al and hom e

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i mp os e d upon uscl oc ksa r ef as c i na t i ng. The r e ar e no he a vy c as t i ngs t o hu l up

a r oun 4t hewor ki sni c ea nd c l e a n an d

t he e nd r e s ul ti s wor t hwhi l e.Eve ni f a f t e rr e adi ngt h i sbo okt h er e a ders houl d de ci det ha tc l oc k maki ng i sno tf orh i m orh er ,i ti ss t i l lwor t h whi l et a ki ng a n nt e r e s ti nt he m ,t he i r hi s t o r ya nd t he b a s e d ao nt h es u b j e c t .Th e r ea r ea l s o i numberofs uppl i er sofcl oc k pa r t sa nd be au t y of t he f mi s h on m a n y ,i ni t s e l f booksbas e dt hr oughoutt h ec ount r y, c a npr o vi dean e ve r l as t i ng i nt e r es t .

C hapter 1 - H i st ory
Bef or e s t ar t i ng on cons t r uc t i onal he ave ns ha s bec n obs e r ved f or de t a i l sofc l oc kma ki ng,awor dort wo t hous al l dsofye ar sa nd t hi s move m en t i e d t o t i mek eepi ng o nt h ehi s t o r yof t h es u b j e c t ma ya s s i s t has been appl r e ade r si n an t l nde r s t andi ng of t i me- m t l t hods . The ne w m oon appear s k ee pi ng i n gene r al .l ti s not onl yt he eve r y t hi r t y da ys and t he s ea s ons hum an r a ce t hat us es t i me ke e pi ng r e pea tt he ms el vese v er yt wel f t ht i m ci t m et hods ,ani l nal s know'whe ni tt i mk l appe ar s w hi cl lf br ms t he b as i s of t he t og ot os l ee p or ,i fnoct ur nal , when t o ycar as w e now r ecor d i t . The s t a r ts ea r c hi ng f or t he i rf ood. Som e c qt l i nox es w' e r e wr el lkno w n and t l s e d pl a nt s ant lt r ee s wi ) l cl os e t l own f or r el i gi ot l s pt l r pos e sa nd s t a r sa nd f l o we r sa tni gh ta nd open t hem whe n s un we r e al m os t ce r t ai nl y us ed f or da yl i ght a ppea r s.Of cour s et hi s has c ar l y navi gat i on,whe t hera cr os ss e a or not hi ng t o do wi t h cl ocks a s we ha ve l and. come t ok no w' t hem ,t h ey ar er ea c t i ng i nga nd pr i ort ot heSt oneAg ei ti s t ol i ghtand da r ka nd pos s i b l y al s ot o Dur r y doubt f ul i f anyt hi ng m or e c hangi ng s e as ons. No doubt t he ve cc ur at et han t hi s woul d be r e qui r e d. hum a n r ac t l a l s o s t ar t e d i n t hi s a ft he s un wa sati t shi ghe s tpoi ntt h en f a s hi on,s l e epi ng dur i ng dar k nes sa nd I t was ha l f wa yt hr ough t he da y. a c t i vedur i ng t he da yl i ght . Th ec l oc ks i ns a r e nc vc r s a t i s f i e d wi t h i n us et he n wc r et he s un a nd m oon. Hum a s i cs a nd we c an onl ys pec ul a t e not nece ss a r i l y t he m os tr el i abl e ba tb ec am e de s i r abl et ob e abl et o s our c esa sf orv ar i ousr e a s on st hc y ar e when i pl i tt i me i n t o s m al l c r par t s and not a l wa ys vi s i b l e. Sue h pr i mi t i ve s xa c t l y ho w i t w' as donc. I ts e e ms m et hods -whi l e note xac t l yt el l i ng t he e ghl y pr oba bl y t hat a pr i mi t i v e t i m e of t he da y di d gi ve r e as onabl y hi undi alwoul d be t he f l r s tbas i cf or m a c cur a t eme as ur e me ntOft he s ca s ons p s of c l oc k. Put a s t i ck ve r t i c al l yi nt he ha dt hei rus e s. gr ound a nd w he nt hc s ha dow c as tb y l tuus n ot al Il ef t cn t i r el yt oc hanc e. t ha ts t i ck i sati t ssh or t es ti ti sm i dda y. Ar c ha eo l o gy and a nci e ntm a nus cr i pt s W ho knows -per ha psi twasa t r ee t ha t t el lt I st hat t he m o vem e nt of t ht t f l r s tg a ve s om e one t he i de at ha tt h e

s hado w of t h es un coul d be t t s ed t o gi ve : , . 1 app r oxi l mat i on 0ft i me . Sundi al s di d not r e m ai na ss t i c ks i n t he gr ound and we know s t one col um n s wer c us ed i n ea r l y t i mes . me t al pi l l ar s of var yi ng s hapes f ol l o wi ng t he m. Thi si snotho we vera book a bouts t l ndi a l s bu taboutcl oc ks .

i l npr ovc l ue nt sI ua de t ot he s ys t el n. i ncl u di ng ' ht t i n g a di al . ens ur ed t ha t t he wa t e r cl oc kr e m ai ned i nt l s t lf or hundr e ds ofye ar s . andl es wer e al s ou s ed as a m k l as ur e of t i m e.O n ce i tcoul d be es t abl i s he d ho w nx uch a c andl e bur n t down i na pa r t i ct l l a r pe r i od of t i l me .i t was a s i n 4 pI e m at t er t o nl : 1 r k t he s i des , s ho wi ng ho w l nuc ht i m e ha de l a ps ed s i nc et he ca ndl cwasl i t . Ki ng Al f r ed i s c r e di t c dwi t h bei ng t he l i r s tpcr s on t o us e ca ndl e sf ort i meke epi n g,al t hot l gh i f he a c t t l al l y di d bur nt he ca kes t he ca ndl es c oul d not ha ve be en ve r y r c l i abl e .l ti ss t i l l pos s i bl ct o bt l y ca ndl esl mar ked i nt hi s w' a y' 'nowa da ys t hcy onl y ha ve nov el t y val ue. An al m os ti den t i ca li de at ot hcca ndl e wa s t o bt I r n oi I ,i n a cont ai ne r wi t h l ' nar ki ngs t or et r l l r dt he t i l ' ne t ha t ha d pa s s e d a st he quant i t y of oi I' wa s r cdu cc d. Fors hor tt i m e pc r i odst hk l r e wa s al s ot he s andgl a s s wi t h' whi c h many ofus w i I Ibe f a l ni l i t l ras a nc gg t i l nc r .The gl ah ; s and qua nt i t y ofs a nd ha dt o be c ' ar e f uI l yl z a a t e l l ed t ot hc t i n' l er e qui r ed and s ot he s ys t el mN v as gener aI l y us e d onl y f or s pk l ei fi t 2 pt l r pos cs ,a si ndi c a t i ng i nl e nne di a t e t i 1 ' 1 ' 1 t ' lb k l t s v ee nf i l I i ng a nd e na pt yi l l gt hc gl a s su / a sn otpt l s s i bl c.
W lz d toft hk lr el i gi ot l sor der st ha ts vt p nt t ( ) pr a y er l l i gl l t an d da y? Sol ne t hi l l g N v as ne edt l dt ot eI 1t hel ' nv v he ni tN v as t i I mt lt og ot ot he c1: 1 ) 3 t ) 1 .F . vc nt hougl l t ht lPt l pe ha d dt t t l r t l t t dt ha t: 1 l lr cl i gi ot l s i l p s t i t t l t es sh t l t l l d hav eas undi al .t l 1 i s N v asofno us e af t e rdar k ori nl ' nuc h of t he N v k l at he r v v e ha vc i n Br i t ai 1 ' 1 .

Th es u n di a ls u b j e e ti ss ov a s tt h a ti t
c oul dt ak eas e par a t e book t o di s cus s i t .W ha twe do know i st ha ts undi al s we r ei n us e ar ound 200 BC a nd : 1 hundr cd yea r s or s o l a t e r a gea r ed me cha ni ca lde vi c e waspr oduc ed f o r na vi ga t i onal pur pos cs a ts ca , whi e h ma y orm a y notl av e be e n a pr i mi t i v e f or m of cl ock. l n 600 BC t he P op e de cr ee dt hat al lr e l i gi ot l si ns t i t u t i ons s houl d ha ve a s un di alas a m e ans of r e gul a t i ng t l l et i mes f or pr a y er s ot he hul nan r ac e wa sr e al l y be com i ng nl or e t i m c cons ci ot l s .
Not al It l l eN v or l d' sp opt l I at i on w' as ( lr i s t i an a nd N v t . t1 ' : 1 1 . 1 s tI ook a tt hos e c ount r i cs t hat h ad not a dopt e d t he r el i gi t l nt os e t . ' .' k vhc r t l pos s i bl c, ht nv t l l e ys or t ed t l l i ngsout .I ti sk noN vn t hat t ht r( l hi nc s t ha d t he i dea of t l s i ng u. ' i l l cr and al t hough t her c ' s v as a l 1 L l 1 ' l l bi . ? l ol v ' al i a t i t l nson l l 1 et l l t l l ' l l t ' ) t l e bas i c pr i nci ( 3 l t . )N v l st ot i I 1a c ont ai ne r N s r i t 1 )s v l t t er . As l l a a l ll ' l ol ei nt hebot t ol ' l ) y v ot l l d al l ( ) N N . 'i tt or t l l as va ya nd by I ' l p t l k l s l l r i lg t l l t rt t l l ' l t l t l l ' tt l l a tI l a d gol ' ! t ' li t N 5 . ' : t s pos s i bl k lt os e k l1 1 o vl ' nuch t i l z l e 1 : 1 ( . 1 pa s s c di ' t l l ( 1 .i ft he cont a i nc ry s r a s I l n ar ked y Ni l 1 ) gl at l t l l l t i ol l s -t ht ?t i I ' l ' ) e u k l k l l n s t t ' l . l cf h t l l t lbe s k l e l l1 ' t tl tgl a nce . Thi s t yl ck ) # ' cl k l ck e N ' t r n t t l al I y be ca l ue us e d : 1 l l ( ' ) N ' e1 't lc N N . ' t ) 1 l d k ) nd va r i ot l s

va r i ous i nge ni ot l sme as ur i ng dt wi c es t ha ts ounded al ar m s we r e de vi s e ds ' t he s ei ncl uded wci ght s on a p e ce of s t r i ng t ha t was s e t' l i r t lt o. Af t e ra per i odoft i m et het l a m ebur ntt h r ough t he s t r i n g an dt he we i ghtwoul d dr op on t o a gong t el l i ng t hem onkst ha ti t wa s pr a yer t i m e. The i dca w a s ext e nded t o i ncl u de a num ber of wei ght ss t r ung t oaf r am e .Thes t r i ngs wer e ofdi f l kr en tl engt h and s o bur nt t hr ou gh atdi f f e r entt i me s.I nt hi s wa y t hego ngc oul dbt ts ound e da t l t o ma t i c al l y a ts e ti nt e r va l s .
Nobody kno w s whon t he fi r s t me c ha ni c alcl oc kc a m ei nt o bei n g.b y whom or how i t wa si nv ent e d. The ol de s tcl ock known of i n Eur o pe was a t Sa l i s bur y Cat hedr al a nt li s da t ed 1 386. l ti ss t i l li n wor ki ng or de r , al t hough no l onge ri nt he t owe ri tc an be s e en i nt he na ve oft he Ca t he dr a l .l t i s qui t e an a dva nce d cl oc k. whi c h i ncl t l desam d cha ni s m f ors t r i ki ngt he hour s as wel l as one f or t el l i ng t he t i m e.Eve nt hi si s nott he l i r s tknown m ec ha ni ca lde vi c e:i n1 090 St lSung m ade a de vi c ei n Chi na t hatr ang bel l s a t gi ven i nt er va l s i n addi t i on t o d r i vi ng a ut om a t a al t hough i t di d no t ha v e a di al f or t i me ke epi ng. Dr i vi ng a ut om a t a was popul ar wi t h c l oc km a ker sa nd o nee a r l ye xa m pl eat W el l s Ca t hed r al .a nd bui l ti n 1 389. c an s t i l lbe s e en wo r ki ng.I ti sa v er y

be qui t e cr ud e, m a ny we r ei nf a c t s ophi s t i ca t ed pi ec es of m ae hi ner y. Ea r l y c l ocks wt p r c us e d f or pt l bl i c pur pos es and we r e ver y l ar ge. Gen er al l yt he y woul dbeho us edi nt he t o werofa e hur c h orc at hedr al .
The r e ar e r e cor ds of cl ocks f or dom es t i c pur pos e sa se ar l ya sl 3 43 i n Fr ance and Engl and. The e ar l i e s t s ur vi vi ng exa m pl e s da t ef r om ar ound t hc f i f t ee nt hc en t ur y and a r e of i r on c ons t r uc t i on, t he m ec hani s m bei ng s ca l dd down f r om t he l ar ge r oncs i n publ i c pl a c es .A l 1t hes ee a r l y cl oc ks we r e wei gh tdr i ve n and e xae t l y what da t et he pe ndul um r epl a ce dt he f ol i o c ont r ol we ca nnot s a y. Howe ve ra c l ai m i s m ade t ha ta cl ock was m a de wi t h pe ndul um cont r ol i n 1656. Spr i n g dr i vc i s hr s thear d of i n1 45 0 a nd t hdr ef or e pr eda t es t he us e oft he pendul t l m . Re gul ar i m pr o vem ent s wer e m ade t o t i me kee pi ng me chani sm, i ncl udi ng i n pa r t i c ul ar t he i n ve nt i on of ne w m or er e l i abl e es ca pem ent s a nd i n l 7l 5 Geor gc Gr aham i nvent e d t he de adbea t es ca pdm ent m aki ng c l oc ks m or c r el i a bl es t i l l .

l ti s qui t ea m azi ng t o t hi nk t ha t moder n m ec hani cal cl ocks wo r k on e xa ct l yt he s a m e pr i nc i pl e ast he y di d w he n Geor ge G r a ham i nvc nt ed hi s e s c ape me nt .Mat er i al sha vei mpr o ve t t t h br as sa nd s t ee lt a ki ng ove rf r om e l a b or a t ea f f a i rwi t hk n i g h t sj o t l s t i n g wi r on, ot her wi s e t he r e i s l i t t l e a nd a 1 ls or t s ofot herm o vem e nt sa ts et i f f er c nce i nt he ba s i cc ons t r uc t i on of t i m cs . W e do k no w t he r e f o r et hat di ny t ypc of m e c hani cal cl ock. M as s el ocks ha ve be e n i n us e f or many a oduc t i on was r eal l y t he onl y bi g hundr eds of ye ar sa nd a l t hough t he pr dvan ce me ntf r om t hen on,butm i nor cons t r uc t i on ofea r l y one sa ppca r st o a

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The f r a m e ofacl oc k wi l lge ner al l y be t oge t he r ,a t or nea rt he co r ner s wi t h pi l l ar s .Al 1p ar t sa r et l s ua l l y ma de of br as s exce pt i n exce pt i onal ca s es wher ewe m i ghtgu ta s t ee lf r a nl ef i t t e d wi t h bus hes .The pl a t e sa r es a wn a nd f i l e dt os i zean da f t e rens ur i ngl h ey a r e f l a ta nd s quar et he ys houl d bc hcl d f i r ml y t oget l l er w i t h cl a l ups . pr e f e r a bl yt hc t o ol ma ker s 't ype ur li l e t wo or t hr ee s ma l 1 hol es ar e dr i I l e d t h r ough s om d whdr el t l a rt l l t lcor ner s . The s e hol t l sar u t t o ac t z d ptpi nsorr i v et s t ha ta r et l s t t dt oc nsu r dt l l e pl a t es t l t ) not s e par a t e dur i ng ope r at i o1s ' onc m t ! t he pi ns a nd r i vo t s ar ei 1 1 pl a ct rt hk l ( 2 l al mps ca n be r el move d. The ne xtt as ki st oma r kt hd pos i t i on t oge t her a nd dr i l lt he hol es f ort hcl n; wt lw i l lcol n et o how t he yc an bt lf i t t e d s hor t l y.Oc ca s i onal I y cl ock des i gnsdo not ha ve t hi st ype of pl at es i ns t e ad t he y ar c ma dc N vi t hs t r i ps of br as s . l mor t ) ot z t cn l ha n no t ct l ti nt of anc y s hape sa nd i ns t ea d off ourpi 1 l a r st l l er i a ar e onl yt uo- one a lc at r ht l nd.The

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T he Pi l l ar s
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t ha ti sc onl l l l on t o al Il ne t hods i st ha t whe na s s e l nbl e dt he f r al me s m us t be r i gi da nd s qua r e.

