,.

..

Rai 1-5:
Bai 6-14:
Bai 15-20:
Rai 21-34:
che cac
Hili 35- 40:
Hili 41-50:
Rai 51-99:
Rai 100:
NQi dung
Danh phap hidrocacbon
Mt so khai nim C<1 beln : chi so octan; chi s6
axit, chi so xa phong hoa, chi s6 cua nguyen
tv cacbon; cua ruqu, clla amin; dong
phan; d linh dQng cua nguyen tlr hidro; tfnh
baz<1 cua amin
C<1 che CLla the cua ank[m; philn lO1g cng van
anken; phim lrng the vao vang tham, phim lrng
este hoa.
Cau t<:t0 cua monosaccarft; disaccarft
biet cac chat; phan tach hon hqp; s<1 do dieu
che1t hUll C<1
M(>t so bai trac nghirn
MlI0i bai danh cho h9c sinh gibi
Cae bili loan hoa hCfU c<1
M<)t de thi tra
!lli.L
Trinh bay nhung nguyen tac quan trf;mg nhat vi' each g'}i ten hidrocacbon
no ml;lch hi! va goc c,ia chung theo llJPAC.
LOi giai

1. Ten cua hidrocacbon no hrJ khong co nhanh
- Mn cMit dau c6 ten la metan. etan. propan. butan.
- Ten cac d6ng dfu1g cao hem g6m phAn chi r6 s6 hrc;mg nguyen ttr
cacbon va phtln du()i "an" tnrng chb ankan. ThlICmg c6 them tiep dau la "n" va
each ten mt ngan "-".
- Ten cua g6c hidrocacbon no kh6ng nhanh. hoa tri mt dlIQ'C thit bang
each d6i du6i "an" hidrocacbon tlI<mg U'ng thanh "yl". Vi the g6c nay duQ'c g9i
chung ankyl.
2. Hidrocacbon no m(}ch nhemh:
,t Ch9n chinh la chua s6 11Iqng nguyen tlt cacbon nha't. Nu
:, cac c6 56 11Iqng nguyen tlt cacbon btmg nhau thl m'.lch chinh la ml;\ch c6 nhitu
nhanh nha't.
- Danh 56 thtl tt! nhfrng nguyen tlt cacbon cua chinh ttr dfiu nao
nhanh va eho t6ng 56 cae s6 chi vj trf nhanh la nho nh{\'t.
- G9i tmae he't g9i vi trio dO bOi va ten cua tUng IO<;li nhanh theo vtin
A.B.C. ...sau do g9i cua chinh c6 cung bMtg du6i II an" . Chu y cae tie'p
dftu di-, tri-, tetra- ... Kh6ng duqe dlIa vilo trlnh tl! chft cai khi g9i ten. Khi viet ten thi
cac 56 chi vj trf cach nhau mt dau ".", cae s6 chi vi tri cach tl1 chi ten ml?t net
"_",
- Ne'u g6e co m<.teh nhanh phl,l thl khi gQi g6c ciing tin h?mh cae buC1c nhu
tr?n. nhl1ng 56 ttl tl! cacbon cua g6e dlIQ'C d:inh bat d1iu ttr nguyen tu cacbon lien ket
vo; chinh.
3. Chll Y. -Ml)t 56 ten kh6ng h th6ng nhl1ng IUPAC vAn cho dung
(CH)hCH-t.:::H) isobutan (CH)4C neopentan
(CH)2CH-CH2-CH) isopentan (CH)hCH-CH
2
-CH) isohexan
CHr0I-CH3 isopropyl CHrCH
r
CfI-CH
3
sec-butyl
(CH))2CH-CH2 isobutyl (CH
3
))C tert-butyl
Nu m6t ella ankan c6 chua halogen(X), uhom nitro nhom amino viL
nbom ankyl tbl )chi goi ta goi theo trioh Tnr6c la halogen sau den
ten nhom NO:!. tip dn NH
l
. r6i den cac g6c ankyl xep theo caiLeu6j
cling den mach chinh v{ri du6i "ao"
ct.' z/ ,ht" 3 ..

j
1
LOi giai.
HfJi 2.
;r

Ten nao cua hrm chat sau duac goi theo IUPAC. Gilli thich.
,:,y ., I 3, 2,5-Dimetylhcxan d, 3-Metylpentan
'\,
b, 2,2,4-trimetylpcntan c, 4,4-Diropylheptan
(\ Y'j s" \ :

;! .. ,.
CH)-CH2-CH2--CH2-CH-CH2-C-CH2-CH)
1- It; , ,I I
1
C, 2,4-Dimetylhexan f, 5-Isobutyl-2- etylnonan
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH-CH
7
CH)
I

CHJ :)I(;Cl
Bai4.
-.-.,
a, 5-Butyl-3,7,7-trimctylnonan
Trinh bay nguyen tde Cd ban glJi ten hidrocaebon khong no mCfch hu theo
b, 5-Butyl-3,3,7-trimetylnonan 4r ; IUPAC. Chp thi dl;l minh hf10
c, 5-(2'-Mctylbutyl)-3,3-dimetylnonan
d, 5-(2'2'-dimctylbutyl)-3-metylnonan
LUi giai
LUi giai
Hidrocacbon kh6ng no la nhfmg hidrocacbon co chua ket dOi
"b" dung nhat thea IUPAC. Vi: Chat do m6i co 9 nguyen tti ke't ba giiIa nhiing ttt cacbon VOl nhau.
cacbon: nhl1ng co chi c6 2 nhanh, co 3'-nMI:!!l, cpn b "b" da 1, Ten cua Hidtocacbon mCJch ha co mt hay nhie'u no1 dbi:
chon co 4 nhanh; tOng s6 cae s6 chi vi tri mach nhanh b "b" Iii 5 it 3 + 3 + 7 = 18 Iii TA' h'd b h' Ot h . b A' dA' hl'.t t' A ank
h h' . . cua I rocac on c ua m., ai, a... nvl vi xu I P i1 tI kn cua an
non fit. ttIcmg U'ng bllng cach thay du6i "an" bang "en" (nu co mt n6i dOi); "adien" (nu co 1
hai n6i d6i); "atrien" (neu co ba noi dOi) ... , co kern theo d chii' s6 chi ro V! tn cua
tUng noi dOi dAu tu nguyen tu cacbon nao cua chfnh. M<;tch chfnh Iii
Bfli 3.
cacbon dili nhAt co chua nhieu n6i doi nhAt duqc danh s6 tu dau nao co the eho tcing
I
Hay gf1i ten cae chat eho dum day thea lUPAC.
s6 de s6 chi V! tn eua cae kt doi Iii nho nhat. Gic s6 chi vi tri cae n6i doi e6
I
tnr6c sau ten eua m<;leh ehfnh. Nu co nhanh thi each cae s6 chi V!

CH)-CH2""
tri b phia sau ten chinh dUgc1SU dl;lng rng rai han.
a) CH)-CH-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH-CH) . d) !/CH-C;:H3
l ;$"
CH)-CH
2
CH CH r ; I : (;/ (11/ III' Thf dy: CH2=CH-CH
r
CH=CH
2
c6 the g9i pentadien-l ,4
" I J ( I i-I
J
}" I
ho*c b) e) (CH
J
-CH
2
-tCH
2
)4C
I
I
CHJ I. I , I" ten thOng dl;lng han la 2-Metylpentadien-l,4
" II! i!/ I ('j' :' I ,I,
r I CH)
v) \
I
If'l I
1
r
,
c)
CH)-CH2"" ,I' '4 'll /CH)
/CH-CH2-CH", I
! :V _I
CH
J
,CH) I
I
5.5-Dimetylhexen-2
/,', ,1"" I /, I'
I
CH
3
f)
CHJ-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH2-CH
" Cl-h ( Ib_l]
- cae ttn khl'>ng th6ng vAn dugc SlI dl;lng. Etylen CHz=CH
z

CH
J
Allen CH
2
=C=CH
z
Isopren CH
2
=C-CH=CH
z
I
CH
3
2. Hidrocacbon kh6ng no chua mcj( hay nhilr..: noi ba:
7

III
,I,
i
I
i
,I
I
I
:1
1\,
Twmg tlf nhl1 tcn clla 10'.li hidrocacbon CO chua lien ket d6i, chi thay du6i
"an" clla ankan thanh "in" (mt n6i ba); adiin (hai n6i ba); atriin (ba n6i ba)...Cach
danh s6 va each viet tl1ang nhl1 hidrocacbon chua lien ket d6i. chlnh la m<;\ch
chua kien ket bi nhat. Hqp chat CH=CH theo th6ng nhl1 phai lA etin, \
nhlIng IUPAC vlin eho phep sir dl;lng ten kh6ng th6ng la axetilen.
3. Tefl cua hidrocacbon co chLla cd lien kef d6i va lien kef ba:
chlnh la mqch chua ket bi nh111. cacbon dl1qc danh F
s6 sao cho t6ng s6 cac 56 chi vi tri Clla cac n6i d6i va noi ba lil nho nhat. N6i d6i co;
d hem cap cao hem n6i ba, tuc la khi c6 st.J' Ilfa chQn thl uu tien cho n6i d6i c6 s6 '
chi vi trl thap, ttn ciIa n6i d6i "en" gQi tru6c n6i ba "in"; Vi trt cac lien ket viet
ngay 'sau ten clla chung. '
432 1
g9i ten la Buten-l-in-3
CH;;'C - CH=CH
2
Thf d':1:
kh6ng gQi la Butin-l-en-3
Butin-3-en-l
6 5 4 3 2 1
gQi 13 hexadlen-l ,3-in-5
-CH=CH-fH=CH2
CH -CH) gQi la 4-Etyl-3-propylhexadien-1 ,3-in-5
2
I ) 2 I
kh6ng chQn c6 7 cacbon la
6 5 4 CH2-CH2-CH3 dai nhat lam chinh de danh s6 thll' til
CH2-CH)
ttt do gQi ten lil 3-Etyl-4-vinylhepten-3-in-l
nhl1 : I 4 , --..
CH::C-C=C-CH=CH2
I 2) 1
Cl-h-CH2- CH3
5 6 7
4. Ten gqi hoa trl mt.
Ten g6c hidrocacbon kh6ng no h6a tIi 1 dl1qc thiet bang each them du6i
"yl" vao ten clla hidrocacbon k.h6ng no tuemg lIng. Do c6 cac ten chung la
ankenyI (mt n6i d6i); ankinyl (mt n6i ba); ankadienyl (hai n6i d6i) ankadiinyl (hai
n6i ba)... 56 thll' tlf caebon chlnh ella g6c duqc danh dAu tir nguyen ttr
caebon c6 h6a tri tlf do.
cae ttn thubng: Vinyl CH
2
=CH- ; Allyl CH2==CH-CH
150propenyl
CH)
ThiJL.l:
CR=C- Etinyl CH
2
==CH- Etenyl
3 2 1
CH
3
-CH=CH- Propen-l-yl
321
ClbC-CH
r
Propin-2-yl
Bai 5.
Trinh bay nguyen tac g{)i ten Hidrocacbon Yang. Cho thE dlJ min}
h{)a
LOi giai
1. Hidrocacbon dan yang:
Ten clla hidrocacbon dan yang no va kh6ng no, cling nhu gQi cac g6c h6,
tri mt tuang U'ng clla chung duqc gQi bang each them tie'p dAu xiclo- vao ell;'
hidrocacbon h6 co cung s6 luqng nguyen ttt caebol1 so v6i Yang.
Thfd':1:
6 I I o
o o
o
Xic1opropan Xic10butan Xic10pentan Xiclohexan Xiclohexen Xiclohexadien-l,3
Ne'u co nh6m the lien ke't v6'i dem yang no thl s6 thli W cacbon trang yang
duqc danh dAu ttt mt eacbon co nhom the, sao eho t6ng s6 de chfr s6 chi vi trf lil
nho nha:t.
Ne'u nhom the' lien ke't vrn dan yang kh6ng no thl s6 thli tt.J' cacbon cua yang
phai danh dt\u ttt eacbon ella lien ket d6i, danh s6 phai di qua n6i d6i, sao
eho t6ng 56 cae s6 chi vi trl clla nhom the la nh6 nhA't.
56 thll' tlf eacbon ella g6c hidrocacbon dem yang cung danh bAt dau ttt cacbon
co h6a tri tJ,t do.
Thl dl):
\

V CH)
CH
3
0
CH'
CHX
H
)
lJ-CH
2
-CH)
l,l-dimetylxiclohexan 1,3-dimetylxiclohexan 3-Etyl-I,I-dimetylxiclohexan
Thl dy:
:i' '
i
I
8
6
6
: 2
r
f.:
1
i
CH)
6r1;l2

Xiclohexyl Xiclopenten-2-yl-1
I,
xen S 4 )
,3
o
sV)
10
8CH-CH) ,L.
I
2. Ten Clia hidrocacbon chu-a hai vong.
/Ct:
9
CH
) CH) CH) l:'
Hidrocacbon chua hai vong dl1qc gQi 13. Hidrocacbon bixiclic. pic f'
p-Mentan p-Menten-l
Norbomm
hidrocacbon bixiclic c6 chung nhau mt nguyen tll cacbon 0 mt vang gQi Hi
spiro, ten cua nay dl1<;1c gQi each them tiep da.u spiro cung cac s6 chi s6
I"'>
r" CH)
111qng nguyen ttt cacbon am6i vang vao ten clla hidrocacbon hb c6 cung s6
I;,
I",
luqng cacbon. ) 6 )
CHrf]2
6

i
Thid':l: :!
j
CH) 7 4
i S
I S
a-pinen Pinan
Bonan
t
4<]
f
4

'J
2 6 ) g 7
II
.1
, Bai 6.
5piropntan
5piro[2,3Jhexan spiro[3,41sx: tan
Chi so oclan lii
l
gi? Niu khai qual m6i' liin quan gifia ch,' 56' oclan va ctfu
tf!.o cua hidrocacbon. Tt;li sao ngzrOi. ta noi rling Irong xang co chua chi?
P-:

" b b" r ' chung du n6i dUC1C goi ten bc1lilg cach them tiep : LOi ..
cac hldrocac on IXIC!C _ ' . . . b !m6i cfiu theo thu ! g131.
da.u "bixiclo" cung cac chii s6 chi ro 56 luqn,g nguyen cac on C1
j
b: A
.. b h ho c6 cung s6 lucmg nguyen tu cac on. Sv
tu nho dAn vao ten cua hldrocac on dt( ,Thanh pha.n chinh cua cac loai nhien lieu long dung I cho cac dOng ca d6t 'i
. - 6 [ I va cach nhau mN aU C .u11 ,! _ " 1.
nay duqc trong vu ng ... . I ! trong, dng ca ... la h6n hqp nhieu hidrocacbon. Chi 56 octan la mt trong
2 1 2

,] nhling tieu chuan danh gia chat lU<;1Og cua xang, n6 tnmg cho tinh nO cua
7 7 ;..' xang khi bi ncn. He;tp chat: <]D.'
! 3
: 6 ! CH)
CO
CD
3
6 5 4 5 '4J CH)--CH2-yH-CH) 2,2,4-trimety1penta
. I I CH
3
CH
3
Bixiclo[2.2.1 ]heptan Bixiclo[3.2.0}heptan ,.'
, thu tu dl1<:1C danh diiu tiI mt nguyen ttt cacbon b da.u n61, dl qua thuCmg gQi 1a iso-octan 1a nhien t6t, chi n6 khi nen CI!C d'.li va dU<;1c quy
dc tv s6111qng cacbon giam dAn, sao cho nhling nguyen ttl cacbon c6:j116c c6 chi s6 octan Iii 100. Conn-heptan la nhien t6i khi b! nen nht? la
mach phu c6 s6 thu tV nho nhat.;da n6 va dU<;1c guy uoc co-chi s6 octan O. H6n hqp g6m iso-octan va n-heptan c6
. hidrocacbon la tecpen rna IUPAC chap co th6 g<;>i ten thee chi s6 octan tu 0 d6n 100 tuy theo ti ph1n tram cua iso-octan c6 trong h6n hqp ay.
th6ng thea ten thuCmg. f Ne'u_ nao do co C?I s6 bang 90 h<;tn, thl l<?<:,i xang ,nay co
l
! diem n6 nhu mt hOn hqp g6m 90 % lso-octan va 10 % n-heptan.
: - Ok n-parafin co chi s6 oetan tha'p, cacbon dng dili chi 56 octan cang
thap.
11
10
iii
----

M,.\ch hidrocacbon dug phrtn nhanh lhl chi 86 <.>clan cang
SI! co CUEl nbi d6i lam taug chi so octan,nhfll 1a.khi ndi d6i avao phan
o
H
giva cua cacbon.
CII -O-C-R
0
Ole cycloankan co chi s6 oclan cao han cac ankan tuang Ung.
I
z
II
cac g6c R, R',.R" c6
gi6ng nhau khac
fH- O- C- R'
Cac hidrocacbon tham co chi s6 octan bit CJf\.
nhall.
R"
C6 tht tham khao de djnh cac ket trcn thea bang sau:
o
Hidrocacbon Chi 56 octan Hidrocacbsm
Chi s6 octan
n-Butan
n-Pentan
n-Hexan
n-Heptan
n-Oclan
2,3-dimetyl hexan
2,2,4-trimetyl hexan
(isooctan)
92
62
26
0
-17
79
100
2,2,3-trimetyIbutan

tetrametylpentan
Heplen-l
IIeptan-2
Hepten-3
Xiclohexan
.benzen
p-xylen
112
125
54
70
84
78
102
100
lhI!c nhv driu dua, .r. dtu IhuQc chal beo. Con dau rna h6i
tran thong thuang ( nhv vazalin) la h6n hgp hidrocacbon. VI chung co lhanh
phan h6a h9
c
hoan to?l.I1 khac nhau. Vi dftu la este, con dflll boi tron IA
hidrocacbon.
*- Trang chat beo chva tinh kJlict thuong co Ian m(lt nho axit
cacboxylic tv do. KOH dn dlmg M trung hoa axit co trang mt gam
i chat ben g<;>i Iii chi s6 axit cua chatJ?eA
;
- Tclng s6 miligam KOB dn dllllg de (rung hoa'axit cacboxyhc tI! do va xa
phong hoa hoan toan glixerit c6 trang mQt gam ch:lt beo dV<;1c g9
i
Ii\ chi so xii phong
, hoa.
- Chi s6 iot tnmg cho mlre do kh6ng no clla chtlt beo S6 . 'I "
. "" .,' . , " , . ' . i c(lng hqp voi'} 00 l chtlt be . I ,... , . ..: . gam lOt co t le
_Khl chlIng cM dfiu mo ta thu dV<Jc cac lo"u xang co chva nhltu 10<;11 n- [ g 0 g9
1
achI s6 lot cu" chilt beo do.
parafin, chi s6 octan cU;l chung thtlp (tnvang khong Vllgt qua. 60) chung n6. i . *- Chat beo ran thvOng chua g6c axit no, con chat beo Ion thvOn chua '. l
Ngvoi ta lam tang chi s6 octan cua cpnng btmg .erich vao xang cac chat khang aXIl .no, do ml.lc dfch quan tr9ng nhat ella hidro hO: chilt r I
I n6.Mt trong nhfrng chat khang n6 ph6 bien nhat 1a tetraetyl chi, chat nay:1 chat beo long thanh chiit beo ran. a n lam
:
i
khi pha v_ao xfmg vm n6ng d'tU,.O,2 den,O,8 se Uu::, s6 8.1
I
I
xang tm 93 cao han. Tetraetyl chI dvgc dung dvm chM long ety1 g6m .
tetraetyl chi (chiem 63%), dibrametan (26%);dic1oetan. (9%) va. phAro nhum (2%)." h' cua cacbon, clla ruflU, clla amin la gi? Cho bie! phuang
Khi bi d6t thl chi trang xang bie'n thanh chi oxit kh6 bay hCfj deF. d6 P ap hoa hfJc phan b'r
f
cac rUi;m co bl,ic khac nhau, cac am;n co bljc khac nhall.
dibrametan nhtIm ml}c dfch chi oxit thanh chi bromuadt-Jxty h.criva th6at ra'
LOi ghli.
ngoai dng ca, Vi cac 11 do tren nen trang xang luon luon c6 chi:
nai 7. ella m<)t nguyen tu cacbon bang s6 IvO'ng nhfrng n J h k'
lien ke"t truc tie m , . guyen tu cac on hac
Chlft beD La gi? Dli'U thl!C vtJt, dau mil boi tron thong thuimg co thllnh pha'n . p v nguy n tv cacbon do.
hoa hqc gom nhiing gi? The' nilO Iil chi s6 axit, chi so xd phdng hoa vd chi so iot. Thf dl}: Trang hgp chat
cua chat bio. Cho hiet dich cua qua trinh hidro h6a chat bio. 'r cae nguyen ttT caebon trang cac nhem CH)
CH3 dtu Iii cacbon bac 1.
Lffigiai
I 2 I 3 4 j " ,
Cl-h-C-CHz-CH-CH Nguyen ttr cachon.s6 3 la bik 2.
\,1 I , .
i '; CH3 eH3 Nguyen ttl cae bon 564 In bik 3.
il
*- Chftt beo 1a este cua g1ixerin ven cac axit c6 m<;\<:h cacqon dai nhu 'Nguyen tiI cacbon s6 2 la 4.
I,
1,
panmitic C
ls
H
31
COOH, axit stearic C
l1
H
1S
COOH, axit oleic C
I1
H
33
COOH... (thvang);Chinh VI rna ten g6c hidrocacbon sinh ra do m{(t nguyen tir hidro acaebon 2,
i
oi la axit beo). Cong thuc t6ng quat chung 1a: 3 ta them tiep sec-, tert- vao g6c ankyl. ( sec-, tert- xuilt phat ttr lieng
g. !;Anh: Secondary, tertiary nghia la 2, 3).
, ::[!
t l?
Theo nghia tren thl nguyen tll cacbon trong pMn tll metan c6 nguyen ttr
CHJ-CH-CH) + HCI
CHrC,H-CH) + H
2
0 philO U'ng sau
J cacbon kh6ng, nhung ta van guy uoc n6 c6 1.
OH CI 5 phut
_Bac cua nrqu la ella nguyen tv cacbon lien ket trlfc tiep nhom OH.
Nhu the c6 nghia la neu nh6m OH lien ket vm nguyen tii cacbon may thl cua ZnCl,
CH
r
CH
2
-CH
r
OH + HC}
kh6ng phein Ung
ruqu 1ft ba'y nhieu.
Thl dl;J: Ru9U I: CHJ-OH, CH
J
-CH2-OH,
- Amin la dAn eua amoniac trong d6 1, 2, h<ty d. 3 nguyen tii hidra cua
Ruqu 2:
amoniac bi thay th g6c hidrocaebon. cua amin baAg 56 IU<;111g nguyen tiI
OH I
hidra eua amoniac da bi thay the, d6 cling ehinh la 56 lugng g6c hidrocacbon h6a
CH
3
-CH-CH-OH
3 CH3-yH-CH3 ,
I lien ket tl}'c tiep v6i nguyen tii nita.
OH CHJ
Ruqu 3: H-N-H R-N-H R-N-H R-N-R"
all
I I I J
L',
OH
I I
I H H R" R'
CH
3
-CH
2
-y-CH
3
CH
3
1
} amoniac amin I amin 2 amin 3
CH
J
1 I
.De ph;.1n dic rl19U c6 khac nhau ta co the oxi h6a cac nr<;1U bling CuO,
sau d6 nghien CtIu san phfun t'.l0 ra; Neu phfun ra la andchit xct6n thl Dt phan cae amin e6 khac nhau ta dung phan lmg eua amin v6j axit
1 nitrC1. 010 amin phan lIng v6i NaN02 va HCI a d'tLr DoC den jOe. Khi d6 amill
ruau ban dAu Iii I 2.
. 0;
3 k.h6ng phan t1'ng, Amin 2 ra hqp eha"t N-nitrazo thuang la chat long
to mau vang, it tan trang nuoc.
R-CH - OH + CuO - R-C + Cu + H20
2
--'H
r
R-CH
2
- C -CH 3 +
cJ + H 0, ! R + NaN0
2
+ HCI
+ NaCI + H
2
0
+ euo 2
R-CH2- CH -CH
-
I 3 II R
R
OH

Hqp chat N-nitrolo
NeU
nrqtl khOng bj CuO oxi hoa thl no la nr<;1U 3. :
E
Phuang phap trcn xity ra ltiu, han nua b d cao thl cac chat hUll CO
Amin mt phein tlng t<;\o ra mu6i diazoni:
co tac dyng v6i CuO ra CO
2
va H
2
0 theo phucmg tdnh phan Itlng chung:
aOC-5 C
C"HyO + (2x+y/2-7,) CuO - x CO2 + yl2 H
2
0 R-NH2 + NaN02 + 2 HCI ) R-N
2
+CI- + NaCl + 2 H 0
z I
2
Phucmg phap tin va nhanh chong pha.n cae ruqu FO khac nhau
Iii dl}'a vuo t6c d philO tlng thay the nh6m -OH cua nrqu bang do trang phan tlng): .
gifra n1qu voi dung ella ZnCl
2
khan trang axit HC} Khi d6 ruqu Neu la amin ,mt thl mu6i diazoni se phAn huy n a iai h' ,
ph (mg ilgay tuc khac, tao xua't halogen lam van dung dieh; rUqu 21 fa nrqu. g y g pong kh. N, va
im R-OH
+ N
2
i +
\ ,a san phAm sau vai ph"t; Ruqu bac I kh6ng phan (mg. ! RN,Cl + H-OH HCI t '---.

CH
3
CH3
I ZnClz I phan (rng ngay
Neu la amin tham 1 thi mu6i diazoni ben aOC_ j0C, c6 tic'n h?mh
+ H20
Cll)-C-OH I- HCI ---- CH)-C-C1
, I phim lIng ghCp d6i vm p-naphtoll'.lo mau"
C1I
3
CH3
<
"
+NaO +HP
NuOH + Ar-N,Cl + --+

@X$lOH
N=N-Ar
Mu6n phan huy mu6i diazoni tharn phiii dun n6ng nh<::. khi do thu dLIqc

phenol, N
2
.
---1- ArOB + N
2
+ HCI
Ar-N
2
Cl + H20
Bai 9. _ '
. . [' '? C ' .' [ . dong p'han Cho thi du minh hoa va chI TO ..
D6ng phan a gl. 0 may Of;ll .'
III
danh phtip ella chung.
I:: LOi giai ;:
, ' if
:11'
I)-
* D6ng phan la nhfrng hqp chat co cung eong thuc phftn tu nhung khae nhau
.I,ll' : ' clIng thue diu nen tfnh eMit h6a h9
c
khac nhau.
Thi du: cac h<;1p chat CH
r
CH
2
-OH va CHrO-CH) la d6ng phftn ci\a nhau,vI
chung co eong thue phAn tir C2H60. ,
Vi cae d6ng phtln co cung .cong thue phftn d6 :0 kh6i phtln. tu
' h' 0' tha' nh dinh tinh va dinh luang phAn tram cae nguyen to nhu nh<1u.
bangn au,c . .'
* Co hai 10'.li d6ng phftn chinh la d6ng phlln eau va d6ng phan kh6ng gian.
D
.' han call laO: La nhfrng dong pMn khac nhau ve trlnh n.r sap xe"p cac
- ong p. , ., h' h d ' htl
, h a-c nh6m nguyen tv . Trong d6ng philn cAu 1<;11 ehla t an ong p n
nguyen tU o. . .' h' h' h
e
. 'dA hAn lien ke"t, d6ng phan ve mach cacbon; dong phan ve c uc oa g .
VI tn; vng p a .
. Thi dl): CH CH -CH=CH va CH)-CH=CH-CH) chi khac nhau vi tn lien
r 2 2
k t doi trong phAn tv.
CH -CH -CH -OH va CHrCH-CH) chi khac nhau vi tn cua nh6m OH
2 2
) I
OH
i':,'
i i chung la nhCi'ng e*p d6ng ph:ln vi tn.
va CH3-CH-CH3
CH3-Cl-h-CH2-CH3
CH
3
CH
z
/ "
CH
3
-CH=CH2
va CH
2
-CH
2
chung la nhtrng d6ng phlln m<;1ch cacbon.
I;:
CH =CH-CH=CH
2
va CH
r
CH
2
-C == CH la d6ng phan lien ket.
2
I,::
CH)-C=O va HCOOCH) va HO-CH2-C=O
I I
_
H H
)11:
In nhfrng h<;1p chat co cong thuc phftn tir nhung khac nhau 10'.li nhom chuc
do do g9i la d6ng phtln chuc hoa h9c.
- Dong phan klzong gian: La 10<;1i d6ng phan c6 tnnh tlf xtp cac nguyen tv
gi6ng nhau nhung chi khac nhau ve SIf phftn b6 cac nguyen tii xung quanh cU'ng
nhk phfin bat d6i XUng cua phftn tir. D6ng phftn khong gian co hai chinh 13
d6ng phftn hlnh h9C va d6ng phAn quang h9C.
- Dong phdn hinh hQC: La cae d6ng phan khac nhau sIf phan b6 cac nguyen
ttt va nh6m tl'r trong khong gian cua cae nh6m tht d6i v6i lien ktt doi
d6i veJi clla yang ( trucmg hqp cac chit c6 cAu Yang). G9i fa d6ng phtln
hlnh h9C bbi VI sIf phftn b6 khac nhau se diln den khoang each giiia cac nh6m se khac
nhau. D6ng phlln hlnh h9c thucmg g9i la d6ng cis-,trans-.
',., ,.". "
Neu co hal nhom tu ket v6i hal nguyen tLI khac nhau cua
vang, thl dong phftn cis- dt chi d6ng phftn co hai nh6m phan b6 aeong mt phfa eila
trung blnh eua Yang. Nguqc la dong phan trans-.


H]LAH]
cis-l,4-dimetylxicIohexan trans-J ,4-dimetylxicIohexan
Xung quanh ktt d6i C=C chi e6 d6ng phtln hlnh h9c neu m6i nguyen tv
eacbon cua n6i doi lien ke't vO'i hai nguyen ttl hai nh6m nguyen tv khac nhau.
(ibC=C.cd abC=Cab
Neu m6i nguyen tii caebon deu can mC,'>r nguyen tl'r hidro thl din cu theo sl!
phtln b6 eua hai nguyen tii hidro d6 acung phia hay khac phia xung quanh.lien ke"(
doi rna ta c6 d6ng phan cis- hay trans-.
1
H" t. i- l/H
/
c =
C=C >
C '{ va
'-
CI-h
"
If
/ "C"'II -CH
CHz-CH3
z
3
. \
cls-penten-
2
trans-penten-2
Neu khong the dl!a vao slf phAn b6 eoa cac nguyen tl'r hidro thl ta dlfa theo hai
dAu ellll m'.lch chfnh trang anken duqc phan b6 acung mt phia hay khac phia ella
n6i doi rna co tuang t'mg d6ng phAn cis- hay trans-.
Thi dt,J:
\ 1
CH3-CH2" 2) 4 /CH2-CH]
C = C , _
/ "S -' '1
ell] CH
2
-Cl 1
2
-CH]
.......

