Change Over Time From early beginnings (4000-3500 BCE), The Proto-Indo-European language begins to change, and it divides

s and separates into two primary areal dialects due to the development of lexical differences over time. Certain branches, such as the Anatolian branch and several other Indo-Europeans, begin to migrate outwards from Central Asia, specifically to locations in Asia Minor and Europe. These migrations possibly occurred due to the pursuit of settlement or due to the continuation of dialectal divisions. Indo-European migration progressed further and more Indo-Europeans were moving east and west; Europe was even penetrated by two routes: from the Asia Minor via the Aegean Sea and southern Balkans; from the Steppes north to the Black Sea, then to the northern Balkans. The possible reasons for this form of migration was because the routes were passable and some Indo-Europeans wanted to find new areas to settle in . By around 2000 BCE, Indo-European migration expands further (Achaeans migrate westward, the Hittites and Luwians migrate further east, Celtics migrate westward into Europe, Italic tribes migrate southwestward into Italy, and Doric tribes migrate in the northern Balkans). The Indo-European branches become more defined, and the possible reason for the continuation of migration/expansion was for some, because of conquest, curiosity, and for settlement purposes. Around 1900 BCE, a noteworthy occurrence is the foundation of Mycenae by the Achaeans, which would give name to the first Indo-European civilization in Europe. This developed so quickly due to constant influence from sea trade and city development. From Central Asia, the Aryan migration continued , and they migrated further southeastward and penetrated India from the Iranian and Afghani steppes via the Gindukush mountains. This most probably occurred due to invasion. Around 1475 BCE, the Indo-European expansion and migration continued outward, and the Indo-European Achaeans invaded and conquered Eastern Crete which sparked the beginning of wide Hellenic expansion in the Mediterranean. The most probable reason of their outward expansion was probably because of conquest. Around 1400 BCE, outward migration and expansion still continues, for the Celts continue to migrate through Europe (Spain), and Achaeans begin to appear on Cyprus. The possible reason for these migrations was because of future settlement due to a growing population, and due to the fact that Cyprus was rich and prosperous. Around 1300-1200 BCE, Indo Europeans continue to migrate outwards: Illyrians, Phrygians , and Doric tribes migrate south, the Baltic peoples migrate northwards and eastwards, Achaeans migrate around Crete, Cyprus, and the Asia Minor, and most importantly, the Celts become powerful in northern Europe, since they spread over France (Gaul), Germany, Low Countries, the Alps, and even the Iberian peninsula. The possible reasons for the continuation of these outward migrations was possibly due to a growing population, the hope of future settlement, invasion, economic problems, and conquest.

Indo-European migration still continues outward, and around 1000 BCE, Indo European groups begin to move into the Ganges plain. The impacts of the Indo-European Aryan and Celtic civilizations led way to the development of life today. The Aryans and Celtics were both civilizations that became agriculturalists rather than nomads. As agriculturalists, both civilizations were able to settle down on land and advance as a civilization. As both civilizations expanded, their impact increased. The Aryan civilization was very war-like and conquered many of its enemies and expanded into parts of Europe, India, and Asia. Aryans in India pushed the Dravidians, who were natives, down into southern India. As a result, the Aryans lived in North India while the Dravidians lived in the south, which is still in affect to this day. The Celtics also claimed land, and expanded in Europe toward India, and parts of Asia. The Celtics influenced Europe with their religion. Parts of Celtic religion was believed to be magical. As a result countries such as Ireland that was once ruled by the Celtics are known for magic and luck. Aryan religion which was Rig Veda, was similar to Hinduism which developed later. Rig Veda is believed to have influenced concepts of Hinduism. In both civilizations agriculture led to advancements in irrigation and allowed for people to develop special skills, such as artisans and craftsmen. Both civilizations also had similar military advancements which led way for post-civilizations to improve upon. Bronze weapons and armor was used in the military as well as chariots. Horseback riding also was a military advancement which helped both civilizations to conquer their enemies.