Set t i ng O utT he Trai n

The m os tC omm on wa y Of s e t t i ng out t he t r ai n i st o s c r i be a s t r a i ght l i ne l e ngt hwa ys do wnt h e pl a t e s an dt os e t t he e s c ap eme nt ,ce nt r e or h our whe el a nd t he gr e a t whe eland ba r r e l al ong t hi s . Thet hi r dwhc clh ast o be s e ta ton e s i d ei no r d ert oa l l ow t he pi ni ons a nd whe e l st o mes h.J us t oc ca s i onal l y we c om e a c r os sa not h er dc s i gn w h er et he es c ap eme nta nd hourwhe ela r ei nI i ne a nd bo t ht he t hi r d whe e la nd ba r r e lof f s e t .Thi si s ver yr ar ca nd a ny de t ai l s r eq ui r e df ors uc ha na r r a nge me nt woul d be a va i l abl et i om t he d r a wi ng an da l l y i ns t r uc t i onsl ha tm i ghtgo al ong wi t hi t .

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wi l ld oj t l s ta s we l l ,t h o s et h a ta r e
Pur c has ed bei ng f a r m or e s ophi s t i ca t e d t h an neces s ar y f or oc eas i onal el ockl n aki ng pt l r pos cs . Thet ooli ss i l m pl yan n e ansofmes hi ng whe cl sa nd pi ni ons so rt wo whee l s or t h ee s c ape w' he eland pal l et s .s t at ha ta c hec kc an be n l a de t o ens ur et lc yr t l n pr oper l y.A pr of e s s i ona l l ymadc t ool wi I l be s pr i l 1 g I oaded and f uI l y

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t he s a m e wa ya s be f or e.

a d j us t e dun t i lt h e ywo r ks l no o t h l yi n

The pl a t e sa r e now com pl t z l ec xc ept t ha ti ft he cl ock i st ou s e a pe ndul t l l l la ba c k coc kl nus tb ef i t l t l d.Thi si sa br a cke tt ha ts t l ppor t st he s us pt t ns i on j br t he pendul t l m, w1 l i c h ca n bc f a br i ca t e d orm i l l edf r om ag o1 i dbl ock ofbr a s s .I tt a ke st hd t bl j n ofabr i dge t oc l ea rt he pal l etar bor .t he pi vot of whi c hl oc at e si n1 1hol ei nt he c ock, t he s us pe ns i o n bei ng i t t e d on t i ' l e ar bor be t we en t he pl at eand t he be ar i l l g, I ti s es s e nt i alf or t he goot lr u nni l g of t he c l oc kt ha tt heco ck i ss e cur ed hr ml yt o t hepl at ea nd w i l lnotwor kl oos e.I ti s a l s oe s s l n t i alt ha tt he es c a pe whc cl a r bor whe nf i t t e dt ot he c oek i sa t ni ne t y degr e est ot he pl a t e s.

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C hapter 3 P rovi di ng T he P ow er
M os t pe opl e when s t ar t i ng c l ock ma ki ng, be gi n wi t h a wei ght as t he Po we rs our c e and s o we wi l lI oo ka t ho wt hi si sdone l i r s tofa l l . As ui t abl e ba r r e li sr equi r e dr ou l l d whi c h al i ne c a n be wound.Thi si nt ur ni st i e dt oa we i ght , bu t not di r ec t l y be c aus et h e we i ghti sconne ct cdt o: 1pul l e ya ndt he dr i ve l i ne pas s e st hr ough t h e pul l e y a nd i sa nc hor e d on ornca rt he cl o ck. The us ualpl a ce i s one oft he pi l l a r s. Any t ubi ng wi I I do f or t he b a r r el . al t hough i t m us t be t hi c k wal l ed. Ge ne r a l l ys pea ki ng br as si s pr e f er r ed, m ai nl y bec aus e of i t s nonr us t i ng pr o pe r t i es ,bt l tt h er ei sno r e a s on why i ts h oul d not b e of s t ec l : ma ny ye ar s ago m os t cl oc ks we r e ma de of i r o n, a l t hou gh t heus e oft ha tm a t er i a li snot t o be enc our a ged t l nl es st r yi ng t o b ui l dar cpl i ca .A s pi ndl e,or a r bor a s ho r ol o gi s t s pr c f ert oc al li t ,i s pa s s e d t hr ough t hc l ni ddl e and o n on ee nd of t he a r b or i sl ts quar e. Thi si st oa cc ep t a ke y u' i t h whi ch t or ewi nd t hc l i ne whe ni tr ea che sa1 ow poi nt .

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Thc gr c at whe eli s mo unt ed on t he ba r r e lar borand dr i ve st he t r a i n vi aa pi ni ona ndapa r tf r om cut t i ngt h et e et h i ti sq ui t es t r ai ght f onva r d. Ast hewei ght un wi nds ,i t dr i v est he gr ea twhec la nd wh en t he cl oc ki sbe i ng wou nd u pt he r a t c he tal l o w si tt os l i p pa s t .

One e nd of t l l c ba r r eli s pl ai n-ot he r t ha nf ora hol et hr ough whi c ht he gut i ss e c ur e d. The ot he re nd f or ms a r a t c he tr ef e r r ed t oa st he c l i c k whee l : t hi s ca n ei t he r be m ade i nt egr alw i t h t he bar r el or f i t t e d pe r ma nent l y i n pl a ce t o an end ca p.How t he end ca ps ar e f i t t e d i s a m at t er of pe r s ona l choi ce, butt he r ei sm uc ht o be s a i df or usi ng s l na l ls cr e wst o hol dt hem i n pos i t i on a s i t e nabl es i t t o be di s ma nt l e d s hou l d a ny wor k be n ee ded on t he ar bon Al s oc onnee t e d t ot he a r bori s a whc elorge ar .i fyot l pr ef e r , ca l l c dt he gr e a t whe e l . Thi s c onnec t s vi a a pi ni on t ot he t r a i na nt l t he r at c he t pr dv ent st he ba r r e lf r om unwi ndi ng, exc ep twhe nc ont r ol l e d by t he r e s toft he cl oc k.To I oca t ei nt he r at ehe ti sa s pe ci al l y s ha ped m et al pl a t e known asa cl i ck a nd a s pr i ng t o hol di ti n pos i t i on. Al t hough t he bar r cl c an be l ef t pl ai ni ti s a good i dc at o ma ke a c ont i nuous gr oo ve i n i tt o al l ow t he gt l tt o wi nd on a nd of f e venl y .r ' a t he rt h an pi l eu p.A s m al l

T he R at chet
The r a t c het c a na gai n be of s t e clor br as s al t hough br as s i s gene r al l y r e comm ende da nd t he t ee t ha r e cu ti n t h es ame wa y ason aI 1t he whe el s . The nt l mber of t ee t h va r i e sc onsi de r a bl yde pe ndi ng on t he des i gn oft he c l ock. l 1 1s om e i ns t anc es de s i gne r s havc de l i be r a t e l y ke pt t be numbe r of t e e t h on t he r a t c he tt ot he m i ni l nu m .Thi s a l l o w si tt o be f i l ed t os ha pe,a voi di ng t he ne ces s i t y t o m ake or bt l y a s pec i a l l ys ha pe d ct l t t er . I n t hes e i ns t anc es t he t ee t h ar e cur ved i na ge nt l er adi us ,bot ht of a ci l i t a t ef i l i n g Cl i c k -m a de f or m har dened s t eel

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The C l i ck
Thi si st hd na m e gi v en t ot hepawlt ha t l oca t e s on t he r a t c he t and pr ev ent si t unw i ndi ng.I ti sus ual l yl i l e dt os ha pe a nd t he s ha pe i snotdi f hcul tt oma keq t he onl y c r i t i c al pa r t be i ng t hc di s t a nc e bc t wee nt h e hol ec en t r ea nd t he t i p oft he bl ade. I ts houl d be made

Cl i ck Spri ng

Tht ts pr i ng hol dst he cl i ckdo wn ont he r at c he t whe el a l l d m us tt h er ef or e be s t r ong e not l gh t t A do s o. whi l e att he s ame t i m e notbc i ng s o po we r f ulast o dr a g a nd caus c mor c powe rt o be nee dcd t ha n wou l d ot her wi s e ha v e be e ns o. Thes pr i ngsva r y co ns i de r a bl y f r om ga uge pl a t e and ha r de ne t tt hen i nl e ngt ha nd s ha pe a nd s o ma t e r i al s t em pe r dd t o a da r k bl u ec ol our .As a n l l l a yv a r ywi t h di f f er c nts pr i n gs .M i l d a l t e r na t i ve i tc oul d be m a de f r om l ui l d s t ec lca n be us e dt brm os ts pr i ngs a nd l t ho ugh i tm a ys oun t la m os tunl i kcl y s t eela nd c as el l ar de ned and whi l e not a t er i al . ham mer i ng t hi n s c ct i ons gi vi ng qui t e as good a r es ul t as t l l e ma aus cs a wor khar deni ng ef f e ct , pr c vi ous m c t hod a I ong l as t i ng and c es ul t i ng i n s pr i ngi nes s. Anot hp r r el i abl e cl i ck woul ds t i l lbe t he r es ul t . r
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CI i ckW 'he el

u s ef uk mat e r i a lt hat has a s i mi l ar ef f e et i s dr a wn phos ph or br onz e, a ma t e r i alwi t h a na t ur als pr i ng t oi ta nd whi c hi sal s o ver y ea s yt o wor k. Li ke a1 l pa r t sf or cl ocks s ui t abl es pr i ngs c an b: pur chas et l eom pl el et la nd r e ady f orus ei fone wi s he s -

The Pul l ey
The wei ghtt ha twi l ldr i v et he cl o ek i s s us pende df r om t hedr um vi aapul l e y, whi ch e f f c c t i ve l y ha l ves t he wei ght
27

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a ppl i ed.Ther ei s not: 1gr ca tdea lca n be s ai t lab ou tpul l e y cons t r uct i on'wu t a r ea I 1f a mi l i ar wi t ht hu ts ha pe oft he whe el w hi ch s houl d ge ne r a l l y be of b r a s s an dr un on a s t e e la xl e.The f r a m eoft he pul l e y ca n bem a de f r om a pi e ce ofbr as spl at ea nd t hati s: 1 1 1 t her er ea l l yi st oi t . A ppe a r a neeca n bt l i m pr oved by dr i l l i n g hol es i nt he pul l e y whe el .

T he

ei ght

Va r i ous m a t er i a l s1 1 1 : us ed aswei ght s whi c h ar c al s o made i n a var i e t y of s ha pes .A ni c el y pol i s hed l e ngt h of br a s st ubef i l l ed wi t hl ea di si dea l ;do r em e l ube rt ha ta hook i sr e qui r ed wi t h whi ch t o ha ng t he we i ghton t hc cor d a nd t hatt hi smu s tbe s e tc ent r a l l yt o t h e di amet ers ot hatt he wei ghthan gs s t r a i ghta nd docsnotl ea na ta n angl e. Al t hot l gh t he we i ght i sn z e nt i one di n t hi sc ha pt er .be ea us ei ti spar toft he dr i vi ng m ec ha ni s m, i tw i l lb e one of t he l as ti t e msr equi r e d.l ti s obvi ous t ha twe c anno tha ng a ny ol d wei ghto n t he c l ock an dc xp ec ti tt o ke e pt i me.I t 1 1 3 1 . 1 s t be s uf hci e nt t o kec pt hc cl ock goi ng wi t houtca us i ng i tt o wo r ka tt oo f as ta r at eand s ot hc a m ountofwei ght r e qui r ed wi l l be f or e xper i me nt .

A good i de ai st o gcta us e df ood c an a nd f i tt oi ts om om ea nsofat t ac hi ng i t t ot he l i ne f r om t h e dr um ,f i l lt l l et i n wi t h pi e ce s of l c ad or ot he r hea vy mat e r i a l and r un t he cl ock. Ke ep r e mo vi ng s m al l amount s unt i lt he c l ocks t ops . Thi shast obedoneo ve ra pe r i od of s e ver alda ys .W hen i t ha s

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c ons i der a bl yf r om t ha t des cr i be df br t hc wci ght dr i vcn cl ock.Fora s t a r ti t be comesobvi oust ha tonee nd mus tbe r emova bl ei no r de rt ha tt he s pr i ng c an

b ei ns e r t e db ut o t h e r ma j o rd i f T e r e n c e s
al s o oc cur . Al t hough notu nkno wn f o r a cl ock t o be dr i ve n di r e ct l y by a s pr i ng, pa r t i c ul a r l y i f one buys a ch ea p one, i ti s m os t ce r t a i nl y not good pr ae t i c e. W hi l et he we i ghtd r ops a t a gi ven s pe ed t hr ougho uti t sl c ngt h t he s pr i ng be ha ves vcr y di f f e r e nt l y. W hen t i ght l y coi l e d i t c r ea t es c ons i der a bl ymo r epowe rt hatwhe ni t i s onl y par t l y wound. W a t ch a cl oc kwor kdr i ven t o ya nd s e e ho w i t s l ows down w h en t he s pr i ng s t ar t st o r un down and of cour s e t ha ti s s om e t hi ng t ha ti s not wa nt ed i n a cl o ck.

s t oppe ; we i ght h ec ont e nt soft het i n,

a dd a bout hal f agai n and m a ke t he nni s he d we i ghtt ot hi sm e as u r e me nt .