Ne'u hai d6ng pha.n quang hQe khOng phai lit v?t va anh qua guuug th1
g9
i
la 4-etyl-3-rnetyl-trans-heptcn-3 du hai nh6m gi6ng nhau aeung rnt phfa
89
i
la d6ng pha.n hge khOng dOi quang hay g9i If! d6ng phan dia.
ella n6i doi kh6ng goi la eis- bOi VI hai dUu eua mach ehfnh akhae phfa. r\
. ..
Tnremg hqp tOng quat nhat ta dln xae dinh d hem d'ip ell4 cae nh6m nguyen
I I
CHO CHO
ttr lie,n v6i m6i ella n6i doi, ,n u, cae, nho,'n; I e6 d? <:ao j 2
1
'21
H-C-OH
han cr eung mt phm ta kl la dOng phAn Z; con cr khae ta kl la dOng":
3
1
va
JI
phan E. I . fi H-C-OH HO-C-H
4
I
4
I
Nguyen tit co tich nhan dlUg i6n thl d han cffp [ding cao. !
CHJ CH3
vao d<) han eua nguyen ttr k t, vCri n6i dOi khongl pha.n dll'qe thu
D- L
H!. thi xet tiep nhling nguyen tlI hen ket ke hep. I

i Khi bitu dit:n cae d6ng pha.n quang h9C ta m<;l.eh caebon thea
/H CHJ
dlmg. nh6m ehue chua nguyen ttr eaebon e6 s6 oxi h6a eaa nhat quay phla
C=C C=c! '.i
Khi d6 ne"u nh6m -OH eua nguyen ttr eaeban bAt d6i, vCri s6 thl! tt! eao nhat. nam a
" va ('" M
(
C CHJ C H J phfa tay phai eua ngum quan sat thi g9i lil d6ng pha.n 0-, aphfa tay trai g9i la L-.
E Z
i

DOi vCri cae a-laminoaxit thl d6ng phan e6 nhom -NH
2
aphla tay tnii lil d6ng
Brom c6 s6 thu tt! trong th6ng tuAn hoim Iii 35; con clo 0 thu 17, eaebon
phJm L-, aphfa tay pl}ai Hi d6ng pha.n D
() 16. d hem cap la Br > CI > C> H.
Neu lien kit doi kh6ng phai la C::::C ma la C=N thilU'ng vCri dOng philn-.'
CiS- ta dlmg ngii syn-; va trans- dOi la anti. 1
I
I

COOH: COOH
f-!O H
\
i
I'
va H-C-NH
2
_ /OH . i
1
- I I :
CH
J
CH
3 C - N va C =N ,. Cl-hOH
/ / ,
I
10H
I
L-alanin D-alanin D-glueozcr
I ;
syn- antl-

_Dong phon quang h9C: La nhling d6ng pht'tn khac nhau 51! phAn b6 cae
DOi vCri glue6zcr trang stich giao khoa ph6 th6ng noi den la d6ng pha.n 0
nh6m nguyen ttr xung quanh nguyen ttr eaebon bat d6i xllng, ,
glueow, tl!e la chi eho bi t nh6m -OH ella nguyen tir C
3
(caebon bat d6i e6 s6 thu tt!
ttI eaebon bat doi xUng la nhling nguyen ItT caeb!on lien ket v6i b611f
eao nhat) nlun aphla tay phai. Khi ehuyen ttr ha sang d<:mg yang thl
nguyen tir eua bOn nguyen to ",(Ii bOn nh6m nguyen ttI khac ilhau.
cae nhorn -OH aphia tay phai deu aphia dum Yang. nh6m CH
2
0H atren vong.
b
I t
a-C-d
I
Hili 10.
b i
d(J s6i (con gfJi Id dilm s6i) cua mrJI chat phl;l thurJc vdo nhilng ytu t6'
Ntu ha} quang h9C rna dOng pMn nay la ilUhi cua dOng kia ,I
ndo? cho biet cO" sO- khoa hl!c dl! doan 51! xap cac chat'lheo Ih'-, II! drJ s6i
tang da'n hOlJC giam dii'n?
qua guemg phang thl g91 la hal dong phAn quang h9C dOl yuang dem gl311 la hal
" I
d6iquang. m
LOi giai
I
COOH

I
COOH
I

+ d s6i cUa rn<)t hqp chAt If! dl;> d6 tip suat hoi eua eha't ap
H-C-OH
HO-C-H

sU:ll khi tren be chat long. Nhl! the' ta thily ngay d(> s6i phl} thue
I
I
CH
3

vao: CH
3
- A.p su:il khi quytn-lfcn mal Ilmg. ap su:fl canglhjp thi nhil c1<) SCJi cang
axit D-Iactie
axit L-Iactic
lha"p.
19

:""
:,!}.
';.'
If
- Kh6i ltrqng phftn tir ella ehtll. VI kh6i h.rqng phan ttl ella ehftt eang Ian thl
chat cang kh6 boc hcri, ap suat hoi eua chat tren cang kh6 dL,\t tm
con cac d6ng phfl.n meta-dihidraxybenzen (Rezoxinol) va d6ng phfin para-dihidraxy
gia tr, ap suat khi d(> s6i dng cao.
benzen (hidroquinon) chi co lien ket cAu hidro giua cae phftn tu, nhffilg lien ket eua
- Lien kct hidro giua cae phAn ttl. d6ng phfin para m'.lnh hem do d6 de) s6i eao han.
+ So sClnh nhif d s6; Clia C(Ic cJutf vao Cali elia cJlLlng.
- 01i so snoh acung m(>t gia tri ap suat ben ngoai.
H"'0-fi 0", O/H -<Q)-
- Chi so sanh cae chtit cung mt day d6ng c6 kh6i ltr911g phan ttl 'I
H .. O 0 I
I H
X{lp Xl nhau. :'
H
Trang cung mt day ( thi dl;! dc ankan vai nhau; cac ru<;ru no dem chuc f
bac ffit v6i nhau... ) thl nhi?t d(> s6i tang khi kh6i Ivqng phftn ttl tang. ;',; Nt{ , h h' ",.
':c;U so san n d 561 cua eae aXIl no dan ehuc, rvQ1I no dan chue va este
* Pentan (36,1 DC) < hexan (68, 7C) < heptan (98,4C) < octan (l26C) l: no. dcm c6, kh6i. Ivqng phfin tu btlng nhau thl este kh6ng t'.l0 du hidro c6
* CH30lI (65C) < CHJCH20H (78,SOC) < propanol (97,2C) < butanol (l38C) f nh.. d s6.1 thAp rvQ1I t?O ,lien ket cAu hidro yeu hon ket du hidro trong
:1"'" /' , -'", , ,. . aXlt nen d s61 ella rvgu thAp han ella axil.
( Trong eung mt day chat thl chAt c6 ctiu t?O ding phfl.n nhanh thl d s61
Leang giam. ----
....-.- < CH)(CH2)JCH
2
0H <
II
t (77C) (l38C) (l63.5C)
i,
il
CH)CH2CH2COOH (l63,SOC) > CH
3
-CH-COOH (lS4,SOC)
I
,':Ii
Chi chfr 56 trang dan la nhiet d6 s6i ella cae ehat tvang {,..,..
'I'
1
CH] . . ... "g.
1'11
t
1
.')
i.I:1 \,.
, , h" , kh
Ao
1 h' b' h '. h h' h: x ,IBai 11.
cae e at co vI vqng p ftn tv ang xtip XI n au, tiC at ndO co
il;l,
kh<'t t<;to lien ke't du hidro giua cac ttl thl ch[(t d6 c6 d s6i caD So dtj linh. dtjng ella nguyen t,} hUJro (so stinh tfnh axit clia ruf!U,
i'\1
III,
lien ket diu hidro gifra cae ttl ding thi d s6i cang eao. SiJ ill nhv f;phenol va axlt eacboxylre). Cho thi dl;l minh hfJa.
1'1
VI t<;to diu hidro giua cae phan ttl da gian tiep lam eho kh6i luqng pha.n ttl
" I
tang len, do d6 phai mat nang Ivqng cal cac lien ket cau hidro, lien k t hidro dng
LOi ghii
manh thl nang Ivqng tieu t6n cang 100 do d6 d s6i dng cao.:: D6 r h d ' , 0
A
' . m yng cua nguyen tl1 hldro hay n61 eaeh khae 130 tinh axit ella m6t chat
Thi dl;!: pa kha nang nhvemg proton clla chat d6. .
,I
TIllr nhit d soi clla C
6
HiOH)2 nhv sau: 1, . RVQ1J, phenol va axit cacboxylic deu <;6 nh6m -OH, dQ linh dQng eua nguyen
D6ng phan ortho- (240C) < d6ng phftn meta- (273C) < d6ng phftn para- tl
v
. h'd;o phy thuc vao ella lien ket gifra oxi va hidro trang nh6m -OB,
(285C). c,ac ,nguyen ttt ket v6i nh6m -OH lam tang d phfin el!c eua nh6m -OH
, . , . . . ". d6ng thOi lam tang d hnh dng ella nguyen tu hidro trong nh6m na
VI d6ng ortho-dlhldroxybenzen (procatechm) chi e6 hen ket cftu hldro i' , . y.
ni phan ttl, ket nay kh6ng lam tang kh6i Ivqng phin ttl, kh6ng n6i cac phan tlr;l, Nh6m -?H cua IDot la c.l!e nhat, -OH ella phenol phan el!c han
lF
hom
r' J OH eua rvau. Do d6 tmh axIl dVaclap xep nhv sau' 1al VOl n lau.
'
rvgu < phenol < axit
H
r, ,
d Chieu tang ella tfnh axit
rQI7 h 00 .. H-O
'H
II
O
,rnH
2n
+
I
-O-H g6c ankyl CnH2n+ l - dAy electron ve phia oxi Hun giarn d6 phan cue
nhorn -0H. . ' .
H
"
I
'"
H
, I,
I , Trong phenol c6 sv dieh electron nhv sau:
. J

.... "
i

1

r:(J4_H
SlJ tuang tac giiia dic electron lien ket i.
V clla oxi v6i cac electron 7t trong tharn
I I I'
cho dQ electron oxi giam, d6i electron clla lien ket giiia va hic1ra
d!ch ve phfa oxi lam tang dg phftn clfc eua nh6m -OH. f.
c:
O
1;:
Trang axit:

"0 -- H : i
Nh6m eaebonyllam cho d6i electron Wdo clla oxi trong nh6m -OH b! chuyen}
djeh han, lam cho dQ electron oxi giam hem so v61 Iphenol.
Thf du. minh hoa: . i ,i
_Axil eaeboxylie lam do quy tim. phenol va ruqu khOng do quy tim. I
_ Phenol va axit philn (rng v6i kiem, nrqu kh6ng phan vm kitm chung tIl'
tinh axit cua ruqu Ii} yeu nhfft.
+ NaOH -t
RCOOH + NaOH -->
C,H
2n
+ OH + NaOH
I
_ Axit eaeboxylic day duqc khi CO
2
RCOOH la axit manh hem axit cacbonic. .
2RCOOH + Na2COJ
1
+ H20 I,
ReOONa + J!,o
. kh6ng phim ung
.;
i
ra khoi mu6i cacbonat chUngl to axil!
'

2RCOONa + H2P + CO2 ,
#.
H
Khi CO
2
day dugc phenol ra khoi dung dich phcnolat chlrng to axit
la axit hcm phenol. ]
CO + H
2
0 + C
6
H
5
0N'a .....-)- + NaHCpJ I
Ij'l
2
Theo tinh chAt bk diu co: I
Tinh axit eua phenol < axit cua axit H2COJ < tfnh axil clla RCOOH. rt I

BailZ.' I;
Amin Ia gi ? Nhif dau amin co tfnh bazO' ? Tl;li sao ainin beo co tinh
ml;lnh ha1l amoniiic? Tfnh amin cua baZ(1 beD co thay ddt thea btJc .;ua
khong? i
S<1 di cac amin deu c6 tfnh baz<1 vi nguyen tv nita tTOng amin vAn con m<?t
doi electron' chua thanh lien ke"t. nha d6i electron nay rna cac amin co
kha nang proton, tlfe la c6 rinh baza gi6ng nhti amoniac:
- -
.,
H-N-H
H

H-t-;r-R
2
R]
I
+ H
+
I
+
+ H
NIit
B
H
I () I
R-t-;r-R
z
R,
LOi giai :t
i ,p
_ Amm la cua amoniac trong d6 1,2 hay ca 3 nguyen tv hidro cU_,} Neu cac g6c lie kAt ,. . d' 1 ' " ., . , . "n(,:; VC1I nita ag6c tham th' bn ' . . " ,
amon,ac thay the bC1I g6c hldroeacbon . ,baza dng giam. (f"' H ) N < (C H ) NH rH 1 . C cua arum cang Ci10 tmh
II '--{, 5 J . 6 5 2 < '-1j 5NH2'

- Trong phAn tir cac amin beo CnH]n+,-NH
2
do cae g6c ankyl day
electron tlng cam U'ng duang (+1) lam cho d tren tir
nita eua amin beo Ian! han dQ electton nguyen ti'r nita_cu<LaIlloniac, do v!y
amin bee de proton han amoniac. Tinh baza cua amin bee rni;lnh han tinh baza
cua amoniac. r"1"' ....
Trang pha.n tir bic alOin thorn do ea(: electron tlf do clla nita lien h<;Jp v6i cae
electron cua lien ke't n trong vong tnam, lam cho d6i electron tlJ do cua nita chuyen
dieh rni;lnh phfa vong tham, khac nguyen tLr nita e6 d fun (3,0) lem han
d am cua cacbon (2,2) nen d6i electron dung chung gifra cacbon va nitq pha.n
ClJC ve, phfa nita. Nhtnlg trong amin tham ling litn hgp v&i yang tham hem
hjeu (mg cam Ung, do! d6 d electron tren nita cua amm thdrn nho hem trtn nita
eoa amoniac, ram giarn khci nang proton tuc la lam 'giam tfnh baza so vCti
amoniac.
CnH
2n
+
I
-+NH2 ,
rrYr7J_H
H-N-H

\j H

- Khi cua amin beo cang tang tUc Iii 56 luqng ke't tl1!C tic'p
vm nita tang. stf day electron cua cac g6c ankyl d6n ve nita cang d
electron trtn nita tang! do d6 tfnh baza tang.
- ..........
Ta c6 trinh tt! sap xt'p nhu sau:
amin tham < amoniac < amin beo bftc 1 < amin beo bAc 2
.
Chieu lang cua ti'lh baza
,,
'
, i
r

f
t",
...'I
F"T'

t',j
f:
If.
H
I;
I
I'i.,:
!:
I.
, I.
"
.1
t
,I
'':}
':,1
:;
"I
,j
oi
,
;1
',l
'J

(
)
Bili 13.
.l1A:
Chqn cau tra lUi dung va giai thich ngan gqn. Sap xlp cac chat sau theo
chilu tiing cua tinh axit tit trai sang phai.
CH]-C6
H
4-
NH
2,
Cl-@-NH2 , @-NH
2
13A: CH
2
=CH-COOH, HCOOH, CH=C-COOH, CH
r
CH
2
-COOH
(I) (II)

(llI) IV)
(I ) ( II ) ( Ul) ( IV ) r
a, < II < III < IV
(
ti
b,
III < II < IV < I
a, "", (IV) < (III) < (II) < (I)
to
,j
c, II< III < IV < I
d,
II < IV < III < I
b, ( IV ) < (II) < (I) < (UI)
14B:
c, (I) < (II) < (III) < (IV)
d, ( IV ) < (II) < (Ill) < (I)
J CHJ-NH-@
o-NII2 1.
o
13B: (C6H5)3CHO, p-02NC6H40H n (I)
(II)
:}; (III)
1'1 (lVt
.".., (I) . (II) (III) (IV)
\
a,
II < I < III < IV
b,
IV < III < II < I
a, I < II < III < IV b, TIl < Il < I < IV
II

c, I = III < IV < II ll' d,
I < IV < III < II
c, II < I < III < IV d, IV <: I < II < III
I
r.:i
"
!t
.f-.
,J LOi gmi

13C: CH
3
-CH-COOH
CH -CH -COOH , CH,-COOH ,CI-CH-COOH !4A: (c) dung. OIc nh6m hut electron !am giam bam cua anilin. ,Nh6m _
- I
I 2 .' 2 I I N02 hut electron m<;lnh han clo rAt nhltu. cae nhom day electron (-CH ) lam lang
a
CI Cl CI tfnh ba1:a cua anilin.
3
I
a, I < IT < III < IV
II III IV 'I. 148: (a) dung. I va II la amin thom nen linh bal" ye'" h<1n III va IV. IV la
b, II < I < III < IV amin 2 co tfnh baza m<;lnh han III la arnin I.
c, IV < III < n < I d I < III < II < IV ii
LUi giai ' ina; IS.
l
, h . ' Trinh bay cu cht phan img c(mg cac hflP chat HX VtlO anken, tit do gUii
13A: (b) dung. G6c CnH
2n
+ - dt\y el:ctron n dmg tang tin aXlt cang gthfch cu sO- khoa hqc cua quy tac Mac-c6p-nhi-c{ip th'!c Khi cho
giam. Litn kt 3 GC hut e1e.:tron han IItn,ke'l d()1 c:=c. , , dung d!ch axit HEr c6 hoa tan NaCl, CHJOH c6 the tl;lO ra nhiing
13B: (b) dung. Tfnh axit cua nrqu han cua cac nhom day chat gl.
i electron lien kt v61 vang tham lam giam tfOO aXlt; Ok OOom hut electron lam tang 'a
tinh axit cua phenol. LOi ghli
13C: (b) dung. cac nhom hut electron gin -C0,oH SI! Ung cng fIX vao litn kt dlli C=C clla anken co ttinh bay ngan g<;>n
electron dng m'.\Tlh; Qng nhitu nhom hut electron thl dng lam tang tmh axil. r
theo
sa d() sau:
'f
',)1
X
Bail4.
j, 'I +H0 I / I I
:
"
C=C
/ +x
G
-C-C -C-C-
Chqn cau tra lOi dung: Sap xtp cac chat sau theo chilu tiing cua tinh bazu / '\,
-
I '\,
H I
til tra; qua phdi. f, anken
cacbocation
Giai la phin c.ng proton vao I,itn d()i cac?ocati,on',sau
\;d6 cacbocatlOn ket hqp ngay VC1I anIOn X" t'.\o ra san pha.m CU()I cung cua phan ttng.
.It.
1
Nh('1 51! Illtu bi6t CO chc' phan t'rng nhll tren ta giai thkh dlrqe sao cae ph;'m U'ngi
conI' aIlkcn thvana dung axir co cO manh dt Hu:n X(IC Lie. f.: ,..1:- \0 s: \0
r 5- ('
C' o' r I U l' r
u
- h
CH2 == CH - C-N
, . ' ._ , A'l h 'Kh' - , CI-h=CH-C CH7=CH-N?'
_ Quy tae Maee6pnhl6p thl!e ( '.1 V sall: C9?g cae e - "OH - 'OH
hal d6i xlrng (HX X-Y) V;lO 'H'.ken bllt Xling thl IOn eua tani '
c(mg m,an din t.leh am (n,guyen tv caebon nguyen tv " Thea cae thl1e ?tre,n, ,thi di
7
n tfeh a.m trung
hern) Ion am eua tae
g
nhan ({\n eOng vao caebon mang tier dvong (nguyen nhat 0 nguyen tv cacbon Clla hen ket d61 hen ket v61 s6 it nguyen ttt hidro, do l?l
caebon mang it nguyen tt! hidro han). 1'111 dl;l: '[ trung tan c6ng tac nha.n mang tfeh dvang; tm san nguqc
3 2 1 vm qUI tac Maecopnhlc6p:
or. . I
CHJ-CI-!=:CH + HCl --+ CHz=CH - COOH + HEr CHz- CHz- CGOH
z
itl Br
,r
t., . - Khi eho isobutilen phan ling trong dieu kien nhu diiu, bai, ta se thu dvqe h6n
] 2 1/ ()_. 0+ ,. f hl/P gc)m:
CH -CH = CIl + H---O--13r ;r
3 z CH) CH) CH) CH)
IOH Br j
I I I I
CH)-C-Br CHr C- OH, CH)-C-Cl, CH)-C-O-CH]
I I I I
Nguyen tit hidro ciJa phM tit Hel, nguyen tit hr6m tTOng dii kct hqp
CH) CH) CH] CH)
nguyen tli eaebon sCi I clla propilcn. :
du tt! ket qua thl!e Mae6pnhlc6p nH ra dtrqe; guy tren, BCri VI theo C(1 che trcn ta co cae giai dO<;ln chinh nhv sau:
til co giai thich dVCJe cO sa khoa hge clla no. I
HEr = H+ + Dr" ; NaCl = Na+ + Cl
. Tnr"c ticn ta dua hi?u img chuytn trOli;g phftn tit
Nhu trang h6n hqp phim ling se c6 4 lo?i tac l?i Br", Cl-,
goc ankyl gay U'ng cam U'ng dtrcmg (tHc Ii'! vng +1, day electron) lam
mar d6 electron Ulp trung nhieu nh;lt trcn Iii caebon lien [ke't v6i nguycn'i
H-Q-H '
CH
3
- Q-H
co kha nang kc't hqp vCri cacbocation:
., . . I'
tli hidro. i
8 G)/CH]
i CH)-y=CHz
CH -H = do d6 nhung tac Ilhan mang dln tfeh dVOllg se tfin eong vao
+ H
Gl
CH]-C"CH)
Cacbocation
3 CH)
tli eacbon nay,
ThI1 hai sau khi ke't hqp V01 proton (tac nhfm mang din :tieh duang) thi
Br
o I
caebocation, caebocation cang cao thi eang do do cang pe t<;lothanh:
+ Br CHcy-CH)
Cl
CH)
e !" Gl I
+Cl
__________ (1) -, kem ben CH -C-CH CH)-C-CHl
I .
/" Y CH
3
t{ ) I ,)
CH)
= CH
z
+ 1-( "-.. e CJI _ CH) I.
CH) CH)
CH) (2)""-. CH)-C:: ) - :ben, de ra
CH
) +CH)-OH Gl/ I
H
Gl

----+CH)-c-n - CH)-C-O-CH) +
I "'" H I
Ciin ehu y Quy tac ap, lIng n.l
CH) CH)
moi truang phftn cl!e, eho cae anken bat d61 :<If!1g va eho tac nhan ba.t d61
CH) H CH)
+H-OH
I Gl/ I
e
CH)-c-n - CH -C-OH
+ H
I
I
Dl!a van SI! d!eh electron trong phlln tli, ta hieu cae phan lIng
I ""'H )
CH
3
CH
I
3
voi qlly lAc Macc)pnhic6p: Khi co dc nhom hilt electron manh (-NOz;
COH; COOCH ) lien ket v6'i n6i doi thl sim phftm t'.10 ra ngvqc v6i guy
Ij;>
J
Macopnhicclp:
u'



I
I"
r
"...,'

I.
,

'l
H
2
S0
4
:::: H'" + llS04- :::: H'" + SO}
(
Rai lti: 1,
a H 0
o
Khi cho metan tac dlfng vOi do duOi tac dl}ng cua aull sang, tlli co mqt
o
I 81'
+ H
H20 +
lUq7lg nho elan dUl!c If.lo Ihi11lh. Hay giai thich tiJ
i
sao. \'
e 0
o
LOi giai
t Cation til N0
1
g<;>i III calion nilroni, va chfllh no In. tac nhftn tan e6ng vao
Phan lIng gifra do khi c6 sang phan lrng the xay ra tham. Trong yang lham c6 (4n + 2) electron 11:, nen d<') lfeh fun Ian: v
thea co ch g6c IV do. D61 vm melan, cac glat dO':ln nhu sall.
'. ., W-.e :-1 0
8
Ciai bar dau (khm mao): 1S?.) + N02 -
N0
2 ==: H - 0 + H

(1)
2el PlnIc 1! phu-c a
Cl:Cl
ti
Luc do sV tuemg tac gifra cac eleclron n cua yang benzen v6i cation

Ciai dO(lll phat trjen m(lch:
ilroni t<;to ra phuc n, sau d6 Il!c hut llnh lam eho cation nitroni ding tien gfin
."..'
H
yong lham ya Ia:y fa 2 electron cua vong tham thanh lien ket (') gifra l nguyen llf
I

HCl + H-C'
(2)
cua yang ym nguyen ltl nita cua cation nitroni. Do \lang tham ma:l di 2
CI + H:C-H
I
!ectron nen dien lfch duemg cua cation nilroni nay di Yang, nguyen tu
I
I
t
H
H
'-', acbon cua vang kt 0 y6i nguyen tu nita chuyen thilnh thai lai hoa Sp3
ech ra khoi phAng cua Yang, 4 electron rr con phai giai toa tren 5 nguyen tll
. i, :acbon Sp2 ella Yang. yang kh6ng con la vang tham mla, tr,!-ng thai nay rat kern
H-C' +
(3 )
va con g9i la phlfC b. Phue nay nhanh chong tach di proton de tai yang
I
I r \CI: Cl CHJCl + Cl'
H
I
.tfhurn.
'; the trong "aog tham: Khi vang lham lien ket v&i mt nhom th X nao
cae phan (mg (2) va (3) luftn phien nhau.
I{J, thl-nam nguyen tlf cacbon can cua, vang kh6ng can haan toan giong nhau, rna
Cia; ktl thuc (eftt cae g6c t'! do ket h(Jp v&i nhau:
tUgC chia lilln 3
2 Clh + Cl. -7 CH3C1
'.. ("j X Vj 2 va 6 Ia. ortho. 6@2
Cl. + Cl. -7 CI 2
0 V! tn 3 va 5 g<;>1 lit meta
CI1j-CH
J
5 3 Vi trf 4 g<;>i la para
CHj + CHj
(4)
Do 51! k(t hqp cua hai g6c CH
3
rna ra etan.
; Nh6m X ,:gay anh hll<'mg den d0 eu. vong thom (tile la lam cho vong
;,ham tham gia phan ung lhe de hay kh6 han benzen) va imh huang dinh huang (tUe Iii.
ra nh6m mm V?lO thay the nguyen ttr hidro avi lrl meta" hay acae vi trf ortho va
Rai 17. '" ., ra). Neu x lam eho kha nang tham gia phan Irng the eua vong tham 100 hem cua
Ron hqp nitro hoa va phan img nitro hoa La gi? cht}'h.an nzen ta g<;>i X 13. nhom h6a, nguge la nh6m phan ho<;tt hoa.
. . h::- h itro hoa til do gidi thich qUI lut;lt the vao vong: . ". . ,....,
nitro hoa bem:.en bang on l!P n , , Neu X dua nhom mm v?w thay cac nguyen tu hldro a cae V! tn ol1ho va
ben1.en. !, ra ta kf X lit nh6m the 1. Neu X dua nhom mm vao vi trf meta kf la
Lm giai. 11 om II.
, ,. ., . . _ Ph' , Th,!c te cho thay dc nhom II 1a cae nh6m phan h6a vong tham;
H6n hgp nitro hoa la h6n hqp g6m aXlt mlnc sunfu,flc an ung,[c nh6rn I co khi I?\ de nh6m hO<;lt h6a, c6 khi 1a nh6m phan hoa. Dil rut ra
nitro hoa h'1 phim lrng dl1a nh6m nitro -N02van phftn tlf cac chat hUll c . de nhu sau:
i Co ch phan lrng nitro hoa benzen: h
J
* Nh6rn loai II:
f:
Ca che prlcln Ung :
- Oic nhorn hut electron rfit manh nhu: -NO." -CN, -COOH, -CHO, H2S0
4
==
+
COOR, - NIf], tv R
J
; -SOJH, CF)... Mu lam nang gia phan (mg thJ
i OH R'
, OH
eua vang th01n giiul1 di so vo; benzcn va dua cac nh6m mm vao v1 tn meta. "'. + If> R-C0J I 0/
R-C "
R-C-O
I
'\.OH OH V It-C-O-R' ::;=
* Nhom Ioai I. ! I (H
, 0 I
, j /I 1
00 00H
2
- cac n09m dtly electron nhu: -CnH
zn
+
l
; -OH; -NH
z
; NHR:; -NH-C-CH3
-?-CnH2n+I.; .la,cae !arn eho,kha nang phim u-ng the eua Umg len va - H
2
0?H
cac nh6m mm vaG cac VI tn onho va para. .' = R-C----'O-R' R II
0
. , 0 -C-O-R'
+H
'" Olc nh6rn -CI, -Br, -CH
2
CI lilin cho kha nang phafl I1ng cua vong kern bcnze,' .
nhlfllg dua nh6rn rno; VilO cac vj tff onho va para. che trcn. co the chUng minh duac kh' t d' , .
., stc chua nguyen tt! oxi 180 . I a !lng ruqu yal nguyen Itt '
Cac phiin ling the vao vang bcnzcn (nhu halozcn hoa, sunfo hoa, axyl haa. . I Ihl
ankyl h6a... ) xay ra theo ca che t11cmg tI! nhu phan vng nitdo h6a & tren. Vai r .f'0 0
. , h' , .( h' h IA d' "h hi... Nil! . R-C I- R' O II
eua cae c M xuc tdC C 10 d C t<.t0 cac tac n !in tt!cmg tlf n 11 cation mtrom 0' '\. - - - II --. R-C-O- R' + f
'fh h . d- d;l. .. h' h .f I ' h t I,. h d h,l OH {.,O
co C(1 c c tren ta e dllg glal t IC uU<;1c qUI

an IJlwng lm Q cua no.

the' X. Neu nh6m X day electron vao vang thOln thl lam elQ tich . ca c,he tren ,ta hieu ngay vai tra yuan Ir h" i
, d d'}' - I h' - h,t'A "- >.. I ,.( h ' I:I.} rotonH Jamxuetacch h' , 9
n
gn atcuaHso h- /.
trongyong, 0 0 am tang lfc ut tm gma vvng tl10m va tdC nan, ttrc d 'ha <1 ! 0 P an lIng, do vfiy co the tl 'H 2' <I P an I ra
Iqi cho 5lf tan cong clla tac vaG vang th<1T11. Nham! hut electron . c v n thu dU<;1c este. . lay z504 bang cac axit m<;Jnh
hUCmg nguqe l:;ti. . ' .'; . co ehe' ta n '.,
hen. ket de ui'n c6ng vaG tt! OXI, clIa dung dOl eleclron chua
, . i ay aXIl RCOOH bang cac dan xufft ella ?on Clla nhom cacboxyl, do v/ly eo Ih6
18.
I
guycn tu cacbon a " aXIl, sao chI) mat d6 die t' h J
, ' I , ". n y cang Jan !til este can d '" n le (lrang Ircn
.g RCO
lf9c
Phan ring esle Irau La gi? Phdn {rng este eo d{ic die'm gi va thrtcmg du(/c t' a?g aXil (RCO)20, b5ng clorua a r,a. Co the thay aXlt
hanh trong die'u kin nhu the' nao, tl}i sao? I I.,han lIng t<,to ra cstc con x3y fa de dan h Cl de Than I1llg v6'i khi <16
I '2504' gall, t chi khong dn du 1 - ,
Trinh bay ca ehe' phdn (Lng este h6u khi eo eua a:fit sunfucric dije. ng xuc tac
lro e,ua H2 S04 , Co thi cho nlqu tac dl!ng l'(n "hfing nao khac ma q-0
o
,f
CHJ-c'\.
+HCI
I
k: I
I
i Cl
O-CzH
j
dIeU che duVe este. i.1 CzHsOH + CHrC'\.
,VI gJaI. '
Phafl tIng este hoa lfl phan ling giua fU<;JU va axit hfru ra este va I1lrocJ q-O
I --"- I CHJ-C
RCOOH + R OH R-COOR + Hl) . C
2
11
5
0I1 + '\.0 q-
o
j
CHrC'\.
+ CHJCOOH
Phall Crng cste hoa co tiIlh chit ngh!ch. rha i Crng thuang: c1uqc CHrC/'
0-C
2
H
5
h?mh trong s'! c6 clla ax.it vo eu m:;J.nh (hay dung nhilt In khi dun non .
chlTng cat ngay cstc ra khbi h6n hqp pldll1 lIng. so ill ph5i hanh tron!? dieu
nhL1 tfcn Iii VI phan ling este hoa x.dy ra vie dung axit !va dun nang nham
tang t6e c1() phan (mg. khac VI phan Crng co tfnh thullo nghich ncn ngay
hO;IC mt6e ra khol h6n hWI Call bing chuytn djet> theo lam tang
Sl\'lt cslc. Este kh011g co lien du hidr6 giua de phrtll ttt do d6 thlicmg c6
sOi th[ip han so v6i axit va nIqu va de bi ChWlg c51. I
\!


'3:t

('.
(;,

r
I
.' . 19 I , rr Trong vong, nu nhem -oH lien ket vOi cacbon C
I
cua glueoz0
!b!..!..--Van mach hu eua glucozO' va JructolO' ehuyin nh,i, lien ket vOi c; clla fructoro cOn t6n tt! do thl mOl co hin tlIqng rna yang tai
tid nao? lhi hlla tan cae monosa,ecarit VtlO till chung tiJl 0" m":,ch ho: neu nh6m_-oH d6 b! chu.ytn h6a thanh xuAt thi Sl! rna
nao? Lam the' nao dl dlJng mlJch vong khong quay ve dlJng mlJch hO'. ;; khl'>ng tht thl!c dU'<;1C mra. Vi mul'>n cho yang khl'>ng quay ve
LOi giai ho. ta chuytn b6a nhem -OH nay thanh nh6m chuc kh:lc.
, ,. , Ta c6 chuytn h6a nh6m -OH aC
l
glucoza a clla fructoza bang
Glucoza va fructoza la 2 monosaccarit d6ng phan cua nhau, deu co c6ng phan Ung ella cae monosaccarit v6i metanol khi c6 m*t HCl lam xuc taco Nhom
hftn ttr la Ct,H O. ha cua chung co cft.u sau: -OH nay nh6m -oH trong semiaxetal nen co tfnh chAt khlic vai 5 nhom
p 12 6 0 -OH con l":,i. chung khl'>ng phan U'ng vai metanol trong dieu ki?n nay. '01f dl;l:
o 5 4 3 211 I
6 5 4 3 2 1-;::- 6
CH
-CH-CH-CH-C-Clh .
CH -CH-CH-CH-CH-C, I 2 I I I I ., CH20H CH20H
2
OH OH OH OH OH H OH OB OH OH OH ; H 1----=--0 II H J---.=.---o
Fruct6za Hel
Gluc6z0 .:: OH H + CHJOH all H +H20
, , , Un c6n v' c I
."",.,,' Nh6m -OB eua m6t s6 nguyen ttr cacbon tblCh hqp co the phan _g ,. g, i HO OH /10-CH) 9
H
. " h h - 6 h Kh' do he yang se ben va j r---r (
nhorn cacbonyl de ra vong I h Trong dllran: H OB H OH
do dang mach h6' cua monosaccant chuyen thanh g. h 0 "'J.
trlnh 'ph6 thtmg ta dl1qc h9
c
yang 6 cua gluc6zC1 va v Bai 20.
5 qnh cua fruct6zC1. , . " , d ',; Trinh bay ccru tt;lO clla sacearozu va MantolD" Tai sao MantolO" co phdn img
, " arit atren ton tal chu yeu a L).ng . ,. ,'. .
Khi haa tan vao nl1C1C thl cac monosaec 'ti trang gllung, con saccatozu khong co phan fmg nay? TiJl sao dung thu dUf!c
yang va lu6n lu6n chuyen h6a nhau theo mt bang., . sau khi dun nong saccatoIU vUi axit loiing, va dung d!eh /ructolu trong
I: co mat cua NaOH Ini tham Pin phan fmg tran
u
fJ'llung.
CH 0 l.ilM' . b- b e
I
2
0 OI{t,' LlJi giiii.
H
OH H Ph:ln tic Mamoro dug<: t":'o ra do 2 g6c a-glucoza Ct,H
11
0
5
litn ket vOi nhau
HO 6c C:l - C
H ttU \3 r2 .. qua tU' OXI. ml>t g a I Vd mt goc a 4:
H OIl ..
H
OH
H OH
. r'lucozo :i&.' ktCH10H yH
2
0H
u-Glucozo d<:lng m<:lch ho p-u j'li) H --0 H H 0 H
NhI1 va dang 6 cua glueoza dl1<;1C ra do nhom O.H s H H
Mfrntaz.o
.Y . 6i h' deh'lt Ne'u nh6m -OH vita tao ra a C, nam phla dl Oll tL0
da iTng c6ng v n om an . '. HO H
p. ,. , . I . h'a tren yang ta c6 dang p. Hal
mat phang vong ta co a, Ngl1qc a pl., 0;,'. H OH H OH
hoa qua lai phai qua giai do<;\n t<;\o ra ha. '..' '-------.------'
1tf a-Glucozo u-Glucoza
Tl100g tl1 da xay ra vCri fructoza:
. Phftn tic saccarow dU'g<: blri SI! litn kit gifra nguyen C. rnt g6e a-
H H Hrvlu /0........ I glucoro C6HIlOS vOi nguyen tu C; ella mt g6c Gua nguyen ttloxi: II
1 21/;.
H H 5 ;r=:
HIGH H
CH
2
0H
3 4 6
HOCH2 OH
OH H
I I OH H
I p-frutoZO
11\:
I ll: I
hb fructozo

u-frutoza
i , t


,I 'PHAN II
H
2 H ! D6 ohftn bitt, cac chat hU'u ca ta Slr dl;lng mt 56 chu y sau:
H I Mantozo I ... ';' ., , '" , ., , :K;
o CHkOH +) all co a.xlt mdl phan ung vm muOI cacbonat glal p!lOng khl COzbay ra.
I
, H OH, . OlI .. II ,1 - Trong s6 cae axit don chtrc, chi co axit fomic co phan ling trang gucmg.