Spri ng D ri ve
So f a rwt ?ha v e dc al tonl y wi t hc l ock s t hat a r e wei ght dr i ve n,whi c h m ea ns t h ey a r e ei t he rf i t t c di nal o ng c a s e or ha ng o n a wa l l .W ha ti fwe wan t our c l oc kt os i to n as hel f? I ti s ha r dl y pr a ct i ca lt o dr i l la hol ei nt he s hel fa nd r un a c or dt h r ough t ha tt o a wc i ght . The a ns weri st o dr i v et he c l oc kw i t ha s pr i ng:s om e t hi ng wi t h whi ch we a r e a l 1f am i l i ar and s pr i ngs a r e f r e el y a va i l abl e. The y ar r i ve c oi l e d and s e a l e dt i ght l y wi t haf as t e ni ng a l m os t r ea dy f o r us ea nd l i ti ns i de t he ba r r el us i ng t wo hooks c h , one of whi a t t a c hes t o a poi nt i ns i de t he ba r r el , t he ot he rt ot he a r bo r . Gr ea tc a r e m us t be t a ke n whe n dea l i ng w i t hs pr i n gsas

The Fusee
To av oi dt hi s pr obl c m i ti s us ua lt o connect t he s pr i ng, vi a a devi ce known a saf us e e,w hi ch i s at ape r e d and gr oo ved I e ngt h of br as s on a n ar bor ,on whi c hi ss e tt he gr e a twhe el . M uch t he s a m e wa ya st he s i t uat i on wi t h t he bar r e l on a we i ght dr i ve n c l oc k.A c or di s wr a pped r ound t he gr oo ves i nt he ba r r ela nd r uns t ot he f us e c. W he nt he s pr i ng i sf ul l y wound t he chor d pas s es r o und t he s m al l es t pa r toft h ef us ce ,e f f e c t i ve l ya c t i ng as a br a ke. A st he s pr i ng l os es i t s powe r s o t he c hor d wi nds t o a l ar ger di amet c r ke epi ng t he r ot a t i on of t he f us e ea ta ne ve ns pe ed.The a r bor on whi ch t he f us ee r u nsi ss i mi l a rt ot hat
29

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a dvi s a bl et o wear hea vy ga r de ni ngt ype gl o ves a nd m os t de f i ni t el y t o we a r pr ot e ct i on f or t he e yes .Speci al de vi c es a r e a va i l abl e f or s e t t i ng S pr i ngs i n ba r r el s and. whi l e i ti s

pos s i bl et o do s ob y ha nt ti fi n doubt
f i nd yourne ar e s tc l oc km ak era nd t a ke t hel ot al ongt h e r e,whe r ea s pe c i a l d ev i c e Wi l lbe a v a i l a bl e whi c h wi l le n a bl et he

j o bt obed o n ei nama t t e ro fmi n ut e s .

of t he ba r r el on t h e wei ght dr i ven c l oc k a nd t he ba r r el no w wor ks i nde pende nt l y oft hec l oc kmo ve me nt , pr o vi di ng t he po wera nd not hi ng el s e. The c l oc ki swound vi a as qu ar e on t he f us e ea r bor ,whi c hi nt ur nr ot a t es t he b ar r el .A st he s pr i ng i s hooke di ns i de t ha t ,i tt i ght e nsup,t o be r el ea s e da ta

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p u ti ti nt h et hr e e j a wc h uc k sf a c et h e

endand dr i l la h ol et hr ou gh i t sl e ngt h f o rt he ar bor .M a chi ne t he out s i de di amet e rt o s i z e a nd we c an now guar a nt eet hatt he hol ef ort he a r bori s t r ue t o t he out s i de di a m et e r . Se t t he r e gul a rs pee 4 wi t ht hef us eea e t i ng a s op s l i de over and m ac hi ne t he ac ont i nuous ge ar a nd compens a t i ng t r equi r e d angl e, t hen use ei t her a f or t he une qualt or que of t he s pr i ng. r adi us i ng t ool or a ha nd gr a ver t o To e na bl et he f us ee t o be wound t he ge ner a t e t he r equi r e d cur v e, wh i ch coni c al s ha pe d pa r ti s not di r e c t l y tbe s m oot h. at t ac he dt ot h e gr eatwhee lbutdr f ve s m us i t t hr ough a r a t c het as a l r e ady So f a ri tha sa l 1be e n ea s y goi ng but de s c r i be df ort hebar r el . Fr om t he r et he now we come t ot he onl yt r i ck y pa r t , p o we ri st mns mi t t e dt ot h er e s t oft heta i n. whi ch i st o ma c hi ne t he cont i nu ous gr oov e. A s e t up f or coa r s e s c r e w c ut t i ng wi l lt ak ec ar e of t he s pa ci ng Fus ee C ons t ruct i on w hi ch i st he s a m ea st ha tf orba r r el , s o l 1we nee di st o or ga ni s cat oolt ha t Ma ny pe opl ef i ghts hy ofm a ki ng t he a a n be a d j u s t e d i n de p t ha st h e f us ee a nd pr e f e rt o pur cha s ei t ,buti t c r r i a ge m o ves al ong.Thi st oo i s not i sat as kt hati s we l lwi t hi nt he a bi l i t y ca

dj mc ul t :m a keupapi e ceofs t ee lw i t h j bur pi ns st t e di ni t as s hown i nt he d r a wi n ga nd cl a mp i ti nt h et oolpos t Pa r al l e lt ot he l a t he axi sa nd f 5 ta s ui t abl yr adi us ed t ooli nt he end of a s qua r e bar t ha ts l i des ni c el yt hr ough t he g ap. Ei t he rf i t a handl et o t he oppos i t e end or w r a p a quan t i t y of i ns ul at i ng t a pe or s i mi l ar m a t er i al

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ope r a t i on, i n ba ck gea ri f pos s i bl e. Be t t e rs t i 1 1t l s t n: 1handl ei nl hc m a ndr el a nd r ot a t et hel a t heb y ha nd. Al t houg h i ti ss ugges t ed abo ve t ha tt he t o olbe madef r om s qu ar eba r hi si spur el yt o ,t pr e ve nti tf r om r ot a t i ng. Re ade r sw i t h s ut f i ci e nt conf i de nce i n t hei r own abi l i t y ca n us ea r ound on e. The t ool m us t r em a i n at or nea r t he s a m ea ngl e r o u n di tt oa v oi di n j u r y .( Do n o tu s e l oos e mat e r i al :i tm us tbe hel d sr n a l y t hr oughout oper at i ons t o be on t he t ool w i t h no da nger of i t s ucce s s f ul . The ope r a t i on i s not

c omi ng of f )I ti s no w p os s i bl et o d i f l i c u l t a n dt h e r ei sa1 o t o fc n j o y me n t
a ppl y ge nt l e hand pr es s ur et ot he t ool pr ot r udi ng t h r ought het oolpos ta st he c a r r i a ge m t we sa l ong a l l di nt hi sw' a y t o ma ke t he r equi r e d gr oov es .I ft he f i r s t cut i s not de ep e nough t he ope r at i on i se a si l yr e pe a t edbypi c ki ng up t he gr oovew i t ht het ool ,bet br et he I at h es t a r t st or ot a t e. Th eI a t hem us tb e

t o be gai ned f r om t he t kel i ng of h avi ng c r e a t ed a ni c el ys h ape df t l s e e. l ti s pr oba bl et ha tt he gr oo ves wi l l h av ea r ough f i ni s h on t he m s o cu ta pi e ce ofdowe lt oas ha pe t ha twi l If i t t hem a nd us i n g Br as s o or s i mi l ar pol i s hi ng m a t er i a ta nd w i t ht he l at he r unni ng underp owerand i n ba ck ge a r

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r un t l l t -dov v u t li : l l ( ) l l gt he gr oov e ul l t i la s l uoo l hf i ni s hi s obt a i nc d.Fi na l l y pa r t t l ' l ev v or k 0f ft ) ri fi ti st houghtt o be t oo l a r ge t o be par t e d of f ,s a wi tof f .l f s a w n,l l l ot l nti lon a l ' nand r clbdwee n c e nt r es ,t l s i l l g a ha l fc e nt r : att l 3 c en d t h ati ss awnswhi ch c an t he n be f ac e d t os i z e.A s ui t abl eh andt t l r ni ng r es t f or us i n g a ha nd gr a ver t o g et t he cu r vc a nd a s el f r el e as i ng han dl ct ot i t t he n n a ndr e la r e de s cr i be di nt h e book K Us ef ul ' W or ks hop Tool s '' whi ch i s nul mbe r 3l i nt he ' W or ks hop Pr a ct i ce Se r i es .

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pos s i bl t )t o obl a i na I ar ge di a nl e t er bol t .2 ' 1l ' ne t al s cr ap yar di s a good pl a c:t os e a r c l )f ors ol ne t hi ng s ui t a bl e. Tht lot he rc nd oft hi sn l us tbe c e nt r e d a nd s t l ppor t edby t l l et ai 1 s t oc k. Tak ea l l ut t h at f i t st he t hr e ad and s i l v er s oI der .or i 1s ol ' ne ot her f a s hi on f i ta s h or tl en gt h ofmi l ds t e elba rt oi t . I fi t i sI a r ge enot l gl l per ha ps a c oupl e of s m al Is c r dwsur oul d do t he J ' ob.Us ea pi e ce of ba ra tr i ghtangl e gt ot hi st o con ne ctt ot hd s c r ewcu t t i ng t ool , vi aa s l oti nt he f i r s tpi c ce. W hent he l a t he i s r o t at e dt he t oolw i l ln ow m o vc al ong t he t hr ea da nd w i t ht h et ooli n cont a c t wi t ht he f us ee t he c ont i nuous gr ot we wi 1 )be m ade. M os tpeopl e wi t ht he s n a a l ll a l h esl h atar et l l eone sl i kel yt o l a ck se r e s vct l t t i ng f a ci l i t i es , ar e t l nl i ke l yt o be l ua k ' i n g a cl oc k whi c h woul dr eqt l i r e8 ,I ar ge di a l ne t e ' rf us e e and t he abov e me t hod w' i l lt he r ef or d v v or k qui t eN v eI I .

Unt br t u nat e l yl hk la bov emet ho dsonl y a ppl y ' w' hen a l a t he ha ss ui t abl es cr e wcu t t i ng f a ci l i t i e sand t hi si s no tal wa ys s o.Ge ner al l yi l' woul dbea dvi s abl ef or t hos e wi t hot l tt hes e f a ci l i t i cs t o pur c l l as eaf us e cr ea dy m a dc.Son ' l : pcopl tdonotl i kct obu ys uchi t en ' l sa s t he yl i ke t he f e el i ng of ha vi ng n l add eve r y par tf or t hen l s el ves . Fo rt hos d pe opl e ,l ti s pos s i bl e wi t h a l i t t l e
i nge nt t i t y t o put on a c ont i nuous t hr e ak l i n t hes e ci r cul ms t ances i f s t t f f i ci ent l y det c r l ni ne d o or per haps

on t l ' l es al l l t ' t : 1 r bol ast l l k lc ent r cs vl l e eI . Thc ce nt r e whee lhas s i x t yf our t ee l h and as i fc a r r i cs1 1 ) eI ni nut e hand 1 1 : 1 s t r ot at e onc e an hour . Thi si n t ur n con ne c t s' wi t ha ne i g bt l eafpi ni o n on t hi r d whe el ar bor , w' l l i ch ha ss i xt y ee t h.I tconne ct st o anot he rei gh t l ea f Bas i c al l y t her ef or e we have f our t pi ni on on t he c s c ape whe el . ' W he n whe el sand t hr e e pi ni ons ,whi ch i sa d es i gni ng 1 t r ai ni ti se s s e nt i a lt ha tt he ni ce e as y m ana gea bl e num ber , es ca pe wheel s hal l m akc s i xt y Par t i ct l l ar l y f or anyone ver s e d i n r e vol ut i ons ( s e conds ) f or ea ch one engi nee r i ng m at t e r s. Var i ous e vt a l ut i on of t he cent r e whe el c ol nbi na t i ons of whe el sa r et l s e d but r ( mi nut es ) . To c heck t hi s mul t i pl y t he r e m us t be a l ogi cals eque nce .Le t t oge t her t he num be r of a1 1 t he t e et h i n us s t a r t wi t h a h ypot het i cal cl ock, t he dr i vi ng whee l s and di vi de t he a l t ho ugb t he t r a i n us e d wi l l be one a ns we rbyt henu m ber sofl e a vesi nt h e t h ati s qui t e com l l l on. pi ni ons ,l mul t i pl i ed t o get he r .W i t ht he The gr ea t whee l connec t e d t o t he e xa m pl el ha t ba s bec n us ed t he d r um a r bor h as ni ne t ys i xt e et h and t k m mul ai nt h t ! ap pe n t l i x gi ve sa l lt h e wi l lc onne ctw i t h an ei ght l e afpi ni o n de t a i l sr e qui r e dt os eeho wi twor ksou t .

vi r t ual l y eN r er y cl t n ck, Th e gr ea tw' he el df i v cs a pi ni o n,whi c hi nt ur n dr i vcs t h e ce nt r c whe el . ' t l l c pi ni o nc onnec t e d t ot ha tgoc st ot l l t lt hi r d wheela nd t he Pi ni on f or t ha ti si nt ur nc onnec t e dt o t he es c a pe wh eel .

Cont i nt l i ng f r om t he powe rs up pl y t owa r ds t he ds c a pement a r e a pa i r of whe el san d pi ni onsde s i gna t ed ast hc t hi r d an d hourwheel s .The yf or mt hc j u s tt ob e a tt h eo d d sa n dd ot h e s e ma i n par toft het r a i n ofwhee l skno wn t hi ngst brt he n n s el ve s. ast he gof ng t r ai n whi c h eonne ct st h e powe r uni t . whe t he r i t i s a dr um and Thc f us e e wi l lha ve t o be hni s he da s ght or : 1s pr i ng and f us ce ,t ot he f ar a s s hapi ng a nd dr i I l i ng i s wei e s e ape m e nt . s vhe n f i r s t l ooki ng i nt o a e onc er ned. M a ke a s ui t a bl e we l l cl oc k i t a ppc ar s t o be a i ungl e of f i t t i ng m a ndr e 1butf i tt heendt ha twi I 1 l s and pi ni ons a nd i ti st hi s go i nt he t ai l s t oc k ce nt r ew i t h al engt h whee a ppa r c nt di s or der t ha t f r eqt l e nt l y pu t s ofs t uddi n g wi l h ac oa r s et hr ea d. Thi s P C t op I e o f f m a k i 1 g or r e p a i r i n g a t hr e ad w i 1 It l l t i ma t el y bc t he one ock.W hi l et hes e ge ar sa nd pi ni ons t r a ns f e r r e dt ot h ef us e es oi tw i l lne ed cl y be i nan um be r ofeom bi nat i on s , t o ha ve a I a r ge di am e t e r ,i n or de rt o ma t he a ct u al t br m a t i on i s t h e s al ' n e f or get a s uf f i ci ent l y coa r s e pi t ch. i f
3 2

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C hapter 4 - P endul um s
A pe ndul um i s des cr i be da s a hea vy t i m ed by us i ng hi s pul se. The pa r t i c l e,s us pende df r om af i xe d poi nt i m por t a nt t hi ng a bout i t wa st ha tt he by a f i ne i next ens i bl e ma s s l e s sr i gi d os ci l l a t i ons we r ei s och r onous whi c h ns s i m pl yt hat t he t i me f or o ne t h r e a 4s ot h a ti ti sf r e et oo s c i l l a t eo n m ea av er t i c alpl a ne.Ga l i l e ot he f a m ous compl et e os ci l l a t i on wa s al wa ys t he as t r onom er i s cr e di t ed wi t h s a m e.Hi ss on i sc r e di t e d wi t ht he fr s t di s co ve r i ngi ta nd l ege nd ha si tt ha the us e oft he pendul um a nd what e v ert he was wa t c hi ng t he m ove m en t of a t r ut h of t he s t or y i t has s t ood s wi ngi ng l amp i n chur ch whi c h he ho r ol o gi s t si n good s t ea de ve rs i nce.
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Toget h erw i t ht h ee s ca pemt l n tand vi a t he s us pcnsi on a nd c r ut ch t he pe ndul um i s r cs pons i bl e f ol m ai nt ai ni ng t i m e, usi ng Gal i l eo' s di s cov er yt ha te ac h os c i l l a t i on t a kes t he s amc pc r i od of t i m e. A s i m pl e pend ul um c ons i s t soft hr e e par t s;t he r od, t he b ob and a r a t i ng nut , a 1 l r e qui r i ng c a r e f ula t t e nt i on i ft becl oc k i st of unct i on pr oper l ya nd i st o be a cc ur at e.The num be r of t i m es t he pendul um vi b r a t esors wi ngsde pe nds on i t sl e ngt h and i ss e l e ct e da c cor di ng t ot het ypeofc l oe k bei ng m a de. Lon g s u c ht ha ta d j u s t me n t sc a ne a s i l yb e ca s ea nd wal lcl ocksm or e of t e nt ha n ma det ot a kcear eoft heva r i at i o n. notw i l l ha veapendul um t hatvi br at e s onc e pe rs ec ond, 's ma l l e rcl oc ks w i l l ha ve cor r es pondi ngl y s hor t cr pendul um s a nd wi l l vi br at ef a s t e r . Q
A A

Al t hough a pe ndul um a ppea r st o move ba ckwa r ds ant lf or war ds i t ac t ual l y t akes a si nus oi dal l ' not i on, a m ove me ntt hati s not qui t e a ci r cu l ar one, but w hi c h f or al l pr ae t i cal pur pos es we ca n cons i de r as a n or di nar y bac kwa r ds and f or war ds m ove m ent . Thi s i s cont r ol l e d by gr a vi t ya nd as a r es ul tt he di s t a nce f r om t he t r ai n t ot he bob v ar i es a cc or di ng t owhe r et hependul um i si n us e.The r ei saa l s o a va r i a t i on i n gr a vi t at i onal pul l pendi ng on t he , de hei ght a bo ve s ea l e ve l . Tl 4 el a t t e ri s

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Thi s me ans t ha tt he l eng t h of t he Suspens i on Pe ndul um i s al s oi n di r ec tr el a t i on t o The s us pe ns i on cons i s t sofat l a ts pr i ng t he cl oc k t r ai n: a pe ndul um t ha t t ha t i s s t r eng t he ned at t he ends wi t h vi br a t es e ver ys ec ond wi l l ne e d met a l bl oc ks a l l owi ng one end t o be di f f e r entt r a i nt o ahal f s ec ond one. s u ppor t ed by t h e ba c k co c k a nd t he ot h e rt oc onne c tt ot he pe ndul um. The s pr i ng mus t not be t oo l ong or t oo s t r ong a nd a tt he s a m et i m ei tm us tnot be t oo we ak ei t he r .M os t de s i gns wi l l gi v ei nt br mat i on on t he co r r ec ts i zc of s pr i ng t o be us e d:i fno ti tw i l lha ve t o be a m at t e r of t r i al a nd e r r or . For t unat el y t he r e i s a r cas ona bl e a m ou nt of l a t i t ude a va i l abl ei ns pr i ng s el ec t i o n bt l ti fi n doubt i ti s wor t h c ons i der i n gt h e pur c ha s e of a r e ad yma de u ni tf r ol ' nas u ppl i e r ,h a vi ng i n mi nd t ha t unl es st he s pr i ng s e l e c t i on a nd m a ke up i sr i gh tt he c l o ck w i l lnot f t l nc t i on pr t l pe r l y.The ba c kc ock al s o nee ds t o bk l ma ' de and as s embl ed ca r cf ul l ya s ,i fi ti soutofal i g nm e nt , t he pe ndul t l m c an not f unc t i on pr ope r l y .l t mus t al s o bema dewi t hs uf l i e i en ts t r e nj p r t h t o gi v e good s t l ppor tt ot he s e t up.

The R od
The r od mus t be s t r a i ght a nd ha ve 2 1 s t l i t abl eme a nsofco nnec t i ng i tt ot hc s us pe ns i on t l ni ta t one e nd.The end t ha tf i t st hr ough t hk lbob i st hr ea ded t o a cc ept t he r at i ng n ut . De pendi ng on t ht lt ype ofbob i tmay be ne c es s a r yt o m ak et he e nd s quar es ot ha tt he bob ca nnot t wi s t outof l i ne.Sel e c t i on of ma t e r i a lf ort her od i si mpor t a nt .l thas al r e ady bee ns t r es s ed t ha tf or cor r e c t oper at i on t he wei gh toft he pendul um

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mus tbe c onc ent r a t ed i nt he bob and i f a hea v yr od i se m pl o yed t hi s wi l !t a ke t h e we i ghta wa yf r om t ha ta r ea. Ther e i s al s o as l i ght pr obl em ofex pans i on and cont r a ct i on of t he r od w i t h t em pe r a t ur e cha nges . M any i de as ha ve be en i nt r oducc dt oc om pe ns a t e f or t hi s :s om e s i mpl e, ot he r s ve r y c ompl i c a t ed. W he t herornott he h ome co ns t r uc t or wi l l want t o go t o t he ef f or t of m a ki ng a com pens at i ng ver s i on i s a m at t e rf or i ndi vi dual choi ce. Doi ng s o i nvol v es cons i de r a bl y m or e wor kt ha n ma ki ng as i mpl e on e but no doubt c oul di n

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i sI nva r whi c h a l t hough e xpe ns i ve ma y not be pr ohi bi t i vel ys o and has t h e ad va nt a ges ofbei ng l i ght ,e as yt o

wo r kwi t ha ndn o ts u b j e c tt oc h a n g e s
oft e m pe r a t ur e.

The end oft he r od ha st o be t hr ea ded t oa c ce ptt he r a t i ng nut ,whi ch al l ows

a d j us t me n t of t he h e i g h to ft h e

r eg ul a t o r .l far ound ort ubul a r bob i s bei ng us e dt he nt he r od c an be I ef t r ound whe r ei tpa s s es t hr ough' ,i fone of t he f l a tt ype i s us e dt hen t he r od wi l l hav et oh av ea s qua r e on i tt o pr e ve ntt he bob f r om t wi s t i ng i n us e. i t s e l fb ea ni n t e r e s t i n gp r o j e c t . Ens ur et ha tt he s qua r ei spos i t i oned i n s uch a wa y t hat t he bo b wi l l r e m a i n As s umi ng t h at at t hi ss t a ge anywa y , pa r al l el w i t h t hc t r a i n w' h e n s wi ngi ng. r e ade r sar e goi ng t o be c ont en tw i t ha f al l o we d t ot wi s ta t an a ngl et he s i ngl er od t hen t he mat e r i alc hos e nf or l l a nceoft hependul um wi l l bc ups e t . i ti s wor t hc onsi der a t i on.W hi l e br as s ba l ooks ni ce i ti s al s ot he m e t al t ha t s uf f er s m os t f r om t e m pe r a t ur e c hal z gesa nd s oi fi tus e df brr ' ea s onsof The Bob a ppea r anc et he r od s hot l l d be as t hi n Al t houg h we t e nd t ot hi nk ofbobsas a s pos s i bl e or al t e r na t i ve l y us ct hi nbe i ng m a de ei t her i na l e ns s h ape or wal l e dt ubi ng.Al um i ni um t ubi ng i s r ount ti nf a ct .man y cl ocksus edqui t e al s o a us ef ul m a t er i al a nd h as t he f anc y s ha pes ,i n pa r t i c ul ar Fr ench a dva nt a geofbei ng l i ghta nd al l owi ng c l ocks wer e ador ned i nt hi s wa y.but t he wei gh tt o be conc e nt r at e di nt he of c our s e ma ny Fr enc h cl ocks wer e bob.W ooden r ods ha ve t he adva nt a ge not ed f or t hei r or na t e appea r a nce t hat t he m a t e r i al i sl e ss l i kel yt o a nywa y.l n ge ner alt hehom ewor ke ri s expand or cont r a ct wi t h cl i ma t i c goi ng t o us e one of t he t wo s t a nda r d condi t i ons a nd on a l o ng c as ec l oc ka t ypes a nd s o i ti st hes e we wi l l pi e ce of do we lc an m ake a ve r y

ef f ec t i ve r ot t asi ti sal s ol i ght we i ght .

I ts houl d be wel ls e al ed w i t h va r ni s h or s i mi l a r me di um t o pr eve nt t he abs or pt i on of moi s t ur e f r om t he at m os pher e. M a ke c er t a i nt h at t h e doweli s pe r f e ct l ys t r ai ght i nt he f i r s t pl ac e.as i ndce d m us tbe an y mat c r i a l
38

conccnt rat e on.

For s mal l cl ocks a nd pr obabl y wal l m ount e d one sa s wel lt he s t a ndar d l e nss ha pe d bob i s us ual an d not di f l i c ul tt om a ke.St a r tby m a chi ni ng a hol l o w i n a pi e ce ofha r d wood;m ake s ur et he m a chi ned s ur f ac ei s pe r f e ct l y

s moot h.Cutout t wo di s k sk ) f br as sk t l i t t l el ar ge rt ha tt hc out s i de di an l e t c r oft hepr o pos ed bob a nd al l nealt lc nh , i f nec es s ar y r e n l ar ki ng t he ci r cl t l s af t eranne al i ng. A good al t er nat i ve t o br as si sg i l t l i ng l maalwhi c hi sl ' nuch m or e duc t i I ea nd nee ds l es sa nne al i l l g t ha n nor l ual br as ss hce t . Us i ng t woode n bos s i ngl mal l ct ss ha pct het wt ) di s ksby gc nt l y ha mmc r i l l gt hem i nt o t he hol l o w si nt he bl ock. As s oon a s t hebr a s ss t ar t st owor kha r dc n. a nne al t hem agai n ant l kccp doi ng s o whe ne verne ce s s a r y' - do not undera ny ei r cum s t a nc es t r y an d w' or kt he l ' net al i fi t har dens . Dt l r i ng t l l e s ha pi l l g ope r a t i ons t ak ec ar et h att l e wor ki s ke pt c en t l a lt ot he ci r et l l uf e r ene e of

t hc 1 , k ) l I ( ) wr s .l ti s al It oo e as yt o ha ve t he N v or ks l i de t o one s i de dur i ng t he hoI 1 ou' i ngot l t pr oce s s an d i n' whi c h ca s et he bob vi . I Ibe ofno us e ata l l . Per i odi cal l y put t he t u' o ) ) i eces t oget h er t o c hec k t he ' h t - unt i lt he k l ' dges n a ee t al It hc u' a yr oul d. Eac h pi e c e nt l cds a s n n a l ls e c t i on ' I i l ed out f ort her od u nd a nd att hi ss t age l i t t l c l mor e t han a 1i c k y vi 1 l do. W ' l p k ? n s a t i s f i e d wi t h t he ho1 1 ou' i l l got l t pr occ s s s dr i l la h ol c a bou t 5. . 1 ( l ' i ns di a n z e t e ri nt he c e l l t r t l of ont l of t l l e pi ec esand debur rt h ei l ol cs . Cl ea nt h e pi ec es t l pb ys oa k ' i ng t h el ' n i 1 a s ol ut i ( ) n of ci t r i c aci d: t wo t a bl e s poons t o a buck et of wa t er i s
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a boutr i ght . Tl l t ? y ne e dt os t xl ki ni tf or ac oupl e ofhour s ors ot oc ns ur et he y a r k )cl ea ne nt A u gl lt o be s i l v ers ol de r ed t oge t he r . Ma ke up a s ol t l t i on of f l ux by m i xi n g i lw i t h m et h yl at ed s pi r i t s i nt o as m oot h pas t e and s pr c ad i t r o und t h ei ns i d e edge s ofea c h pi e ce . putt he t wo pi ec e st oge t he r ,wi t ht he Pi e ce w i t h1 1hol ei ni ton t op,maki n g s ur et h e edge sm e eta nd t ha tni c kst hat ha ve be en f i l ed ot l ta r el e velwi t l lea ch ot he r .La yt he a s s e m bl y on a br i ck a nd puta wei ghton t op s ot he pi c ce s wi l l r e t a i nt hei rpos i t i on. Wh el lcompl et el y s a t i s l i ed t ha tt hc pa r t sa r t ll oca t e d
c or r e ct l y he at t hen) up and appl y s i I vers ol de ra bot l tt l l r eeorf ourpl ak r es r ou nd 1 ht led ge s .f' ooli tt l f fand pu ti l ba c ki nt hca ci dt o el e an i t .

W' i t h a ne edl e f i l ea ope nt he pl a ces u' he r et he ni cks ha ve be en made a nd f i l eas qua r et brt he pendul um r od t o go t l z r ough. The t op hol e ca n bc opene d wi t h at ape rr ea m ert o obt ai na r ound hol e. M a chi nc a I e ngt h ofbr as s t ubi ng s ot hati ti s a pus hl i ti nt he 5 /l 6i l l s di amet er hol e. Nl a ke u p a s h or tl engt h ofr o dt he s a l nedi amd e r ast ha tus e df ort hepe ndul um a ndw i t h

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as qua r e on i tt ha ti s al s ot h es a m e. Pa i ntt hi s .us i ng ei t hercmul s i on pa i n t or by us i n gt h e whi t e Pui d w' hi ch t ypi s t s us ef or c or r ce t i on pur pos es . W hen dr y opus hi ti nt ot hebob-f i tt he t ubi ng i nt ot he hol e and t he n hea t s om el e adt om cl t i ngpoi nta ndpou ri t t hr o ug ht het ubeu nt i lt hebob i sf ul l . l t wi l ls pi 1 1outoft hee dgesbt l tt hi si sof nO COI I S C QI J OF I C Ca Sal l yS t l r pl usCa n be cl e ane d of fl at e r ,Sol de r a di s ki nt he

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R ound Bobs
Round bobsatf i r s tgl anc es e em t o be f a r ca s i e rt o ma ke t ha nt he l e ns t ype

an di ns om e wa yst he ya r e: ,t hi sdoes no tm e an t ha tc ar e ne ed notbe t a ken j nt hef rm a nuf a ct ur e. Thef i ni s ht hati s r e qui r e d hascons i der abl e be a r i ng on ho wt he ya r em ade .Fore xa m pl es ome Peo pl e ar e cont entt o dr i l la pi ec e of c a s ti r on ba ra nd us et hat , whi chwhen c l e a ned an d pai nt e dc a nl ook qui t e go od whi l e att he s a met i mei ti st h e mi ni mum oft r oubl et om a ke. Th e onl y t hi ng t ha t ne eds pa r t i cul ar ca r ea nd a t t ent i on i st oe ns ur e t h at t he hol e d r i l l e ds ho ul d be a ni c ef i tf or t he t hr e a df or t he r a t i ng nu t .The s a me pr i nc i pl ec oul d be a ppl i ed us i ng a l e ngt h ofbr as sr oda ndt hi swou l dgi ve a be t t e rappe a r a nce butl es swei ght .