!, +) O1i c6 axit, phenol, cste phan lIng vOi ra mu6i. Trong d6 este
. 0 g6c a-glucoza thu hai phan ttr mantoza con co nHom -GH do a ; phan li11g phai dun n6ng.
do do no t6n t<:t
i
.a dln vai d<:tng h& dla g6c hay, tuc la co nho Ruau don ch\.fc khOng h03 tan Cu(OHh. Ruqu,da chuc co It nhftt hai nh6m
>, , b I ,,) .
-CHO nen c6 phan ung trang OH ahai cacbon nhau thl hoa tan Cu(OHh. Ruga ] b! oxi hoa t<;to ra I
Trong phfin ttr saccaroza deu kh6ng con nhom -OH tvl do aC, cua g6c'andehit, 2 t<;to ra xeton, rugu 3 kho b! oxi h6a. I
glucoza, va aC'1 cua g6c nen kh6ng co m,:,ch ho, kh6n , +) Lien kef d6i C=:C khi cng H 0 tao ra Nqu, con kc't ba C=C khi cng
2
co nhom -CHO nen kh6ng co phan ung trang guong. " , -I 0 tao ra andchit xclon. Nha do fa phAn bit hgp chat kh6ng no chua C=C
'
Khi dun nong v6'i dung dich axil thl saccarozo cung nh1 m<;>i saccarit b! ' :y 0=<::, ankin-l ket tua vm dung dich AgNO)
phArr: De pha.rl tach h6n hqp cac chfr'l hliu C(J ta dt!a vao hai Idiem quan tr<;>ng: I'
Jr' /0
C12HnOIl + H20 c,HI20 6 + CtJH
I2
0 6 - cae chfi't hiiu cd- kh6ng thuc lo,:,i mu6i va polime thl c6 lhe s6i va bay hm a
saccarazt1 glucozo fi;uctozC1
nhiN d kh6ng cao lfun.
I
Trang m6i lfUang kiem, fructOZd bin thanh glucozC1 thcolcAn bang:
i ; . _cac chat hliu c& chu yu c6 lien ket cQng hoa tr! do d6 It tan trang ntrac, de
, tan trang dung m6i hliu,ca. Do khi chuyin tha-nh mu6i chung se tan trong ntr6c,
Fruetoz(1 glucoza
: 6ng tan trong dung mOi hliu ca.
St! t6n cua glucoza trong cac dich_nhu chung Khi han tach dc chat hiiu Clf ra khoi,h6n hqp, achucmg trlnh phD th6ng, ta
nang khtr duac phuc bae-amoniac t<;to ra bC;lc kim lo"u, d61a phan ung tning gucmg. ; P h. h' , h 't t' kh' ,. h hrtn A ct tra'c
A
. . '. HhuCmg dI;1ng p uang p ap tac aXl axe lC ra 01 un. ':':1-' gum ax on, n ,
: 'au metylic va axit ax.etic. H6n hqp nay thu dugc trong qua tnnh san xufr't axit
phuong phap chtrng g6 (5ach giao khoa).
Ta cho h6n hgp tac dl;1ng vCti v6i, chi co axit chuyen thanh mu6i:
2CH)COOH + (CH)COO)zC::a ' + 2H
z
O
CH)OH, c;H)COCH) kh6ng phan tIng.

(Chung kh6 thl dc kh6ng phai la mu6i bay., hai di, con l<;ti la mu6i
lKCH)COOhCa. 010 mu6i nay tac dl;1ng vm H
2
S0
4


(CH)COOhCa + H
2
S0
4
' Caso
4
+ 2CH)COOH
Ta l,:,i chung cftt thl axit axetic bay hm, lam IC;lnh hm dtrqc long
.ungung tl;1 la CH)COOH.
Nhu ta l<,Ii Ian qua tdnh: cho h6n hqp lac dl;1ng vO'i chftt nao do
mt s6 ch:it Clla h6n lJqp chuyen thanh mu6i. Oltrng cftt thl mu6i 13 phftn b
1ai. cae eMit kh6ng phai 1.1 mu6i bay hcri, lam l<,Inh phftn hai dugc ehftt long. Sau d6
I
long va din mu6i dcm xtr Ii riCng.
',

'1t1. 15



\1<'
\l'
'\1

'4t
J
Hili 21. 1
f
.. Hay ra cae 19 chat long /chong mau, bi mat m6i 19 dung + 2 [Ag(NH,),]OH _ C.H,COONII + 2Ag + JNH, + H 0
chat sau: rlc/oheren: llCOOlI, ClI,COOlI, ClI,-ClI-COOll, II
4 2
benzoic, anco/ benzyltc va g/lxerm. " W"
1!..1..
LOi giai.
- Trang bili nay kht>ng dung phan ling vai Cu(OHh trong moi tmang kitm
iun nong nhq.n ra andehit VI andehit ling vOi Cu(OtI)z de t?o ra
+) U1Y m6i cMit mt it cho tac dl;lng vai dung dich NaHCO), ba cMlt I t 2
0
..
cho khf bay ra d6 Iii nh6m chat axit . C6 phuang trinh phfm Ung sau: '_Kh6ng dung dung mr6c brt>m dung d!ch KMn0 de ra
4
RCOOH + NaHCO) -} RCOONa + H
2
0 + CO t ' iclohexen tmac, bbi VI anCtehit cling lam mftt mau cae dung djch d6:
2
- 010 cac axit t.lc dl;lng vai dung dirh AgNO) trong amoniac, thay chi c6 m:J.


+ Br2 + H
2
0 R-COOH + HBr
axit t<;lo ra Ag, d6 la tICOOH: ,r
'H
""""I
. \ HCOOH + -} (NH4)2CO)+ 2AgJ, + 2NH) t + H
2
0.;,i
-,Hai axit con t3c.dl;mg vai dung djch nu6c brt>m thl thay axit lam :3 R-C-7

+ 2KMnO.. -+ 2 RCOOK + 2 Mn0
2
+ RCOOH + H
2
0
. . "H
mau mroc brt>m, d6 lil aXlt acrylIc: ,\t
C(H
2
-C;:H-COOH
':
CH
2
=CH-COOH + Bf2
+)'Hai chat con ]?i la benzen va dUg<: eho phan Ung vOi dung dich
Dr Br
! '
brt>m, thl mt Hun mftt fdaU nuac br6m, d6 lil xiclohexen; chat con Iii
: i, ,lenzen.
,I Axit kht>ng lam mau nuac brt>m la CH)COOH.
(]
Br
+) Nh6m 5 chat con l<;li kh6ng phai Iii axit, cha tac dl;1I1g vOi Na thl co 2 chJ
H
2
0
+ Br2 --..
, Br
khf bay ra, d6lil hai ruqu:1
ce
ib:,1
R(OH)n + nNa --t I R(ONa)n + n/2H
2
t
+ Br2 Kh6ng phan tffig
"I' 010 hai ruqu nay tac dl)ng v6i Cu(OHh thl mt ruqll kh6ng hoa tan Cu(OHy-'
i 1'1 d61i1 ruqu benzylic C,H,-CH,-OH; con ruqu hoa Ian Cu(OH), Ihilnh dunl,'}li 22.
I
dlch mall xanh lam la gltxenn. . , 11-' h " , h .' kh . r
. ay tac neng tung c at ra or hon hf!P khi gom etan, eti/en, axeti/en.
+ Cu(OHh --t kht>ng phan Ung.
LOi giai i. '
i H
_ ,.;>O-CH2 'i +) Cha di d,ung dich A,gNO) trang NH) thi etan va etilen di
I CH
2
-OH
C1-1
2
O"-."Cu I con b! g1\.11<;11 a tua axetilua:
: I
1
/ "-." f%
; 2 CH-OH +
I
\H-O"H O-I
H
+ H
2
0 ,
CH
2
-OH
CH
2
0H CH -OH LQc lfi.y ket tua r61 cho ket tua tac dl;lng v6i axIl clohldf'C, thu la.y khl
2
.Y fa lil axetilen:
tan thanh dung djch xanh lam ( ..
, . , ," Ag-C=C-Ag + 2HC] -} 2AgC]J, + CH=CHt
+) Ba chat con 1,!1 cho tac VOl dung d!ch AgNO) trong NH, thl mt chilil
phall Cmg Ian ra Ag. do la andehit btnzoic. +) khf eli dung di
ch
, g6m ,C2H,J, duqc dAn
i
dung d!ch nuac br6m thl C:oH4 phan lI11g b! gll1 thu lay Lill :11 llu'l L\ C-'lB
o
-
I
B
f,1
:t
I H6n hqp g6m anilin va benzen chQ phalJ ling voi dung dich axil Hel, thl
CH
z
==CH1
+ Br2
tanilin phan lIng thanh muoi tan VelO nUDc:
Br Br
I .
Phftn CH
2
- CH
2
tach ra rOi cho eli qua bt Zn dot nong, dl1<;fc cuicn:
@-Nl-i] + HCI
[L;\1H
2
.HCl tan vao nuac.
I : 'I
Dr Br l Hfy rieng phftn benzen nOi b phla Phfln dung dich chua Inuoi eoa
2
yH
z
- yH + Zn CH2:::CHz +. ZntJr2 , .anilin, tac dl;lng v6i dung d!ch, NaOH (cling c6 the dung dich NH
3
) thl thu
Br Br I dl1C1C amlIn b!tach ra, kh6ng tm trong nl1C1C:
- h . rlJ' ), rH t'e dung "61 nl1<1c co H SO I" .' I
Cling c6 the cho hOn 9P gom "'2 1.6 Vd "'2 4 a . . I 1 4 C H -NH .HCI + NaOH + NaCl + H 0
5 5 2
xuc lac:
2
CH
z
::: CH
z
+ H-OH
CH
3
-CH
z
-CDH
Hili 24.
thu CzH
6
khOng phan lIng, oi qua dung dich.
HtfP chat CPuP khi b! dUIJ nong vOl H
2
S0
4
dijc U 170C IlJo ra chat A co
Uy nrqu CH
3
-CH
z
-OH dem dun n6ng vOi H2S04 cr! dl?
!'Ii kha nang rom mat dlll'K dich thuoc tim va dung d!ch nuc1c brom. Khi dun nong A
to 170C sc duqc khi etilen bay ra:
trong dung d!ch hon hlJP gom K
2
Cr
2
0
7
va H
2
S0
4
thu (Juqc axeton va axit
112S04 (d ).170" Cli ::: <i:H + HzO
propionic. McJt khac khi cho A hlfP nuO"c trong s'! co mijt cua! H
2
S0
4
thi dUt!c dung
CH
3
-CH
z
-OH 2 z
I
chat CJI
14
0 ban diiu. !Xac d#nh tin gf?i cua CP140 va viit cae phu07Ig trinh phan
img do mieu ta utren.
1.. Bam (lhtl1of lit 11;;;"
I
Uri giai
Co mljt han hlfP gam anilin,phenol va b'tllzen. l1(ly
bay phu07Ig ph
.1l.
tach rUng tung cluff.
I A phai 13. hqp ch:rt kh6ng no. Suy ra Ct,H
I4
0 phai la cuqu no dC1l1 chuc
1 A lil Ct,8
12
Khi oxi h6a m<;tnh Ct,H
12
t<;to fa axeton o-I
r
':'CO:-CH
3
Lm giai
I va axit propionic:
CH --eH -c..v
o
cau t<;to clIa A He
J 2 "
010 h6n hqp tac dl;lng v6i 111Q11g dl1 dung dich NaOH, chi co phenol phan UJ
CH
3
-C=CItI-CH
z
-CH
3 OH
!
CH
3
t<;to thanh mu6i tan vao nuoc, con anilin va bcnzen khOng phim U'ng, khOng tan,
len trcn.
o
I
. II .
@-OH + NaOH --. @-ONa:+ H20 CH)-C=CH-CH
2
-CH) + CH)-CH
2
-COOH
I to


CH
3
:
.Tach ritng phfuJ chua phen0_3t va phan khOng tan g6m tr:nzen va anilin.
Theo qui ik Zaisep lbl co hai cuqu Ct,H1a.0H khi mAt mroc t<;to ra cMit A, d61a
I --- --:::;;
cae nJ(JU:
llH')i khf cOz du di quan dung djch phenolat: I
OH
I
OH
OH :
I
va
-CH2-CH3
1 I!+ NaHC03
@-ONa + C02 + H2
0

CH)
CH)
(I) (II) vAn dl,lc n6i
.ijl'

Thu lfiy phenol t'.l0 ra sau phan Img.

J

If,

''1\
r!;;\
;'"

i?/
i',
.
---
I
Nhung khi hidrat chAt A IC6 H
2
SO
4
lam xuc rac, chi thu dUqc (I), thuel
(1) ehfnh la diu t<;lo ella ehft't dn tIm. Theo c6ng thuc d6 lhi chft'l C6H J40 ban
In. 2-metylpentanol-2. 1
r
cae phuang trlnh phan ling: 1

it
9
H
H
2
S0
4
d, not:

+ H20

"I
A (Qui lac Zaisep)

:'1
,"I OH
I "I
CH
J
-C=CH-CH
2
-CH
3
+ H-OH CHr::.<;=-eH2-CH2-CHJ "rAj
I
CH
3

(Qui lac MaccopOOieop)
NIJ,P,T ,
b) n CH
2
=CH-CH=CH
( -CH
2
-CH=CH-CH
2
- )n
Cao su buna
e) Lft'y vinylaxetilen ditu nhu a (a) cho h9P nuac e6 xue t;1C Hg
2
":
HgSO, II

CH2 = CH - C-CH + H- OB CH
2
= CH- C-CH
3
Metylvinylxeton
80"
c) Lft'y vinylaxetilen, nhtt h6a thea cae phan t!ng sau:
CH2=CH-C=CH + Hel _
CE
r
=CH-y=CH
2
Cloropren
Cl
Trung hqp
(-CH2-CH=-CH2- )n
Cl Cl
Policloropren
A + K1Cr1oz1H1SO!
It
to
+ K2
Cr20 7 + -CHJ--<r=O +CH3 -eH2-eOOH
MM
Til eM v(Ji, than dti va cae chat vo cu can thiet kh6ng chua cacbon, hay dilu + CriS04)3 + K:! S04 +
Rai 25.
Til nhom cacbua l'll cae chiit l'O cu can thief hay viet cac phuong trinh
ilng dieu chi:

a) Cao su buna.
b) Vinylmelylxeton.
c) Cao su policloropren.
LOi giai
I
I
Ban d<1u tu AI
4
C
3
ta ditu ra axetilen theo cac phuong trioo phan U'ng sau:
1 :t
1
. AI
4
C
3
+ 12H
2
0 4AI(OHh + 3CH
4
i
jli' 1500"C.IUlJIlg nhe> O
2
\' ,
"It' 2CH
4
) CH=CH + 3H
2
1;1
Ilm I",h nhanh
.. i' I,
i'1'.I!::i' CU2CI1.NH4Cl ), CH =CH-C=-CH Vinylaxetilen
a} 2CH=CH 2
I',
Pd
CH;z=CH-q:CH + H2
--4) CHrCH--eH=CH
2
II"
,
,

"

III .
,,'" Ii'

:illl .

i
a) Polivinyl c/orua d) 2-Brom-4-nitrophenol
b) m-Bromnitrobenzen e) m-Bromphenol
c) p-Bromnitrobenzen f) Axit 2,4-dic!ophenoxiaxetic (2,4-D).
Uri giai
Tru6c h t dieu ch ra axelilen va bcnzen tl-teo cae phuong trinh phim U'ng sau:
f 1400 C
CaC0
3
Cao + CO
2
; CaO + 3C + CO
, 600"C J.
+ 2H
2
0 Ca(OHh + ; 3CH=CH ) c;H
6
a) Ditu ch polivinyl clorua:
CH=CH + HC] CH
2
=CH Vinyl clorua
I
Cl
--
'iF
nCH,=CH
I (--CH
2
- yH-)
P.V.c. oH Cll hai nhom: NO-)
11'
- (:1 \ CI n
va PH deu dinh
:1\1,

L8J -I- Brz -- -l- HEr htr<fmg cho nguyen
c) Di.6u che m-Brornnitrobcnzen:
I tu br6m VaG vi tIi I
NO,
N0
2
N02 I
@
I I
+ HNO H
z
S0
4

H
2
0
e) Dieu che I
3 to
@- +
Lay m-Bromnitropcnzen dieu che nhv 6 b, eho chuyen h6a thee. Cc1:::
N02
N0
2
@
philO lmg sau: I
Nh6m N0
2
dua
Fe, e
Br I
+ HBr Br
+ Br2 nhom mm vi I
I

trf meta.
.- + 13Fe + 7HCI
3FcCl:! + 2H7.0
c) Dieu che p-Bromnitrobenzcn: lSl-NH
3
C:
I
NOz
Br
Br Br \
Fe, to
@ + Be2 + HD.
I + Nil,
@l +
Nguyen tit
L2f-NHjCl
NH
2
I
halogen dlIa
Br
Sr nh6m mm VaG
, ,.,
vi trf para.
i
H
z
S0
+ HN03 4.
@
'c$J + H
2
0
+ p2

NaN + 211CI 0't-5't
e + NaCl + 21120
NH2 I N2 C1
N0
2
Br Br
d) Dieu che 2-Brom-4-nitrophenol.
I
to
LAy p-Bromnitrobcnzen dieu cht nhu b diem (c) cho hoa thea cae;
H2<D
V@lN2
c
t
-
@lOll
+HCI +
I
phan U'ng sau: ;
. 1
ONa
/'1' , :
7['
I,.
i"'
i
i-
Amin 1 phlml U'ng v6i axit nitra HN0
2
(t<;\o ra nha !NaN0
2
+ Hel) t<.t0
thanh mu6i diazoni RNlCI-. Mu6i diazoni eua amin beo bi ppfln huy ngay thanh + 2NaOH t + NaBr + H
2
O
nIQU; mu6i diazoni ella amin tham ben b d khi dun n6ng nh9 t<.i0 ra c$J
j
phenol. N0
2

f) Axit 2,4-diclop*noxiaxctic.
OH


+ NaCI
+ HCI CII\Qj-0-CHz-COOH
c$J
N0
2 NO
z +) Tnr6"c het dieu ra phenol va axit monocloaxetie:
I
'I
Fe, t 0
@
-+1 el
2
--
L.QJ +1 HCl

1
ap sU:lt cao, tOcao
("nyCl
,

& l0 + NuCI + H20
_@yONa

'0 + CO
2
+ H
2
0 & + NaIlC0 3
/-,0
CH==CH + H2
0
, HgS04,80<t;
CH
)-C;'
"H
AO
2 CH)-C + 0 (CH)COOh
Mn
2 CH
3
COOH
"H 2
:, I
; I
; as'
Ci 13C001-1 + CQ CI-CH2-COOH -I- liC!
I I' "
'1 -L'.
I'!'" I Axil monocloaxetic 1
I:i ! I.
I
+) Sau do dieu ch 2,4-D then hai cach sau:
:(",'1
1:,:11 Dclll:
'\ It \ I,
\:.1
1
:
I ,"r' \
yH2-COOH + 2NaOH
+
il
r
Cl
...--..
'-----,
+ NaCI + 2 H
2
0
ill:1 ,
. "
I 11', ".'!'
Il
'\'"
Cl
i
'(: '
+ 2
Cl-(j)-O-CH2-COOll
\11\I.i.' ... :.
Ii::,:::::
+ NaCI + HCl
i, 1.1'::.11.
"'::,"'::'
Ii
Dch2:
Ii" :
11I,::1, I '
.
illl'l
\1': ' @-OH + 2 -- Cl-\Qj-0H + 2HCI
W:
I:;
Cl Cl
.)!I,I
i I
" I CI-@-OH+ yH,-COOH + 2NaOH
\1:
Cl
I'
+ NaCI + 2H
z
O :1,
I
"
"
1(,
Cl Cl'
iii
jr;
CI--@-O-CH
2
-COONa + HCl- Cl-@-o-CH2-COOH + NaCI
,
i
\
I',
,i
I
,
, i
:1,
""? J Utu' r,\
0
:
()
itlq
,
J'
f Chi dung m{it thtii !tim thu6c thu hiiy phtin bi?t ba thai long lil benw
toluen va stiren dl!ng trong ba It! rieng bit bj mal nhtill.
Hal 27.
i LN: ..
,: UI glal
_.,
Dung dung d!ch KMn0
4
Hun thu&.: Ihu.

+ Ufy m6i cha'l ml il l:ic 1 v(ri dung dich lhu6c tfm loang, thay mt>t eM
lam mat mau thu6c tim 0 d thuemg, d6 lil stiren:
CH-""CHz CH-CH) QM'
,+ 2 KMn04 + 4 H20 OB L)H- + 2 Mn0 + 2KOH (1,;
2

+ Hai chal con l'.li cho lac dl.mg vai dung d!ch lhuot.: tim, dun nang va
t\lc, sau m!?t thCri gian lhl ffi!?l chat lam cho thu6c lim mat mau, d6 lil tallitH.
((;",CH3 to
+ 2KMn
4
_
t 2. Mn0
2
+2KOH +H
2
0
)i
Chal kh6ng Hun mau KMn04 d khi \:1 nht?t dt> thuang va khi dun n6ng Ii
,Ibenzen.
)ltBai 28.
1.--
<.(
HlJP chdt C611u khi ph{in j'.'lg vOi khi clo co chilu sang tlJu ra hOIl httP
hai chat J6'ng phiin CJ//JCl. Xtic dinh cong thuc cii'u t{lO, ten glli clla cac dadS
ltheo IUPAC va viei cac phu01IK trinh phdn ling:
LOi giai
Hqp chat Ct;H 14 c6 c6 cac c6ng thuc ctfu l'.l0 nhu sau:
CH3-CHrCH2-CH2-CH2-CH3; CH
3
-CH-CH CH
2
-CH
3
;
r
I
(I) CH
3
(2)
CH
,
3
CH3-CH2 CH-CHr CH3 ; CH]- CH -CH-Cl 1
3
; CH]-C-CH CH
r 3
I I I I
CH3 CH
3
CH
J
CH
J
(3) (4) (5)
O1i co hqp chat (4) khi bi thay the m<)l nguyen tlr hidfC> fa hai chat donh
theo phU'C1ng trlnh phan ling sau:
!lS



t-a1


5
'CH
3
--CH-CH-CH)-Cl + 2HCl
askt / I I " (6)
T 511 :::-<' CH
3
CH) )
CH ClI) -- <(I
J
CH)-CH-C-CI-l) + 2HCl
I I
CH
3
CH
3
(7)
hqp chat C
6
H\4 da cho co ten la: 2,3-dim
e
tylbutan.
Hai chfit cac chAt (6) va (7).
(6) c6 ten la: l-clo-2,3-dimetylbutan.
(7) co ten Iii: 2-clo-2,3-dimetylbutan.
Bai 29.
Hqp cJuit CJl6 eo /lim mat mau dung d!ch nuffe brom khimg ? hf!A
chat A co cong thue phdll tu C116, Khi lac dl!ng vOl dung d!ch AgNO) Iron
amolliac tqo ra hlJP clui! E. Kh6i IU9'1tg phan tu clla B l{m hun ella A la 158 dv
Viet cong thuc ca'u Il}o vd ten gqi eua A thea danh philp IUPAC. -'-.1 J1.
L?i giai.
_Nc'u C(,H c6 c6ng thuG diu l?l @. thl C,H" Iii benzen. khi do G.B.,;
6
kh6ng lam mAt ml\U nuac bromo
_ C c6 cAu lao m?ch ha, chi
6
H
6
; CH2=CH-CH=CH-C=CH;
CH =C=CH-CH=C=CH... thl thu,,?c hqp chAt kh6ng no,
2
Hun mAt m?lU nuac br6m nhu nnk.en va ankin, thea phucmg tr'inh phan U'ng chung:
Ct,H
6
+ 4Dr1 -)- 8
_ Hidrocacbon philO dng vOi dung dich AgNOJ trong NH) thl hidrocacbon 'I
phai thuc ankin-l. Khi thay the' mt nguytn ttr hidro bang; m(H nguyen ttr
thl Jr.h6i lUQllg phful ttr tang 80 - 1 79 dve. Ta c6 s6 nguyen til Ag trong rnQt .
- , '. M B _ M A 158
lU Bla. =__ = 2 .
79 79

A c6 d',mg tong quat:

tao A cO the I" HCooC-CH,-CH,-GCH
-,
HG C-CH-C=CH
!
CH
J
Plllrcmg trlllh ph3n 1ing chung:
-
.
!' :
I-IC=C-C2 Hc C.=CH + 2lAg(NH)):dOH -) Ag-C,=C-C
2
H
4
-GC-Ag
(11)
+ H
2
0 +14NH)
(1) C6 tcn la: Hcx3uiin-l,S.
(2) C6 ten la: 3-Metylpen'adjio-l,4.
I
Bai 30.
l Phenol va anilin di'u lam mal mau dung dicl, I1UOt' bram, nhung toluen
khong lam mat mau mi6c bromo Tir kei qud Ih,!c Ilglzim .16 co thl rut ra dUflc kitt
, Iuan gi? Anisol (metylphenyJete) co lam mat mau nu'fre br6m hay kh6ng? Nlv. cho
. d{ch nude br6m lir Il( vao cac chill p-Io/udi/l (p-aminotoluen), p-cresol (p_
metylphenol), Iheo Ii mol tal do lt11:1, thl'lh.. dUf/c san ph'ilm nao? Giai thich
ngan gfln.
(1) "llIg vbng !ham cua anisol s- I" han nhorn OIII.m aho dO electron
e .an llcm trong yang thmn ella phenol. .
(2)
/(Y
In.
/(Y
/i!.
'i

.if;
- Phao ling cua p-toludin VA p-Crcsol vOi ntrO'c hr6m:

"ij

Uri giai
- Phan I1ng ella phenol, anilin, toluen vOi nLIaC br6m:
OB
@
OH
+ ,3 BT2
t- 311Br
Br
NH
2 NH
2
@
+ .3 BTl
n'Lj-B'j
+ 3HRr
I
Dr
CH
J
@+ Br2
Kh60g phJI1 ttng
c
r
"
.-<IC phan ung tren chUng to cae nhom -OH - ,
cerron van yang thrnn h h ,-NH
2
la nhvng nh6m day
m?n on nh6m -CH).
- Anisol rHO CH - ,
. - d' '-{, r. - J se lam mar mail mrac brom Vi h' CH' .
I se ay electron ve phfa yang thom h " I 11 om - ) lien ker v6i
,:...

:'
,


NH2
+ Br2

NH
2
+ HBr

,


OH
+ Bf2

OH
+ HBr
,It
Vi de oh6m -OH va -NH
2
anh huang hem nh6m -CH3 nguy.
1\1 br6m se the' nguyen tir hidro b vi tTl ortho ella nh6m -OH va ella -NH
2
.
:/""
Bai 3l.
Til toluen hay die'u chi'stilhen (l,2pdiphenyletilen). chat miy CO dong Ph1"
cis-, trans- hay khong? '
LOi giai

I
I,
CH
2
Cl

askt
+ He)
. il
lQ) +
--

f Ii'
'. I 1.
1
.' . .1 H C1

C 2

- + 2NaCI
+ 2Na
Ii
II
I
(:rCH2.-CH,-@ +H,
:1
Stilben
Vi m6i nguyen tv eaebon eua lien ket d6i trong Stilben lien ket vCri
nhom nguyen ttT }iliac nhau, do nay co dJng phtln hlnh hQc.
L01 giai
Khi hqp c6 nhieu lien k 1 d6i Ih. la phai bitll dien cae d\lllg d6/lg phil/l
cis-, trans- eua tat d cae lien ket d6i. D6i vOi axil linoleic VI hai lien ket doi C=C
khbng c6 de nh6m gi6ng nhau, do se e6 b6n d6ng phf1n:
fl, J-f H H H H H (CHZ)7COOH
" /- \. / " / " /
C=C C = C C::=C C = C
/ ", / \. / \. / "
CHJCCH2)4 CHz (CHzhCOOH CH
J
(CH
z
)4 CH
z
H
cis-, cis
trans- cis
CH3(CHz)4 H II H CHJ (CHz)4 H H (CH
2
hCOOII
" /" / \. / \. /
C=C C = C
C=C C = C
/ "/ "
H
/ " / \.
H CHz (CHZ)7COOH CH
z
H
trans- trans
cis-, trans-
Bai 33. >:
Viet ddy du cac phuang trill}, plllin lfng theo cac SCI do chuytn hoa sau:
a)
+ Oz + Oz CH ::=CtI Trlll1g hqp ..
CH2=CHz., A n ---0-- C Pohvmy
Cuelz (CH
3
COOhMn
Pd, 160 C, 5atOl axetat
100 C. 30 atm
... flNO] ..
b) XicJohexanol
Axit adipic CA') CN
I
.. Hel . +NaCN
Butadicn-l,3
I,4-dlclobutan (CfH
2
)4-)
eN
Hexametilendiamin +A' ... nilon-6,6.
LOi giai
.;
/H
H" /H
C==C a) C phai la vinyl axetat CH)COO-CH=CH
2
. Giai dO<;J.n truae ella sa d6 la qua
C=C
va H/ "
/ "- rIM san xuilt axit axetie tir etilen. Do A la andehit axetic; B la axit axetic. cae
C6HS
C6HS C6HS
.huang trlnh phan U'ng:
trans-Stilben
eis-Stilben
o
Bai31 PdCb, CuCb
1
2CHi"'CHz + Oz
.
2 CH
3
-C (A)
Axil linoleic co eong thue eau tl}O nhu sau: 100C, 30 atm
\.H
CHr(CH2)4-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-CCH2)7-COOH
CHrCHO + Oz (CH)COOhMn
,
2CH
3
COOH (B)
Viet cong thue billA diin Ntu hinh cis
c
!ram'
c
cua phan til axil linoleic.
.f
C H
6
0 co la: 1 Pd,160oC
J
2 CH)COOH+ 2CHz=CI-'2 + 02 c _._ 2CH)-COOCH==CHz + 2 HzO (C)
,t.;0
H
-CH-,-CH- ,


CH)-C-CH)
CM
2
=CH-0-CH)
CH
2
== r Truog hqp
!
"
H
' "
-9 ) Polivinyl axel,
I (
- Theo thue ella C
J
H
4
0
Z
don chue thl c6 c6:
CH)-C==O CH)-C==O J n
,t.;0
b) So d6 nay bieu ditn qua trinh t6ng hgp nilon-6,6 tu xiclohexanol
va
" i butadien. 0-CH=CH
2
VlB
to
COOH
I
(yH
2
)4 + 8 + 5 H20 (A')
+8HNO) I suy fa B la CH
2
=CH-d' (5
COOH
"H
peoxi/ )
Cl-CH
2
-CH
z
-CH
z
-CH
z
-CI
CH-,=CH-c7
CHz=CH-CH=CH
z
+ 2HCI
C'la
- "OH
N=C(CH
2
)rC=N + 2NaCI
.:\
,t.;0 ,t.;0
O-CH
2
-(CH
2
h-CH
z
-Cl + 2NaCN
N' /0
A la: va C la
HzN-CHr(CHz)rCHz-NHz
N=C(CH
z
)4-C=N + 4Hz
I, )
H
"
O-CH=CH
z
H
Olc phuong ,trlnh phim ling minh h<;>a: NH [0 0 J
z
rOO I z Trung + (n+l)H O
(r
H2
)4+ n (r
H2
)6 / HN -(CH: )6-
N
n
Z
Ni.r
o
,t.;0
.-11
2
) (\:
B + Hz ) COOH NH
z
. Nilon-6,6
I J. "
B
(OJ ) C':
CH
2
=CH-JO AgNO){NH) )
Bai 33a.
"H
"OH
Ba hl!]J chill A, B, C mach ho- co cong Ihuc phim IU luang itng CJH
A' la CH
2
=CH-CH
z
-OH. CJH/J, C
J
H
4
0
2
co cae tinh chat sau:
_ A, B kh6ng lac dlfng vOi Na; khi hl!]J vOi lIz cung ra mfll san ph
A' (oJ) B: CHz=CH-CHz-OH
Cuf )

+
nhunhau: ! "H
+) Ph:tn 1<;> A, A', B, C.
- B hl!]J H
2
ra A.
!'l
- U(y m6i mt it cho tac d'-;Ing v&i dung djch NaHCO
J
, thl mt ch:.'t lam
_A co dong phan A' khi bi oxi hoa Ihi A' ra B.
sui b<;>t khi, do la axit C':
_C co dong phan C' cung Ihu9C dun chile nhu C. .Wl)
CHz=CH-COOH + NaHCO) CHz=CH-COONa + H
2
0 + COz t.
- Khi oxi hoa B Ihu dUl!c C'.
I
- Ba chat con cho tac d'-;Ing vo; natri, thl mt chSt t<;1o fa khi Hz bay ra, do la
Hiiy phan bi41 A, A', B, C' trong 41fJ mat nhii".
"ruqu A':
LOi giai
CH
z
=CI-!-CH
2
0H + Na. --)
CHc=CH-CHrONa + 112H
z