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t ol e ad i s one oft he l o wme l t i ng poi nt al l o ys s ol d f or cas t i ng i n r ubbe r m oul ds . Thes e al s o ha ve t he a dva nt aget ha tt hey a r eno tt oxi ci nt he s a m e wa yt ha tl e a dc an be.De pe ndi ng on t heamountofwei g htr e qui r ed ot he t ube doe s no tha ve t o be f i l l e dt ot he ve r yt op, butm a kes ur et ha tt hesl l i ng ma t e r i a lf i l l st hear ea c om pl e t el y and t he r e ar e no ai r pocke t st ha tc oul d t hr ow t he bob of fb al a nce.Th e fna l ae ti st or e m ove t he s t e els pae e ra nd puta br a s spl a t eo vert he t o p:t hi sca n be s of t s ol der ed i n pos i t i on. Al t e r na t i ve l yabr a s se nd c anbem ade wi t h al i ps ot hati ti sa pus hf i ti nt he t ube.Thi s al l o wsmo r ewe i gh tt o be a dded i fr equi r e d. A mer i c an and Fr e nch cl ocksof t e n us e af a nc y s ha ped bob a nd t hes e ar e us ua l l y ea s t .t ' he y ea n be bought .To ma ke t hc m one s e l fr equi r es e i t he ra hi gh de gr e e of s ki l li n be a t i ng s he et me t a lt os ha pe or t he a bi l i t yt oma ke s ui t abl e pa t t e r ns t o ha ve t he s he l l s c as t .Any ca s t i ng woul d be be s tdone us i ng t hel os twa x pr oce s s . Thi swoul d me a nt he bo b com i ng s t r ai gh tf r om t he f oundr y wi t h a f i ni s h s ui t a bl e i mm e di at e l yf or us e.Tr yi ng t oc l e an up a no r di na r ys a nd ca s t i ng woul d be f ar f r om e as y a nd e ve nt hen i ti s doubt f uli fa s ui t a bl el l ni s h coul d be obt ai ned.
The Rat i ng N ut Th er a t i ng nuti sm a det of i tt he t hr ea d on t he r od a nd ca nt ake a l m os ta ny
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s a nd.Hea tt l l es a nd f r om under nea t h o r i g i n a lf o r mt o o li so n l yj u s ta b o u t un t i lt he m e t al t ur ns a da r k s t r a w e t i c i e n tc n o u g hf o rt h ej o ba n dn e e d s c ol our a nd t he n qu enc hi ti nt he oi l an y hel pi tca n ge ti nr oundi ng of ft he o n c emo r e . F i n a l l yj u s tr u bt h et o po f s i l ve rs t e elbar . t he cu t t i ng edg esw i t l l t ts l nal l oi l s t on e i nalt as ki st opa r tt heba rof fa nd t op ut s o me t hi ng of a n edge o nt he m Thef t hi si ss om e t hi ng whi c hs ome peopl e a nd t he t ooli sr e ady f orus t ) . Gnd di mc t l l t . M uc h depc nds on t be To m a ke t he ac t ualcut t er .s t a r tw i t h a qt l al i t y an ds i z c oft he I at he a st o how l e ngt h of s i l ver s t e c l ba r m ou nt ed i n e as yi ti sa nd i fpos s i bl ei ti s be t t e rt o t h et h r e e j a wc h u c k. Th edi a me t e ro f us ea r ea rt oolpos tf ort he wor k.For t hebar , wi t hi nr ea s on,i snoti m por t ant t hos e who r eal l y ca nnotf a ce up t ot he a sl ong a s whe nt he m a ndr e lt o whi ch i de a of t r yi ng t o pa r t of f a pi e c e of i t wi l l be f i t t ed i s al l owcd f or , s i l ver s t t p el of t hi ss or t of di am e t e r s u c i e nt de pt hi sI ef tt o obt ai nt he t he r d i s anot he r w' a y r ound t hi ngs . f ul l de pt h of t he t ee t h. The cha r t W hen t he m a t er i a li sf i r s tput i nt he s hows t he r a di us a nd t he r ef or et he c huck,l ea ve a n ov er hang of a bouta n i nc ha nd a hal f ,or f or t y mi l l i me t r es , but s t i l l m a chi ne t he out s i de e dges f o r Si zes f or m aki ng C ut ters co nc e nt r i ci t ys but don' t dr i l l a hol e. f or Recoi lEscapeW heel s Tur nt he r a di us a s des e r i bed a nd t hen ma chi nea s t e m att h e bac k oft het ool ; Es c a p eW h e e lPi t c h Ra di uso f pr o vi di ng t he wor k has r e ma i ne di n l es st h i c kn es sof Cu t t e r t 00t ht i p t he c ht l c kt hewhol et i m et he s t e m wi l l be per f e c t l y conc e nt r i e wi t ht he t ool . 0. 05 ' : 0l 25' ' 0 06 , ' O1 6 ' ' Thebarc ant he n ber em o ve df r o mt he 0 08' , 0 2' ' chuc k and t he par ts a w n of fa nd we 01 0' ' 0 25. ' ha ve our s ha pe d me t al but wi t h a 0. l 25 ' ' 0. 31 2 5' ' s pi got i ns t e a d of a hol e f or m oun t i ng 0 16' ' 040' , i ton a m a ndr el .
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To m a ke t he t e et h. m ar k 01 # ori nd ex i t a ts i xe qua ldi vi s i ons a l l t lmi 1 la t l a ta s s how n i 1 ' 1 t hc dr a wi ng. Fi na 1 I y I ' na chi ne a not he rf l a !s ot ha tt l l e r ei s pl ent y of cl e ar anck l : a gai n t he dr a wi ngs s l l o w N v ha ti sr e qui r ed.W e s houl d now'ha ve s i xs ec t i ons e venl y s pac e da nd t he t oolwi l lwor kl i ke t hi s , but i ft he s quar ee dges hav eas m al l r el i e ff i l ed orm ac hi ne d on t hcl ni twi l l wor ke vcn be t t e r .I fh owe vc r you a r e no tent i r e l yc onf i de ntofbei ng a bl et o ge t t hes e r e1 i ef a ngl es wi t hout da ma gi ng wha t wi l l be t h e c ut t i ng e dges ,l ea vet hi ngsast he ya r e.Fi nal l y r epe a tt he ha r de ni ng and t e m per i n g e xe r ci s e as de t ai l ed al r e a dy a nd y ot l ha ve a eom pl et e d s ca pe whee lc ut t c r . l t wi l 1 not be as ef f i ci cnt as a pr of e s s i o na l l yma de on e, t hes e ha ve s i xt yt ce t ha sa r t l l e,buti twi l ldo t he

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w' i t ht h e pal l e t s bal l gi n gu p and do wn on t hc n lf ort nvn t yf our hour s a da y. N VI ' I i l et her e f or ci tnl a y be des i r a bl et o t l s t ls ol ue t hi n g aI i t t l et hi nnc rt os av e wei ght .doi n gs o cot l l d de f ea ti t so wn pur pos e ,a si ti s m or el i kel yt o di s t o r t dur i ng oper a t i ons . Som e r e adc r sm a y notha ve s um ci e nt equi pm e ntt oma ke t he a bo ve t ool s or not f e el e nt i r e l y conhdent a bout s o doi ng.I ti spos s i bl et of i l et h et ee t h by h and af t e rve r yc a r ef ulmar ki ng ou t .I t got ) sw i t hou ts a yi ng t ha t a gr ca t dc al ofea r ci snc cde d and i n pa r t i cul ari ti s c s s e nt i alt hatt he s t r ai ghts ec t i ons ar t l r e al l yt ha t an d ar en ot a ngl e di na ny wa y .I f: 1s m al l t em pl at ei sm a de ' hr s ti t c an bc us e dt o che ck t ha tt he r a di usof c ac ht oot h i sc or r e ct . i ti sa l m os t t o m ar ki ngs . The t e m pl a t e c an be m ade f r om a pi ece of car d, but s om et hi ng m or e pe r m ane nt i s pr ef er abl e a nd pl as t i c i si deal .A s ui t a bl e pi e ce c an be obt a i ned by cu t t i ng u p a n ol d c r et l i tc ar d and f i ni s hi ng t he r adi us awi t ha n e me r y boar d oft he t ype us e df orm a ni c ur i ng. On m any ver y ol d cl oc ksa1 1t he t ee t h on t he wheel sa r e ha nd cut ,a nd i n compa r i s on t o a gr e a tw he ela n es c a pe whee li sve r ys i m pl ei ndee d. To com pl e t e t he es ca pe m ent w e r e qui r et he pal l e t sa nd t ol i nd t he s i ze a nd s ha pe oft hes ei ti s ne ce s s a r y' I i r s t t o dr a w t he ne ce s s a r y a ngl es . The pa l l e t s ca n t he n bc ct l t ou t , us i ng g auge pl a t ct o make t he m . The r ei s r e al l y no wa yt o m ak et hem exc ept

Wj t h af i I ea nd s au' .al t ht l ugl l per l l a ps r oughi ng Out coul d bt l done o n 1 1 r ni l l i ng l ' na cl l i ne.l ti sc s s e nt i a lt ha tl l l e Pal l e t s ar e ma de ac cur a t el ya nd t l l at t heni bs -whi c ha r dt he p oi nt d d pi e ces t ha ts t i c k outha ve pol i s he d wor ki ng sur f ace s. A s m uch pol i s hi n g as Pos s i bl es houl d be done be f or et hey a r e ha r de ne d buti n doi ng s ot he s hape a nd s i z e m us t be m ai n t ai ned. Fi na l pol i s hi ng ca n be c om pl e t ed a f t cr ha r deni ng a nd m e t hods o fs o doi ng wi l lbe di s c us s cd el s e w he r e.

The j i nal t as k t o k r ol l l pl ct k ? t he es c ap el nc nt wi l l be t ot r r oh ; s ot l tt h e u' hc c l , ' s vhen t ha ti sc ol npl e t t x d. l l l ot , nt i tol la col l eta nd s c cur ei tt ot l l t ' tpi q ' ot . I tc an t hen be t ds t e d.t l s i l l g a dept hi n g t ool ,t o che ck t hatt he pa l l e t sw i I 1do

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us ed f orc ut t i ng m or et ha n one ort wo whce l s . W he nc ut t i ng wht r t l sand i n pa r t i c ul ar t hi st ype i ti se s s e nt i a lt ha tt hey a r e wel ls uppor t ed t oa s nea rt l l e poi nt wher e t he t e et h ar e bei ng c ut a s pos s i bl e, par t i ct l l ar l y w her e hom c m ade cut t dr s of any s or t ar ei n us e. The pr es s ur er e qt l i r e dt o cu tt he t ee t h, e v en t houg h we a r e onl yr emovi ng a l i t t l em a t er i ala ta t i m ei sc onsi der a bl e a nd t he t ool w i l lt c nd t o bend t he met a lasi tc ut s .Tha ti st he l as tt hi ng we nee d.Ge ner al l y* s ca pe w h eel s ar e ma de f r om m at e r i a l of 1. 5m m or 1 / 1 6i ns t hi c ka nd we a r et or n be t we e n t wo pos s i bi l i t i e s he r e. To get t he m axi m um ef f i c i enc y t he % s cape whe el sn ee dt o be a sl i ghta s pos s i bl e

C hapter 6 - T he G oi ng T rai n & M ot i on W ork

Thegoi ng t r a i na si ti s pr ope r l yc al l ed c onne c t st he po we r uni t ,whet her i ti s a dr um a nd we i ghtor a s pr i ng and f u s e e,t ot he e s c ape me ntvi as e r i es of whee l s a nd pi ni ons . W hen f i r s t l oo ki ng i nt oa c l oc ki ta ppe ar st o be a put speopl e of fm a ki ng orr e pai r i ng a cl oc k. W hi l et hes e ge ar sa nd pi ni ons ma y be i n a numbe rofco m bi na t i ons , t he f or m at i on i st he s a m ef orvi r t ual l y e ver y c l ock a nd i n f ac tt her e ar e noWhe r e nea r as m an y aS i tS e em s at sr s t gl a nce.The gr e a t whe el ,whi ch has al r eady be en di s cus s ed when dea l i ng wi t ht he po wer , dr i vesa pi ni on whi c hi nt ur n dr i ve st hece nt r e wh eel . The pi ni on con ne c t ed t ot hatgoest oa t hi r d whe ela nd t he pi ni on f ort ha ti s i nt ur n conne ct ed t ot he e s c a pe whe el . pa r a me t er si n or de rt oma i nt a i nt i m e. Var i o us c om bi na t i o ns of whe cl s ar e us e d but t he s e m us t be i n al o gi c al s equence. Le t us s t a r t wi t h a hypot he t i c alcl oc k,al t houg ht he t r a i n us edwi l l beonet ha ti squi t ec om mon. d r um ar bor has ni ne t ys i xt ee t ha nd wi l lc onnec tw i t ha n ei ght l ea fpi ni on on t he s a m ea r borast he ce nt r e whe el . The ce nt r ew h ee lhas s i xt yf our t e e t h a nd a si tca r r i est he m i nut e ha nd mus t r ot a t e onc e. Thi si nt t l r n conne c t sw i t h a ne i ght l e afpi ni on on t het hi r d whe el a r bor ,t he w h eelf or whi c h has s i x t y t ee t h.l tco nne c t st o anot he rei ght l ea f pi ni on on t he e s ca pe whee l . W he n de s i gni ng a t r ai ni ti ses s e nt i alt ha tt he es c ape whe el s ha l l ma ke si xt y

j u n g l eo fwh e e l sa n dp i n i o n sa n di ti s ea t whce l conne ct e d t o t h e t hi sa ppar e nt di s o r de rt hat f r e qt l ent l y The gr

r e vol ut i ons ( s ec onds )f or e a ch one

r e vol ut i on of t he ce nt r e whe el t o get he rt he num berofal lt h et e e t hi n t he dr i vi ng wheel s and di vi de t he ans we rby t he number sofl e a vesi nt he pi ni ons ,mul t i pl i ed t oge t he r .W i t ht he e xa m pl et ha ti ss ho w ni nt he a ppe ndi x on page 1 21 ,t hi s wo r ks ou tas s i xt y w hi c h i s wha t wa nt ; any
59

We h a v et h e r e f o r ej u s tf o u rwh e e l s ( mi nut es ) . To c he ck t hi s mul t i pl y

a nd t hr ee pi ni ons ,whi ch i sa n ea s y ma nage abl e nu m be r ,pa r t i c ul a r l yf or an yone v er s e di ne ngi ne er i ng m a t t e r s . The wheelc om bi na t i o n wi l lva r yi n S i zedepe ndi ngont hes i zeoft hecl oc k bei ng m a de a nd on t he whi m of t he d es i g nerbu t m us tc onf or m t o ce r t a i n
58

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hi s com bi nat i on ca n be che cke d i nt wa yt o ens ur et ha tt he t r ai ni sgoi ng t o b: r i ght .I n a ddi t i on l o t hi s i ti s pos s i bl et o wor k ou tt hc s i z e ofba r r el a nd l engt h ofdr i vi ng e or dt ha twi l lbe r e qui r e d. bL l tt t A1 1 2k eal l n t l % ' ol ' n el l tt o1 1 12 ( 2 as e t ha tone par t i c ul a r l y wan t s .Rcf er e nt ? e

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I fa s hor t e r pendul um i s us c di t wi l l be a tatl e s st ha n as ec ond a nd f r om t he t abl ei ti spos s i bl et o wor k ot l ta twhat s pe ed a gi vc 1 1 I t l ngt 1 ) w' i l I bt l at .

a cc ur at el y. Al t hot l gh a t abl e o# ' col nmon whe elt r ai nsi si ncl t l ded .( s ee Appe ndi x pa ge 1 2 4)i td oesnotmea n t hat t he y a r et he onl y combi n at i ons Su p p o s et h e r c f o r et h e ma j o rf a c t o r a vai 1 abl e; i ti s qui t e poss i bl e t o be hi nd t be dc s i gn ofa cl oc ki s notas c al cul at e one f orones e l f . us ua lt of i ta c as er ound t he m o ve m ent

rhe t r a i nt h en s et st he cl oc ks ot ha ti t t i c ks Of ft he l mi nut e s bt l t m or et han t ha ti sne ede d:e v k l r y cl o ck mt l s ts ho w t he hour sa nd s ol me e ven i nc l t l de a c a l e nda r ,whi l eot h er sh av e phas esof t he m oon. l ti s not i nt ende dt o de al wi t ht hes e l at t er f a ct or s or s t r i ki ng me ch ani s l ms but i ti s n ec es s ar y t o a r r a nge f or t he c l oc kt oi ndi c at et he Pa s s i ng hour sa s we l las l l l i nt l t d s. As t he m i nt l t e pi vot doe s one c ol npl et er e vol ut i on onc ee ve r ys i xt y mi nut e s,N vha ti s nee dcd i sa t wel v et oone r t t du ct i on.i n( 3 l ' t I el ' t ol l l a r k of f t hehour s. Thi si sobt ai ned i nt hu sus ua l wa yb y us i n g a pi ni on an d u. h t ? eland t he r ef o r ean y pi ni o n and whe elwi t h: 1 m ul t i pl i ca t i on 01 -t wc l N ' e wi 1 l do. Anot he rf a ct or c omes i n t oi t as wt l l l a nd t ha ti st hc s i z ct ha tl ht thourwhe el wi l t be ,f or exan l pl e u' i t h: . t si xl e af pi ni on t he hour u' l l del u' i l l ha ve s e vent yt wo t eet h, u? hi ch i sk l ui 1 e ma na gea bl e.M ake t hu pi ni on t we l vc l e a ve sa nt lt he hour whe t ? lI l e eds a hund r e d and f or t yf o ur t c e t h, a s i ze whi ch i sl i ke l yt o be n l t l c ht oo I ar gc f orm os tcl oc ks ,Pr obabl yt h et ar ges t s i z et ha t ca n be c oped w i t hi n m os t movc me nt s wi l 1 be an k l i ghl l ea f pi ni o n a nd a ni ndysi xt oot l ) whe el a nd e ve nt ha ti s on t he l a r ge h l i z c.l hi s l e a ves a l i l ui t of s i x or s c v b en t oot l ) pi ni o ns as pr ac t i c al pr opos i t i o ns as ab ove t hatt hi ngs w i 1 1be com c f a rt oo unwi el dy.