+) Vi kh6ng phan Ung v6i Na, nen A, B kh6ng chCra llhom -OH.
I

- Hai andehit dem cho phin ung trang glJoog, sau d6 ltiy san cho Phant
ling v6i dung d!ch nlJoc br6m, Still nao lam mat mau mroc br()m la cha't co ChuaIMt,. Xtic dl"h cong thuc clla C, B, A, D. Cho biet tinh chat hoa hoc dac trung c' { .
I h' '. uaom
iien ket d6i C=C, d6 la do B t<;iO ra. . : nhom
d
III 1 C uc trong chat A. Viet cac phuong trinh phan ring. .
Rai 34. , i LOi giai
H9P chat A co cong thrlc phan tu C
28
HjsO/9- Khi dUll nong 1 mol A tronijff'
+) A phiin ling v6i <.10 ra haza n la khi. Suy ra A la mu6i amoni
dllng djch H
2
S0
4
loang thu dU{1c dung dlch B chrla 2 mol Cr/I/106 va 8 mo
mu6i cua amin:
CHjCOOH. B phdn {(ng vOi dung djch AgNOj trong amoniac tlJo ra Ag. Mij.t kha
CJ H7COONH4 RCOONH)R'.
kh; dun nong 1 mol A trong dung djch NaOH thu dUf!c du.ng djch C co chua 1 mOli
c_o phan ung trang gU01lg. Xac dinh cong thue cau tlJo cua A +) Xac dinh axit C. VI, = 74 C chi co I nh6m C la
(chi dung cae chat da hiJc). ( , CH)-CH2-COOH. Suy fa B phal la CH
J
NH
2
vay Ala CH CH CO OH -C'II
. J 2 J JY J.
cac phlJO'I1g trinh phan l1ng :
LOigiai
iV
- l!l 0
CHJ CH
2
CO OHJ N -CII) + NaOH + CH)-NH
2
t + H
2
0
- VI thuy phan I mol A trang m6i tNang ax it ra 8 mol CH)COOH va
(A) (B)
mol C,H
I2
0
o
. Suy fa A chua 8 nh6m este cua saccafoza mantoza v6i axit axetic
I
2CH
J
CH2COONa + H2S04 2CH
J
-CH
2
COOH + Na S0
(?)
2 4
0
C12IlI403,0-C-CH) 8 + 9H20 2 C6HI20 6 + 8 CH)COOH
(C)
_.?O
- Dung d!ch C chua CIlHi2011' do la saccaroza rnantoza. rna fJ
---. -7-
-CH
CH3CH2-C" + H 0
kh6ng co phan lmg trang gtwng, CI2HnOIl la saccaroza. 3 2
NH--CH
3
Cong thuc ctlu cua A Ii'!.: (D)
+) Trong D c6 lien ktt
thu<,>c 10'.li ktt amit, kct nay
H20
Ac
I!I kern trong va -C-7-
:K;jAC
IIAc ,
H H AcO H2 H Ung sau;
"
N-
trong axit theo cac phl1C1ng trlnh phan
Ac tuc In vitI tat
I
ella tLr axetyl HL
,/ 0 CH
2
0Ac
-7- e fJ
-:?"O R-C..... + OIl __
-7-
H OAc OAc H
CH3-C" "NH-R' R-C" e + R'NH
2
o
Trong rn6i tNang axit lhi d nhom chl1c este va disaccaril bi thuy phAt
-7-
Do do trang 2 mol thi co 1 mol glucozC1 va I mol fnlctozC1. Co glucoza ne:
t
R-C" + H
2
0 + He to
NH-R' --
R_c-7- +
co phan ling trang "OH
Khi thllY phftn trong m6i tflJang kiem chi c6 nhom este bi thuy ph.a,
disaccarit kh6ng bi thuy phan, do do kh6ng ra glucoza. Hqp chtit
NAM nAI TRAC
khong c6 phan ling trang gl1ang la saccarozC1.
,- Ch9n cdu Ird 107 ho{ic nh(m d/nh IrOllg cae bai 19P dum ddy, Iy gidi ngall
Rai 35. iJn ho{ic viet ale phuang Irinlr phdn ling minh }U)Q.
!LJlli!.
HiJP chat A co cong thrtc C./ll/N0
2
, khi cho A vao dung dlch NaOHloan
dun nong nhi! thery bay ra khi B lam xanh giay quy tim 1161. Axit hoa dung dieI'. .? tht Hch hen andehit A mlJch hu cong hf!P Mi da hai thl H h H '
" '" . _.' . ._ . ham R smh ra ch ' . .-,. . . . J , ,c l' san
con llJr sail phan ling vo! NaOH bang H2S04 loang, TOI chrmg cat tllU dll11c aXlt ai andehit ban tac het natTl: th,u dU,llc the tich H] dung bang thl tfch
, kh -'. I h . , b 74 D ' A h d h h'- D 'h' , 1,; dau. R,et cac the IICh khl va hOl durrc do I ' h " .
co Ol uf!llg p an til ang . un nong t U lIf!c r;rp c at va 01 nl/a 'utit, chat A lti:' rong cung n It!t diJ, rip
,
:m a) Andehit d01l chlrc.
"h
;
b) Andehit dun chkc chua no chua mqt no; do;.
c) Andehit no chua ha; nhom andehit nhllng khac c{mg thue ca'u tt;lo
tinh chat hoa hqc khac nhau.
!iii 39.
d) Andehil chua no hai Ui'n andehit.
Nhilu andehi/,khu dUl!c Ag+ thanh Ag; khu dUlfc trong Cu(OH)lva
Bai 36b.
mo; truimg kUm tt;lo I!uinh CUlO. DUu do chUng to: I
Niu dinh nghill d6ng phan ?
a) Andehit Ja hhimg chat khti mt;lnh, do v4y chung se- Jam mat mau dung
lJ6ng phan ra nhfmg hlfP ch(i't :
djen thuoc tim, mat "Jau dung dich nuO'c bromo
a) Co cung kho'; lu(f1tg phan tu.
b) Axit axetic va glixerin ciing phan fmg vOi Cu(OI1JJ, chung ding lti
b) Co cung cong thuc phan tti.
nhilng chat khii mC;Jnh nhu andehit. I
c) Co dmg Ihanh phiin phdn tram kho; IUCfTlg eua cac nguyen to.
c) Nhom chuc andehit khong cam mat mau dung djch thuoc tim va nuO'c
d) Co tinh chat gi6'ng nhau.
brom, vi cac chat KM'n04 va Brlla nhfmg chat oxi hoa ylu hun Ag+ vd
!lli11.
d) Andehil co Ifnh axil vi no phan ling vOi baZ(J CU(OH)l vd oxit baz(f AglO.
Hai hfJP chilt A, B deu chi chua C, H, 0, deu co kh6i lurng phan tli bdn
116. Khi cho mOl chat tac vila het ven NalCOJ thi so' mol COl bay ra bling s
Bai40.
mol ma; chat dti phdn ung. Khi cho han hf/]1 g6m a mol chtit A va a mol chat
dIng hqp hit ven cha't Xl trong dUu IhEch hlfP, la thu duqc 2a mol chat C. Trong phan tu ca'c . . h' ,. / ' , " . ' ammoaxlt c ua mot nhom amI 0 (i' h h;': b .
san pham duy nhal, khong co dong phfm quang hoc. Toan bo luung chal C kh. ' h' 0t COO . no e n e ut azO" va
. ., , e Ua mo n um - H co ti h 't lJ'" .*.t.
phdn ung hel ven NalCO ding Il;lo ra 2a mol khE COl" " n aXI. leu uu ram eho:
J
a) A. B la axi' fumaric va axil maleic; X, Ia Br,; C Ia axil 2.3-dibrorn-sucxini . a) Cac hfJP chal do du!"c xip vdo loai chal lUiing tinh.'
8
b) A. B Ia axil fumaric va axi' maleic; X,lll H,; C III axil sucxinic. h) Cac chal do tiln c1 ion IUiing clfc RCOO
r:OOH c) Cae hqp chat do co da'y du tinh chat h6a hoc clla amin v" 't
I' ' b . . a cua ax,
B Ia CH =C ; X la H
2
; :cac oxylre.
c) Ala HOOC-CH=CH-COOH; 2
I
2
C:OOH c' d) Khi phan dung dich cac aminoaxit dii hod tan trong dung dich
C la
ie'm, Ihi cac axil am;n chay ve dUn cuc duang (anol).
X
2
1a H:,: '- . "
d) Ala HO-CH
2
-CH=CH-CH2-COOH;
B la HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH=CH2-COOH ;
LOI GIAI cAe BAI TRAc
iii 36a.
CIa HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH2- COOH .
BM 38.
(C) dung
Khi cho etylen phdn (mg vm nUl]C br6m eo hoa tan nalri clorua, ngUlJi B'
Njf'
\..
thu duq-c san phdm gom l,2-d;brometan va I-brom-2-cloetaT.l. Diiu nay cho IhayJ c..H2n(CHOh + 2H
2 7'
1 mol 2mol
a) Etylen va cac anken co thi cqng dong thOi vo-; nhilu chat.
Cn H
2n
(CH
2
0H)2 + 2Na -+ CnH2n(CH2ONa)2 + t
b) Phan tti brom tan cong d6ng thm vao ha; nguyen tlr( cacbon cua noi doi
I mol
1 mol
c) 51! cijng hfIP brom va.o no, doi diln ra qua nhUll glai dOC;Jn.
ai 36b.
d) Nalri clorua khong nhung cam xuc tac ma e(}n tham gia phdn (mg cijl, Sb) dung. cae d6ng phAn phai c6 cung c6ng thuc phAn tli nhttng khac e6ng
/. lihue eau t'.lo nen tfnh cha't h6a hoc khac nhau.
l'fn elv[ell. .
a) sai VI Cu(OHh Hl>04' H2S04 dtu CO M = 98
HCOOH, N0
2
deu co M = 46, rna khong phAi Ia d6ng phAn.
c) sai VI cac chilt trung cung mt day d6ng (vi dl;l: etylen va butyle
lu6n lu6n co % cacbon; % hidro nhu nhau.
Rai 37.
(b) dung
/H H" ,/ COOH <;OOH
<;H
2
tr'C" ' C ' <;H
2
COOH rr '--COOH COOH
A, B C
O15:t C kh6ng co cacbon bilt d6i xUng do do kh6ng CO d6ng pht'tn quang hQc.
/_.
Rai 3R. (c) dung: Phan Ung phai ditn ra qua giai thl mm co
br6m va clo trong SilO ph:\m.
Rai 39. (a) dung. VI KMn04Va Br2 lil. de chat oxi h6a rat m<;tnh, m<,lnh han r:
so v6i Ag+ va Cu
2
+.
I,
I! I! -:;:;-0
R-C,-
H
1,,"
" II
! _.1 3 R_C::'
O
I ,I
':1
1
)
1;1 +
{
H
,: I
.
+ 2HBr
+ Br2 + H
2
0 '-.
OH
+ 2KMn0 + H 0 3RCOOH + 2Mn02 + 2KOH
4 2
2RCOOH + 2KOH 2RCOOK + 2H20
2RCOOK + RCOOH + 2MN02 + H20
3RCHO + 2KMn04 -----7
II

Trong dung dieh H
z
S0
4
60% isobutylen dime hoa t}O Tn hon h!p ha; clui!
dong phan C
s
HJ6. HOIl hlJP nay dUflc gfJi IiI diiwbutylen, khi bi hidro hoa /l}o
,thimh 2,2,4-trimetylpen/an (thuimg gfJi m/ cach nhtim nhfi Iii isooctall). l/lJP
"chat isooctan nay cling iJut!c tlJO ra khi cho isobutan tac vOl isobutylen kJri
mal HzSO.J ho(ic hiaroflorua khan HF lam xuc taco Viet cac phuang trinh phdn
"img cO" chtcna hai phdn fmg tren.
Hai 43.
Nitro hoa diphenyl ta thu dUflc nitrodiphellyl. Ti>c d cua phdn ung nhanh
tip 40 liin so vOl plu;" l'rng nitro hoa benzen /l}o ra nitrobenzen. Trong hon hlfP
'sdn phdm tlJo Tn thi cac dong phan ortho-, meta- va p-nitrodiphenyl chiem tuang
1.-.-
ng
ra 68%, 1% va 31%. Tinh Ii s6' giiia si> tOc dij cua phdn (mg the' nguyen tIt
iJro J cac vi tri or/ho, meta, para (fo, 1m' f,J va Sf)' Mc dt! phdn img the' nguyen
ii hiaro clla ben,un.

Khi cho t-butyl axetat va etyl axetat tac vai natri metylat, dung
etanollam dung moi, diu thu dUt!c metyl axe/at, nhlmg phdn flng cua etyl axetat
hLJY nhanh gap 10 liin phdn itng cua t-butyl axetat. Mijt khac, khi CO mijt mt!t
uCI1Jg nho hiaroclorua thi metanol nhanh chong phdn (mg vOl t-butyl axetat tl}O
'a' axil axetic va t-butylmetylete, trong khi do metanol ll}i phan itng rift chtjm V01
tyl axe/at tl}o ra etanol va metyl axe/al.
Viet cac phumg trinh phdn img bieu dien C(/ chi"cua cac phdn ung tren; co
'he su d6ng v!
18
0 nhu the' nao de chitng minh dUt!c ca che' tren.
llt,J]J chiit A (CTPT CJ1sOJ) quang hl!a/, tan tOt /rong nUCtc tl}o dung dich
omoi truifng axit. Khi bi dilt nong A tl}o ra B khong quang hqat, it tan
! ;
,.'tong nutte (dung dich co moi truo-ng axit). Chat B phdn (mg vai KMnO" de han
Rai 40. T5:t d deu dung.
j i'
il. Khi bi oxi hoa blmg dung dich axit cromie loting thi chat A bien thanh cha't
J'
'ong C (CJHtfJ) co diem soi th(fp, chat nay khong lam mat mau KMnO", nhung
I
MVOI BAJ T nANH CHO HOC SINH GIOI.
I
Bai 41.
1) Cac hqp chat XYC =C = CXY (A) XYC = C = C = CXY (B)
trong do X, Y la nhUng nguyen tii ho(ic nhom nguyen tli khac nhau, co dong ph
cis- , trans- hay khong.
9 9
,
2) So sanh tinh axit cua CH)-C-CH
2
-C-CH) va CH3-CH2-OH
'hdn img va; I] trong dung dich NaOH tlJo ra ket tua mau vang.
Cho bitt ca'u tl}o clla A, B, C va viet cac phuung trinh phdn itng.
ai 46.
Hf!P chat quang hfJat A co cong thuc CjHIOO" phdn fmg vOl anhidrit
xetic tf;lo ra este chua hai gOl: axetat. A khong cho phd", fmg trang bf;lc vOi dung
'jch AgNO
J
Irong amoniac. Trong dung djch axit loting A tl}o thanh metanol
'a chat B (C
4
H
s
0
4
) quang hfJat, cho phdn ung trang gumg, phan ilng vOi
nhidrit axetic tlJo ra este chila ba gac axetat. Khit hoa B thu dUt!c ht!P chat
. " .. 1 222 t -boxyi, hong quang hoqt C (C4H/O04) Oxi hoa nhang B thu dUt!c ax.it cacboxylic
3) Hai chat axit 8bromvalelc va aXIl 4-brombulc of .. Joc ancac .. (C
4
H
s
Oj). Ami! cua axit D phan ung vOi dung dich natri hipoc/orit loting tlJo
chtit nao IiI axit mf;lnh hd1Z. ." .' , _ ..' .' _ . W
4) Til toluen va cac chat vo cO" can thlet khac, hay Viet sa phan ung
r L_ ...... ...... _
1
ra D_(+)glixerandehit (C
J
1I
6
0
J
). Xac dinh cau fl;lo etta A, B, C, D va viet cal.
phucmg trinh phdn ,mg. Cho hiet ecru hinh cua chung.

H C6HS'
!!i!ill.
Thuy phan hoan Joan pentapeptit thu dUCfc 3mol glixin, lmol alanin va Can phdi tien hanh cac chuyln hoa hoa h9C nhu the nao de kh6ng dinh
mol phenylamin. Mijt khac khi thuy phan khong hOlm foan pentapeptit do fa th' 'II(/C diu trUe cua sdn phdm dI! kiln lil dung.
dU'fc hon hqp sdn phdm frong do co alanylglixin lI-Ala-Gli-OlI va glixylalanf
H-Gli-Ala-Oll. Khi cho peptit nay roc dl;lng v61 axit lIN02 (phu07Jg phap x
LOI GIkI TOM TAT CHO 10 BAI TV 41 DEN BAI 50.
d!nh nitCl trong nhom NU
2
cua Van Slyke) khong tl;lo ra khi nitCl. Hay xac din'
cong thuc cua peptit.
LUi giai bfli 41. Bai 48.
Co theto'ng hqp l-D-Glucolylcitozin theo SCl d6 sau:
2,4-dietoxypirimid in
HBr
1) Hqp A khOng e6 dOng phftn eis-, trans-. Theo goe lien ket t<:10 ra giiia
D-GlucozC1 > tctraaxetat Ibromglucozcl
.Ie obitan lai t<;to sp, thi cae nhom XY eua nguyen til cacbon Ie, nam trong mt
(CHJCOhO
hang vuOng goc v6i phing chua cac nh6m XY eua nguyen til caebon C
J
.
+ NH] dlJ
-+ 4_ctoxy_l_(tctraaxetyl-D-Glueozyl)-pirimidinon-2 I-D-Glueozylcitozin
Viet cong thuc cau tl;lo cua tat cd cac chat tham gia /rang cac chuyin h_.
X,, /X
tren va cCl che phdn img vOl 2,4..dietoxypirimidin. Tl;li jiaO khi te/raaxetat . Cf=C=C
'y
bromglu
cOZCl
phdn ,mg vOl 2,4-dietoxypirimidin kh6ng tl;lo ra 6-etoxy-"
(tetraaxetyl-D-Glucozyl)-pirimididon-2 ?
Bai 49.
Hqp B c6 d6ng pha.n cis-, trans-; eel b6n nh6m XY eua nhiing nguyen
Phdn ling giila hqp chat cacbonyl (andehit hoijc xeton) vOi amin btJc
caebon C
1
va C
4
nam trang cung mt phfmg.
co axit lilm xuc tac xdy ra theo cCl chesau:
X" /X
X" /y
R'NH
2
+ HEll RNH:
(1)
C=C=Cc-=C va C=C=O=C
y/ "y y/ 'x
(2)
R COl!l H
R
2
CO + HEll 2
2) Tinh axit eua pentandion-2,4 160 hoo eua ctanol. Trang thl!c te
@
ntandion-2,4 (axetylflXcton) cling gi6ng nhu cae hqp 1,3-dixeton kh:k t6n
R, -H2
0
R, @/H
cd\I + H
2
N- R'
-- C
C = N :;== R
2
C=N-R' (3) d<;tng enol viing: I I
R
2
K 'OH K 'R'
o 0 ......... H ..
(A)
Gilli dOl;ln tl;lo ra (A) lil giai dOl;ln chtJm nhat cua cd qua trinh phdn unl CH -t-CH - ??i 50
'1;'; Ihii!l n6ng d9 cae ehal amin va hW ehal eaebonyl ban ,tdu diu 1Ji 1 mol/I. '/:' . J (15%')' J - C.", /"C, ,(8 v.)
pH cua hon hqp phdn (mg de If;li do toe dq phdn img giiia mtlt hf!P chat cacbon . 0 cHi' <;
co K =10-14 vOi mqt amin co K
B
=10-
11
, dl;lt gia try clfcdl;li. Toe dq cua phdn Un H
B
gia tri pH do 1611 gap bao nhiiu Uin Mc dq cua phdn u-ng u pH =0; It pH = 71.ng ;nol c,hi m .hG c6, tinh ax.it. (De tin so sanh ta c6 the tham khao
Bili 50. . chang 56 pha.n 11 aXlt k. cua cac cha.t: k
a
cua axit axctic cua ctanol 10'16.
__ . a pcntandion-2,4: 101
9
). "
Tiln han}, phdn {(ng hidrobo hoa J-phenylxiclohexen, sau do ox; hoa bd ,
11,0" 'fn phdm Ihu dade dl! kiln co diu lao nha sau:, I 3) Axitobromvalcic BI-CH,-CH,-CH,-CH,-COOH
,Jf
3
I'"
/CH2-CH2
Axit 4-hrombixiclo[2.2.2.]cacboxylic Br-6--CH,--CI-h ""C-COOH
"" - -/
CH2-CH2 (D)
1l1i ghii hili 42.
PhU'ang trinh pld,n lIng chung:
yH)
CH)-C-CH==C-CH) (20'%)
eMit D 111. axit lTl'.illh han C. Trang ca hai ch1't C, D tht nguyen ttt brom co d9 ilm dl' ell) eH3 . CH1 =....
100, hut electron, co l'mg -I HUll tang t1nh axit clla nh6m -COOH so voi de CH3- == CH
2
-- \ CH]-C-Clh-CH-CH
tlfffilg lrng kh6ng co chua bromo Trang phnll tlr D. th! braIn hut electron lam cho ' CH1 . \H) -?,CII
2
- ell
dt> electron xung quanh nh6m -COOH dicb phia brom thea ba nga, . CH
3
--CH
1
-C, CH (800/<) ]
trong cht\t C chi co ml)t nga: 0
"diisobutylen"


Br
H)
CH
3
..
2) CH3--H CH3- == CH2 CH
3
-C-CIL-CH-CH
3
JTF 1,/... (D) (C)
CH
3 CH
3 CH
3
CH
3
khac do h yang trang D la Clmg Bhac, nhung trong C co sv quay tv, ."
k' d ' h h . C ' h" .. . i I"che phan Img (I)
xung quanh cac 1 et em, lam cop An tv ,co t e t6n Cf diu ( <,mg, [rang .
nguyen tll br6m agfin nhom -COOH: . H S0 = 11+ + HS0
2 4 4 = Jj+ + so;
b
VI tren nguyen tll bram co dl? tieh
CH =C/CH3
I
100, tgO ra xung quanh no m9t din tlUang Hun cho &OOOH
ctl) n CH3"e/CH3 '2 "CH CH
3
CII]
0 C ] I /
proton kh6 bj tach ra, do do lam giam tfnh axil.
/C = CHz + H == I
CII3 CH3 CII] CH
3
\
CH
3
4) Tit toluen dieu che
CH3 ijCII
2
CH
3 e I ,
-H CH3-<;-CH2- C'CH
+ C1h-C-CH=C-CH3
tor
CH
3
3
'Ctl] CH
3 CH] CH
3
CH3 CH3
Co che phan U'ng (2).
HNO,M,SO: !:efI:ICl
$Br,,c H
,
COO,II
Ban dftu do lac dl.mg xuc rac cLla axit H;>S04 HF xay ra phan lmg polime
N0
2
NH2
NH-Ac
a coa hai phAn ttl isobutylen 1<,\0 ra cation actylic (A) nblI giai dau cLla co che
,an tlng (1):
CIi) CH) CH
3 CH
3
CH ('1{
HF I 3 /-,r3
NaNO/He! 2 CH)-C=CH2 --- (A)
(2.1 )
I, o HPO"
&" CI-I
3
CH CH]
3
Carion octylic
yBr yBr O-See -N2
I"
NH-Ac NH
2
QItion nay phan lmg v6i isobutan va tach di nguyen tll
hidra lien ke't v6i
bon ba nhl! la anion hidrua:
<;H
3
/CH3/lr. j9
H3
H3 <;H] <;H
3
. CH)-C-CHz-C e.../ t -H C- CH
J
- CH
3
-C-CH -CH + CHJ-C 0 (2.2)
I:' 2
I " I' I I I
CH
3
CH3 CH] CII) CH
3
CII
3
i. '.' ,
I,
2,2,4-trimerylpenran (B)
''': ,I; .
:d
\ii I
Cation t-butylic (B) ra rhan (qlg vOi isobutylen, ra cation (A) m6i:
yH) /CH)
/CH)
CH)-C + CHz=C .
(2.3)
I " CH) CH)
CH) CH)
(A)
Tu d6 die phan lIng (2.2) va (2.3) lu6n nhau ra san phfun 2,2
trimcty)pcntan.
LOi giai hili 43.
Set d6 phucmg trll1h phan ling:
@-@ NO,
cSr
+
C$J @-NO'
NO
z
p-nitrodiphcnyl
ortho- m-
Phan ling eua bcnzcn:
r
NO
HNO)'tI
2
S04 ,
@
.
1fc'

k
o
_ == 0,6
f
m
'= k; - 4.100
I

Con d6ng phfin para chiem 31 % nen ta e6:
2k
p
= --.31
! 100
i k
I p 40.6.31
[
Suyra pT -=---:= 37,2
l,kb 2.1 00
I LOi giai bai 44.
!
Co che phan lIngr vCri natri metylat:
(0
0
rI)
I rc _R0
0

-f dH)O
l) CHJ-C"O_R CH)-C-O-R CH)-C
I "
OCH) : O-CH]
. R I:' . b I ) yH] h' .. d d . , I h" ] )
Khl d g6e t- CH]-y- t J glal o<;ln [tu eualP an tnlg (
sc rftt vi g6e t-butyl co kfeh 100, gAy an ngii kh6ng gian m<,mh. Khi R Jil
6c etyl CH:;-CHz- th) IsV an ngfr kh6ng gian it hem rat nhitu; VI the phan ling eoa
tyJ axetat xay ra nhanhlhan phan lIng ella t-butyl axetat. I
I I
Ca ch phiin lIng! VOl metano) khi c6 xue tac axit co thi 1:1 mt trang cae
ado sau:
[OH

+ + I ..
2) ! J-f> CH)--O- R+CHJOH
I -H G>
CH
3
-'-C-O-R
"O-R
_ Kf s6 t6c d phan Ung the m6i nguyen tu hidtro ella benzen lit
1
mOCH)
t6ng s6 mol nitrobenzcn tlHmg lIng vCri 6 kb OJH
@
o
I ,n. I -ROH
/I
_ Kf h s6 t6e d phan Ung the' m6i nguyen tti hlldro acae vi trf ort
CH)-C-O-R
CH)-C-O-CH)
mcta-, para- ella diphenyl tucmg lIng la km va k
p
. Vi trong phfin tir diphenyl co:""'
OCHj
nguyen tir hidra ortho-, 4 nguytn ttt hiddra meta- va 2 nguytn tll hidro para-, do
t6ng s6 mol san phim cua phan Ung the' a cae vi tn tucmg lmg vOi 4ko' 4km va ':"
o
i
cae ti s6 dn tfnh lh f = kJkb; f m = k,jkll va fp = k/kb' I
3) II
o
1/ G:> o

\
-R ,+
CH)-C-O-R CH2-C + R
0
_ VI t6e dq toan phan phan Ung the' eua diphcnyl gap 40 Ian ella benzenj
H 'OH
t6ng s6 s6 mol san pharo the (cac d6ng phan) ella diphenylla 40.6kb
R + CH)OH R-O-CH] + HG:>
40.6k
b

;
_VI d6ng phan ortho chiem 68% ta c6: == ---.68
100 Vi caebocation ba m6'i ben va thanh, do khi R la g6e
va f = =:: 40.6.68 := 408 butyl thl t<;to ra (CHJhC'" phan ung xay ra nhanh, t<;to ra axit va etc tuc la phan lIng
.y k 4.100 ' O'
b 'y fa theo sa d6 (3). Khi R Ifl g6c etyl thi ra cation
40.6k b
l-
C
H2EB Ia kh6ng lqi, khi d6 ph:ln (rng xjy ra theo ca ahc &sa d6 (2) fa
_Tucmg tl! VI <.16ng phan meta chie'm J % ta c6: 4krn .:::
(ofJtc m6'i va rlCqu.
m
!Y./
chung minh co ch6 nao la dung, ra dung met anal chrJu J6ng vi
18
0
P
R-C
NaOCI
Neu phfm ung ra rhea CC1 che (1) va (2) thl chi c6 este t<.l0
RNH
2
m6i chua dong Ilia. Nguqc neu phan ling tuftn thea co che (3) thl ere
"NH
2
chlra d6ng vi Ilia.
P
Trong lNang h<Jp amil clla axit D.
C
3
H
7
0
3
-C
\, ,
NlI
2
Lo; giai bai 45.
: phan rlng ra glixerandehit, nhl!
nh6m amino NH2 ra dii bi thuy phfin ra nh6m
_c..0l
"H
Cong thrJc cae hqp chat A, n, CIa:
i}ll Di lui lLr chAt cu6i la c6:

(ll)
CHO
J>;JH2
CONHJ
COJH
(A)
I I
NaOCI
H-C-OH
+
I
CHOfl CHOH OB CHOH
H-C-OH H-C-OH CH
2
0H
I
I
J I
H-C-OH
o
CB
2
0H CH
2
0H
I
CH
2
0H
D-Glixerandehit
/-
II
(C)
va CH)-C-CH)
o
Qic phl10ng tdnh phan lIng:
+) oru hlnh clla nguyen tli cua hgp chit 0 du(.1c xac dinh dqa rheo
to h6a sau:
(I)
CH)-CH=CH-COOH + IhO
---
JQl
D B C OH
! I
o . Hqp chfit B eho phitn Ung trang gl1ang, phan ung vOi (CH)CO)2
0
ra
I,
2- + 1I "triaxetat B la mOllosaccarit c6 nh6m andehit va ba nh6m -OH, khi khu h6a flhom
+- 2C..o4 + 10 H --+0 3CH)-C-CH2-COOH
andehit ra chtft khc>ng quang hQat (C).
OB
+ 2Cr
3
+ -+ 8 H20 (2)
C0
2
H CI-IO

H-C-(HI rO) H-C-OH
H-C-OH
I I l!:!L
H-c-oH H-C-OI I
H-C-OH
'I ::: o 0
I I
1
::'( CHi)H CH20H
CI-I
2
0H
II to 1/
,.
r
, :
CH)-C-CH2-COOH - CH)-C-CH] + C02 (3)
D B
C
II.,
do cae phan ling (2) va (3) nen oxi h6a A bang H2Cr04 ra C)H60.
(khong quang
!
Khi thuy phAn trong mC>i truang axil, tv chat A thu dugc B va metanol, A
! i o _a meryl glicozit. Suy ra cau truc ella A, B c6 la:
1/
"
CH)-C-CH) + 31
2
+ 4 NaOH - + CH]COONa + 3Nal + J H20 (4)
.) I
vimg HO-[:l
0
H-l-Oll
0
[ He
CH]-O-c-l
I I I I I
H-C-OH H'-C-OH -- H-C-OH
hoar H-C-OH 0
I H I I I -CHJOH I I
LOi giai bai 46.
. H--OH I
.,m CH2 CH
2
CH
2
CH
z
--'
' B
D-(+)-glixerandehit co ca'u truc la:
+) (A)
CHO d':tng p-
I a-Glicozit melyl O-Glicozit melyl
H-C-OH
CI-I
2
0H
LOi giai bai 47.
Phim lmg cua natri hipoelorit NaOCI vai amit li'lm mat di nguyen tit cae'
clb nh6m amit va tao ra amiL: '
I
./\
t
Pentapeptit 1110) 3g\ix.in + alanin + fcnylamin
H
2
0
H-A:la-Gli-OH + H-Ala-Gli-OH
Tit ket qua tfen ta g6c Alanin lien ket veri hai g6c glixin. Vi kh6ng t<;to
N trang phan tffig Van Slyke, suy fa pentapeptit kh6ng e6 nh6m -NH
2
ttl do. C6ij
1
2
mt thoa man:
9Ii-Ala-Gli-Fen-jli
va
Gli-Ala-Gli-Gli-Fen
I J
(B)
(A)
Tuela

o CII, 0 0 CII, 0 0
l' I l' l' I cf l'
HN -CH'-C'NII-CII-C,Nil -CII'--C'NH-CI1- 'NII-CH,-1
(A)
I
o CH, 0 0 0 0
l' I 1'. // r! //
- HN -CII,-C'Nil -CH-C,NH-CH,-C'NH_CII,_ 'NH-CH-C
va
(B)

I
LOi giai bai 48
2,4.Dietoxypirimidin
CH
2
0H

CzIIsO N
OAc
(CH
J
CO)20 AcO Sr

HBr
OAe
OH
tetraaxetat l-BromglueozC1
D-GlucOza
OC
2
H
5 OCzH:s
N P-CzH
s
N 0

e 2 5
AcO OAc Br -C H Br
OAe. -
AcO
OAe
OAe
4-etoxy-I-(tetraaxetyl-D
Glueozyl)-pirimidon-2

CHzOH l
NH],
H AC Iii kf eua CHJ-C.P
- C
2
H
s
OH
HO "
0
0
-4CH
3
COOH
OH
I-G-Glucozylcitizin
I
Trong phc'm Ung kh6ng ra 6-etoxy-l-(tetraaxetyl-D-GlueozY1)-pirinlHhn-2:
Ae-O
I
0 6
z
OAe
AeO C2HsO N) OC
Z
H
5

OAc 2,4-dictoxypirimidin
ue la phan lrng kh6ng dy fa tren nguyen ttl nita b vi tri 3 l,1Ua pitimidin, VI nguyen tu
ay b! an ngfr kh6ng gian han the nfra, cae nh6m ctoxy b de V! trf ortho
ua nguyen tu nita nay lam giam tfnh baza tue la giam khc'1 nangiphin Ung eua n6 v6i
ae dAn xuat halogen.
LOi ghii bai 49
Kf n6ng d cae chat va ion nhtt sau:
a = [(CH
3
hCO]
e = [(CHJ)z C 0
Ell
H]
e
b == [RNH
2
]
y == [RN HJ]
x = [He)
z;;: [Oir]
+) Hang s6 kb eua de chat duqc xac ltlp thea cae phtrcmg lrinh sau:
I
,
o 3 1 2
e e k = [RNH]].[OH'J 1"'
-k (1+I0 x+I0 x )_x(I0
3
+2.l0
J
x)
\1 Nhlfvay " - __
RNH
2
+ HOH RNB) OH
n i}/i;: . {x (I+I03x+103x2f
[RNH
2
]
T6c v c'!e khi dv/dx == 0, tue la I - lO]x
2
=: 0,
. y. z
(1)
theo de ki hicu n6ng d6 nhv trcn ta e6: kB == -
.. b
rUt ra x = == 3,2.1 0-
2