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be col ut , sa c ' as e o1 -conne ct i ng t ht l s e t wo t ot he pi vott ha t wi l Ioper a t et he hourha nd. The obvi ousal l s werwoul t l s c t l l ' nt o bt tt o puta s ui t abl c pi ni ol lon t he a r bor of t he l ' ni nut e w' he el . c on nec t i ng i tw i t h a wheel t h al w i 1 I gi v ea t wel v e t o one r e duc t i l l n on a not herar bori mm edi at d l y bcl ou'orat t he s i de an d putt he hourha nd on t ha t . The r ei s onl y one s na g,i f we ha s ' ea pi ni on or a w he el r ot a t i ng i 1 1a cl ock wi s e di r ec t i on a nd connd et ano t her di r e c t l yt ot hat ,t hc a ddi t i on one w i l lr o t at e i n a n a nt i c l ock wi s e di r ec t i on,N v hi c hi s nota gr ea tde al( ) f us e Ther ef or ct wo addi t i onal a r bo r s wi t hs ui t a bl e whee l sa nd pi ni ons a r c ndc de det h el i r s tt o ch ange r ot a t i on t o an ant i t r l oc kw i s e di r ec t i on a nd t ht ? s ct r ond t ot r l l an gt zi tbac ka gai n.1 1 1t he l l n t l i t n t i l l a t l any l l cc cs s ar y r e dt l c t i on c k t ! ' tbe i l ' 1 t ( ' , 1 . por f 1 t t ( 1 . Sonl t lol d cl oc ks a nd n o dou bt s ol n k l b di l l gl ' na ( . l ca tpr es e ntasu' el lI l a N ' et l l u t I ' ni 1 ) ut t r hal ' l d i l nl ue di a t el y bk l l ou't l l t p h ouro nt l . The s c do notha ve t ht lgoi ng t r a i n ar r a l l ge di 1 1a s ' t r ai gh tI i nt ) ,a si s t he l ' nor e us ual ar r angcl nent . At l di t i onalar bor s wi t l a pi ni ons and a r e du ct i on whee l ar et he n s et a ta n a ngl et o ena bl et he ho ur ar bor t o be pl a c cd i nt he c e nt r e oft he m oN ' em e nt . The f s ni s he dr cs t l l ti s qui t ea t t r a ct i vc a nd wor t hc onsi der i n g.

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e onne cl e dt o a ha r dene ds t ec lpi ni on. o n a pi vot t l l a li s ge ner al l y ma de 01 * br a s s . Th es ys t k l l us k l e n' l st o ha s ' ds t ood he t e s toft i np e, bt l tc oul d be i l l l pr oN ' u ' t i a r r a n g ea ni d e n t i c a l wh e e la d j a c e n tt o t i twi t h a pi ni on a t t ac hed t oi ts oi twi l l nr i t ht he us e ofm oder n na a t er i al s .bL l t r ot a t ea tt he s a met i me.As t he w he el t he n cl ock m a ki ng i sa t r adi t i onal ma t e s di r e ct l y wi t h one f i xe dt ot he i ndus t r y whi ch i s one r ea s on t br i t s mi nut e pi v ot i t wi l lr ot a t e i n t he f as c i na t i on. r e ve r s e di r e ct i on. The r ei sno a r borf o r Wi t ht he pi ni on i n pl a ee i ti s no w a t hi s pa i rt or un ( ) na nd s oas hor tone ' c as e of conne ct i ng i t t o t hc hour i spr ovi de d an dt h ey a r eal l owe dt or un l . whi c h i s donc by s i n n pl y f r e e on i t .I t ha sa l h r e ade d cn da nd whec al l owi n g t he whe el t o r un l oos el y ( ) 1 1 s c r e ws i nt ot he f r ontpl a t e,t i e quen t l y an ex t en d ed c ol l e t ht t e d t o t l l e l ni nut t l t he ot he r et l ds t l pp or t e d by a br a ck et whe el . The h our whee l i n t ur n i s t i t t ed wi t h a hol et oa ctasa be ar i ng s ur f a ce. o ac ol l e tt hat i sa l s o a be a r i n g of I no t he ri n s t a n c e st h e r ema yb ej u s ta t e xt en dt ' ! d l e ngt h t o ens ur e i t r uns t r ue h ol ei nt he en d oft he pi vot .t h r ough a nt l t ha t t he r e i s s ut s i c i e nt s ur f a c c 1 t ' whi ch pas s esa s pl i tpi nt o pr e ve ntt he al l ow f or wea r . The col l et on t hc whee l and pi vot f r om c on n i ng of f . nu t e whc elhas a s qua r e on t he en t l Bea r i ng s ur f a ce s of cour s e s houl d mi a nd t he ha nd w' i l l b t l a pus ht i t on t h i s . a l wa ys be of di f f e r e nl me t al sa nd i n Thu t hot l r ha nd c a n t he n bc ' l i t t cd t hi s ca s e w' e ha ve a s l i gh!a l l om a l y as r e ct l yt ot he e ol l ett ha ts t l ppor t st hc t he r e vt z r s e wht t t a li sgene r al l yl nade of di h our wheel . Bot h hands ar e now' br a s sa nd w i l lbe r unni ng w i t h ab r a s s t l nni n gf r om a ce nt r alpoi nt . whe el whi l e at t he s a me t i m e bei ng r
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Acc ur a t e di vi di ng i s a pr i mc r e qui r em e ntwl l en c ut t i n g u' he el sa nd t he r ea r e a number of wa ys of t l oi ng t hi s . Any r e ad er wh oo wns a di vi di ng he ad w i l lha v t ?no nec d of a ny adq ' i c e di vi si onst ha tc a n be obl a i ne d.Fe w,i f an y l a t h es wi l l hav e ch ange whee l s wi t h m or et ha ns e vent yt ee t h. whi ch m ea ns t ha ts eve nt y j s t he hi ghe s t nun ber of di vi s i ons t ha t ca n be obt ai net land t he t l i vi si ons obt ai n abl e o nt he s l nal l e r whe el s ar ee xt r c m el y l i nl i t ed.I n hi s book Ge ar sa nd Ge ar Cut t i ngq ,l van La w des cr i bes a n e xc el l ents e t up f ' br c om poundi ng t l ) ' t l di vi di ng gcar s .t hus gi vi ng a m uc h wi de rr al l gc ( A . fdi vi s i ons .a s wel Ias a ma s s of i nf or ma t i on on g ea r c ut t i n g me t hods .

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Di vi di ng ca n al s o beca r r i e do utw i t h ar ot a r yt abl e ht t e d wi t h a me ansof hol di ng a m a ndr el ce nt r aI I y.Us t l al l y t hi s me ans maki ng a de vi c e on t o whi cha l at hdc ht l ckca n bef i t t ed.I ti s di t l i c ul tt os et upt h es ys t em a ce ur a t cl y a ndi ti sbe t t e rt her e f o r et oonl yus k , t he r ot a r yt abl u tf brmaki ng dj vi si onpl a t e s or ,i fno o t hers ys t c mi sa vai l a bl e ,w i t h whi c ht odot hea c t t l aldi vi di ng.

Nl a ke a s er i e s ofs uc hk 2 i r cI e si nt he 1 ) l at e,pr et kr abl y oft he nul nb er st ha t wi l lbd t t s ed i nt he c l oc kt r a i n. Do bt ' t car ef ul t o ens ur e ac cur a cy and l ' nea sur ca tl e as tt wi ce, pr e f kr a bl y t hr e et i mes ,bef or el ' naki ng a ny l uar k and t he n pr o ce ed a s abo vc. A1 It h e hol cs s hot l l dn otonl y bt pde bur r cd on t he si dk lt h ey br k l ak t hr ou gh bt l tal s o s l i ght l yc ou nt e r s t l nk on t he f ac e, t o f ac i l i t at et he dr i l Ien t er i ng u' l l en t hey a r et l s d d. Thcdet a nts houl d beagood f i ti nt hc hol es sbut not s ot i ght t ha t f or c e i sr equi r ed. 1 fi ti st aper ed s l i ght l yt h t t good f s t wi l lbe e ns ur e d bu1t hc l a pe r mus tbe s t ce p enou gh l o pr c v entt h e de t a ntf r ol l lbi ndi n gi nt hk ! hot e s.

The s ct t l pf br s ec t l r i ng t h e di v ' i di ng pl a t ci s qui t e ea s yt oma ke. A pi e c e of t hi nwal l ed t ube ofa di a me t e rs ui t a bl e t o be a good pt l s hf i ti nt he hol l o u' m an dr e li sn ee ded an dt hi ss hou l d be about f our i nches or a ht l ndr ed mi l l i me t r es i nl e ngt h. I ft u be i s not a vai l a bl ei tw i 1 Iben ec es s a r yt odr i 1 1or bor eal cngt h ofs ol i d ba r . I n one t p nd l i tat hr e ade d pi e ceofba r about t hr ee , quar t er s of an i ne h or t went y mi l l i m et r e si 1 1I cng t h. The di amet erof t hc t hr e ad w i l ldepc nd on t hc di a m der oft het ube ,butaboutt hr e cquar t er sof t he bor ei si dea l .

At a pc r c d pl ug i sf i t t ed t oal c n gt h of t hr ea dd dr od.ors t uddi ng an d a hom e m ade nut .s ol l l ewha t l ar ger t han I ti se s s e nt i alt ha tt he de t ants e t up i s nor m al pul l st he t a pe r e ds ce t i on u p s e cur k l dt o: 1pos i t i on on t hc I at he i n t i ght .The nu t doc s not ha v et o be s uc h a wa yt ha ti twi l lnotl ' nov t )outof he xa go ni tca n be r ound a nd knur l e d pos i t i on.The ac t ual dd a nt t ha t wi l l an d f or e xt r as e cur i t y a nu m ber of l oc a t : wi t lt he hol c si nt he di v r i di ng hol cs ca1 ' 1 be dr i I 1 e d r ound t he

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t a ki ng var i ous m eas ur e me nt s of t he ge art e et hae t c.c an t h ea ct ualposi t i on c an be f ound. Th e m odul es ys t e m us es t her e ve r s e oft hi sa nd i st he nul uberof t ee t h di vi ded b yt he pi t c h di a me t e r ;i t i se nt i r el y a me t r i cs ys t en R , whe r ea s t hcD P s ys t e m ca n be a ppl i e dt oe i t he r i m per i a lormet r i e.

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Ter mi nol og yf oro b t a i n i n g mea s u r emen t sa n d mo du l e n umb erofwh e e l s W he e la n d Pi j l i on Pr o po r t i on s Wh e el s Modul es = Pi t ch di amet eri n mm di vi ded by t he numberoft eet h. Di amet r alPi t cb= numberoft eet hi n a wheelperi nch ofdi amet er Ad de n dum = di s t an c ef r om pc dt ot i p oft e e t h( 1 . 35 x ' modu l e) Dedendum =di st ance f r om pcd t o base oft eet h (= 1. 57 x = modul e 0. 45 and 1. 1to 1. 5 and 2 x modul ef r om O. 51 J( Shor tf or m = /. 07 x modul e)
Pi t ch Ci r cl e Di amet er = numberoft eet h x m odul e Outs i de Di amet erofBl ank = Numberoft eet h+ 2. 76 x modul e RootDi amet er= Numberoft eet h mi nus 3. 14 x modul ef ormodul es 0. 45 and 1. 1t o 1a b Num beroft eeth m i nus 4 x m odul ef orm odul esO. 5 lo 1y 0 7 00t h Thi ckness= 1. 57 x modul e Addendum Radi us= 1. 93 x modul ef ormodul es 0. 45 t o 1. 1lo 1. 5 I ncl udes N/ YZ ' / ' f or m Ful l7 00t h Dept h = 2. 95 x modul ef ormodul es 0. 45 and 1. 1t o 1. 5 -3. 38 x modul ef or modul e 0. 6t o 1. 0 Pi ni ons

Al ldi me ns i on sar er a t i osoft h e modul e.

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Exe ept i ne xce pt i onal ei r cun R s t ane es whe el sa r el ' na dt nofbr as san d1 ' 01 m os t nor l n al cl oc kl maki ng pur pos e s a nd cc r t a i nl y when c on l par ed w i t hn or l ual e ngi ne er i ng pr act i c e. t hc l nat er i al us ed i s of a ve r yt hi ns e ct i on. Thi s c r ea t cs i t s own pr ob l el n wht ? n cu t t i ng t e et ha st her ei st e ndenc yt brt hemet a l t o be nd a wa yf r ol mt he cu t t er i fa ny a t t e m pt i sl ' nade t oa dvanc ei tt oo r a pi dI y, or i ft he mat e r i a1 i s not pr oper l y s uppor t ed. Be ea us e of t he t hi nl ' nat e r i al us cd t ht ? wl l et l l1 1 7 1 1 st al wa ysbe s uppor t cdonacol l e twhe n a s s en l bl e d on t he a r bor i n or der t o gi ve a gr ea t e rs uppor ts t l r f a c e. l f one r c ads a ny of t he exe el I el l t books on c l oc kl maki ng a nd r e pai r i l l gt ha twe r e wr i t t en m an y ye a r sa go i twi l lbe s e en t hatt he us ualme t hod of h ol di ng t he whee lon t hecol l etwa st or i ve tt heend
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s l i di n gl i twi l l d ot h ej o bf a rb c t t e r .
The bc s t br as st o us ei s kno s vn a s e ol mpo ( ) r engr a vi 1 1 g br as s and i s s t oc ked by bot h cl oc kl naker s ' s uppl i er s and many modeI cngi neer i ng s t l ppl i er s as w el 1 . Suppl i er s of cl ock l ma ki ng l ma t er i a l s of t en wi l lbe a bl dt os uppl yi ta sr ou nd bl anks of t he out s i de di al nt l t e r r equi r e d.Fai l i ng t ha twe a r t ' tl ef twi t h t wo c hoi c es 'i , tca n ei t hcrbe c utf r om

s he e t or sl i ced f r om Al t hough engr a vi ng br a s s i s not a v ai l abl e as bar s t ocket he m d t alw' i l I gen er a l l y be f onnd t o b: qui l c s ui t a bl e.I ti ss hed tl ' na t er i a lt ha ti s unl i kel yt o be oft he r equi r e d qua l i t y. ' I b cut f r om a s hee t of s ui t abl e ma t e r i al i tw i l l be ne ces s ar yt of i r s t ma ke a c ent r e and t hen l nar k of fa c i r c l eal i t t l el a r g ert ha nt he out s i de di a me t e roft he bl a nk,whi c h ca n be c uto ut ,us i ng a pi er ci ng s a w or b e t t er s t i l l a m ec bani c al s c r ol 1s a w. Thc c e nt r a lhol ei sdr i l l ed -t ot hes i z eoft he c ol l e t on n, hi ch t he whecl w i 1 I ul t i mat cl y bc moun t et t ens ur i ng i ti s a t ni net y dc gr e es t ot he f ac d and t h e di s k and m ount ed on a s t l i t abl e ma ndr el t o be put on t he l a t he a nd

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u' i 1 1bcnec es s ar y ei t he rt ol nakk ldi s ks t h atu' i l 1' hton t heou t si de of t he bl a nk t o hol di l' l i r ml yi n pos i t i onsbec a us e t he di al net e r of t he hol e f or t he l ' nandr elwi l lbe s ma l li ti ses s ent i alt o av oi dt o o m uch t or que be i ng appl i ed b yt he t oolwhe nt r yi n gt om a chi l l et he bl ank a nd t hcwas he r sw i l lc ount e r a c t t hi s .l fonl yt h e m an dr eli nt he s mal 1 hol e i s us e d t her e wi l l be t wo t l nwant cd ef f cc t s ,t he f i r s t and m os t obvi ous i st hatt he bl ank w i l lt end t o be nd as pr es s ur e i s a ppl i e d. Thc s e co l l dl es s obvi ot l s one i st ha t no ma t t er h ow ca r ef blone i s wh en doi ng t he m ac hi ni ng i t wi l 1 be al m os t i l upos s i bl et o s t op t he bl a nk f r om ca t chi ng whi l et hc l a t he cont i l l ucs t o

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ha vc t he a t l va nt a ge of bei ng s m al 1 . whi ch l na kt ) s t hel ' n par t i c uI a r l ) . ' s ui t abl e f or us e on a s l nal ll at h:. Al t hough t he ya r e ve r ye xpens i vet hey a r em adeofhi ghs pee ds t e ela nd w i l l l a s ta l i f e t i l ne.Chea pe rc ut t e r sca n be obt a i ne d' .t hes ea r e dcs i gned t ol i ton l a r ge hor i z ont alm i l l i ng m a c hi nesand C ut t ers al t hough f i t me nt s ca n be m a de t ( ) nabl et hem t o be us cd 01 1l at hes an d c ut t e r s ar e av ai l abl e e r t i calm i l l i ng m a chi nc s ,t he s e t t l p conl nl er ci al I y a nd s peci al i s tc l ock ve s uppl i er ss h oul d be a bl et os u ppl ya i sr at he r bt l l ky . Fr eque nt l yt oo t he s c s ui t a bl ec ut t e rf or any l ' nodul et ha t c ut t e r sa r ef or i l l vol ut e gea r sr a t ht l r n' l i ghtbenee ded. Thes es pe ci a lcut t e r s t hancyc l oi di al , s oc he ckbef or ebu yi ng. s om e di s t or t i on of t he hol c and no l uat t erhow s l i ghtt hi sl ni gh tbe i twi 1 1 l e ad t ol os sofac cur a c y.l ft he wor ki s s uppor t e d a nd gr i pped by s ui t abl e was he r st hi ss hot l l dnotoc cur .

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l nc ha pt er5de t ai l sf orm a ki ngcut t c r s f o re s ca pe wh eel swe r egi N tn;i ti sa l s o qui t e poss i bl et o m ake ones ow n eut t er sf orwhe el s , us i ng s i l v ers t eel or gauge pl at e, w hi c h wi l l be qui t c s ui t a bl ef or maki ng t he num ber of Whe el sr equi r e df or a nor m al cl ock. W he n ma ki ng c ut t er sr cmembe rt hat We a r e notgoi ng t o m ake a t 00t h but

t om ac hi net hega pbet wce nt w' ot ee t h. s hapi ng hal f of ea c h i n doi ng s o. Com m e r ci a lc t l t t e r s ar e of t he r ot ar y t ype w i t ht he s ha pe t l nt h e per i phe r y, whi ch i st hen di vi de di nt o num e r ous c ut t i ng edge s . Em ul at i ng t hi si nt he nor m al hom e wor kshop w i 1 1 be i m pos s i bl ea nd s oi ti sb es tt o ai ma t s i x or ei ght c ut t i ng edg es ,o ra t l y cut t e rwi t has i ngl e bl a dc.To m a ke a 1 ' r l 1 l . 1 t 1 t 00t hc ut t e rca l l sf ors om c f o r m

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' W he t he r or not t o l ' na ke s i ngl e o1 ' nl ul t i poi nt c ut t cr s i s a n l a t t t ) rt ) 1 ' i ndi vi dual choi cc 'ma n y peopl ea l v qt l i t es uc c es s f ul w i t h' l l yc ut t e r sa nt l s et ? no nee d t o got t o t h e bo t hcr o t ' i no r d d rt ot a k et h ep r o j e c t f ur t h e r . 1 naki 1 1 g n n uI t i poi 1 ' 1 t O1 ' 1 es ,' Wi t h k l The gap be t we en t lc t e et h ofa whe el s i ngl e poi n t cut t er cu t t i ng t he bl a l l k i st he s al me a st ht )t hi ckne s s ofa t oo t h mus tbe done l m uc l lmor es l owl yt la l l a nd i s one oft he hgu r e sr eqt l i r e d;t he w i t h a l ' nuI t i poi nt one aI t hougl ) s e co nd i st he ove r al ldept ha nd t hi r dl y r ot a t i ona ls pe eds ca n be a s hi g1 1t , ) I ' t hc a1 1 i m por t ant r a di us . Tw o eN z e n hi ghe r . The r ear t lnt l l ne r ot l si dt t t l s e xpr es s i ons c r op t l p hcr e .a ddendul ' n on I l ow t oc utt he bl anks 'ge s ne r al I yi l a nd dc dc ndul n. The y a c t t l al l ys pe ak wi l lbe a l na t t e r ofwhatc qui pm e nti h ; f ort l l cl ms el ves ,a ' ddendum i s8 1f i gur c a va i l abl ct ot he i ndi vi dua l .The b l al l k added t o t hc poi nt of t he pi t ch t r a n be he l di n as e l u p on t he ver t i c aI di a n n e t er a nd dc dendum i sf i gur e of s l i de of t ht ' ll a t h e. wi t h t he c ut t c r t he di s t a nce bel ow i t .The r a di us on a r ot a t i ng i nt he c huck.ort hc bl ank cal ) wl l e el i st h es ha pe of t h ea ddcndul m behd l da ndi nde xe di 1 1t heI at hec ht l ck a nd i st he onl y di f hc ul t pa r t we a r c oracol l c ta nd t ht lc ut t err ot a t ed on t ht ? l i kel yt oc ome a er os s w' hen n l a ki ng a I a l he s a ddl e. To t l o1 li sa de vi c e hast ( ) cut t er .t ht l ot her l i gt l r es bc i ng qt l i t e be l made i n w hi c ht or ot a t et ht ?c ut t e r . s t r ai ght t br wa r d.I ti s no t goi ng t o be Yea r sa go n n ode le ngi nee r s us c dt o us c ea s yt o gett hi sr a di t l s wi t haf i l e and a dr i vc f r ol ' n an over head beI t ' . a bs ol u t el yi l mpos s i bl cw i t l )a gr i ndi ng nowuda ys w i t ht he r e ady av ai l a bi l i t y whek t l unl e s s one c an be pu r c has et l of che ap s mal l el c c t r i cn A o t or si ti s t ha t has be e n s peci al l ys ha pe d.The l ' nuc h eas i e rt ol nakc t ' hc a r r an gem e nt bes twa y ofge t t i ng i tac et l r a t ew i 1 1b e s cl fpowe r e d. An ea s y wa yi st ol ' na kt r t o dr i l la s ui t a bl cs i ze d hol ea nd us e a br ac ke tf or a s mal ln l ode ll ' na ker s t ha t . Ther adi ia ss hown i l 1t hecha r tdo dr i l la nd t ol ' nountt haton t h e ve r t i ca l
84 85

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l at he. l n t he eas e of t he l ni l l i ng ma chi n e a ve r ni erh ei ghtga uge c an be us e dt os e tt hecut t eri nr el a t i on t ot he b l a nk. l ti sal s oe s s e nt i al t o ens ur et ha t t he r ei s no s ha ke or ba ckl as h on t he mount i ng u s ed f o rt he bl a nk a st hi s t o o wi l ll ea dt ol os sofac ct l r a cy,

@ c u o s u e d r s . e a d s i c w t a e t e h s a l v h e a n l u r c m a b d e y r s o e f n l e a t v h e a s t
m us t wor k ou tr i ght i ft he cl ock i s goi ng t o wor k pr oper l y . Engi ne d r i n g pr a c t i c et e l l s us t ha tt he m or el e av es t he pi ni on has t he s l noot he ri twi l l m es h and r t l n wi t h a ge arand t he r ei s no doubtt ha tt hi si se qual l yt r u:w he n c l oc k ma ki ng. The r e f or e i de al l y i t woul d be ni ce i ft we l ve l e af pi ni ons we r et l s e d a l 1t h et i m e as i t woul d ma ke our cl ock r un s moot he r ,Sadl y be ca us et hi s woul d me an ve r yI ar gu whe el st hi s ca nnotbe a nd we a r ef a r m or eI i ke l yt o be m a ki ng s i x orei g ht l ea fpi ni ons -i nf ac tt he m or e ef f i ei t l l l t t we l vcl e af t ype i sr a r e l ys ce n atal l . The r c ar e al s ot hr ee di f f e r c ntpr ol i l c s and a l t hot l gl li n gene r al01 1 1 5 /t u' oa r e us ed i ti shi ghl y pr obabl et ha t: 1des i gn n A i ghti 2 al If oradi t ' f e r entt ype.Pi ni ons N vi t h a gr e a t k l rnul nbe r ofl e a ves us ea di f t kr e ntpr of i l ct ot hos ew i t h: 1l c s s e r num be l - t hk l 1 c a ve s be i ng m or e r oundc d o1 lt ht rhi ghe rnul mber s .

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l l i n g at t ac hm e nt st br a s m al Il at l l e s l i d et brh e i gh ta d j u s t l ne n t .Th e r ei s mi l i t t l ei nv ol ve di n doi ng s o;a ny s i l npl e br ac ke tw i l Ido a sI ong as i twi l lhol d t he dr i l l' l i r ml yi n pl ac e.M a ny s mal l l at hes a r e no w a vai l abl ewi t hm i l l i ng a t t a chm e nt s and t hes ea r ei dca l ,as i t me ans t he bl a nk c an be hel di nt he chu ck a nd t he cu t t er r ot a t ed o nt he mi l l i ng a t t ach m ent . Ge ne r al l y t hc s e mi l l i ng at t ac hm e nt s ar ef i xe dt ot he l a t he be d wi t h: 1 br a cke t and : 1 1 1 a dap t erwi l lber equi r e dt o 5x i tt ot he s a ddl cs ot hati tc an be t r a ver s ed a si t wi l lbe ofno us ei nal i xe d pos i t i on. Owner s of l ar ge rI a t hes l ' ni ghtf i nd i t wo r t hwhi l et oi nves ti n on e of t he s e 86 a nd f i t t i n gi tt ot he c r os ss l i dc wi t hl t br a cke t . Thos e w ho havc m i 1 I i ng mac hi ne sc an us e a si m pl ei nde xi ng a r r a ng em e nton t he t a bl e, asde s e r i bdd i nc hapt e r 7,wi t ht h e cu t t erm ount e d i nt he m a ndr cl a nd w i t h a1 lt hcs c

The pi ni on or s m al lge ar sofa c l oc k s e tt he bui l de r di f f er e l l t pr ob l el ns t o t hat of maki ng whe cl s .l ns t ea d of e as yt omac hi ne br as s ,s i l ve rs t c e li s no wt he m a t e r i al t o us ea nd r a t he rt ha n c ut t i ng t hr ot l gh 1 / ' 1 6i ns or i . 5 1 ' nm t hi ck mat e r i alt he t e e t h,or l e a vt ? sa s t he c l oc km a kercal l st hem-w i 1 1bk la t ab ou tha l fani nc h orl 2m m I ong.The s ha pe oft h el ea ve s al s o di f t kr s l i ght l y f r om t hct ee t h oft he whcc l ,wi t ht hc r e s ul tt ha tt h e cut t erus ed f orwhe el si s no tgoi ng t o be s ui t abl ef ort he pi ni on. The r ea r ec ons i de r abl yf e we rl e a vesor t e e t ht han on a pi ni on,w i t h nt l mb er s va r yi ng as a r ul ef r om s i xt ot we l ve I n t he pas tt he k r . l oc kl makc rN v ouI d ' na kd pi ni onsf r ol f ' lpi ni ol )w' i 1 :wl l i c1 ) a n dj u s to c c a s i ol l a l l y f o rs p e c i a l l pur pos es t he r ea r ei ns t a nc es of f o ur was a I ong l en gt h of m e t al u' i t ht h e l e af pi ni ons ,a l t hough t h er ei sno nee d l ea ve sa l r e ady s hape d.l ft he r e we r e t o wor r y a bout t hos e. Thc t r ai n of t oo m an yl e a ves t he y woul ds i mpl y

a l t e r n a t i v e saj o bt ha twa so n c eq u i t c
di f t i c ul tha sno w be co m em uc he as i er .
I ti se s s e nt i a lt ha tt h ec ut t e ri ss e ta t t h ee xac tc ent r e he i ght of t he bl a nk. Nor m al met hods of ob t ai ni ng c e nt r : hei ght ar e ge ne r al l y not ac cur a t c enough and i ti s bes tt o us eas c r i bcr mount e di nt he chuc k or c ol l d of t he

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I na ki ng : 1s ui t a bl e cu t t e r a ' vt ) l . y . di f ' f i cul tpr opos i t i on, w hi l ct het e et ht ) j ' 1 1 a ( 1 bt l t ) ns ui t a bl ydoc t or e dwot l l dt hen as v hee la r es t r a i gh tt hos e oft he pi ni o) l becutof f , pol i s h ed and t a ke ni n t o us e. t nwa r ds . Be c aus e of t he s nl al l a po ri l t was a hi ghl ys ki l l e dp r oc es sa nd num ber 0f t e et h and t he t hi st ape rdoes notm e an a 1 ) m os tm o delen gi nee r s wi l lf e elm t l ch di amet e r mor e a t ho me i ft he y l nake t he i r i n cr e as ei l )a r e aa tt he r oo t -i ns t ea t l pi ni ons by m or e conve nt i onal t her e i s a de c r e as e whi ch a ct ual l y m et hods . make st he c ut t e re as i ert om a ke r at hcr t h a nh a r d e r a m e met hods a r c . The s A si mi l ar s ys t e m of nl e as u r e me nt us k c dt oma k et h ec t l t t e r sa swe r ct l s k z d us e d i n t he s am e w a y as f or t he f brt j j :w he el s.I fa f l v cut t e ri s us e d w heel s - but t he l c av es a r e much m or ec ar e m us tb et a ' ken be ca us e ot ' t hi l l ne rt han a r et he t ee t h ofa whe el . t l a k ,l e net ht ha t ha st o be t n ur el l k l d. Thi si st oa l l o w s uf f i ci el l t moq r e me nt vj y cr ut or ' / k c a goo d s uppl y of eu t t i l l j z i l 1 1 0 Pl o ar a nce f t n rt l l e pi ni on t or ot a t e j j t j j k ! i s u s s e n t i a l t on r e v e n t t h ec u t t t l ) . wi t ht hc whe cl -w i t l l out c r e a t i ng t oo V ,j l j q y j a m us tbc t kd ' v cr ys l o wl y ,f r ol l ) l uuch f k i c t i on,s o whi l et hc wi dt h ofa ovel a t c a t i ng. ' f ' he pi ni oj ) mt l s t bu .j t 00t h On ' W' hcel a' ' dt l ' oS pac e i n , r t ed atea ch e nd dur i ng c ut t i ng bet uppki wee n i se qual i n t he c as c of a s ons ,ot hu l a vi s ei tw i l lf l ex a wa y . ope r a t Pi f l i on t h0 l ea ft a kes ondt hi r d of t hc t y om t he c ut t er ,r e s ul t i ng at t l l t lv er y ' ar e aa d p dt he s pa ce t he r el uai ni ng t wo. I c as ti n a ba dp r of i l ci f not ac t t l al l y ' Thi sa ppl i c st o pi ni ons wi t hs i xt ot en t n k z j , k j i ng t hc wor k. l e av cs .a bo ve t hat t hc I e a . f oc cupi es t uot i t t hs a nd t h e s pac et he ot he r or dcr get a good s n a oot h t hr ec . opc r a t i on i ti scs s en t i alt ha tt hc l e a vcs Of Pi ni ons ar c gi vc n a good pol i s h. . Cut t t u ' sf br pi ni ons ca n be pur cha s e d o t j a umvi s ut hey wi 1 lbe dr a ggi ng o nt he but agai n a r e vcr y expe ns i ve a nd u c t h of -t hc whe el s . No l ua t t c r hou hol l l t l l l l adc ones wi l I b d qui t e ca j r e ulone i s when ct l t t i ng.t he e nd s a t i s f a cl or yf orn l a ki ng a s i n gl c cl ock. r e s uj t wi 1 l al wa ys r es ul ti nar a gge d At f i r g t gl a nce i twot l l da ppea rt ha t f i ni s j l of v ar yi ng de gr e es . Thi s ma y

c t l e t o c n o e r o e t c l a p n o d s i h t i a o n l . ' m t c h r t l h l e n o g t h e r s t h t a o @

notbe obvi ot l sl ot ht lna ked eye .but l o ok a ti tt hr ough a magni f yi ng gl a s s a nd i tc anbeqt l i t ehor r i f yi n g.P os s i bl y t he be s t m et hod of pol i s hi ng i st o ma ke a s m al l pr of i l e d whe el f r om b r a s s ,us i ng t he s a m d cut t ert ha twas us ed t oc utt he pi ni on,c oatt hi sw i t ha mi l da br a si v e co m pound and r t l n i t t a bl cf s ni s h al ong t he l e a ves t l nt i la s ui hasbe en ob t ai ne d.

an yq wa yt he end r cs t l l tdoesnotl ook as gt l t l J as us i ng t he nl ac hi ne cut vcr si ons 1 : o we vcr I t1 ac ks I i t t I t 7i f an yt h i ng i nc ' t l i ci enc y an ds oc a nb e r e col nl mende df ort hebegi nne rorf or an yone who f d el st he y do notyetha ve t l l ea bi l i t yt oc uta nor m alpi ni on.