K
w
K
W
t6c phan lrng gia tIi Ct!C d':li a[H+] =: x =3,2.10'2.
- VI [H+].[OH-] := Kw = 10'14 [OH']:= [lr] tIre la z:= - X
(2)
Suy ra pH == -lg[JI+] := -lg(3,2. ID'2) == 1,5.
3
_Thea de bai n6ng d<! cae eMit ban dAti 1mol/! ta eo:
h t' IA v(pHI.5) _ 32, 10. 2
+)T
'
Ie ---- -'--3 In
EEl
V(pIfO) 33 2.10
[RNHzJ + [Rt:.J H J] =I tue 130 b + y == I => Y== (l - b) (3)
" V(plll.5) 32 10-
4
4
thay (2) (3) thue (I) ta e6:
+) TlJlh tl Ie --== -:-- 10
:..-( v(l'lI7) 33
(1- b).K<v /
/-
K := Ix
LOi giai bili 50.
B b
I Ta eho sim phdm dl! kien h6a thea mt trang cae bien hoa sau;
(I)
Rut ra b =: Knl ghitn Clru e:fu tnk siin pham sau cung. Nell chAt la dung nhv dl.t kien, thl san phdr
! ';i 1+( :; Kw)'x au cung phai nhlt tren sa d6:
+) Tlroog tt! hang s6 K' bella xeton dltgc xac
H2S04 d, to Nhom -OB phai bj tach ra cung C)
o
\.. vOi nguytn IiI H avi In trans
G = [R
2
COH ].[OH ']
+ OH0 -.... k'n
/ C
6
H
s
R
2
C=O HOH :;:::::= R2COH
[R
2
CO]

0
H OB 2) NaBr H II __
(K';/x,,, },x
-r C H
(II)
6 s 6 5 Rut ra uvgc c=
H C H B1" C
6
H
s
lach v6i H avi tn trans- K' a /
o .
1+( /K)'x
. Q
Theo gia thitt: trong phl111 tmg eua eo che (3) thl giai dogn (A) la giai de
__
nhfi't, t6c d<! eua giai nay quyet dinh t6c d<! chung eua toan q
II C6H
s
C6HS
trinh. Do do ta co: .
tach v6i H avj tn cis,
IB
V == k[R C0 rl] .[R 'NH
2
J == k . C. b thay cae gia tr! clla c va b a'
2
(II) ta c6:
(K'j{w).x
v==k. .--
(III)
1+(K'j{J-x l+(Kj{J-x
I
VI K = 10'1 \; K' B == 10'14; K.J == 10'14 nen phuong trlnh t6e d9 (lII) la: I
B
v=k x =k x
2
(IV)
,
. (I + x).(l + 10
3
x) '1 + 10
3
x + 10
3
x
1
11 : :
l:i
I
.' I
,I,
'tf
L{"\
PRAN RAJ TOAN
lli!lRf-
Cho 0,751 lit hon hl!P khi A gom COl va mt hidroctlcbon B vao mt
kin co chua san 3,75 lit oxi. BrJ.t fia lua de phan irng chay xay ra hoan toa:
Sau phdn (mg cac chat trong binh de'u uthl khi va chiem thi tich 5,1 lit.
lut;mg khi nay ld'n luqt di qua binh 1 luqng du H;zS04 dijc va binh 2 dlfj'
IUlfng du NaOH dij.c. Trang thi nhij.n th{ly: khi di qua binh 1 chiem II
tich 2,7 lit, khi di qua binh 2 chiel" the tich 0,75 lit. Biet cac thltich khi dul,Yc do;
cung m1 dilu Xcic cong thuc cua B.
LUi giai
Vi VB + V , == 0,75 1ft nen VB va V
eo
, deu nho hem 0,75 suy ra khf et,i q
eo
bloh 213 oxi con duo tfch oxi eta tham gia philn lrng chay liI 3, is - 0,75 =3 lIt. ,I
Binh 1 giU H
2
0. V/fP =5,1 - 2,7 =2,4 lft.
Blnh 2 giu CO (gOm CO
2
c6 san trang h6n hqp A va CO2 do philO frug eha. :
2
tzw fa) ,.
' . L. V , = 2,7 - 0,75 == 1,95 lit. V CO2 do phan lO.1
g
ra phal n
eD
hem 1,95 lit tuc la nho han 2,4 1ft. suy ra 'khi hidrocacbon B h! chay thl fa nCO
n H 0, B l?i mt ankan. B 1a C)-12n+2 , ta c6:
\
2
rH + O
2
n CO
2
+ (n+l) H20
'-n 2n+2 2
(n,. 1)

2
2,4
3
3n + _ n + 1
:=) n =3. B1a CJHa
--3- - 2,4
-t xC0
2
+ y/2H20
Cach khac: c6ng thue B 1a c"Hy: c"Hy + (x +y/4)2
x y/2
56 1ft B trang h6n hqp A 1a V. 1 x + y/4
1,2+V 2,4
56 lit CO
2
trong A la 0,75-V, V 3
do do V , do phan ltng chay ra: 1,95 - (0,75-V) =1,2 + V.
eo
Thea sa uO phim U'ng eua B ta c6:
_ =x +y /4 (1) = y /2 (III) Giai (I), (11), (II!), duqc:
V 3 V 2,4
-V ==0.,6
x
x ::: 3 1
(II)
_ y::: X
V 1,2 +V
i
Bai 52. !..
::.:::=---
Dot chay huan tuim 672 tnl (dktc) hon h'!]J khf hai olefin kl tilp
nhau trong day do'ng ddng, dan hon hl/p gom CO;z va H
1
0 di chrJ.m qua binh 1
dU71g dung djch NaOH (du) va binh 2 dlfTlg H;zS04 dijc (du). Sau thi nghifm th{fy
binh 1 tang 6,16 gam, binh 2 tting 0,66 gam. I
.
1) Xac djnh cong thuc phdn tu, viet cong thuc cau tf}O va fen g9i cae olefin.
2) Lay olefin co cau tf}O mf}ch nhanh (trong socac olefin vila xcie d!nh) dl
viii cac phuong trinh ung thea day bien hoci sau:
+Br,lH10 + NaOH loang IIzSoJ
olefin A ) B --------; C
Bift kh{ii lut;rng phan tu cua C /Un htm cua olefin La 16 dvC va kh6ng lac
vOi Na de Ic;zo Ta khiH1 .
Lmgiai
1) Theo dch thf Ihl lOng kh6i luqng CO
2
va kh6i luqng H
2
0 do phein
' g chay t<;to ra bAng tcing kh6i luqnghai blnh mt va blnh hai tang them.
- Khi et6t ehay ankcn th) 56 Inol CO
2
va 56 mol H
2
0 ra la bang nhau .
() mol CO
2
t<;1O ra la x, th) 56 mol H
2
0 cling la x.
ae6; meu + mH,o == 44x + 18x = 62x = 6,16 + 0,66 =: 6,82
'
x= 0,11.
- 56 mol olefin == 0,672 : 22,4 = 0.03
- D?t s6 nguyen tii trung b)nh eua hai olefin la n , ta e6 :
3ii _ _
CH _+-02 ne0
2
+nH
2
0
"2,, 2
- _ 0,11 _ 3,7
0,03 0,11 -t
n - 0,03
hai olefin la C
J
H
6
va C
4
Hg
Cbng thue cAu va ten gQi: CH)-CH=CH
2
propylen.
H" /H H" /CH)
. CH)-CH
2
- CHi==CH
2
\ C==C C=C
CH)-cr=CH
2
CH)
/ "
CH
J
CH; "H
CH)
Buten-I cis-Buten-2 trans- Buten-2 isobutilcn
,.,n 71
--

The rich anken d5. phalllrng v6'i Br
2
= 448-280 =168 ml

2) Chi co isobuty1en 1a co diu nhanh.
T6ng tfeh anken ban dtiu = 112 + 168 = 280 m!.
Br Br ;:t
I I
+) Trang 280 ml h6n hgp kh! di qua dung dich mr6'e br6m co chua:
C
H
3-y- CH2 (A)
CH3-y=CH2 + Br2

CH3 112ml CmH2mt2 }
CH
3 M = 17,8.2 = 35,6
va 280 -112 = 168 ml CnH2nt2'
CH
3
CH
3 to
(D)
i
CH3-C-CH2 + 2 NaDr
\t:-:
Theo e6ng thue tfnh M coa h6n hqp nay vCri thanh phan tren ta co: I I
CH -t-CH2 + 2 NaOH
3
I OH OH i I
Br Br (14n+2) . 168/280 + (14m+2) . 112/280 = 35,6
CH hay (14n+2) . 3/5 + (14m+2) . 2/5 == 35,6
I 3 0
+ H20
H SO rue la 3n + 2m = 12
2 4 I "
H H
(C) Cl-h
I
1 n
,I CH3-C-CH2
/- I I
H2S04
C
I
H3
ti .., OH OH
CH2=C-CH
2
0H + H2
0
vI. co nh6m -OB nen philO {mg vm Na
2 3 4
m 4,5 3 1,5 0
Chi c6 n = 2 va m = 3 la hqp li, do do e6ng thvc cua
hidrocacbon 13. va C)H6.
112
V; Bai 53. 'X V}(j == 112 % H
2
= -.100 = 20%
560
'j
Co mt h6n ht!P khi A g6m mt ankan, mt anken va hmro. Cho 560
'\ ,
him h(1p A di qua 6ng SIl chilO niken MI nong Ihi chi con 448 ml khi. Ch
_ 168 _ 0
= 168 -.100 - 30Yo V
C1J1

, ,
lu""g khi nay lqi qua lu""g du dung dich nutic bromo Ihi chi con 280 ml khl
560
:I'I!
. i qua dung co Ii khtl'i hui so vUi hidro bling 17,8. Tim cong Ihllc cua e
V
C1H
= 280 ---+ % C)H
6
== 280.1 00 = 50%
hidrocacbon va thanh phan phdn tram theo thi tich cua moi chift trong hdn h. 560
A. Riet thl tieh cac Chi]'t khi do a cung diiu cac phan {mg lil hoan toano
Lm giai
Hr, x
Mt hdn hfJP A hidrocacbon mt;lch ha. Khi cho m gam h.on h!JP
i' Khi di qua dung nu6c br6m thi the tich khf giam, do hidr6 da ph
!dc dl}ng vm dung dich nulYC brom 0,2, thi chi co 175ml dung dieh nufTc br6m
ling hel. anken con dll va bi gili tfong nllOc bf6m. e6ng lhirc cua ankani
'han {mg va con /{li hon hfJP hidr6cacbon B. Trong B co it h01J trong A hai h!JP
hat. .
CnH + va eoa anken la CmH2m
2n 2
Ni /0
CmH + H CmH
2m
+
2 Do't chay hoan toan hon hfJP B thu dUlfc 6,16 gam COl va 4,572 gam hoi
1) 2m 2
CmH
2m
du
CmH2m
Neu dot chay hODn toan m gam hon hlfP A thi thu dUlfc 9,68 gam COl va
CnH2n+2
'i CnH2n+2
,012 gam H
2
0.
2) CmH
2m
+ Br2 ----)- CmH
2m
Br
2'
Co thl.rac dinh dUlfc nhiing hlfP A,
Theo phllOOg tnnh ph. ling (1) ta e6 : s6 mol hidf6 s6 mol
n
'dng trong hon hlfP clla ha; chat dti phan itng vUi nuuc brom thi co
phOn ling vm H, va bang s6 mol ankan mm fa: '
hoi !Ui;mg phan tli nhd hO'n chiem dum 90% theo somol.
VH == VC H =560 - 448 - 280 == 168 ml
1 ". 2,"..-2
.. -
Lm\giai
+) Trang h6n hqp B phai co nhieu ankan
c6ng thlrC chung clla chung la C
n
H
2n
+
2
3n + 1
CnH :l+
2
+ -2- O
2
--* nC02 +- (n + I) H
2
0
2
TIleo phi'm lIng tren ta 56 mol ankan ::: s6 mol H20 - s6 mol CO
2
,
56 mol H
2
0::: 4,572/18::: 0,254 }
56 mol CO ::: 6,16/44:= 0,14 SO mol ankan ::: 0.254-0.14::: 0.114
2
56 gam ankan ::: sO gam cacbon + s6 gam hidra ==
::: 0,14.12 + 0,254.2::: 2,188.
if on"" = 2,188 ::: 19,19 ::::::> Trang A phai chua CH4
0,114
+) Trang A phai chua hai hidreacbon khOng no, khi I.E qua dung d!ch mlq
brOm thi chung bj giiJ Vi di tl1 cung m gam clla h6n hqp A, s6 gam CO
2
i
H 0 do hidrocacbon khC'>ng no ra la:
2
mH,G == 6,012 - 4,572 == 1,44 n H20 ::: 1,44: 18 == 0,08
mr.o ::: 9,68 - 6,16 ::: 3,52 ::::::> n col ::: 3,52: 44 = 0,08
l
Vi n == n H 0 nen hai hidrocaebon do thuc 10<;li anken. Thea phan lrng:
C02 2
C + Br
z
--* Cn,HzmBrz
m
H
2m
_Ta c6 s6 mol ankcn =56 mol Brz == 0,175.0,2 = 0,035 mol.
_Kh6i h.rqng anken = me + mH = 0,08.12 + 0,08.2 ::: 1,12 gam
1 a
}
a=2 hidrocacbon Iii CmH
Zm
-
2
-
0,005 0,01
M onken == 1,12/0,035 == 32 ::::::> Trang A phai co
+) M 4.9,5 =3g s6 mol h6n hgp A =0,01 + 0,005 0,015
Vi trong cac anken chi co kh6i luqng tl1 nho hdn 32.
-:: 0,0 I( I 4 n + 2) + 0,005(14m - 2) 38 2 8
Thea de bai thi chiem dum 90% thea 56 mol clla h6n hqp g6m
=
ankcn. cC'>ng thuc clla anken thu hai la CmHZm (m>2), s6 mol va CmH
la x va y, ta c6:
56 mol anken : x + Y== 0,035 (I)
56 gam anken: 28x + 14my == 1,12 ::::::> 2x + my == 0,08 (II)
Giiii (I), (0) ta dUqc y == 0.01/(m-2).
Vi %CzH < 90% nen %Cn,H
zm
> 10% tcing s6 mol clla ankcl1,
4
suy y > 10% ella 0,035, y > 0,0035. Do d6 :
y ::: 0.01/(m-2) > 0,0035 ::::::> 01 < 4,857.
m == 3 hO(lC m = 4 .Tlec l?i ankcn thu hai lil C
3
H
6

H6n hqp A ban nhAt thiet phai chua CH
4
, CzH
4
, C
3
H
6
C
4
Hg, cac
ankan con l<,li khong xac dinh dngc .
lli!iE: f
Cha 336 ml hon hCfP khf A g6m hai hidroeaebon ml;lch hil di qua dung dieh
nlfUc brom 0,125"1. Sau klli phan itng hoim toim ,thery hon hW chi phan itng hit
80 ml dung dieh nuac bram va con llJi 224 rnl khi di qua dung dich. Gia thie't cae
thi tieh klli do iI die'u kin lieu chua'n. Tl khoi hoi cua A so vOl!He bling 9,5. Xac
din" eong thite va thanh plui'n p}ui'n tram theo khoi luqng eua moi chert tTong h6n
-hqpA.
LUi giai
+) 224 011 khf di qua dung dieh nuac bram phai la ankan, khi bi giiJ trong
dung dieh nuae br6m l?l hitlr6caebon khong no. eang thl1c ella chung Iii CnHZnt2
va CmH
2m
+
2
-
h
(a Iii s61ugng lien ke't Tt).
+) Tht tich ankan = 224ml; the Hch chAt kia == 336 -224 == 112 ml.
+) 56 mol ankan ::: Cil,224/22,4 == 0,0 I;
56 mol hidrocacbon khC'>ng no == 0,112/22,4::: 0,005
+) 56 mol Br2 dii phan {rng htt == 0,125. 0,08 =0,01
CmHZm+2- h + aBrz --* CmH2m+z-zaBr2a
M A==
0,015
VI hidrocacbon bai eho la khf, do chi

co hai va C
4
H
6
C
3
Hg va
CzH
2
Ia thoaman.
l/V1 "2 Vl M

56 gam A::: 0,01(l4n + 2) + 0,005 (l4m - 2) \

\" O)ei5. ') '8:
::: 14 .0,005 (2n + 01) + 0,01 = 0,57 gam)
cleq 0, >7(';])
Neu la e
2
11
6
va C
4
11
6
ta c6:
75

,I
0. IT _ 0,01.30 b -- S"'(J1
/'i,e, '6 - ----.10 - ..... ,(no .i 'm: elI
J
- 0,57
klJ*
=::j %C
4
H
6
=100 - 52,6 =47,4% ;Ifj:,
@vaY A leU d"\JC 4 g6c hoo lfj (I) uh":
Neu III CJHg va C1H:! ta e6:
CI!J-
CH
J
ClI
J
0,01.44
%CJH
g
= .100 = 77,2%
@' @/
@l

0,57
=> O/OC:!H:! = 100 - 77,2 =22,8%
e) Hidrocacbon ket tlla v6i dung djch AgNO
J
trong NH) phai thuc
ankin- 1. Khi thav :nt nguyen ttl hidra bang mt nguyen llr b'.lC, thl kh6i luqng phftn
Rai 56Y
. tV tang them, - 1 = 107, do s6 ttt Ag c6 trang mt ph[ln ttr B la:
Dot chay hoim toan 0,46 gam chat, A co cong thuc phan tii trimg voi con
MB-M
A
214
thftc do:' gwn nhtit, chi thu dUl/c khi CO] va hoi nuO'c. Dan hon h([p khi san phm, n =----- = -- == 2
Ag 107 107 /
ehay Ian luqt di qua binh 1 dltng iur;ng dll PzOj va binh 2 dztng Illf!1lg du NaO
Sau thi kho'; lur;ng binh 1 va binh 2 tang thim 0,36 va 1,54 gam. . A co hai nguyen ttl hidro lien ke:'t tll!e tiep vui n6i ba. Suy fa efill t\lo
'ella A e6 la:
a) Tim cong thuc phan tii cua cha't A
H-C=C-CH2-CH2-CI12-C=CH
b) Gia su chat A khong film mal mau nuac brom thi A co thl thanh bal
f-1-C=C-
CH
2-
CH
-C=Cllj
nhieu goc hoa tT{ mqt. i' \
C.-I)
CH) Kf chung la
c) GUi sii chat A khi phdn frng vOi dung dieh AgNO
J
trong NHJ tlJo ra B
H-C=t-CH-C=CH
If-C=C--C=CH H-C=:C-C)I4;-C=CII
tlia, kho'i lw;mg phan tli cua B IUn hon cua A fil 214 dYc, thi A co thl co cau t,.

CH
J
nhu the nao? tf-G
LOi giai
Phuong trlnh phan ulg ehung:
me =(1,54/44).12 =0,42 g me+ m
H
=0,46 g
H-C=C-C)Ht,-C=CH + 2 [Ag(NHJh]OH -- Ag-C=C-CJHt,-C=CAgL Trang 0,46 gam A co chua: \ } Suy fa A lit
m
B
=(0,36/18).2 = 0,04 g hidrocacbon (A) + 4 NIlJ + 2H:O (D)
"
c6ng thve A la CxH
y
(x,y nguyen, ducmg; y 2x + 2 ). ai 57. f+
Ta e6:
Dot ehay holm toan mt)t hidrocacbon A r6i hap thl;l hlt san pham phan ling
0,42 0,04 hay vao mqt binh dung dieh nuac voi frong. Sau thi thay kho,
x:y= -:-- = 0,35 : 0,04 = 7: 8
uf!Tlg binh tling them 26,24 gam. L9C, thu du,!c 20 gam chal kel fIla va dUi!c dung
12 1
'ich B. Khi dun soi dung dich B ",t)t thOi gian lau, thu dlli!c 10 gam kel tua
ua.
Cl'>ng thve dcm gian nhfit va c6ng thve ph:l.n ttl ella A deu la
Khi cho IUf/1Ig chat A dlmg bling IUlf1lg dii dot chay if tren, phan itng hel vOi k
b) Thea e6ng thve C,Hg thi A thuc C
n
H
2n
_6 , rna A li;li kh6ng Him m hi clo a30(f!C, thu dUl!c mt)t hon hl!P C gom bo'n dan xudt chua clo cua A, la /1
mau dung dich nuac bf6m, suy fa A la taluen: lmg phan cua nhau, vOi sudt 100%. Bon hllP C co ti kho' hoi so vOi hidro II
. ho h01l 93. Xac djnh cong thuc cua A va tinh thimh pha'n phdn tram thea kho'
_uf!Tlg clla moi cluil frOllg hon hl![J C.
.
LM ghli
I
,l
IOu TIlay I nguyen .i, hidro

2C0
2
+ Ca(OHh
A Hi CJ-{y, ta co:
CxHy + (x + y/4 ) COz
CO
2
+ Ca(OHh
-+
=
X CO
2
+ y/2 HzO
+ HzO
20 gam
Ca(HC0
3
)z
(1)
(2)
(3)
(11
3
-012 -Q-Ir Of}
I a
G:I -Cl1- Glz . IJ
J J
II GI
J
I
J dong philn
'
4 dong ph:in
Thay 2H
9 dong phnnl
10 dong phani
Thay 3H
20 d6ng phful
17 dOng phan
GI
J
"
Ca(HCOJh
to
Cac0
3
t + cozt + H20 (4)

;_1 b
J
I
I dong philn
I 2 d6ng philn I 3 d6ng phan
IOgam
+) 'Theo dc pInrcmg tdnh IJhan (mg (2,3 va 4 ) va thea de bai ta c6:
VI C chi g6m 4 cha"t d6ng/phlln cua nhau, suy fa chi co chat isope!1
t
an lii thoa man va
h6n hqp C chi g6m cac chat d6ng phlln C:sHIICl.
20 10
nco = -+2- == 0,4 mol
I 100 100
I
Kh6i IU<;fIlg blnh dung d!ch ntr6c v6i tang them brmg t6ng kh6i luqng
CH3-CH-CH
2
-}H
2
-Cl
hal cua phim (rng chay. Suy fa s6 gam nu6c Ia: ;.
, (I)
CH.1 :
CI
m HID == 26,24 - mCO
z
= 26,24 - 0,4 x 44 =8,64 gam
( II)
/
100CC: CH]
CH]-CH-CH
2
-CH]
2
::::::>
n 11,0 =8,64/18 == 0,48 mol.
ell]
+ el
"" -............ CH
3
-C-CH
2
-CH
3 ( III)
Khi A chay ra n }/,U > tI co,' A la ankan.
0,08 mol A
I
CH
3
n = n H 0 - n ::-:: 0,48 - 0,4 =: 0,03 mol.
CI-CH
2
-CH-CH!2-CH3 (IV) COl A 2
I
\ 9}3 ,
Theo phan ltng dOt chay ankan:
gam h6n hqp C: me = 0,08.106,5 == 8,52 gam 3n + I
--) n CO
2
+ (n+ l)HzO 0,08 mol C
CnH
zn
+ z + --02
2
1
n
0,08
0,4 . nh6 rang a d khoang 300C (6 "i
n = 0,4/0,08 =5. A c6 c6ng thllc la C H , suy ra phan trng gift3 len ket v61 cacbon b?c I, qac 2, bac 3 ti If\ ,. he d the nguyen tlr hidro
-I I' h th
5 J2
.' . pm n au .heo " so 1 : 3 3 . 4 4
Vel C 0 a p an ulIg . Trang isopentan c6: . ,.
300"C :>
1
9H 1-+ 9xl=9
C
5
H
12
xCIx + x HCI
C:sH
12
+ X Clz

12H h?c 2-+ 2 x 3,3 =6,6
(AI
(C)

IIH h?c 3-+ I x 4,4 =4,4
Me = 72 + 34,5x < 93 .2== 186 => x < 3,3.
TDng =20,0
oa xay ra phan {rng the' 1,2 3 nguyen tlr hidro clia CsH
lz
bang \
Chfl\ A co the co d"u t<;to va s6 lll'qng d6ng phftn san phim khi thay the' 1,2
nguyen tv nhll' sao:
V,'ty: SC> mol d6ng phfln (I) l?l. 0,08 .3 == 0,012:=",;> Chiem % = 0,012.100 = 15%
. 20 0,08
. 0,08 ' 0,0264
D()ng rhtln (II) Ih -- .2 .3,3 =O,0264mol::::) Chiem --. 100 == 33%
20 0,08
. ,0,08 . , 0,0176
Dang phfUl (Ill) la--.l .4,4 = 0,0176mol =:> Chiem % = --.100 = 22%
20 0,08
, 0,024
. 0,08
::::) Chiem --.100 30%
D6ng phan (IV) la --. 6 ::: O,024moi
0,08
20
/ .... Rai 5X' . b' h k' d ' h 20 I' khJ: d'?' h' 96 . ,
\ rong m9
t
In In fing tiC It vng 01, C Ua , gam OXI va m ga
T
hon h9P hidrocacbon A,B,C. Nhit dq va tip suat trong binh H,c dci'u la Due va ';
0,448 atm. Sau khi b(zt tia lua din de phdn ung chay xdy ra hoan toan, ta giii )
d binh a136,soe, thi trong binh t{lV ra 4,05 gam hoi nutic va 6,16 gam C
Tinh ap mat trong binh sail kid dot chay. ::
Kac dinh cong thuc phdn tu cua A,B,C, gUi thiet B va C co cimg so nguy
tu cacbon, con sf; mol eua A 4 Mn tting so' mol cua B va C.
LOi giai
+) Kf hiu chung cae eMit A,B,C 1h CaHb ta co:
CoHb + (a + b/4 ) O
2
--). a CO2 + b/2 H20
-111eo phan lrng trtn thl 56 mol O
2
d5. phan lmg =1/2 n H
2
0 + nCOl
1 4,05 6,16 1
= -. --+ -- = 0225 + 0 14 == 0 2525 mol
2 I 8 44 2' , ,
" l
SO mol O
2
con dtf == - 0,2525 = 0,0475 mol.
11
32
I"
- Sau phan tmg chay s6 mol khf e6 trong blnh la:
Ii
n == + n 1110 + no) == 0,14 + 0,225 + 0,475 = 0,4125 mol
Ap dung e6ng thue:
PoV
u
PV , 1.0,4125.22,4 P.20
--:::: - ta co ::: --
To T 273 136,5 + 273
Boac cang thuc PV = nRT ta c6 P . 20 ::: 0,4125 .0,082 . (I 36,5 + 273)
Rut ra dU<;1c P == 0,693 atm.
* Tcing so mol khf ban dau co trang blnb:
r

&

m
== 8,96
8,96 ::: 0,4mol
Vo ::: t
no = 22,4
Do d6 so mol 3 hidrocacbon =no - = 0,4 - 0,3 =0, I mol.
S6 gam 3 hidrocacbon bang tcing s6 gam cacbon trong C0 va so gam hidra
2
trong H20.
m = 0,14.12 + 0,225 .2::: 2,13 gam.
M.(B,C ::: 2,13/0,1 =21,3, phai c6 mt hidrocaebon e6 M < 21,3, chAt duy
nhat III CH
4
va thea bai d61a A.
n A ;::; nCII. = 0,08 mol => n
A
+ I1e ::: 0, I - 0,08 ::: 0,02
mA ::: mCfI, ::: 0,08.16::: 1,28 g => rnA + me = 2,13 - 1,28 = 0,85 gam.
MB,C == 0,85/0,02 == 42,5.
Thea bili: B va C cung s6 nguyen t\'r eachan, c6ng thuc clla chung Ia
CxH
y
va CxHy' ta c6:
CH4 + 2C0
2
-)-
CO
2
+ 2H
2
0 (1)
0,08
0,08
CJfy + (x +.y/4)Oz -)- xC0
2
+ y/2 H 0
2 (2)
n nx
CxHy' + (x + y'/4)02 --)0 xC0
2
+ 1''(2 H 0
2 (3)
n' n'x
T6ng so mol COl::: 0,08 + (n + n')x ::: 0,14 ma n + n' ::: 0,02
0,14 - 0,08
ntn 0,08 + 0,02.x::: O,14 =:> x = ::: 3
0,02
B, C e6 the 13 2 trang 3 chat: C)Hg (M = 44); C)H (M == 42);
6
L-
(M = 40). Y1 MB,c ::: 42,5 do d6 c6 2 truemg hgp;
"-:I C3H
g
va C
3
H
ll
va C
J
H
4
iii sw cttu' 't
Hai hidrocacbon m{lch hu X va Y diu lil chat khi u dilu thutYng ; hiSn j.
qp A go'm H2 va X; IIt}n hqp B g6m H
2
va Y. Dot chay hoan todn 6 gam A thu
'ltl!c 17,6 gam CO2, M(it khtic 6 gam Attic dl;lng vila du vOl dung chua 32
m bromo
I'I-,ff-."
Ti kho'i hoi cua B so vOi H
2
bling 3. Dun nong B co niken lam xuc t,
thu duqc h6n h'lP khi C co ti kh{/i hoi so vOl hidro bling 4,5.
Bilt cac phan itng la hoim toan, xac d#nh cong thue X, Y va thanh phlin
theo tinh tich cua m6i khi trong cac h6n h'lP A, B.
LOi giai
cOng thuc clla X la CnH2n +2-2a
Clla Y la C H
2m
+loA _2b, ( trong d6 a,b la 56 ket 1t ).
m
* D6i v(ri A ta c6 cac phucmg trinh phan lrng sau:
3n + 1- a
CnH
2n
+2_23 + 2 O
2
-+ n CO2+ ( n + 1 - a ) H20 (l )
(2)
CnH2n+2-2a + a Br24 CnH2n+2.2aBr2a
:::: 17,6/44 == 0,4; n Br
2
== 32/160 == 0,2
x,y la s6 mol clla X va H
2
Thea (1), (2) ta c6:
a
n
X
1 2 3
== nx == 0,4 (I)
n co
2
(II) } =::> n :::: 2a 2 4 6
11 Br :::: ax == 0,2
2
C
4
H
6
vi X la khL
Thea (II) Khi a :::: 1 ta c6 x =0,2
:::::) m :::: == 0,2 x 28 :::: 5,6 g.
ll
do d6 m H = 6 - 5,6 == 0,4
2
:::::) n H
2
== y == 0,4/2 == 0,2
% :::: % H
2
:::: 0,2/0,4 x 100:::: 50%.
tucmg tt! Khi a:::: 2 ta c6 x:::: 0,1
, 6 - 0,1.54
:::::) 50 mol H
2
== Y= :::: 0,3 mol
2
0,1
n =0,1 + 0,3 =0,4:::::) %C
4
H6 =-.100 == 25%;
A 0,4
%H
2
:::: 0,3.100 :::: 75%
0,4
+) D6i vai B: Gia 5tr co 1mol hOn hqp B, irong do co x mol Y.
Khi 10 s6 gam 1 I1101 B =3 x 2 =6 gam.
- Me = 4,5 x 2 =9 5UY ra trong C phai con H
2
duo
"
Cn,H2m +2a. 2b + b li2 Ni, CmH2m +J.
X x
, I
- Vi phan ling toan, rna H
2
du, do d6 5au philO U'ng (3) 56 mol khi bi giam
oi dung s6 mol H2dii phan tmg, tuc la giam bx mol. 56 mol cua h6n hgp C
la (l-bx ) mol. Phan tmg fuao toan kh6i lttgng me = m
B
= 6 gam. Do do:
6
M == --= 9. Suy ra bx = 1/3
C 1- bx
Vi Y la chat khi nen 56 caebon trang phan ttr Y nh6 hem 4, do d6 b
chi eo bang 1,2,3,4. I I
I
1
1 2 3 4 (lIp
,x 1 1 1 1
- - ----. -
, 3 6 9 12
kh6i lugng ph;n ttr ella Y la M. Theo 56 gam hOn hgp 13 ta co:
m
B
:::: MX + 2.(1 - x)=6 (IV)
Thay cac gia tIi Ctla x abing (III) vao phuC1I1g trinh (IV) ta c6
- Khi x = 1/3 thi M == 14 vi Y In CH
2
!
- Khi x = 1/6 thi M =26 axelilen.
%H
2
== 1/6 x 100;: 16,7 %:::::) % =83,3%
- Khi x = 1/9 thi 38 vi kh6ng eo hidrocacbon tucrg Ung.
- Khi x == 1/12 thi M == 50 C
4
H
2
H-GC-GC-H
% H2== 11/12 x 100 =91,67 % S:4H2 = 8,33%
Hai 60.
Chia 672 mL (dktc) h6n h9]J khi A gam hai hidrocacbon mt;lch hi! thanh lrai
han bdng nhau.
,
- Dot chay pha'n ldu(1c y gam hoi H
2
0 va 1,76 gam CO
2
,
- PJu:in 2 cho di qua' dung dich nUt7c brom (du) thi co khi di qua
ung dich. LUlfTlg brom ali phdn Ung La 3,2 gam, kho'i [UlfTlg binh dlfng dung dich
uO'c brom tang thim X gam.
Tim cong thllC cua hai hidrocacbon, tinh thimh pha'r. jJha'n tram theo tid
'eh cae khi trong Icon hffJ1 A va cac gia X,Y.
I
'. Jo..:tr '1'J.w'l'
X3
ghli
_S6 mol hai hidrocaebon trong 1/2 h6n hqp A = 1/2 x 0,672/22,4 = 0,015mol
_S6 mol Br2 da phan Ung vai phtin 2 Hi 3,2/160 =0,02 mol
_ e6ng th{re eua hai hidrocaebon til:
+2-1.a v6l 56 mol trang 1/2 A la x }
,. , x+v=0.015 I
CmH
2m
+2_2b VOl s6 mol trong 1/2 A la y ( )
;}
C
n
H
2
n+2-2a + a Br2 (1)
"
}
x ax
,
m

H
C H
2m
+2_2b + b Br
2
CnJI2m +2-2b
Br
2b (2)

y by
111eo cae phan Ung (1,2) va s6 mol Br2 ta co: ax -+- by = D,02
(II) r

ff
3n+ 1- a
(3) \
CJI
2n
+2_2a + 2 O2 n CO2+ ( n + 1 - a ) H20
" '.'-'
,
x nx ( n + 1 - a) x .i
3" -11-- b "
(4)
CnH2m+2.2b + 2 O2 111 CO2 +- (m + 1 - b) H20
t

y my ( m + 1 - b ) Y :,
I
Thea cae phan {mg (3,4) va s6 mol CO2 ta eo:
nx + my =1,76/44 = 0,04 (III) f
0,02 - 0,0150 }\,;
Ttl (I) va (II) ta eo: y = (IV) J


Vi a,b lil bfit ky b>a; a 0; rna y In. s6 mol y phai 100 han va
han t6ng d.e 56 mol, tue lil 0< Y< 0,015. Vi b> a nen b - a > 0, do thea (IV) tW
1,3. 1 {
Suy ra M(H hidrocaebon eo e6ng thue (n 2 ).
111ay a = 1 vao (IV) ta co:
0,005 0,005 < 0,015
y=-
Vi Y< 0,015
b - 1
b - 1
tt'rc lil b > 1,3 b 2
Khi b =1 ta eo y = 0,005 } Thay vao (Un duae:
x =0,01
0,01 n + 0.005m =0,04 8
CmH2m -2
.J
.

Oil
H6n hqp A g6m va C
4
H

6
m I 4 I 2 I 0
C3H
6
va
Khi b = 3 ta eo y = 0,0025 }
x = 0,0125
Thay vao (III) dUCJe:
0,025 n + 0,0025 m = 0,04
5n + m = 16
VI hai hidrocacbon Mu kh6ng no va 13 eh[it khi nen
m I 6 I 1 I <0 kh6ng eo nghi?m hgp If. Lo<;li tntang hqp nay.
* Thanh ph:ln % the tich h6n hgp A: D6i v6i eha't khi % tich bftng % s6
mol. Nen:
0,01 66
% --.100 = 6 ,7%
- 0,0 15
0,005
% CmH2m 2 = --.100 = 33,33%
. 0,015
* Kh6i hrqng binh br6m tang ehfnh la kh6i Iuc;mg hai hidrocacbon:
X = 14 nx + (l4m - 2 )y = 14 (nx + my) - 2y
=14 .0,04 - 2 .0,005 = 0,55 gam
* Theo u-ng (3,4):
Y = 18.[(n+l-a)x + (m + 1 - b)Yl = 18.[(nx + my) - yl =
= 18.(0,04 - 0,(05) =0,63gam
Hai 61. 'i
Mljt hfJP chti't hfru ClY A c1d chua Itai nguyen t6 X va Y. Kholluf/Tlg phtin hi
cua A co gia !T1' 150 < Mil < 170. Dol chay hoim toim m gam A sinh ra ciing m gam
H20. A kh6ng ram mat mall nunc br6m, cung kh6ng phdn img vOi br6m khi co
mil-I bqJ sal, nhllng It;li phdn img vOi brom khi ch;eu sang t(Jo thanh mljt dan xuat
monobrom duy nhlft.
a) X,Y la nhfmg nguyen togi.
b) Xac dinh cong thirc dan gidn nhat, c6ng thuc phtin tu va viet eong thire
cifu tlJ-o cua A, biet rdng A ltl phan tu co tinh do; ximg cao.
I Lm ghii
a) A la hiiu co, nen A thit phai chua cacbon.
A chay ra H 0,nen A phai ch{ra HidrO. Suy ra A la hidrocacbon, VI A
2
chi chua hai nguyen t6, X, Y la cacbon va hidrO.
b) cOng thuc clla A la CxHy
CxH
y
+ (x + y/4)02
x.C0
2
+ y/2H
2
0
y/2mol
lmol
rn/18mol
m/(12x+y)mol
Taco l2x+y=9y =:> 12x=8y x/y=8/12=2/3
+ CTDG clla A la
+ CTPT clla A la M
A
= 270 150 < 27n < 170.
Suy ra 5,6 < n < 6,3 n = 6 A co CfPf C12H18
+ COng thuc C
I2
H
1S
lrng vCri t6ng quat c6 hai kha nang:
-J
.f;

."
_ A la hidrocacbon kh6ng no thl A lam mau mr6c brOm ,khOng phu hqp v
gia thit't. i: I'
_A la d6ng cua benzen, thl khOng la mflt mall nvac brOm Iii phu hqp
vm bai.
A kh6ng phan lrng v6i br6m khi co b\ sit, chU'ng to A khOng con hidrO::
lien kt't trl!c tic'p vm vong benzen. Suy ra ctlu A la :
CH3 Tuc la ca 18 nguyen ttc hidro trang A

gi6ng nhau. PhA-n ttc CD tinh d6i Xlrng
cao. Phan lrng chi ra mt dan
CH3YCH3 monobram.
CH
3


CH3 yCH2Br
CH3 0 C
H
3 askt
+ Bli A-. +HBI
CH3 CH3
-


..]ili 62.
1) Tiln hdnh phdn ling dong trung hf!P giua stjren va butadien-l,3 thu
I
dll{fC polime A. Clf 2,834 gam polime A phdn (mg vuahet vOi 1,731 gam bromo
Ii so mat 'xich butadien va stiren frong polime trin, tit do viet cong
thue ella A. I
2) Tien hcitih clo hoci poUvinylclorua thu dUf!c polime B dung de
eht t{f clorin. Trong B co chua 67,18% clo theo kh611ulfng. Tinh xem trung binh
m9t phdn ttl clo phdn (mg vOi bao nhieu mat xich (-Clf2-Clf-) tudo cho bitt
e6ng thuc cua B. Cl
3) Tien hanh phdn (mg trung hf!P 5,2 gam stiren. Sau phdn flng ta them
400 ml dung djch nuflc br6m 0,125 M, khud'y dlu cho phdn (mg hoan tocin. Sau
do fai them lUlfng du dung djch KI, todn b9 lUlfng 1
1
sinh ra phdn flng vua het vO'i
92 ';'1 dung djch Na
1
S
1
0
J
1M. Tinh s6' gam polime tl;lo ra.
j
LOi giai.
1) nCH2=CH-CH=CH2 + = CH2--)0 t H2-o-l=CH-Cff.!++-YH-CH
2
-\
Jm I
- Kh6i Ivqngpolime phim lIng. vm lmol br()m:
2,834.1 60 _ 262! t?f L)
1,731 \ V
- Cu mOt pht'tn tic Br2 phan Ung vm mOt ket C=C, kh6i luqng polime chua
mOt lien ke't dOi la:
54n + 104m =262
Chi co n=l m=2la hqp If. ti s6 xich va stiren la 1:2,
do do cOng thuc tcing quat clla Ala'
- CH2-CH=CH-CH2-CH-CH
2
-CH-CHr]
". [ @ @
I
n
2) x la s6 xich -CH
2
-CHC1- hay tham gia phan lIng vOi
CH3 C
H
3 mt ttc c1o, ta c6:
CH3
CH3
+ O 2 --)0 + Hel
%0 = 35,5(x + 1) .100 = 67,8
=:> x-2
24x + (3x - I) + 35,5(x + I)
C6ng thuc cau cua polimc c6 the la:
'"T1T"""'" ..
('.
/
I Cl

LCH2-H-CH2-- )

I I I
\ Cl Cl n
Cl Cl Cl n
3) cae phan lmg:
CH=CH
2
( t
(1)
n@
CH=CH
2
@+
;:
H-H
2
(2)

Br2 Br Br
\1


+ 2KBr g
2KI +
Br
2
1
2
(3)
,.
(4)

Na
2
S40 6 + 2NaI
+ 12
(
,1
_Thea (4) n1 =1(2 n = 1(2 : 0,092 == 0,046 mol
1

ii
_Thea (3) n 8'1 du = n'
l
= 0,046 mol
_Thea (2) nstiren kMng trung hQ'P ::='0,4.0,125 - 0,046 =0,004
II':
=n
Br1
1
3
== rnstiren ban - rnstiren dll
S6 gam polime
\
= 5,2 - 0,004 . 104 = 4,784gam.
{
il'
niliJ
do d6 s6 mol eon trong B =0,48 - 0,15 =0,33 mol, VI t6ng s6 mol hai
.
'
n.r<;ru ban dtiu = coo + nolcfin + 2.nclc = 0,33 + 0,27 + 2.0,15 = 0,9 moL
Cho 47 gam han hl!P hai rllt!" di qua AllOJ nung nong, ta dllflc hdn h.
hoi A gom ete, olefin, rllt!" con lJ;Ii va hoi nllnc. Tach hoi nllnc khoi h6n hfIP A
dllflc han hl!P khi B. Lay toan phiin nllnc 11 tren cho tac d,:,ng het vm Na, thu
4,704 lit H (dktc). Lllqng olefin co trong B d,:,ng vita du vUi 1)5 lit dung
2
i nlloc brom 0) molJl. Phii'n ete va rUt!" co trong B chiem thl tfch 16,128 1ft
I
:1'1
136,5C va 1 atm. .
1. Tinh suat rllfIU bi lot;Ji nllnc thanh olefin, biet ding sua! doi
m6i rllfIU deu nhll nhau va so'mol cac ete ld bdng nhau.
rI
l LUi giai
1) Vi nr<;JU bi lo<;\i nu6c t<;\o ra olefin nen nr<;JU da cho nr<JU no
ehue. c6ng thue ella cae ruqu la: CnH2n+I OH va CmH2m+
,
OH, ta c6 cae phan
A/,n ,t'"
_'-'3 >
CnII2n+,OH
0 C
n
H
2n
+ H
2 (1)
C 1..1 1-1
CmHZm+10H
m
r
Zm + 2 (2)
2CnH2n+
I
OH -).
+H:,O (3)
2CmH2m+I OH
(CmHZm+,hO + HzO (4)
+ HzO (5)
2NaOH+H
z (6)
CnH2n + Br
2 CnHZnBr
z (7)
CmHzm + Br
Z C
m
H
2m
Brz
(8)
4,704
Thea (6) n
UlO
= 2.
n fl =2.-- = 0,42 mol
22,4
Thea (7) nolcfin = n Br, = 1,35 . 0,2 =0,27 mol
Thea (l,2,7,8): nf{20 a(l,2) = == n [Jr2 n
olefin
n1l20 0(3,4.5) =0,42 - 0,27 =0,15 mol
'. , I 3 _ ete bang . nhau, m61 -. ete e6 s6 mol == 0,15 == O,OSmol. Thea de bfu s6 rna -
3
T6ng s6 mol ete va ruqu eon l:;ti:
- Va - 16,128.1.273 _ 48 I
a- --- - , mo
22,4 1.(273 + 136,5).22,4
YAy xuat tao thanh olefin b!ng: H = 0,27 .1 00 == 30%
'" 0,9
2) lim c6ng thue tli eua nrqu.
- Kh6i humg phAn tit trung blnh eua 2 nrau M== == 52,2
. . 0,9
phai c6 ml nrqu e6 kh6i hrqng phAn tit < 52,2. Ruqu e6 KLPT < 52,2 va
i nuOc ra olefin. duy nhat la CzHjOH.
- s6 mol ruqu thu hai la x, thl s6 mol nrqu etylie la (0,9-x). Thea kh6i
uc;mg nrgu ban ta c6:
46 (0,9 - x) + (14m +18)x == 47
hay 14mx - 28x =5.6 =:>
mx - 2x =0,4
- -

0,4
rUt fa: x ==
m - 2
Vi x la s6 mol nrqu tl1l1 hai ncn s6 mol nay phai nho hem tOng s6 mol hai
va phai 1611 hem s6 mol hai nrqu d6 d5 phan U'ng tao fa ete, ra olefm.
.
!j
_ Hi?u olefin la 30% s6 mol CmH2mtlOH da olefm a(2)
O,3x.
_56 mol c",Hzm+\OH ra ete a(4) Iii 0,15.
tOng sO mol C
lll
H
2m
+,OH d5 phan U'ng Iii O,3x +0,15.
1'a c6:
0,3x + 0,15 < x < 0,9
x> 0,21.
1'i'r O,3x + 0,15 < x => 0,15 < O,7x =>
04
Tuc la 0,21 < x < 0,9 vi x == -'- nen ta c6
m-2
'J \
0,4 m:= 3.
=;> 2.33 <m <3,9 =>
0,21 < -- <0,9
m - 2
VI
(Pl
\
m> 2 m -2 > 0 ruqu thu bai Ja C3H70H.
-;1
c6ng thuc cae nrqu Iii va C3H70H.
I eBai 64
lfP c
h"
at
A (
c
h'
ua
C
"
11 0) kh'
I P
h"
an ung vm
,. h"
et
N
a tlilU
d
uCfc so
"I
mo
H
dung bling so mol A. khac khi cho 6,2 gam A tac dlfng 1
'
mNaBr va H}SQ
.
theo Ii bling nhau vI so mol clla teft cd cae chat, thu dUCfc 12,5 gam cheft him (
B vOl suat 100%. Trong phan tu B co chua m9
t
nguyen tU oxi, nguyen'
brom, con kJi Ul cucbon va hidro. "
1- Xac cong thuc ctfu tlJ.o cua A,B.
2- Hay dieu chiA tu dIl voi, than da va CCle cheft VO Cd ctin thilt.
3- Dung d!ch chat A trong nUUc co n6ng 49 28,6% se (lOng d4c U
nao? (hling s6 kJnh Clla ntiOC K = i,86).
LOi giai
1- hfru co chua C,H,O tac dl;lng v6i Na t<;tO fa Hz phai chua nh6m - d
7

hoac -COOH. VI A + NaBr + H

Z
S0
4
--) B, trong B chua tit oxi thl A P
Iii A 13. R (OH)n: -
-----'
R(OH)n + 2Na R(ONa)n + n/2H
z
(I)
1 mol n/2mol
VI n
A
= nen n = 2.
/OH
/Br
R + NaBr + H
2
S0
4 R + NaHS04 + H
2
0
(2)
"OH "OH
(R + 34) gam (R + 97) gam Umg 63 gam
O,lmol
"
12,5 - 6,2 = 6,3 gam
Thea (2) khi thay 1 nh6m -OH blmg 1 nguyen ttl Br thi tang 63 dve.
Suy fa nA == 0,1 mol => M
A
= 6,2/0,1 =62.
Suy ra R + 34 =62 => R= 28 phai la CzH
4
cOng thuc la HO-CHz-CHz-OH va B la Br-CH2-CHz-OH.
2- 1'u da vOi ditl\ eh A nhlI sau:
to
CaC0
3
CaO + CO
2
400C
Cao + 3C
I \
.) CaCz + CO
+ 2H
z
O Ca(OH)z + CzHzt.
Pd
CH=CHI+H
z
CHz=CH
z
CH
z
=- CH.
z
+ Cl
z
CI-CHz-CHz-CI
1 L
Cl-CHz-CHz-Cl -+; 2NaOH 2NaCl + HO-CHz-CHz-OH.
I
3- Thea dinh luAt RaUB ta c6:
. . .- --------
. ch5; dung )(Jf)
M: Kh6i IUQTlg phAn ttl cua chAt (I]A
Vi n6ng d<) dung d!ch la - :::. 32.,
HO-CHz-CHz-OH va 109 - 28,6::: 71,4 gam HzO.
trong m<;Jt 1000 gam dung m6i se hoa tan s6 gam chft't tan la:
II
-------
I r"
28,6
M C
2
1f. (OIf)2 =62
m = 71,4 .1000
t.t = 1,86 , 2 8 ,6.1 000
= 12
71,4.62
dung djch dong a_l2
0
C.
--\
Hili 65:
Titn himh phdn lmg trung ngung gif/a phenol va andehitfomic, ben
polime con thu du<!c hai san phdm liz A va B, dlll co kh61 IUlfTIg phan tu
124. Khi dot chay hoim toan 0,124 gam mai cluft dlu thu dUflc 0,308 gam CO2 V4
0,072 gam H
2
0. .
i';""
1- Xac dinh cong thuc phan tii cria cac elrat A,B. ;
2- Khi cho moi chdt A va B tac vm axit CHJCOOJI thu du<!c cac Ch&.'
A', B' tUl1Tlg Ung, dlu co khollulfng phdn hi bJng 166. Cac chat nay khi lac di;lllg
vm dung dich nu{rc brom, diu If:lo ra sdn phdm co kh611ulf1!g phan tu liJ 324. Xd!
dinh cong thuc Clfu tf:lo A,B, bitt dilm s6i cria A tJUJp hun cria B. Viet cac
- Neu 1<1 chat klldng no t11i nguyen tli brorn trong san pham phili Ia s6 c-h;-;n
KLPT tang la bt)i s6 ella 80.
, 324 -166
56 nguyen ttt br6m = 80 = 1,975 (kh0ng nguyen, l0'.li).
- Ne'u 1a phenol th) xay ra phan ling the nguyen tli hidro bang nguyen tu bromo
OJ 1H thay bang I Dr thl bAng 79 dve.
, 324 -166
56 nguyen tt! br6m = ---- = 2.
79
Suy fa trong m6i eha't A,B phai con 2 trong s6 3 vi tff ortho va para so v6i
nh6m -OIl tt! do. Ava B c6 ca'u lil:
OH OH
I c9J
L8J 0
A B
va
M = M = 124
(A) CH20H
trinh phdn fmg xiiy ra. (8)
Scufi chon A va B c6 c<i'u tao hu t b" ,
LOi ghli , phAn nhi'et dO sOi tha" 0 nn h' r n, ,01 A lien ket d.':!-hidro ndi
, _ - -'---,_',_-.:-_--. p, c n c 1 tao dIu hidLQ..E!ua cae Rh:ln tu e h" .
." . , _. '" nang luqng de car dm lien ket du .. , h' , . n n P__!.!UdQ
an tlf lam cho B co d(l sdi cao han _ 1- Theo bal thl A va B la ddng phan cua nhau. S6 gam OXI trong 0,124 gaiA,
m6i chat la: J'
i
0,308 0,072
moxi = 0,124 -12. - 2. == 0,124 - 0,084 - 0,008 = 0,032.

c6ng thuc ella A,B fa CxHyO
z
, dt dang t1m duqc:*

x : y : z == 7 : 8 : 2 A, B deu e6 e6ng thuc phful tiI la:

2- Hai A,B chua oxi, phan tIng dUqc v61 CH)COOH, suy fa A,B phai
nh6nJ OH ella nrqu. Theo sa d6: t
o
CH)COOH. R-Oh
IdvC 43 dv C (ang 43-1 = 42 dvC
Khi phan tIng ven CH)COOH d Ava B ra sim phAro c6 KLPT =166 tue;
tang 166 - 124 = 42 dvC, suy ra trong mOi A,B chi c6 mt)t nh6m -OH thue I
ruqu.
- A,B phan tIng vai dung dich nu6c brOm A,B c6 the fa khong,'
phenol.
/H..
o b-H

(A)
Ole ch<i't A' rr
,
OB
{
H
In\ HbJ()\
HO \Q;-CH,-6 ...
' (B)
va san pham ' phan Ung v6i B
r2
.

cy-CH,-OS-CH] va

CH- /I
B,2 O-C-CH
(A') ) J
(

_Phan lmg v6i nuC1c br6m: O1i co phenol va aXlt acrylic phan 6ng :
0H
CH
2
=CH-COOH + Bf
2
--) yH
2
-yH-COOH
all a Sr, 0 0
Br Bf

va
II

CH
2
-O-C-CH
J
c9r
Br
OH OH I
;3y + z = 0,035

Br I (IV)
_
@
+ 3
Br
2
3HBr

Sf
Bai 66.
Mill him hlfP X gam axil axelic, axil acrylic, rlf,," etytic va phenol. Kh1
Giai (n, (II), (III), (IV1 ta duqc: x = 0,01 y = 0,01
IlIlfrIg hon hqp La 32,8 gam. a z = 0,005 t =10,03.
I
_ Lay 1/10 hon hqp X cho tan vao frong benzen khan, sau do cho tac
, 0,6 {\:Y 0 94
do do: %CH3COOH = -32 .1 Oyro= 18,3%; %Ct,HsOH = -'-.1 OU'o = 28,7%;
vm Na du, thi duq'c 0,616 lit khi.
; 8 3,28 I
_ Lay 1/10 hon hqp X cho tac dl;lng vm lut;mg du dung ,djeh NaHCO
J
t/i
Oj36
00/
= --'-j .1 OO? = 11 %; %r H OH == 1= 42%'
duqc 0,336 lit khi. 328 r
o
.5 3,28 0 ,
_ Lay 1/10 hon hqp X eho tae dl;lng v6i dung djeh nuae brDm O,lltl thi
I
I
350 ml dung djch Br
z
bj mat mau. 1
Bai 67.
Tim thanh phan % thea k1l6"i IIf'!1'g cua mai chat trong Mn hlfP X. Riel J
thl tich khi de'u do ti dilu tieu ehu6n. Co hai hlfP chat X,Y chi chua C,H,O, 10fli no dan!ehuc. Khi hai
chat X,Y theo bat ki Ii Inao ta dlu thu duq'c hon hlfP IUDn lu(m co Ii kho' hoi so
LOi giai
vcli khi COz la 1,682. Khi lay cimg m9t IUl!'Jg bling nhau eua ""ljt h6n hlfP grim X
vaY,cho tac dl;lng het vOilNazCO
J
; vOi Na thi thi tieh khi cO
z
va thl tieh H] bay ra
s6 mol cua CH COOH, C
6
H
5
0 H, CzH3COOH,CzH50H co lrong 1/10
3
do J cimg dilu kh6ng bling nhau. Xac cong thuc eua Ihai chat X va Y.
luang lmg la x,y,Z,t. 56 gam 1/10X = 60x + 94y + 72z + 461 = (1)
I I
Lffi giai.
_Phan lmg v61 Na :
Tftl ca b6n chftl dtu lrng :
I Viti kh6i hoi r
6n
hqp kMng thul)c V'IO.ti _cua va Y. suy faX, va
CH COOH + Na--)- CHJCOONa + 1f2H
2
t \ I Y co kh61 luqng philn lu bang nhau va bang KLPTIl3 eua h6n hqp.
3
Ct,H 0H + Ct,H50Na + 1/2H
2
t
x + y + z + 1 =0,05 n Ta co M = M = 1,682 .44= 74.
5
(II) " y 1
+ Na-) + lf2H
2
t
I
1 - VI h6n hgp g6m X, Y phim trng v61 Na
2
C0
3
fa CO
2
co mt chftt
+ + 1/2H
2
1
hai Chal deu Ifl axft. Neu d hai cha:t deu la axil thl:
n
cOz
= nH
l
= (n"+ny) => trcli gia thi t .
_ Phan tffig v6i NaHC0
3
: Chi co hai aXil philn tffig :
co mt chftt la' axit va ml ch5l la rlTQU. X la aXIL CnH
2n
+
1
COOf-l va Y
CHJCOOII + NaHC0
3
_-) CH3COONa + Hl) + CO
2
t }
:=:J
aruqu CmHzm+,OH.

C H}COOH + C1H3COONa + H20 + COlt 1<
2 Vi M" = l4n + 46
(III)
x+Y= 0,015
My = 14m + 18
Q'\
;1
.1 III!!
k;'

tc:r.-.'
.
.
:lili
I'
i
.-!""
i
i
'III
,

},III',
\
I
,fi' I
l!iiJ: I
tlIang
mx + my > nx +- my :::: 0,32 m > 2,67.
rna = My nen 14n + 46 :=:.:
14m +1R =:> 01=0+2.
m = 3,4,5... VI MC",1I
2
",0 = 14m + 16 < 3.28 ::: 74
Ta d, aXlt la va nrqu la C4H90H.
Suyra m < 4,14.
h6n hgp g6m CH
3
-CHO va CH --Cll CHO
3 r
f Bai 68.
CH3CHO va H CHO C
3 7
Dot chay hoiin toan a gam hon hlfP grim hai andehit thllqc day dong
ddng cua andehit lomic, thu dUl!c 14,08 gam CO2, M(il khac khi cho a gam hon
Uai 69. }
andehit tac dlf.ng hit vOi lUf!1lg du dung djch AgNOJ trong amolliac, sau phan
img tlw dUl!c 25,92 gam bl;lC va dUl!c dung d!ch. Khi dung d!ch nay phan itng VOl
Cho m gam hlri ruf!U tty/ic di qua m(jt O/lg sri chua CuO dot n6ng, lam It;lnh
lU01lg dl( axit lIel kh6ng gidi phOl1g chat khl. Viet cong thuc phan tit va cong thue' loan b(j phlln hui di ra ong sri cho ngung tl;l he'l, thu dUl/c chat lOng A. Chin
A thiinh hai ph/in thljl deu nhau.
ca'u t{lO cua cac andehit, biet ti kho'i hoi cua moi andehit so VOl nitlY deu nho hun 3.
.;,..
- Phtin 1 cho pllan Ung het vOj Na, dU{Jc 3,36 lit If] (dkte) .
Loi gi:'ii
- Phlln 2 cho phan itng hit vOi dung dieh AgNO
J
trong amoniac, thu dUl/e
1
43,2 gam, Ag.
\ Vi dung dich sau phan tffig trang glIC1l1g kh6ng ra chat khf khi philn lIng
1) Tinh m.
veri axit,suy ra trong dung dich do kh6ng eo (NH4hCO) tuc Iii. ban dau kh6ng c6
andehit fomie.
2) Xtic dinh sulit phdn U'ng oxi hoa rU(TU.
I
_ e6ng thuc eua hai andehit Ia CnHlnO va CmH2mO co n,m :t- 1; gia sir ;1 3) Neu suiit oxi ,hoa ruf!U tfing them 10% thi the tich khi H] uthi
nghi4m trin thay d6i nhu the nao ?
m>n.
3n - 1 (1)
LOi giai
c"H
2n
O + --2- . O
2
---)- nC02 + nH20
1) A g6m andehit, H
2
0 va eo th6 dl1.
3m - I (2)
C-mH2mO + ---. O
2
-----* me02 + mH20
/0
2
CH3CH/)H + CuD CH;I-CHO + Cu + H
2
0 (1)
c"H
2n
O +2[Ag(NH)hlOH c,,_ I H2n- I COONH4+ 2Ag.!.
1.
H20 + Na --) 1/2 H
2
+ NaOH (2)
+ 3NH)+ H
2
0 (3)
+ Na --) 1/2 H
2
+ (3)
C H
2m
O + 2[Ag(NH
3
hl OH ------ Cm_IH2m-ICOONH4 + 2Ag.!.
m
'Phan 2. CH,CHO +2I
A
g(NH,),JOH CH,COONH, + 2Ag + 3NH, + lI 0 (4)
2 '!1 1
+ 3NH)+ H
2
0 (4)
Thea phan tlng (4): so mol andehit = 1/2n
Ag
== 1/2.(43,2/108):::: 0,2mol.
s6 mol c"H
2n
O 130 x; s6 mol CmH 2mO la y.
Thea phan U'ng (I) thl nC1Hl(J1I bi oxi h6a = nandehll = nlJp = 0,2
Thea phlm lIng (1, 2): == nx + my = 0,32 (I)
Thea phan lIng (3, 4): mAg = 2x + 2y == 0,24 (II) =:) x. + Y== 0,12 thea cae phan ling (l, 2, 3) ta e6: nil} a(2) = 1/2 = 1/2.0,2 =0,1
Vi m > n nen nx + ny < nx + my suy ra nx + ny < 0,32
Suy fa s6 mol nil & (3) = 3,36 - n
H
& (2) = 0,15 - 0,1 = 0,05
Tu (II), va xet tren ta c6: n(x + y) < 0,32 1.
2 22,4 2
I Tuc la n. 0,12 < 0,32 =:) n < 2,7
Thea (3) va nH2 iJ (3) suy fa so mol ruqu co trung 1/2A I;).:
=> n == 2 (vI n:t- 1).
0,05.2= 0,1 mol.
+ 56 mol rugll ball ::: 2 . (0,2 +0,1) == 0.6
m = 0,6.46 = 27,6 gam.
2) T6ng s6 mol ruyu ban d{iu bang 0,6.
SO mol n1QU bi oxi h6a == 2 . 0,2 = 0,4.
Vf\y: Hicll sui\t oxi h6a n = 0,4 .100= 66,67%
., 'I 0,6
3) VI nH,o = n C,H,OJl b! oxi h6a. Ma thea cac ph<Ul ling (2,3):
n
HI
== In n
up
+ 1/2 nC1Jl,OH du =
== 1/2 nCllf\OH b! oxi h6a + 1(2 nell/,OFi du
.\I
= ban dau. 1(2 I1
Cllf
\vH
Suy ra nl/ khOng thuC vaa hiu suar oxi hoa, rna chi thuc van
l .\
Juqng ruqll ban dau, Ikh H
2
khOng thay dei.
Hili 70
Dot chay hoiln toim mqt hc/p chat A chua C, H, 0 co eong (hue phdn (u
trung vVi cong thuc am gUi" nhdf, ta thu du'fc thi tich khi CO2 luon luon bling i
3/4 thi tich hoi H 0 va bling 6/7 thl t(ch oxi dli phdn fmg do frong nhftng diiu :,
nhu nhau.
2
J'
Dun nong chat A '1m KHS0
4
thu dU{1c chat B co ti kh6i /u,; so JIm nitu bdltl
2 va co khd nang tham gia phdn img frang guung. '
1) Xac dfnh cong thirc phdn (u eua A va B.
i
2) Vitt phuO'ng trinh phdn fmg cua B vOi H); dung d!ch 1'\M
n0
4 trong
truang trung hod va trong moi trllo-ng H1S04 dun nong. ,
Lmgiai
I) e6ng thue eua A la c.HyOz
y
y z
C H 0 + (x + -- - -)0 xeo
2
+ -H
2
0
... Y L 4 2 2 2
3 3 3 y
(I)
\.r. V --V
Suy ra nco, == 4nJl/ J x ='4'2
y 1 CU: - 4 HlU
6 y z
- Suy ra x = - (.x +- - - )
(II)
VI Vco, - 7 0,
742
3y 6 y 7.
So sanh (I) v6i (II) la c(J; ---=-(x+---)
8 7 4 2
3y 6 3y y z
=:;> => z= 3y
(III)
8 7 8 4 2
1; 8
Tit (I) va (III) rut ra x =.:: Z va y == 8x/3
I
I
A la CxHax;:Px hay CJxHsxO)x
C6ng thue dan ginn ella A trimg v6l eOng thuc phan ttt "'ai]a C)H 0).
8
Tinh dl1qc M
A
::: 92
, .. "I 1
Theo bai Me == 2 .28 =:; 56

,1:
I
1
J,1'
khi dun n6ng A vai KHS04 thl t':lO fa chilt c6 kh6i IU(,ng ttt giim di<U
I 11
J}/;
I
A phai lil fl1((U va da1x:iy fa phan Ung H
2
0 trong phin ttt ella nt((U. 56 "
:iJ
M -M 92-56 \
ph;ln tlr H
2
0 bi tach ra Jal: n
llp
=:; A 8 = - __ = 2
. 18 18
i

tl! do ta rut ra duqe dng B phai e6 it hem A hai nguyen ttt oxi va h6n nguyen tit hidrc
COng thuc phftn ttt D la C)H
4
0.

c)HsO) , KHSO. ,to) 2H 0 + C)H 0
2 4
2) VI B tham gia phan ling trang B la andehit c6nfS thue cau
",;:0
eua B phai la . Theo c6ng thue cAu t<,lo nhu trrn thl cae phim
H
U'ng e6 thi fa nhu sau:
- Phan lrng v6'i Hz:
q-
0,
'H + H
2 CHrQIz C,
1
H
CH
2
=CH-C
-?,O
CH
2
=CH-C
'H + H2

q-0
CH
2
=CH-C + 2 H
'H 2
Nghia la e6 thi fa san phAro cua phein ting hidro h6a vao nh6m
andehit, vao lien k t C=C, ho?c vao d6ng thOi ca nh6m ande?it va ca lien ket
,
. Phan lIng v6i dung dich KMn0
4
trong m6i truemg trung hM:
-70
3Ci-I
2
=CH-C + 2KMn04 + 4 H20 - CH
2
-CH-C:7 + 2Mn0 l + 2KOH
2
" I I "
H OH OH H
i
__

;1''
" I Vi KMnO.. phan ling v6i litn kct d6i C=C nhnnh han v6'i nh6m cacbonyL Tuy
nhlen nell kh6ng tach dlt<Jc ngay san ph!lm dlmg ltrqng KMn04 thl se )l.f\y
ra ph:\n ung oxi hoa ca nhom ,-CHO: __ ''-' '-------,------ ,
f H 0:;211
2
.- -l q
Mn0
+ KGB) 2
,h L_ Oil Oll
- _ cat, nhom
-ClIO bj oxi h6a, do do fa axii oxalic va axit nay b! oxi hoa tiep t<,to fa COl'
o 0
14 KMn04 + 21 H
2
S04 + 14MnS04+ 7
K
2
S0
4 + 31
v 'H
1Rai 71
Chia 3,1 gam mljt hon hf!P A glJm x mol axit cacboxylic d07l chffc, y mol


TlilfU dcm chue va z mol iste c1l1l/C tlJo thimh tit axit va T1{YU tren, thanh hai philn
bling nhau.
Do't chay hoim tOlln pha"n thll nhlt, dUl/c 1,736 lit CO2 (dktc) va 1,26 gam
lIlO.
Phdn thit hai phdn ,mg vita het vm 125 ml dung djch NaOH O,IM, dlil/c P
gam chat B va 0,74gam chiit C. Cho toan blj chift C phdn itng vm CuD (d,') dUl/c
chal D, cha't nay khi phd" (mg het vm dung dich AgND) frong amoniac thi tt;lo ra
Ag. LlJc liiy Ag r6i hoa tan hft /rang HNO). thu dut;1c 0,448 lit khi N0
2
(dktc).
1) Tinh x, y, z, p.
2) X& dlnh cong thue clfu clla cae clHft trang hon hlfP A.
3) Tiuh nhanh pha'n % thea kho'i lut;Jng cua lion hf!P A.
I'
;
LOi giai
1) Tfnh kh6i ltrqng C, H, c6 tfang gam h6n hqp A:
rnc=
1,736
.
12
.
2
== I,
8
6; mH == -
1,26
.
2 2
=
0
,28gam
22,4
mo =-= rnA - mc - m == 3,1 - 1,86 - 0,28
x mol RCOOH
y mol R'QH
z mol RCOOR'
RCOOH +
x mol
RCOOR' +
H
co chua 32x gam oxi
c6 chua 16y gam oxi
c6 chua 32z gam oxi
NaOH
-) RCOONa
NaOH
-) RCOONa
R'OH
125m1O,IM
chat B
3,1/2=1,55
18
.::: 0,96 gam
} 32x + 16y + 32z =0,96
hay: '
2(x+z) + Y== 0,06 (I)
+ 11
2
0 (1)
xmol
+ R'On (2)
chat C
Chtil C g6m lugng R'OH co trang I/2A ban drill va R'OH ella phan Ung (2).
R'OH + CuO R"CHO + C'\J + H 0
2 (3)
R"CHO + 2[Ag(NHJ)2JOH ---1 R"COONH.j + 2Ag'!' + 3NH) +H 0 (4)
2
Ag + 2HNOJ '-7 AgNO) + N0
2
+ H
2
0 (5)
'Oleo (1) (2) t<'5ng s6 mol RCOOH va R'COOR' btmg s6 mol NaOH
= 0,1 .0,125 == 0,0125.