Th0 pi ni on c ons i s t soft wobr a s sdi s ks

wi t h at u b ei nt h ec e n t r ct ha tj o i n s t h e m' 'V 0 1 C V t 1 $k l l o 5 &n a Sa b o b b i n .

t het ubei sdes i gnedt of i t01 3t hear bor of t he w he el w i t h whi ch i t as s oc i at e d, a nd i ns t e ad of t e et h a s er i e s of r ods c onn ec tt hd di s ks t o
phot ogr a ph w i l le xpl ai nt hes ys t e mf a r bdt e rt h an a ny wor ds pos s i bl y ca n. Al t hough t hc c nds t e chni ca l l y ar e di s ks ,i fn n a ki ng a l al l t er n pi ni on i ti s as wt t l lt t )L l s t l onl y( ) l 1 e di s k an dt o

W hi l eI MOM pe opl e ar e qui t c ca pabl c 0f C a r r yi ng ou tt hk t wor kr equi r e dt o mz ke a Pi ni on- t h or e ar t ls om e who ma yf e elt he t as ks ol l l e wh atda unt i ng.
ma ke a l a nt c r n pi nl on-whi c ha st he name s ugge s t s -l ooks l i ke a l a nt e r n wh en f ' i ni s he d.' Excc pt on r e pl i c as of Ol d cl oc ks ,whe r et hc or i gi nal swoul d qt l i t e pos s i bl y ha vc l l ad s uc h a pi ni on

l nt h a t c a s ei t i swo r t h u q h i l et r y i n gt t ) c a c h o t h e r ,t h e d r a wi n g a n d

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ma chi ne a 1 c ngt h of s o1 i d br as s , t hr ough s qua r e .l tca nb e ver y di t l i c ul l os e e whcn a dr i 1 1i s wa nder i ngl c a vi n go nc e n dt oj us to v e rt h e t di amet er r e qui r ed a nd pu t t i ng a s t ep pa r t i cul a r l yas l ma l l dr i l 1 ,w hi ch w i l l on t he ot he r .Do notpar t( t of ff r om bend. N ' Vhen al l t he hol e s ar e t he ba ra tt hi ss t a ge. M ake a di s k, compl et ed pa s st hr o ugh ei t h erl e ngt l l s a ga i no ve r s i ze ,wi t hahol et ha twi l lbe of ha r dene d si l ve rs t ee l or s pe ci al a good f i tf or t he s t e p on t h ef i r s t bl u ed pi vot s t eelt ha ti sa v ai l abl e1 ( ) 1 ' pi ec c. Sol de rt he di s k t o t he f i r s t cl ock m a t er i al s uppl i e r s .Bet br e doi n g pi ec es 's oh s ol derw i l ldo t i ne f or t hi s t hi gputa s potofr e t ai ni ng com po t l l l d s or tofwor k,butm a ke s ur et he di s ki s on e a ch.Fi nal l yt h ee nds of t he pi ns s qt l ar e.Re pl a ce t h e bar i nt h e chuc k, w i l lne e dt o be gr ound of fa nd t hk l a nd mac hi ne t he ot l t s i de di amet e r of pi c c et ha tha sbee n us e df orch ucki n g t he ends of t he pi ni on t os i ze and at pt l r pos esal s or e mo ve d, t he s ame s e t t i ng dr i l lt he ce nt r alhol e. o u r s ei ti sn o t p os s i b l et oj u s t p i c k ' Thi s w' i l lne ed t o be a good f i ton t h e Ofc y o1 d si ze of pi 1 1 or an ) ' a r boran ds oe nsu r et ha tt hk )dr i l lt l s e d an c i r cum f t l r e nc e t ha t t akes o ne f s f a l l t l y i sa c e u r a t e l ygr o t l n d , t h e nj t l s lr ubt h e nd t i ni s h u' i t h a pi ni on t ha ti sg oi ng c ut t i ng edge so n a pi e ce 01 -e mc r y a t o r un wi t h t he r e s t of t he t r ai n, Thu ' c1 0t ht ot ake t he ve r ys ha r pe dge of f . c l l a r t s ho w s ho w t o f i nd bo t h t he I c ai Al t er nat i v el y dr i l lt he hol e un der s i z e t hi ekne s s whi ch e qual s t he di a m e t c r a nd t l s ea r e a m ert o geti tr i g ht . of t he pi n a nd t he pi t c h ci r cl k l Be f or epar t i ngot f , i nde xt hehol esa nd di a me t e r , whi chi snee dedt opl ae et he ei t her s pot t he nlor i ff a ci l i t i e s ar e pi l s .Ther ef or ei fwe wa ntan e i ght a va i l a bl e dr i l lt he n) .I f dr i l l i ngs t he pi n pi ni on f or a nt l mber one m odt l l e hol e sc an be pas s ed r i ghtt hr oug ht o t he pi t ch di am e t e rc i r c l e of t he pi ns w ha ' twi l lbec onA et he bo t t om pl a t e. l f wi l l be 8mm a nd t he pi n di a m et c r not ,pa r t of T and t ak et hc wor kt ot he 1 . 1 n z m .Toot h de pt h has a l s ot ob t p dr i l l i ng l ' nac hi ne and dr i l lt hr ough. c ons i dc r ed and t he bobbi nt ha thol ds maki ng s ur e t he wor k i s pe r f ec t l y t hepi nsm us tha v et hes l ma l ldi amet ec s qu ar e and t ha tt he dr i l l al s o pa s s es t he s ame a st ha ts hown i nt he c ha r ta s an l e t er . w' hi ch i n t hc s t at ed r oot di i t a nce i s 4. 2m n ' 1 . I t ca n bt l s l i gh t l y ns l l er f or t hc s a ke of c onve ni e nc e i f s ma i s he s . Beca us e of t h e I engt h of onC W t he l a nt e r n oran yo t b erpi ni on f ort ha t he r c i s no ne e d t o us e a c ol l d m at t ert t i ng i ton t h ea r b or . whe n m oun As we know,whecl sa nd pi ni ons ar e mount e d on a r bor s and t he pi vot sa r e mac hi ne d on t he e nds oft hes e.Ca r e ha sbet a ke nt og etas quar ee dgewhc n mac hi ni ng a pi vota sa ny t a perm e ans t he r e cot l l d be a ch ant ? k zof i t bi ndi n g i nl hehol ei nt he f r a l ne. Ar bor sc anbe l made f r on )s i l ve rs t e el , or s pe ci a l pi vots t eeli na na t t r ac t i v c bl t l e col our t hat i s al r eady ha r dene d c an be bought . Thi si s di f i et t l tt o ma c hi ne and t he onl y wa y t o us ei twi t hout m ac hi ni ng woul d be t o ke ep i ta ti t s or i gi nal di am c t er .' J ' o pr e vent i t mt wi ng t hr ot l gh t he hol es i n t he pl a t es ,c ol l a r swoul d ha v et obef i t t e d. l tw i l lt he r e f or ebea swe l l ,t l nl es sone i svc r ye xper i e nee ds t o us es i l v ers t c el .

91

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A wcl l t i ni s hed c l oc k m ov ement i s s ol net hi ng t ha tc a n be a dmi r ed ove r a nd o ver a gai n. Al t hough i n ge nt l r al wet end t ot hi nk 'ofpol i s he d br a s s wor k t he r ei s: 1gr c att l e alm( ) r ct o' l i ni s l l i l l g t ha nt ha tal ond.N o m a t t erho w ni ce l y pol i s he dt he whee l s and pl at e s ma y be , t ht le f f e c tca n be c ompl e t el yr ui ne d by unt i dy wor k dl s cwher c. A I l po l i s hi ng wor ks houl d be c a r r i ed out wi t h 1s e r i es of pr ogr c s s i vel y i ner pol i s hi n g medi t l ms ,t he t ypc ofwhi c l l wi l lde pend on t he or i gi na ls ur f ac e of t he m a t e r i a l be i ng wor kc d on. I ft hc or i gi na ls ur f ac ei s ba dl y pi t t e dt he l l wor k wi l lha ve t os t a r twi t h va r i ou s gr ade s of a br a s i ve pa pe r s or cl ot hs , ' t he i rus es houl d be k ep tt o an a bs ol ut e mi ni m um a st he y c an cr e a t : m or e pr obl e m st han t he ys ol ve. Ne v crus ea pi e ce of a br as i ve m a t e r i al t ha t has pr evi ous l y been t l s e d on s t eel ) on br as s , mi nut e pa r t i cl es of s t e el c an be com e e m bcdded a nd c aus e s c r a t chi ng oft he s ur f a ce . Thr oughout t hi s book t h c ne ed t o r e du ce f r i ct i on a nd wei ght has b e t t l ) s t r es s e d al l d f i r s t t hot l ght s 01 1 pol i s hi 1 3 g mt l s t bc ai l nt ' l t l at t hi s . M achi necu t t i ng l mc t hods i nva r i abl y I ea vk )l uet alr a gged a l l du ne ve n an d no l mat t er ho' w c ar ef ul one i s or how s ha r pt he t ool s .t o gc tt l l e be s tf r ol ua cl ock.e xt r a wk l l ' ki s nt l edk l dt or t l n t o ve t he s e bl cm i s hcs . Thi sl nea nst r yi ng t o s 1 1 1 00t ht h ee t l gk l s of t he t ee t h on a l 1 wheel si ncl L l di ng t he es c a pel nental l d p( ) l i shi ng ot her w' or ki ng s ur f ac es. Obvi ous l y ' when i tc ol nes t ot he t e dh of u' hee l $ 1a l ot of car e ne e dg t o be t ak cn t oe ns ur ct he y do n otl o os dt hei r pr of i l e a nd s o a pi ec e of s ui t a bl y s ha pc d woot l c an be us ed i 1 3

c o n j u n c t i o nwi t hap o l i s h i n gl ' n e d i t l n R ,

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t o al l ow t ht labr a si N ' cl ' na t er i alt ot r k t us t p a r ot l ndi ng of f of t hc e dg ds . Tl l i s s houl db ea s r oi dc da ta1 1c os t s ,i ' fs pa c c Pe r l mi t s us e a l ar ge pi e c e of t r ar d s oake di nt he pol i s hi ng m t di un na nd l aj d on a l l a ts ur f a c ea nd wor kt he pl at eon t ha t ,r a t l e rt ha nt heot heruk t y r ound. U s e a f i gt l r eof k ? j ght m ov el ue nt ' -1 he ' f i ni s hc dr es t l l ts houl d pol i s hi 1 1 ' g1 1 ' t f . ) pk ) 1 , 1 f l a tar e asi sl l ' k ' tt k )be l ' e con A l ncl ' l t l t l t li 1 1t i l ' ec as e( ) ft l ' l e$ ' 1 i I l a l ' s

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( le ne r aI l ys pe aki ng ' we t hi n ki 1l mor e t r adi t i ona 1t er l ms N vh cn cons i de r i ng c as c sandt ht lc hoi c eofs v oodbe c onl es i n l por t an t .l de al I yt he ca s es houl d be l ma de of ha r dv v ood pl a nks bt l tt hes e a r e get t i l 1 gl nor d and l uor e di t f i c ul tt o obt ai l l . For l ong c as t l cl ockh is ol nk l s cc t i o ns c t l ul d bt ' tl ' na de ot ve ne er k l d bl ockboar d but t he pr obl c l m oj obt ai ni ng s ui t abl e m at er i al s i s be con n i ng N ' k l r y di f l i cul ti ndc ed. ( ) 1 1 k l a ns ur er i st ot l s e ha r t l wood s t r i ps a nd f i t a good qt l a l i t y v t p l l c cr ed p1 y i n hi ned gr oo ves ; i t i s ha r d t t ) t eI 1 t he n l a c f i ni s hk l d r e s ul tf r ol m s ol i d wood. I t

Y' OI I T I UI ZS
Goi l 1 g Tr ai 1 1f or n l ul af o rt r ht r c ki ng cor r e c t' v v hk l k l lar r a ngel n u ' ntand f orf i ndi ng l e l l gt l lofpo s v erc hol ' t tr equi r c d. N( ) .oft cc t hi n ce nt r k lw' ht l elx N o.t 3 ft o et hi 1 13r d Ul l t ? e1 64 x 6( ) oj = ( $ ( ) N o. 0ft c e t hi n3 r d pi ni o n x No.oft e e t hi l ' l es t l a pt lN v hk l t l lpi ni on 8x 8 A St he ce l l t l e 41 1 00 1pi ni on ha s ei ghtt k l t l t ha nd t he gr oa t& N ' 1 l 0 01ni no t ys i x,t he N N ' I ' CCIr ot a t es : 96 2 hour s 8 = 1

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s pcci a1 i s tl l a aga zi nes f or hel p and i nf onnat i on be f or e dec i di ng t hc be s t s v a vt o$ . : t )a bot l ti t .I ti s bes tt oa voi t l ' ' DI 5- s t or es w,j a eI 1 t j ) nki ng oj n a a t e r j aj s .t hci rs t o ck 'i s ai l mc d a ta ku I na s s l ma r ta nt . tt or a di f f e r c nt pul . p os e an( ji s unl i kcl yt o bc s t l i t a bl e j brt hi ss or tofwor k.
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J Xl ' 1 C Ii ft h o di a l mc t k l rOft hebar l e li s2 i no hk r s ,t h0col o h' i 1 1beunnmund. 7 :x 2 = 6.aj yk j a k y j a j ; si j at ht ?s a m cpc r i od. Ast hec or di sdo t l bl e. t he wvi ghtf a l l s . t l l l t ' ugj a01 1 j yy j aj j t j a k ?di s t anc et hati tunN vi ndsf r om t he bar r e l 'i e c,3. 1 4i nc hds , i nt N s e! N , k 2j a our sorj ' us tove r6andaquar t dri n che se vd r yf ul Ida y oft went yj ouy s, Tha ' ti s t hec qui va l c ntoff ourf eeta nt lt wo i ' nch dsi nei ghtda ys ' . t ourj j u' hi ch i sa bot l tt ' l k ll maxi n a un at ha tnl os tpe opl e ar el i kc l yt ( )w' a nti tt o un' wi nd. j tal mo unt st o abouth ; i xt c en t ur nsr oun dt ) ' l eN v j ) k ) t ? Ia nd s ot her cs houl d be abot l t s c v unt e en coi I son t he dr t l l m.
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C hord Tabl es
To di ki de a ci r t z l t li n t oe ven s e ct i o ns .t l s et hct abl e be l o w. Th ef i gur c sgi q r e na r e f ora di a l me t erofon e.To f i nt lr equi l vd f i gt l r e -l uul t i pl yI engt h 01 k 2 I l or df ort he numbe rofs pa c eswa nt ed b y di a me t crofci r cl et o bedi vi de d.
Num ber ofSpac e s Le ng t h ofChor d Num ber ofSpac e s Le ngt h ofC hor d N um ber Lengt h ofSpac e s ofC hor d

3 4

0. 8860 0. 7071

3 6 37

0. 08 72 0. 08 48

69 7 0

0. 0455 0. 0449

Pendul um s
Th e mat he ma t i c alc al c ul a t i on f ort i mi ng a c om pl e t e os ci l l a t i on ofa s i m pl e pendul um i s :

5
6 y 8
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0 . 5 8 78
0. 5000 ( . ) .4339 0.38 27

3 8
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C om m on C l ock Trai ns
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Sc a pt y t sc ape Vi br al i ons Pi ni on N ' Vht r t l l pt l rn l i nt l t e

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Le ngt h of Pe ndul ul ' n

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