x + Z == 0,0125.2 == O,025mol
(1I)
Theo (3) (4) s6 mol R'OH c6 trang i/2A da thuy pht'tn == s6 mol RUCIIO
l(2I1Ag == i/2 l1A,n == 1/1 =0,01 mol. Tuc IA: y/2 + 7I2 =0,01
"'l 22,4
=> Y+ Z -= 0,02 (III)
Giai (I) (II) (III) ta dugc: x == 0,015; y::: 0,01; '= 0.01
'nnhp:
A
p
dl,1l1g djnh bao loan kh6i ltlqng clio philn ling cua 1/2 h6n hqp A v6i
NaOH b cae phan frog (1) va (2) ta [6:
m
1nA
+ IllN.,,rlll
+ nH20 +
nlR'OH
3,1/2 + 0.0125.40= P+18.(O,OISf2)+O,74
7) Xac djnh c(Jflg thuc ella die chftt
- lTIRCOON.. ::: 1,175; nRCOONa == x/2 + z/2 ::: 0,0125
. 1,175
:=;> MRU''''N =--, = 94
JU a 0,0125
Vi ReOONa l?t m116i ella
axit dan ch(rc g6c R ehi chl1a cacoon va hidro:
l11 R - (23 + 44) =27

],
K-il)

m;{ ::; 12x + Y

12x+ y 27
3 <0
I R
axit ban la CH,l= -COOH
- mR'()/f - 0,74
; nWOH do I/2A t<,lo ra =y(2 + zj2 == 0,01
:::::) MR'OH::; 0,74 ::; 74. Rlfqu dem chuc nen R' 13 Cx.H ':
v
0,01 .
OIR' =74 - 17 ::: 57
12x' + y' =- 57 rut fa dLI0C x' =4
y'=9
nrqu C4H
9
0H co c6 de cAu t<,lo sau:
1

CH)
Suy ra diu estc la: fH
3
CHz=CH-COO-CHz-CHz-CHz-S:H) CHi=CH-COO-CHz--CH I
CH)
Tbh thanh phful % theo kh6i Im;mg cua h6n hqp A:
% CH =CH-COOH = .0,015.72 . 100 34,84%
2
3,1
:::: 0,01.74 . tOO 23,87%
% C
4
H
9
0H
3,1
% CHz==CH-COOC"H'I:::: 100 - 34,84,23,87 =: 41,29(J'o
;,1
Dai 72.
=---
Co hal dung di
ch
A va n dlu co nong dij 0,08 mol/I. Dang d#ch A lil dung
di
ch
cua mijt chilt hilu crr X (chi clHla C, H, 0). Dung dic!, B lJ dlrJng di
ch

LOy SDml dung djch A chia thann hai pha'n bdng nhau AJ va Az.:;
LOy 25ml dung djch B chia lhdnh hai philn bling nhau B/ va Bz
AJphdn img vila du yQj 8/ gia; ph6ng chelt kh( COz' Cho Bzphan ilng v6j
dung djch nlluc ra; frong vila du, If?c b6 kit tua, thu dUf!c d:mg d!ch BJ, thi dung
djch BJ chi phan img vita du v61 1/2 dung dich Az, frong cac SilJr., phdm tq.o ra ehl'
co mOt chill thuac loa; hihl cO'. .:
. ";. t
Chilt X co the thuijc loq.i hqp cl1lft nao? Hay ltfy chill co khat 1Tf971g phan
nho nhat cua 10l}i do dilliel cong thirc cefu lq.o va phucmg trinh phan fmg giiia 4;/
vm B /; A
2
vOi BJ minh hoq.. ;
LOi giai.
j
:i'
_n trong AI =: n trang A
z
:::: 1/2.0,05 .0,08 == 0,OO2mol
x
x
OK,CO, trong B
1
= nK,m, trang TI2 = 1/2 . 0,025 . 0,08 ::: 0,00 Imol -i
_VI ch:lt X (chua C, H, 0) phall lmg v6 K
1
CO) ta ch1ft khf COlo suy
phai chua nh6m COOH. X la R(COOH)n ta c6:
(1)
R(COOH)n + n/2K
z
CO) -+ R(COOK)n + n/2COzt + n/2H
z
O
1 mol 0/2mOI} n ::.: 1. Trang Ill' X chi co mqt
O,OO2mol 0,001 mol nh6m -COOH
_ phan lIng m!l1C v6i trong:
K2COJ + Ca(OH)z == CaCO)t + 2KOH
(2)
0,001 0,002

Dung d!ch chua 0,002 mol KOH

- B] phan U'ng vOli A
z
:
RCOOH + KOH -+ RCOOK + H 0
2 (3)
0,002 0,002
111co (3) va 56 m<i>l cac lrang A
2
va B) thi A
2
va 8:J phiai phan lIng vua
vCfi nhau. nay lrai gia
, I
Thea de bai BJ chi phan Ung vita het v&i 1/2A
z
, suy ra 0,001 mol X phan U'ng
vm 0,002 mol KOH, IUc la n" : nKOH == 1 : 2. trang g6c R ella X phai con chu-a
ml?l nhom chuc khac phan lIng dlrqc v&i kiern, rna X chi chua C, H, O. nh6m
chl1c do phii la phenol ho*c I
+ Ncu lrong R chua imOI nh6m -OH phenol thi c6ng thvc Icing quat cua X Ja
OH
'R' --c.H , COO"
ch51 co kh6i lm;mg phan tit nho nhat khi R' =H; C":\Hykl16ng co, klii do c6 ba chat sau:
OH
@rCOOH
OH
K9r chung la:
--COOH
$ HO-C{,HrCOOH
eOOH
Ok phein ling:
Al + HI: 2HO-Ct,Hr COOH + Y2COJ -+ + CO
2
+ H
2
0
Az+ Bl : HO-Ct,HrCOOH + 2KOH -7' 2KO-Ct,H
4
-COOK + 2H O
z
Dili 73. T f.t fer -('/,,>1:1.'. Ho -- (1:-1, - coo - (H,l.. - <-DO H .
Di thuy phdn hoim toan 0,74gum h6n h!fP este cua hai axil monocacbo
xylic can 7,Ogam dung !d#eh KOll 8% dii hOG tan trong nuuc, thu du'!c muol va
nJf!U dun chilc. Khi dun nong h!fP este noi tren vtJi H;zSP4 80% sinh ra khf,
ngum ta Jam bJ,nh phdn, hui, thu My /chi va can. sau d6 cho /chi ltji tU tit qua dung
d!ch nuuc brom thi thdy kh6i IUflTIg /chi gidm 1/3, trong khi do khor lUlf1lg rieng
ella /chi khong d6i. Gid thili cac phdn ,mg diu xcfy ra hoan t04n.
J) rinh kho,luf!!lg mol cua hon h!fP este.
2) Xac dinh congl/hirc cua este.
3) Tinh thanh phdn phan tram thea kho"j IUf!1tg clla rnai este trong han hf!P
va sogam cua hon hqp khi.
1'-: :.:tt-.:.- _ ..-'
4) 116n hqp este tren co ;/1(111 ifng fl.li dung djch bt}c oxit frong dung
amnlliac l!Ul!C khong ?
LOi giai.
VI cac chat este dan chue nen ki hi?u chung In RCOOR'
RCOOR' + KOB RCOOK + R'OH (l)
7.8
1) Theo (1): n
eSle
=nXOH =-- =: O,OImo!.
100.56
- 074

M'JI< = -'- = 74
0,01
2) Xac djnh c6ng thuc este. C6 hai khA nang xay ra:
a) Kha nang thu nh1t: Clc este co kh6i ltrqng phftn ttl bAng 74. Khi do
chung la d6ng phftn clla nhau co OPT: va phai Iii: elyl forniat HCOOc;Hs
vA metyl axetat CH
3
COOCH).
b) Khil nang thu hai. Mt este co kh6i hrqng phan ttr nlla han 74 va este tlIu
hai c6 kh6i ItIl;mg ph!\n ttl Ian hem 74.
- Este c6 kh6i luqng phftn ltr nha hem 74 co the Hi:
"
I,
HCOOCH) (M::: 60); HCOO-CH=CH
z
(f\1 = 72); HCOO-GCH (M=70)
Chi co metyl [omiat C0 thoa man VI sau phim U'ng vOi KOH phai ra
mu6i va mqu.
_Este co kh6i luqng ph:tn ttl 100 h<.11' 74 ta ki la RCOOR'.
Nhl1 trong d hai kl]a nang co este cua axit fomic, ta bie't rang kJ!i.4uIl
thl cae fomiat bi thuy sinh ra
(M=28). thea bai thl trong khi thu duqc phiiu6 W, ngoai khi d6 phai c6
etf (khi khac va khi nay chi c6 thti lil mt anken sinh ra do phan lOlg nuOc ancol t'!-o
'I.
phan li'ng thuy phful este.
(;../ Cho khi di qua dung djch mtac br6m thi anken giii het. VI kh6i luqng
J r ella khi tmac va khi sau khi di qua nHoc br6m Ii d6i, nen chat khi thu
hai phai co eung kh6i hrqng phan ttr nhu CO, tue la 28dv C, suy ra do phai III etilen
va nhu trong h6n hqp ban dau phai c6 este eua nIQU etyIie:
H
2
SO.,to
+ HzO -----;;. RCOOH +
H2SO., 80%. t
U
) + H20
-- ------ ... _-- --- --- - .. -... __ ......... ------.... - ----------------------- ---- - - -
\j
s
C00C::B RCOOH + t (2)
xa kh<i. nang thu nh5t ?J
--.... -------.
u
J
HlSO. l '. - _j-
/
--t cot + t + H 0 (3)
2
U
\ IV'C),. t
l CHJ.COOCHJ--t CHJCOOH + CH 0H
3
Thea phan tIng (3) Ihl nco::: nC2H4 => -._
Khi dun qua dung djch Bf
l
: CzH
4
+ Bf;Z CzH Dr
4 2 (5)
CO di qua dung djch.
thl 56 gam khi phai gi,im 1/2. Dieu nay trai v6i giil thie't. kha nang d hai este del
c6 kh6i Iuqng phtln ttr bang 74 kht"mg phu hqp.
Xet khli nang thu hai. Hbn hqp x r .Jl HCOOCH) (M ::: 60) va y rno

t
HCOOCH
J
CO + CH]OH
(6)
x
x
1I..!X),i
U
} i + RCOOH
(2)
y y
Thea 0) ta c6 x + y 0,01 (I)
VI di qua dung djch Br
2
thl kh6i IUQ'ng khi giam 1/3,
suy ra mm ::: 2. m(JH. tue Ii! x = 2y (1I). Til (1) va (II) tfnh dl1gc:
0,01
Y=
}
56 gam h6n hqp este la 0.'74 gaIn
3
6()
0.02 0,01
0,02 .. --. + (R + 73). --- ::= 0 74 R = 29
X=--
33'
3
Vf.ly este thu hai 1?l CH
r
CH -O.l0-CH -CJI)
r 2
3) Tinh .c&.
+) mllcooell :-::'60. (0,0213) =0,4 ==> %HCOUCH) = 54%
}
= 100% - 54% = 46%
+) rn
khi
= meo + me211 = 2R.(O,02/3) + 28.(0,01/3) =28.0,01 = O,2Rgam
4) Phan ung vOi dung dich IAg(NH
J
)2JOH: axit fornic va cae fomiat do
... 0
con nh6m cAll -C: nen tham gia phan i1ng tfang b;:tc.
H
_ ........
TroIlg h6n hqp A c6 chua HCOOell), (lo do tharn gia phan lmg trang

H-C + 2lAg(NH)hlOH -.2Ag + CfI}OH + (Nl-4h
CO
) +2NH)
a-eH)
: 74.
Dot duiy hoan toim 10ml hm' mqt este X phd; diing vila hel 115ml 0 11 h6n
i} san phtm khf thu duqc sau phdn ling chi gom khi COz vd hcri TRUaC vOi te
? dch 2 : 1. ello 1I6n hrJP san phcim (ren di qua HzS04 di!c, khi tli ra chi con
Om I.
.M(;t khiic, d/ dot chay haan toan 20mI hcri. axit H, Ui axil If;W ra este tren,
n dung 90rnl ox;. Tat cd cac khi diu do J ding m{J1 diiu vi' d6 va tip
at,
1) Xcic din" cong illite phdn Iu eua X.
2) Viet cong t/rire eefu eua B, bii:t no co c,1'1l If!.o nhanh.
3) ClIO 1,62 gam X tac d,!ng vOl dun?,'dich NaOH O,SM. Tinh thi tich dung
'ch NaOH c{in dung vd sogallt muoi khan thu dUf!c.
4) Thuj plu]n hoan toan 3,24gam X b,1ng dung dIcit He/loang, ro; cho hbn
thu tJu'!c sau thuy phan lac dl;lng vOi dung djeh nuac bram O,2M. Tinh thl
ch dung dieh nu6c br6m t6i da co Ihi tham Kia phdn itng,
Lm giai.
c<>ng thuc ella X Iil
H S0
4
gili H
2
0.Khl di qua H2S04 11k
2
V lOOml, suy fa == 1/2 VCOI =50m!.
co
, =
) Xae dinh cOng thve ph<1n tLr X.
CxHyOz +(x +t - )02 -- X C02 + H20 (I)
y z 0
x
X
X +4-2 2---<>
2
1J 5
100 50
10
x -
-
Il) }
I x + ,-
y
----
z
Ta co 1/10 x/I ()() =:)
__ 4 2
=> y=lO 1O---11-5=>Z==2
1/10 (y/2)/50
CllTf cua X la CIOHIOO]
2.) Xfic uinh CTPT ella !3..
Vi X la cstc rna trang phfu-l tv X chi c6 h3i nguyen ill axi, suy faX Ii).
este dem chuc, axit B la axil dan chlic. CTPT eua B Iii Ta c6:
CnHmOz + (n + (m/4)-1)02 neO
z
+ m/l H
2
0 (2)
1 -) n+(mI4)-1 }
20 90 m:::;2n

3 4 5

18 i 14
10 6 2 -2 i
loai
9
un
g __ ___ --J
B 1ft C4H60 Z C3H5COOH. B In
CH
3
nhanh
3) Theo eOng thuc I1'h!in tli ella este va CTPT eua
axil &rrco w. c6 djnh
fa cae cau cualeste X oht! sal!:
-90
CH.,=C-C
M
x
=: 162; n
ll
= 1,62 = O,Olmal
.. I
CH)
"
162
I
GOe the 13 g6c,phenyl @ ,cuog eo 13 goc kb6ng na, fbf
d\l: H-O=C-C=C-CH2-CH2- (va nhieu g6c khac) dau saa thl C H khOng chua
6 5
vugt qua 4 lien ker n.
- Neu C6H5- lil g6c' phenyl ta co phan t'rng cua X v6'i NaOH;:
CH2=C;-COO-C6Hs + 2NaOH - CH
2
=y-COONa +H
2
0 (3)
CH) CH) I
0,01 --------+ 0,02 ==:> V
NaOH
=0,02/0,5 =0,041;:: 40ml
- Neu Ct,H5 khOng phai 13 vong benzcn lhl co phan ll'ng:
CH2=C-COO-C6Hs + NaOH
J'
CI-I)
-- CH2=C-COONa
I
CH)
t C6H50H (4)
0,01 0,01
!
(Ncu -OH lien ket v6i cacbon Sp2 sp se bi bien thea, nhlJ'rig
kh6ng phim (mg vm
, .'
V
NaOH
= 0,01/0,5 :::: 0,02Iit = 20m)
i
!I
4) Tucfng (If nhu n
x
=3,24/162 =O,02mal
I
-...... - --,-- ...--r;..-;--.-n, .
llel f'
(5)
CIJ:;:c=c,:-COO-C
6
II
s
+ H
2
0 --.:.. -+ CoH)OIl
ell] CH3
om om om
han hqp sau phan lIng thuy phfln g6m O.02mo! axil va O,02mol C(,H50H.
Ncu C(,H
5
lb. goc phenyi th) philn ling vCrI Illlac bram nhll sail:
Hr
(0)
cn.,:=C-COOlI + 13r2 Br-Cl h-C-COOIl
- C:Hl
- I
CH:\
0,02 0,02
all OJI

(7)
4 3Br,
+ 3HBr
81
0,02 0,06
0,08 I
lI =:: 0,02 + 0,06 = O,OS =? =:: --- = 0,4::::: 400m
Br I l "', 0,2
_ C
6
H
5
kh6ng phai 1:1 g6c phenyl thi 16i da C",H50H con chua 4 lien klt TC
va dl1(,1c 4 mol Br
2
:
::! C,H
5
0H + 4Br
2
---+ un
0,02 O,Oi)
I 'Thea (6; (0,08) thl I n = O,U2 + 0,08 :::: 0, Imol
V
8r
, = 0,1 / 0,2 == 0,51 = SOOml
'i Hai 75.
- Co hai htfP chat hiiu C(J E va F dlu chi chua C, II, O. KJri hoa hoi
i'l
O,31gam, E, fhu dUl/e the tich 1:fJ'i dllng bling the' tich e:ia 0J16 gam ox; do (1 dzng
"1
r., ' dUil ki4n. Mij.t k!u1c, cling 0,31 gam E tac dl;iilg hit No tt;lO ra 112 ml khi 11]
;1.
II
(ok/c) ..
Chat F IiI m(H axit no don chuc. Tri)n 2,47gam Juri chat F v6i 0 1 thu duqc 6
lit h6n hlfP (do a546C, 1atm). Cho hon hr;p win mot binh kin dUhg lieh 2,5Ii/
kh(mg d6i. B(U tfa Ilia de phan ling chJy F XQY Til hoan toano Sau phan irng,
'hity cae chat trong hinh de'u athi khi trong do van con oxi, tip sua! tronK biuh Ii
20rrc IiI 1644mmHg.
1) Xtic dinh ca'u tt;lo CUll E F.
2) Viet phurrng trin}, phd" IlnR giiia E va F.
LOi g;ai.
I) Vi Vr :::: Vo n
E
:::: no 005::::;. M " = 62
1 '32'
i
. 0,005
Vi E chi chua C, H. 0, rna E pharo IrTlg v6'i Na tao H], suy fa cClng tllue tcing
qUell clb E l?t (OH)lI-R--(COOH)IO' n" :::: _0,112 :::: 0,005
I 21,4
n+m
(OH)n-R-(COOH)m + (n + M) - + ---JJ
2
2
0,005 0,005
Suy fa n + m :.:0 2. VI ME ::: 62 nca ch i c0 de gia sIr! n := 2, rn :::: III. Ihoa man
E 13 erilenglicol C
2
HiOH)2'
- tich h6n h(,1p g6m F va O2 tmac khi .:hay qui 1J6 lieu chuiln:
V == 1.6.273
21ft
o 473.760
Sau chay: 1.6.273 3 I'
V =: :::: 12 It
o (546 + 273).760 '
V h 'd-I' . Ikh'J' 3,12-2 005 J ay sau c ay a am rang 56 mo 1 a: n == --_ = , 010.
.
- VI F Iii axit r.o dan ch(rc nen
Ta co: c"H2nO:z + (3n-2)/20
Imol (3n-2)/2 mnl
2 47
-'-mol
I4n + 32
) O,Sn
V:ly == - 14n + 32 ==
. 0,05
J 4n + 32
22A
thue ph"ln tl'r F la c"H
2n
0 .-
2
--;. nC0
2
+ nH
2
0
n mol fl mol =:> tang O,5nmol
'--------y--- J
005 I
, rna
24,7n ::.-=:> n - 3.
cwr clla F Ja C)H
6
0
2
hay CH)-CH
2
-COOH
2) Phan lIng gifra E va F: co the ra mono- dieste:
o
r
CH)-CH
2
-C
"O--CHc CH2-0H +H
2
0
CH)--CH2-COOH + I!O-CH1-O-h-OH-L
C2Hs-e"

?
+2 Hp
B?ti 76. rr
Dot chay hoan toan m gam mt)t amin A bang luang kh6ng khi vita du., Ihl
dllf!c 17,6gam CO]; 12,6gam hai nuuc va 69,44 lit niter. Cia thiit kho1lK khi ch
it(1l'tl oxi trong d6 niter ellie'm 80% thell the' riel,; cac thi tich klJi do 6 diill
eu chuJn. Xac dinh m ten Rf!i cua amino
LOi giai.
_SCi gam cacboll trong A == (17,61'44).12 = 4,8gam
DlH:= (12,6/18).2 :::: 1,4gam
_ Lvqng oxi da dung cling chfnh la luqng CJxi co trong COIVa HlO t<;lO fa ;::::)
{l7,6/44).32 + (12,6/iS).16 == 24 gam =:> no"'i == 24/32=0,75.
nni'<lCua khOng khf::; 4 . no"'i = 4.0,75 = 3mol.
. " 69,44 I
_TOng sO =. == 3,lmo .
Hz L2,4
56 mol n do phafl \l'ng chay chilt A t<;lo ra la: 3.1 - 3 = 0, 1mol
liz
rnnilO trong A := 0.1 . 28 == 2,8gam.
Suy fa rnA := me 1- lJlH + mN = 4,g + 1,4 -I- 2,8 = 9 gam
_ c6ng thue A 1;\ C",H1Nz ta co:
)( : y : z :-.: == ?.: 7 : l'
n 1 ]4
Ala (CzH,N)n hay
VI trops c6ng th,k c.,.H yN, thi Y 2x. + 2 + Z
trong C-'1nH7nNn lhi 71l::; 2.2n + 2 + n =:> n -s; l.
CfPT cua A 13 C'-1H7N co cae l<;lo sau:
CH -CH -NB etylamin CH
3
-NH-CH3 dimetylarnin.
1 3 2
1:?
HlfP chdt X chua ...:, 11, 0, co KLPT = 136.. Khi dot chay hoan toim
!:."am X thu dlilfc 1,08gam H
2
0 va 2,2gam CO], Cho hoi cua X di qua {/ng sit
I CuO diit nong thu duqc chd'! hftu cd Y co KLPT nho h(f1J KLPT cua X M 8
Khi cho 2,56gam chat Y lac d'fng het vOi dung d!ch AgNOJ trong amoniac
":4 17,28gam Ag.
Cho X VtlO dung djch NaBr bao hoa, sau do them tii tii H1S04 cJt;jc vao hon
thu dl1lfC chilt him eel Z kh6ng chua oxi. Dun nong Z vm bt kim chat
Cd Q co tl kh{/i hoi so YIn hidro nho h(f1J 45. Hay xilc d#nh tf;!o va ten gfJi
X, Y,Z,Q.
LOi giai.
= 0,6 gam
_Xac djnh ClYf e:tl<.\ X: =: (2,2/44). 12
1J1)1:= (l ,08/18).2 .=: 0,12 gam
rna = 1,36 - 0,6 - 0,12:-:: 0,64 gam
I
, 0,6 0,12 (\ 64
dilt X la c,..ByOz ta c6:. x: y: z = -:-:-'- = 5: 12: 4
I 12 1 16
CfDG ella X la C
5
H
12
0.\ va do ding If! CfPT eua X.
. - X lac dl!ng v6i. CuO ra Y trang do My < M"" suy ra X ph!ai la nrgu. Theo
sa dO: I
I to ........
-CH-OH + CuG --- C=:O + H20 + Cu
I /
lhl eu ml nh6m CH-OH thanh mt nh6m C=O thl KLPT giam 2 dve. Ma My
= M", - 8 suy ra trang X e6 b6h nh6m CBOH va M
y
:-:: 136 - 8 = 128
=:> Oy = 2,56/128 == 0;02 mol.
Y tham gia phim lIng Hang b<;lc., Y 13 andchit R(CHO\,.
R(-CHO)n + 2nlAg(NH3hIOH ---t R(COONH
4
)n+ 2nAg + 3nNH
j
+ nH 0
2
1 mol 2n mol
0,02 mol
0,16 mol
1/0,02 :-:: 2n/0,16
1
:=) n = 4. Suy ra X c6 4 nh6m -CH 0H.
2

CWO
ct\u ella X la: HOClb-C-CU-OH I
Yin
I 1.
CH:zOH
I
CAO
Ten eua X: tetrahidroxymctylmetan;
Penlaeritritol.
Ten cua Y: tetrafomylmetan.
- Phan lIng cua X "01 NaBr + H
2
S0
4
: cae nhom OB Mu 13r.
CH
2
0H
I
CH
2
Br
HOCH
z
- y-CH
2
0H + 4NaBr+ 4H
z
S0
4
_
I
Brt::Hz-y-CHzBr + 4NaHS0
4
+ 4 H
2
0
CHzOH
CH
2
Br
(Z) tetrabrammetylmtttan.
Vi MQ < 2.45 = 90, suy ra trong Q kh6ng eon chua br6m.
BrCH2"". CH
2
Br
CHz CH2
C/ to
I
+ 2 Zn
/"". -
J )c(1 + 2 ZnBr2
Brt::Hz CH
2
Br
CH
2
CH
2
(Q) SpiropcnLm
'Fir"
J Hili 7fJ..
Hqp chiit A La mt a-ar.llillOaxit . Cho 0,01mol A lac vita het vOi 80ml
dung djch lICI V,125Af, sau do co ct;ln thu dllqc 1,835gam muo'i. Mijt khac, khi
trung hoa 2,94gam A bli1lg dung dlch NaOH vita dri thf dllqc 3,82gam muo'" A co
cau tt;lo mqch thang, hliy g9i ten thuang dung cua A, dan xUlft nao cua A thliOng
dung trong cuc sl5'ng hang ngiiy? Viet phl1ung trinh phdn {mg cua A vOi
,J,
NaNO]trong co mijl cua axit clohidric.
LOi gi:'li
e6ng thuc ella A la (l,12N-)nR(COOlI)m (n, m 0)
_Phan ling VtS'i HCl: nllo == 0,08 .0,125 == 0,01 mol.
(l12N-)Il-R(COOH),n + nBC! (C1H]N-)n-R-(COOH)m
(1)

I,
Imol n mol }
bai cha 0,01 mol 0,01 mol n == I
ll1eo (1): s6 mol mu6i =:: s6 mol A = 0,01 rna s6 gam mu6i = 1,835
. 1,835
Suy ra Mmu61 == -- = 183,5
0,01
M
A
== Mrnu61 - MilO ==
n
A
phan lIng v6i NaOH
- Phan t'mg ella A vai NaOH:
183,5 - 36,5 = 147
= 2,94: 147 = 0,02 mol.
H
2
N-R(COOH)m + mNaOH -+
H
2
N-R(COONa)m + mH
2
0
1 mol
1mol tang 22mgam
O,02moi
tang 3,82 - 2,94 :-: O,88gam
Suy ra: 1/0,02 == 22m/O,88 => IT! == 2.
A eo d"ll1g 1clng quat
M
A
=147
Suyram
R
=
Vi A e6 lil a-aminoaxit vfJ.y ciu 1'.\0 Ala:
HOOC-CH.,-CfI.,-CH-COOH
- Ni12 axitglutamic
dAn xuflt hay dtlng trong cu<,?e s6ng eo trang thanh ella bt ngQt, la mononatri
glutamat:

... I
eon gQi la rot chfnh
NHl
e "
- Phan (mg eua A ven NaN0
1
'/a He!.
\. HOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-II-COOIl
+ NaNO}
+ HCI --.
I NH
2
l, - + H
)
N
a
OOC-CIl,-CH
2
-'yH-COOIl + NaCI + N,I
2
0
OB
Hili 79
Dot chily hoan toan 0,122 gam chat hiiu cu A va cho toan bi) sdn phdn
chily chi gom calVa lI20 vao mi)t binh dlf1lg IUlJ1Ig du nUlTC vo; trong. Sau tit
thay binh dzprg nutYc voi tling kJzoi lut;mg O.522gam va t{fo ra O,9gam ke
tria.
1) Tim cong thuc dun gUin nhat cua A.
2) H'!P chat B co c{mg thuc phan tri nhu conK thue dun gidn nhat cua A
Khi ox; hod hoan toan B bling K2Cr]O] trong ",oi Iruirng H
2
S0
4
ta dUf!c xetodiaxi,
X mt;lch thdng, phdn IU X co it hun phan tit B nguyen tit cacbon. Khi B hf!l.
vOi hidro tlJ.O ra n-propylxiclohexan, khi cho B tac vOi dUllg d!ch KMnO,
loling dUf!C chat Y co s6 nguyen tu cacbon nhu B. Riel Y co khoi IUf!1Ig phdn tri M
190 dvC; Y phdn Ung vOi CHJCOOH co II]S04 lam xuc /lic chi tq.o ra chat Z c(,
cimg thuc phan tu CJSHuO]. Viet cong thuc cd'u ilJ.o va ten g9i cua B. Viet ca(
phucmg trinh phdn ifng dti kltren.
LOi giai.
1) Xac d!nh crDG clla A: Kh6i hrgng blnh tang = m + mlliO
C01
S6 gam CaCOJ =s6 gam ke1 tlla == 0,9 gam.
"en =:: 0,9 ;::: O,009mol => me =: 0,009. 11 = 0,108 gam.
'''l 100
0,126
mH 0 == 0 522 - 0 009 . 44 =0 126 => mLI == 2 =: 0 014 gam
1 " , r 18 '
mOz = 0,122 - 0,108 - 0,014 == O. Ala hidrocaebon.
A la C"I-Iy ta co. x: y = = 0,009: 0,014 == 9: 14
CfDG ella A ]a 4H14'
2) Xae djnh ciu t<;\o ella B: CfPT B la 4Hl4 => M :-:: 122
B
/yCH2-CH
2
-CH
3
- B+ Hz -+ L)
- B + K2CrZ0 1 + H2SO4 -+ X co ft hem B m<,?1 nguyen ttr eachan,
dii co m1 eacbon tach ra thanh CO
2
, tuc la trong B co CH ==C
2
Vi x la xetodiaxit nen trang B e6 hai lien ket aOi, va phai c6 nh6m 1'.1
0
C-C=CH-C
I
C
_B + dung d!ch KMn()4 ----t Y co s6 luqng cacbon nhlI da xay fa phan
mg hidrat hoa ella B.VI KLPT ella Y = 190. Suy ra s6 nh6m -01:1 co trong Y Iii:
, Aiy A1
8
190 - 122
56 nllom OH = ---== ---- == 4
17 17
Y co e6ng thve tcing quat
- Y + CHJCOOH Z eo CfPT: CI5H2401
Z chi chua 3 g6c axctat, tvc la co mt nh6m -OH ba ncn kh6ng ph?m
mg vm CH
3
COOH cstc.

Suy ra crcr ella B la
l-alylxiclohcxen
- cae phuong trInn philO LIne:
?!
+ gKZCrZ07 + 32H
z
S04
+ C02 + Cr2(504)) + K2S04
CHZ-CH=CH aCHrCH2-CHJ
a
I 2
+ 2l-h

---+
30CHz-CH=CH
z
+ 4 KMn04 + 8 H20
"---( 'OH OH OH
OH
+ 4MnO
z
+4KOH
o
II
r-xCHz-yH-yHz H2S04oCHz-yH-Cl'Iz-O-'C-CHJ
"---( 'OH OH OH + 3CHJCOOH - OH O-y-CHJ +3 H20
OH O-e--CHJ 0
II
o
Bai80
Dot chily hoan toan O,74gam hap chat X ta chi thu duq'c r.lhu1lg tht
tich
)dng nhau elia kh[ C01va hoi mftYc, trung do co 0,672 lit CO2 (,rJilu
tiiu
:hudn).
I) Xac dinh c6ng th{(c phdn tei cua X, biet ti kh6, hoi cua X so vOi !leI; bling
18,5.
I I
2) Viet cong thuc ccfu tf;lo cua 6 chat Tnf;lch hu itng vUf CTPT tim dUff
c
.
3) Cho 0,74 X VaG 100ml dung d#ch NllOH 1Mikho'i /uq'Ilg ning d =
1,0354 glml, dun chu phdn tlng hoan toan , sau do n,ang tu tU cho
btic hoi den kho, /il1n It.mh cho toan b9 phdn hoi ngung tlf Ihit. SllU thi ta
dUffc chat ran khan If va chat lOng ngung tlf Z; Khollurzg Z /Q 100 gam. Tim
kh6,lufI1Ig chat ran Y, cong thuc ca" tf;lO va tell g{ji cua X.
Lmgiai
1) nHp = == 0,672 : 22,4 = 0,03moI I
I
me :::: 0,03 l 12 :::: 0,36 m
oxi
:::: 0,74 - 0,36 - 0,06 =0.32
mH =0,03.2 :::: 0,06 no = 0,32: 16 :::: 0,02
X la CxHyOz: x : y : z = 0,03 : 0,06 : 0,02 :::: 3 f 6 : 2
CIYf clla X: (G::3H
6
0
Z
)n :::: 18,5. 4 :::: 74 => n:::: 1. i
I
I
CIYf ella X: C
3
Ht;Oz.
2) C6ng thtfc 6 lTI'.ich ho:
I
I !
CHJ-CHz-COOH
CHJ-COOCH
J HGOOCHz-CH
J


o
1/
HO-CHz- CH2-C" H
Cl4
J
-c-CH
z
-OH
OH "H
I
3) Tfnh kh6i IlIl;tng ella Y va xac dinh t'.io ella X:
+) Mx + mdung dich NaOH :::: my + m
z
0,74 + 100.1,0354 = my + 100 => m
y
::::"4,28gam
+) nNaOH 0,1 . 1 = 0,1 mol
flxl :::: 0,74: 74 = 0,01 mol
VI mz :::: lOOgarn > mH10 trang dung d!ch NaOH ban dau (99,54 gam). Suy ra
X va NaOH phafl lrng vOi nhau va t<;1o ra:
100 - 99,54 :::: 0,46 gam mm.
VI chua hai nguyen ttr oxi, nen X Iii estc axit dem ehuc.
nNaOH phan lrng :::: nx = 0,01. nNaOHdu:::: 0,09 mol.
x Iii RCOOR' trang d6 khi R' :::: H thl X Iii axit
RCOOR' + NaOH -)- RCOONa + R 'OH
0,01 0,01 0,01
0/'"
i
ffiRCOONa trang Y == my - mNaOH = 4,28 - 40.0,09 =0,68gam
== 0,68 : 0,01 ::= 68 M
RffiON

R + 67 == 68 =:> R =- 1 ta C0 mu6i HCOONa.
X la este HCOOCHrCH).
I
)! Bai 81.
Cho 2,76 gam chat hiiu C(/ A (chi chua C, H, 0 va co cong thuc phan tu
trung v6i cong thuc d07l gian) tac vOl dung dich NaOH vua du> sau d6 chur.g
kho thi phan bay hoi chi co nllac, phli'n chat ran khan con It;li chua hai muo, cIla
nalri chiem khol111(J11g 4,44 gam. Nung nong hai muoi nay trong ox; dll, sau kh;
phdn UnK hoan toiln, ta thu dUCfc 3,18 gam Na2COJ; 2,464 lit khi CO2(tfkte) va 0,9
gam nuac.
.;...
I: Tim cfmg thue phan W, viet cong thue Ca" tt;lo co tId co cua A thoo man
eac tinh chilt trell, dimg mt trong cdc clfu tt;lo d6 di vilt cdc phu01fg trinh phd"
ung dii xay ra.
Lffi gbli \.
* Ta co sCI dE> bie'n hoa:
f 2,76 gam A + NaOH 4,44g mu6i + H:zO (1)
t 4,44g mu6i + O
2
3, 18g Na
2
CO) + 2,464 lit CO2 + 0,9g H20 (2)
Ap dl;}ng djnh bao toan ta co:
"N.xm =2'"Nu,co, = 2.(3,18:106) == 0,06mo!
m NaOIl == 0,06 . 40 == 2,4gam
s6 gam H
2
0 b set d6 (1) 130:
ml/
p
== rnA + mNaOIl - mmuO"i == 2,76 + 2,4 - 4,44 = 0,72gam
* me trang A =me trong CO:z + me trang Na2CO) =
= --.12
2,464
+ -.12
3,18
==
1
,
32
+
036
= 1, 8 gam ,
6
22,4 106
0,72 +0,9
m
H
trang A == mH trang H
2
0 - mil trang NaOH ==
18
.2 - 0,06 . 1
== 0,18 - 0,06 == 0,12 gam
rna trang A == m
A
- me - mB = 2,76 - 1,68 - 0,12 == 0,96gam
A la CxHyO
z
ta co:
1,68 0,12 0,96
x: y: z =--:--:-- 7:6:3
12 1 16
CfDG va CfPT cua A Iii C,H
6
0) M
A
== 138.
* S6 mol A dii phan U'ng v6i NaOH =- 2,76 : 138 =0,02mol. 56 mol NaOH
0,06. CtI lmol A phan Ung v6i 3 mol NaOH. Mft trong phan ttC A chi co
tir oxi, suy ra:
A co tht co 3 nh6m -OB phenol.
A c6 1 nh6m OH phenol va 1 nhom este eua phenol.
Vi sau phan (rng thu dtrqc hai mu6i chi co trtrCmg hqp este cib. phenol J
thoa man. C6ng thu-c cau cua A:
o o OH

II
; ;
H-rO-@
* Ki chung ba d(u tl;io cua A 1ft BCOO-C
6
H
c
OH ta co cac phuong trin
phan 'rog nhtt sau:
A + NaOH
HCOO-C(,HcOH -+- 3NaOH -+ HCOONa + + 2Il
1
0
Mu6i + 0
1
,.
2HCOONa + O
2
Na2COl + CO
2
+ H
2
0
,"
Cc,HiONa):z + 6,50), -----)0 Na;1CO) + + 2H
2
0
Hal H2.
Ml}t lion hlJp X gij"m hai chat hiru Cd. Cho hOll hlfP X phdn {(ug vcfi NaOl
).,ua dll, ea'" dung lOOml dung djch NaOH SM. Sau phon itng thu Jut,Yc bon hl!j
hai mUG! clia hai axil no d{/1l chuc va dUlJc m9t ru{lu no dOli chilc Y. Cho toan bl
Y tac dlfng het v6i Na dUlJc 3,36 /it H?,.
Mijl khac neu dot ellay hoan t/Jim miJf lUlfllg khac cua he5n h!lP X, cii'n dunl
het 6,496 lit khi 0 1 thu dUflc 5,824 lit khi CO;. Bilt thl tich eac khi dlu do
dieu ki#n lieu elman, hay xdc dinh c6ng Ih,tc phan Iu va cong thitc ea" t<}o ea,
chilt co trong }u)n "lfP X.
LOi giai.
Dat c6ng [hue cua cae chat va C'PH2p+,COOR
* n
NaOH
=0,1 . 5 :.= O,5mol
CnH)n+l 0H + Na -+ C
1
,H
1n
+
I
ONa + 1/2H
2
t (l)
_ ') _ 3,36_
Theo (1) n <J1' - _.<0 n H - 2. - O,3mol
N
. '22,4
x
1cac chit trong X la este thi s6 mollflrqu :;6 mol NaOH. ('1 d[1y s6 mol
u nho hem so mol NaOH, suy ra hOn hgp X g6m mt axit va m9t cste.
CmH2m+1COOCnH2n+l + NaOH -'" Cm H2m+,COONa + CnH2n +I OH (2)
0,3 0,3 ..--- 0,3
+ NaOH -'" c;H2p+1COONa + H20 (3)
0,2 0,5 - 0,3 = 0,2
Thea (1) va (2) ta c6 56 mol NaOH a(2) =s6mol este =0,3. Suy ra s6 rnol
t = s6 mol NaOH a(3) =0,5 - 0,3 =0,2. Nhtr trong h6n hqp X ti s6 mol
e/s6 mol axit =3/2.
3n + 3m + 1
H2m+ICOOCnH2n+1 + O
2
-'" (n+m+l)CO] + (n+m+I)Hi) (4)
2
1,5x 0,5(3n+3m+l).1,5x (n+m+l).1,5x
3p -I- 1
(p+ \)C0
2
+ (p+l)H
2
0 (5)
H2r+ICOOH + -2- O2 -'"
0,5(3p+ l)x (p+l)x
* s6 mol axit bj d6t chay la x thl s6 moi estc la 1,5x
leo s6 mol O
2
: 0,5(3n+3m+1).l,5x + 6,496 = 0,29 (1)
. 22,4
. 5,824
(Il)
Thea 56 mol CO
2
: (n+m+1).1,5x + (p+1).x =: -- =0,26
22,4
* Thea cac phuong trlnh phan U'ng (4) va (5): ta co s6 mol H20 va s6 mol CO2
nhau, do d6 s6 mol H
2
0 = 0,26.
+ Vi s6 mol axit va 56 mol este 56 mol oxi c6 axit va trong
,te,bang tcing s6 mol oxi t:6 trong CO
2
va trong H
2
0 tro s6 mol oxi bi chay. TtIC la:
1,5x + x :::: no} trong CO
2
+ no, trong H20 - =
= 0,26 + 1/2.0,26 - 0,29 :::: 0, 1 x =0.04
TIlay x = 0,04 vao (II) ta dUlJC 3(n+m) + 2p :::: 8
Vi 2p la s6 chan, suy fa (n+m) phai la s6 chan thl 3(n+m) meri chan. Chi co
lt gia tIi n+m =:2 va p::: 1 la thoa man. p = 1 thl axit 13 CH3COOH.
n + m = 2 nll'.mg n Ia 56 cacbon mqu n "j:. 0; n,m 2, nguyen

H-C
v
Khi n=2 =::) m = 0 este 1ft "
O-CHr-CIl:J

Khi n=l => m = I ('slC la

CHICOOB
Khi do X phan ung v6i NaOH chi t<;lo ra mt mu6i CHJCOONa, trai v6i giJ
thiet, do d6 tnremg hgp n=m:::: 1.
Suy ra h6n hgp X g6m: CH)COOH va HCOOCH
2
CH)
HaiR3
Drit chay hoan toan 0,74 gam chat X chua cac nguyen Ito' C, H, thu dU(fc
0,672 lit CO
2
(q dklc) va 0,54 gam H
2
0. Ti kh6i hoi cua X so }1m H
2
being 37.
1) Xac d!nh cong thirc phon ttl, viet cong thuc call aua X, hiet ding X co
kha nang tham gin img /rang gucmg va tac dl;lng dUdC vUi Na.
2) Cho x tac vm H2 (co niken him xuc tac) ta dUCfc chat Y.. Cho axit
cacboxylic Z tac dl;lng vOi Y (co H 2S0
4
diJc xuc tac) ta thu dJCfc m9t so san phdm
trong do co san phdm P. )1 dot chay hit 17,2 gam chat P din dung 14,56 lit O
2
(dktc) va thu dll(fC CO
2
,va hoi nuac thea ti Ii ve thl tich I
:VI/I0 = 7 : 4.
Xac dinh cong thuc phiin ttl, viet cong thuc cau ,cua axit Z bilt rcing
cong thuc dun gUin cua P cung cJrinh liz cong thuc phiin ttl va Imol P tac dl;lng vm
2molNaOH.
LUi giai.
1) Xac dinh X. me = (0,672/22,4).12 = 0,36 gam:
m
B
:::: = 0,06 gam
rna = 0,74 - 0,36 - 0,06 = 0,32 gam
G9i CfDG clla X la CxHyO
z
, ta c6 ti l?:
x: y : z =' 0,36: 0,06 : 0,32 = 3 : 6 : 2
12 1 16
CfPT eua X la (<C)H60
2
)n VI M
x
= 37.2 = 74 =:> n::::
CIPT ella xi la C)H
6
0
2

Vi X tham gia phan U'ng trang guong ncn X e6 nh6m -CfIO
X phan U'ng vrn Na lien X con c6 nh6m -OH, c60g thue eiu clla
Xla:
HO-CHz-CH2-CHO CH)-CH-CHO
I
(j)H
2) Vi nh6m -GIO khi hidro t<,10 ra -Gl
2
0H do d6i eiu t<,1o ella Y c6
Iii:
HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH CH
3
--yH-CH
2
-OH
OE
-11m OPT cua P: Pia CxHyO
z
ta c6.
I In
V Z \i
CxHyOz + x + 4 - -2 fJz -- xCOz + y/Z H20
(
Thea de hai ta co: = 7 : 4 = x: y/2 => x : y
y z
'i6 17,2(x+---)
14
,- 065 4 2
rJ =--=.= , =
22,4 12x+ y+ 16z
thay gia tr! clla y ttr (1) vao (2), ta dl1qc x : z = 7:5
CfDG clla Pia C-;HgOs
Vi CfDG cung la CDY[ etla P, suy ra CfPT clla P la
_Vi P slm phfun clla rl1qu Y vai axit Z, rna Y cO c6ng thue C3H6(OH)2 va
lmol P + 2mol NaOH, chUng 10 trang pM.n tit P co 2 nh6m este, c6 ml
nhom esle va mt nh6m axit -COOH.
Ne'u P c6 hai nh6m este thl P chi co nguyen tit oxi. NhI1 theo CfPT
C HgOs va d.c xet thi P chua 1 nh6m este, mt nhom axit va mt nhom
7
OH tL! do, cac c6ng thuc cau co the clla P lil:
.
HOOC-C=C-COO-CH
I
:1
CH3
I
,!\ CH
3
7 : g (l)
(2)
HOOC-e=:C-COO--CHl
I
Hz

Va suy ra axit Z co c6ng thuc cau Hi: HOOC-GC-COOH.
Bai 84.
hon h'!P X gom ba este mt;lch hu clla dmg axil dun chuc vOi ba
n'flU d(1TJ chilc trong do co hai rUtfU no co khoi IUfITIg phdn tli hem kem nhau 28
dvC va ruflU khong no chua mt}t lien ket dOi. Cho hon hf!P X tac d,!ng vtri
100gam dung dieh NaOH 10%, sau do co ct;ln thi thu JUlI
c
23,6 gam chilt ran
khan.Ngung tl! phan rUtfU bay hoi, tam khan, roi chia tho.",h hai phil'n bling nhau.
Pha"n m9
t
cho tac dl!ng het vOi Na thu dUf!c 1,12 lit Hz (dkte). Phan hai dem dot
chay hoan too.:'I thu dUlI
c
7,04 gam CO
2
va 4,32gam H 20. Gid thitt cae phan (mg
df;lt cmit 100%. Vilt cong thuc cau tl;1o cua cae chat co trong hon hf!P x vo.
tin" so mol mo; rUf!u tl;lo ra sau phdn (mg xo. phong hoa.
LOi ghli.
Vi cae este dl1qc t<;\o ra tlr mt axit dan chuc va cae nrqu dan chuc, de
este e6 cOng thuc chung la ReOOR'.
ReOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R'OH (I)
R 'OH +- Na -) R' -ONa + 1/2H
2
(2)
Theo(2): nWOH = 2. llH :::2},12 =2.0,05 = 0,1
1 22,4
sau philO ling t.lo ra t6ng s6 mol mqu = 0,1 .2 :=.: 0,2
Thea bili nNaOll ::: 10/40 = 0,25 mol
Thea (l) I1 N"OH dii phan uIIg = nR'Otl = 0,2 < 0,25 trang 23,6 gam
dn c6 nNaOIl = (0,25 - 0,2).40 = 2 gam,
mRCOONa =: 23,6 - 2 :=.: 21,6 gam.
1heo (1) IlRCOONa = D
R
'OI1 = 0,2 M
RffiONa
= 21,6/0,2 = 108.
M/{ :=.: m
R
+ 44 + 23 = 108 R == 41.
R la C
3
H
s
; axit 13. C
3
H
s
COOH.
Cau t<;l-o ella axit c6 the 1a: CH
3
-CH=CH--LOOH,
CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-COOH, CH
2
=C-COOH
I
CH
3
- Thea de bai thi c6 hai mqu dan chuc han kern nhau hai nh6m CH
2

c6ng thuc hai nrqu d6 co u<.tng CnH1n+,OH va Cnt2H2n+sOH.
Axit khong no m<.tch ho chua mt lien kel d6i co dang CmH
2m
_
1
0H
(m 3, VI nhom -OH lien ke't vm n6i doi se kern ben).
Cn H2n+,OH + 3n/2 O2 -+
x
Cn+2H2n+sOH + (3n+6)/2 O
2
--)
y
C
m
H
2m
_.OH + (3m-l)/2 O
2
-)
z
n CO
2
+
nx
(n+2)C0
1
+
(n+2)y
m CO
2
+
mz
56 mol CO
2
= 7,04 : 44 = 0,16 mol me =
(0+1) H
2
0 (3)
(n+l)x
(n+3) H
2
0 (4)
(n+3)y
m H
2
0 (5)
my
0,16. 12 :=.: 1,92
St) mol H
2
0 :=.: 4,32: \8 = 0,24 mol = 0,24 .2 ::.: 0,48.
VI la mqu dan chuc nen s6 mol nguyen lir ella oxi lrong nrQU thl bang 56 mol
nrgu. Ma 56 mol nrqu trong m6i ph:\n bzmg 0,1 mol. Suy ra 56 gam cxi n1qu bj
d6t chay la: 16: 0,1 = 1,6 gam.
Kh6i 111qI1g nrgu bang t6ng thai Il1qng cacbon, kh6i 1l1qng hidro va oxi c:6
trong nrgu. 56 gam nrqu bi chay:
mR'Ol1 = me + mil -I- rno = 1,92 + 0,48 + 1,6 == 4 gam.
I
,,'ti co nTqu c6 k.h6i tiI nho hem 40 dye. rtl<;ru duy nhal: thoa man IiI
-I
3
0H (M=..32), tir (16 suy ra fUQU no doo chuc thu hai phiti la C
J
H
7
0H (hem hai
lom CH
7
).
hai rurJU 110 la CH)OH va CH)-CH
z
-CH
2
-OH
CH
3
s6 mol lrang m()i phan eua ruqu CH)OH la x; 56 mol C
3
H
7
0H Hi y va
nHlm-iOH 1a z.
Ta c6: x + y + Z == 0,1 (J)
Thea s6 mol CO
2
(3) (4) (5): x + 3y + mz = 0,16 (II)
Thea s6 mol HzO (3) (4) (5): 2x + 4y + mz = 0,24 (III)
Lily (Ill) - (II) ta uuqc x + y = 0,08 r6i lhay vao (I) dltqc Z:= 0,02.
Thay tic'p Z == 0,02 vao (ll) ta duqc:
(x + y) + 2y + 0,02m = 0,16 2y + 0,02rn = 0,08 ON)
i'c la y = 0,04 - O,Olm. Vi 0< y < 0,08, suy ra 0,04 - O,Olm > ttle lkl 4 > m. Ma
leo cOng tht1l: C
m
H
2m
_
1
0H ta d5 c6 m 2: 3.
chi c6 ill == 3 la thoa man. RUqtl' khong no la C
3
Hj OH e6 cOng thlcc cau
la CH
z
=CH-CH
2
-OH.
Thay m =3 van (IV) la UtIl!C y == 0,01 mol, suy ra x =0,07. trong 1/2 h6n
1'lP nr\fU co 0,07 mol CH)OH; 0,01 mol C)H
7
0H va 0,02 mol C)IIjOH. Do do trang
lem hqp sau phan U"ng xa phong hO<l co chua:
0,14 mol CH)OH; 0,02 mol C)H,OH va 0,04 mol C,HsOH.
85.
Dot dUly homl loan 4,30 gam chat hiiu ca X chua C, /I, 0, r6i cho cae san
'Jhdm thu dlllfc l'lO billh ch{(a dung d!ch Ba(OIl) du, thlfy kh6'i [UlfTlg binh tang
(1,50gam va co 39,40gam ket tlla. Khi hoa hui I,72g11m chat X thi J'hl t{ch hoi thu
111(/c bdng thl tich ella O,56g khi nitO' t7 ciing dii'u nhi4t va sua!.
1) Xat; d!nh cong thlrc phdn til, viet cong thuc cau t{1o cua X, biet rdng x
co cilu t{Io m{Ich nhanh }-'a khi rac dlfng lIOl Na)COj thi giai ph6ng JChT CO
2
,
2) Viit ene phdn (mg dUu ehe mf)t eao phan tu quan trC!ng di tit X va mf)t
rlllfU thiel, hlJP
3) Dung djch cua X c6 n6ng O,IM tlJu ra rnoi trllirng vOipH = 3. Tinh
dien Ii eua X trong dung dfch .16.
4) Viet phllmlg trinh phdn ung eua X JIm KMn041H2S04, bilt sau phan
iin!: chi c6 CHJCOOlJ ia chat hii"u c(} tllly n}uft.
LOi gi:li
1) Xac djnh cOng thlle cua X:
Mx ::: 1,72: (0,56 : 28)= 86.
- Kh6i lugng blnh tfing = ntq +m
Hp
= 11,5 gam
- CO
2
+ Ba(OH)2::: BaCOJ-l. + H
2
0
== =39,40: 197 = O,2mol => :::: 0,2.44 ::: 8,8g m
C01
mlfo == 11,5-8,8 = 2,7 gam ==> mlfo =2,7: 18 =0,15rnol
1 1 I
me = 0,2 . 12 ::: 2,40
mH ::: 0,15 .' 2::: 0,30 =:> n
H
= 0,3 : 1, == 0,3
rna = 4,30 - 2,40 0,30 ::: 1,6 => no ::: 1,6: 16 = 0,1
f
X Ii\. C'-xHyOz ta c6 ti l x: y : z = 0,2: 0,15 : 0,1
::: 2: 3 : 1
CfDG == 86 CTPT IiI C.
t
H
o
0
2
VI X tac dl}ng v6"i NazCO) fa CO
2
nen X c6 nh6m -COpH.
X c6 cau m{lnh nhanh nen crcr eua X Uc
axil mctacrylic
tH
3
2) Polirnc quan tn;>ng cila axit mctacrylic 1.1 thuy tinh plec-iXy-glat, <1vqc dieu
che' nhu sau:
H
2
S0
4
CH2"'y-COOH + CH
3
0H
-. CH
2
==y-COOCH) + H
2
0
CH
J CH)
I
OOCH
) r
Trung hqp
rOOCHJ.:)
n .
-----
(
-CH2-S:- )
I ,
CH
J
' CH
J
n
3) Ne'u c6 mOt lit dung djch thl naxj( = 0,1 mol
RCOOH ReaO - + H + pH:::: -lgfH+l :::: 3
c6 0,1 mol suy ra [H+] =0,00 1 mol/lit
phfln li 0,001 mol E 0.001 mol
D din Ii a = (0,001/0,1).100 = 1%
4) Ph3n lIng ven KMfIOlH)SOol!
CH
2
=C-COOH + 2KMn0
4
+ 3H2SO.; ->
2e0
2
t + CH:;-COOH +
I
2MnS0
4
+ K
2
S0
4
+ 4H20
CH
3
flai Ri!.
Khi dun nong cluft htiu cO' X (chi child mtjt IOf;li nhom chitc) voi dung dich
axit V,) C(f thi duqc hai chat Y va Z (dell chi chua C, H, O).Mijt khac khi
oun 4,04 gam X vCi dung d[ch chlta O,05mol NaGll, thi dUf/c hai chitt Y va P.
K!!6i IUlf1
l
g mol phdn tit cua P l6'il hif11 khoi IUf/Y1g mol pharr tu clia Z 1/1 44 gam.
ni! ttung hod NaOH con du p!uii a'iUlg lUO ml dung dich lIel 0,11\-1.
Khi dun IZong 3,68 gam Y vUi H
2
S0
4
dijc thi thu dUf/c 1,344 Hi kid m(it
ai4i:l (dktc) vOi sud! 75%, bie! Z In m'!t dlJll phdn dung di t6ng ht:1' polimt
I:(i: flay xae djnh cong tidle philn tit va cong thuc ci{u tCJo cua X, Y. Z.
LOi giai
TIleo eM bai Y phai la ntt,JU no dan chaco
X Ihuy phAn trang axil t<;J.o fa ruql.1 Y va ell:!t Z.
X tac "oi ki6m f'a nt9u Y va eha't P.
Suy ra X Hi este, Z la axil R(COOH)n' P !a mu6i R(COONa)nTa c6 c6ng thue
X It R(COOC,I\H21J1 +I )n'
JIDc
u
R(C00CmB
2m
+
l
)n + nH
2
0 R(COOH)n + nC--mH2m+IOH (1)
R(COOC
n
,l--i
2m
+
I
)" + nNaOH R(COOH)n + (2)
1I/;04f ....
(3)
CmH1m + H20. (m 2)
(4)
NaOH + Bel =NaCI + H
2
0 => nNaDH du::: J'1 HO ::: 0,01
- S6 mol olefin thu duqe = 1,344 : 22,4 :.:: 0,06 mol.
, . 0,06
- S6 mol n1<1l1 ban d[Jl1 = --. 100 =: 0,08 mo1.
. 75
M = 3,68 : 0,08:.:: 46 =-= 14m + 18 => m =: 2
ruou
do d6 nrqu Y la
.. M
p
= R + 67n \ Mp - M
z
:-= 2211 =44 :::.:) n= 2
M
z
=R + 45n )
(
Z diaxit R(COOHh
- S6 mol NaOH d:, lWg ::: 0,05 - 0,01 = C,04
(/.; :<1 co n
x
::: l/2nN,0H""" i/.!,l'JJ'1 ;,: UJt:. VI n= 2 nell
M
x
=- 4,04 : 0,02 = 202
rna thea de bili va cae ket qua atren thl X la
M
x
::: R + 146:.:: 202 => R :.:: 56 R = C
4
Hg
Vi Z III dan phtln t6n!:; hqp f'Olime Z EJ. axil adipic
HOOC-CH
2
- CH
r
CH
2
- CH
2
-COOH. polime c6 13. nilon - 6,6
V cfi'u ella X la:
o 0
II l'
CI[3-CH2-0-C-(CH2)4-C"O_CH2 --Ci I
J
nAJ 87.
Mtjt hon hlfP X gom hai andehit no, dun chitc.
1/ Kltii holm toim 16 gam X bling H
2
thu dl((JC him hfJP rulfU Y. Chn fu.in.
Jrf!P Y til{: het vUi Na thrfy thoat ra 3,36 lil Hz (rikle). Tinh so mol ClIO: Iwi
andehil co trong 16 gam hon hlfP X.
2/ Dol cllay hoim tolm 16 gam hon h(fp X thi hu dUf/c baa nhiell lit kM CO
2
(dktc) va bac nhieu 1;am nuac.
3/ Them gam mt rUflll no mfJch IllY Z vao 16 gam hon hlfP X dlff/C han
hlfP T, dittot chay het r;cd'n 29,12 lit O
2
(dktc).
Xac dinh cong th"e phdn tu, viet cong thire cd'u tlJ.O va ten gqi cua Z, bie!
rang khi dot cluiy mt mol Z thu dUf/C dum 5 mol CO
2
,
LOi giai
e6ng thue cae andehir la CnH
2n
+
I
CHO va Cn,H
2m
+
I
CHO
Ni,t
O
1)CI\H
2n
"CHO +H2
)
C
n
H
2n
+,CH
2
OH (1)
Ni,cO
C
m
H
2m

1
CHO + Hz > CmH2re.ICH20H (2)
CnH
2n
+
I
CH
2
0H + Na -------+ CnH2n+1CH20Na + 1/2H2
(3)
C'''mH2m+ICH20H + Na -------+ CrnH2m+ICH20Na + I/2H2 (4)
Thea cae phuong trinh phan Ung (1) (2) (3) (4) ta c6 s6 mol andehit so
mol ruqu va gllp d6i 56 mol H
2
o
3,36
S6 mol andehil = 2. -- =200,15 == 0,3 mol
22,4
3n + 2 1
2) Cr,1I
2n
+ICHO + ---O
2
---) (n+1)C0
2
+ (n+1)H
z
O (5)
2
3m-r 2
+ -2-02 (m+l)C0
2
+ (m+1)lhO (6)
- 56 mol C
n
H2n+
I
CHO Iii x
56 mol C
m
H
2m
+
1
CHO 1a y ::::> x + y =0,3 (1)
56 gam X: (14n + 30)x + (14m + 30)y = 16 => nx + my =: 0,5 (If)
- Thea cac phan lIng (5) (6):
56 mol (n+1h + (m+1)y
nx + my + x + Y
'=--y----'
0,5 + 0,3 = 0,8
V
m
, ::: 22,4.0,8 ::: 17,921it
56 mol H;& = 56 mol CO
2
=0,8 => m1I 0 = 0,8. 18 = 14,4, gam.
1
e6ng thlrC phftn Ilr ruqu no m<;\ch ho Z la CpH2P+20a
.., 3p+l'-a
<'pHZP+20a + ----0
1
P CO2 + (p+ 1)H20 (7)
2
6,2
? 5>p>a
14p + 16a + 2
- 56 mol oxi dii dung 29,12 : 22,4 = 1,3 mol
,....
- Thea de phan lrng (5) (6) s6 mol da dung cho (5) (6) fa:
3n + 2 3m + 2 1[ ) ] 1 ,
--x+ --y;:o: - 3(nx + my + 2(x + y) ::: -(3.0,5 + Lo,3)
2 2 2 2
=1/2,2,1::: l,05mol.
s6 mol oxi dung cho phan U'ng (7) Iii : 1,3 - 1,05 = 0,25 mol.
Thea phan U'ng (7) va 56 mol oxi:
6,'1. (3P+I-a)
::: 0,25
14p + 160 + 2 2
58p + 26
Hay 5,8p + 2,6 ::: 7,la tlrC la a = --
71
l :]_10 t EE
Z la CzH
6
0
2
CTPT: SH
z
- yH
2
Etilcnglic01
OH OH
Bfli 88
Cho 0,02 mol ml}t phan Ung vila het vOi 200 ml dung filch NaOl/ O,2M,
sa" philm tao ra chi gam muo1 va ml}t rIff!U de'u co so' bling so mol cua
este, diu co cau tl;lo ml;lch thang. I
MrJ.t khac khi xa p/u'mg hoa hoa" toan 2,58 gam este do Ibang lUflng KOlI
vila du, phdi dung 20 ml dung KOH 1,5M, thu dUf!c 3,3 gdm muol. Hay xac
dinh cong thuc cau tl;lo cua este, va tinh so gam rulfU thu dur;c Sau phdn img vOi
KOB. 'I I
LOi giai
56 mol NaOH ::: 0,2.0,2 = 0,04 mol.
t1 s6 mol c5lc: 56 mol NaOH = 0,04:0,02 =2: 1
Suy fa cste co hai nhom cste va co the thuc cac sau:
R(COOR\ ; (RCOOhR'; R(COOhR',
I
VI sau phan U'ng fa s6 este = 56 mol mu6i =56 mol ruqu, neb chi co c6ng
thue R(COO)2R' la thoa mal):
R(COO)2R' + 2NaOH R(COONa)2 + R'(OH)2 (1)
0,02 0,04 : 0,02 0,02mol
R(COO)2R' + 2KOH R(COOK)z + R'(OH)z (2)
0,0]5 0,03 < 0,015 mol
- 56 mol KOH == 0,02.1,5 =0,03 mol
- Thea phan U'ng s6 (21) ta eo s6 mol mu6i 1/2 nKO
H
= 0,015.
M
mu6i
= 3.33: 0,015 =222 Suy fa R = 56
}
rna M
mu6i
=R + (44 + 39).2 mu6i la C
4
H
8
(<L00K)z
Suy fa axit tao fa estela C
4
Hg(COOH)z.
- Thea phan ling (2): 56 mol este = 0,015 mol.
Melc = 2,58: 0,015 =172 tuc la C
4
Hg(COOhR' ::: 17X
R' = ]72 - (56 + 2.44) = 28 R' la
Ruqu Iii OH)2' HO-CH
2
-CH
2
-OH.
Suy ra cau dla la: ?
CJ-(,,/CH2-C-C(
I 2 "-rH,
CH, r
""- _ ,...cal
L:H
2
-
y
-O'
o
Hal fl9.
Co mt han hC!]1 X glim mt axit va Iwi de'u thuc IOt;li no, d01J chilC,
khong chua aritJomie.
Lily m gam X cho tlic dl;lng het v6i dung dfch AgNO
J
trong amonidc, sau do
l(}c, tlw aUl/c 54 g Ag va mt dung dfch. axil haa dung d;ch nay bling H
2
S0
4
dlf, sau do chung cdt thu lay axit hfru Cd, thi toon bi) axit huu CO' phan (mg hit vOl
150 ml dung drch KOfl 0,5 M.
Lay m gam X cha tac hit vOl NallCO
J
thu dUl!c 0,616 lit C0
2
0 Mij.t
khac, phai dung vita het 10,472 lit O
2
mOl dot chay hoem toim m gam X.(Clic tid
tich khi du ti 27,3"C, 1 atm ).
Cia thiit sua! cac phan ung lil 100%, tim cong thuc cua cac chat co
trong han hlfp X; tinh so' gam CO
2
va s6' gam H
2
0 tq.o ra sau phan (mg do! chay u
tren.
LUi giai
- c6ng thlrc clla cac andehfl chung III RCHO; c6ng thu-c coa axilla
R'COOH; 56 mol axil co trong m gam X la x mol.
- Khi cho X Inc vCri NaHCO), th'j chi co R'COOH phan U'ng:
R'COOH + NaHCO) --- R'COOH + c0
2
t + H
2
0 (1)
x=O,02S O,025moi
C;( C 0,61b.273
JoU mol ,0
2
:= := 0,025 mol := x
(273 + 27,3).22,4
RCHO + 2 [Ag(NH
3
)2)OH --- RCOONH) + 2Ag + 3NH) + H
2
0 (2)
RCOONH
4
+ H
2
S0
4
RCOOH + NH
4
HS0
4
(3)
R"COOH + KOH --- R"COOK + H
2
0 (4).
- Thea (2) (3): SO mol axil m6i = Ag = = 0,25 := O,25mol
2 2 108
- Thea de bai thl axit tham gia phin lIng (4) 1:1 t<'Sng hrgng axit co trang X va
axit mm rd. T6ng s6 mol axit bang s6 mol KOH = 0,15.0,5 :=. 0,075.
- Ma 56 mol axit mm thea (2) (3) = 0,25 0,075 mol. OIU'ng to trang X ph:ii
ChU-d andehit [arnie, khi lham gia phan ling trang b<;lc, no bien thanh (NH a
4
)2
CO
J
trang dung d!ch, va khi axil hoa dung dich bang H
2
S0
4
d5 thanh CO bay di.
2
lI-rno + 4Ag(NH:t)20H --- (NH
4
)CO
J
+ 4Agt + 6NH) + 2H 0 (5)
2
(NH4)2
CO
J + 2H2S04 2NH
4
HS0
4
+ CO
2
t + H
2
0 (6)
- VI 56 mol axit R'COOH trong X la 0,025 mol. T6ng 56 mol axit R"COOH
t<;Io ra la. 0,075 mol.
==> 56 mol axit mm la Q,075-0,025 =0,05
Thea (2) (3) ta c6 s6 mol Ag a(2) ::r:: 2.0,05 := 0,1 56 mol Ag a(5) 13
0,5 - 0,1 = 0,4 mol.
I
Thea (5) 56 mol HCHO = - 56 mol Ag
4
I
.0,4::= 0,1 mol.
4
lrong m gam h6n hqp X co: 0,025 mol axil R'COOH
0,05 mol andehit RCHO
0,1 mol HCHO.
VI tAt d axil andehit deu thul)c no d(/Tl ChLIC, nen axit la C H 0 va
n 2n 2
andehit la CmH1mO (m 1).
HCOH + O2 CO
2
+ H
2
0 (7)
Q.l
3n - 2
+ -- O2 --+ nC0
2
+ nH 0 (8)
2
2
0,025
3m-1
c",H2mO + '-2-O2 --- mC0
2
+ mH
2
0 (9)
T , 1
OXI
. d- 10,472.273 0425
mo
I
6ng 56 mo a C ilY:= =,
(27,3 + 273),22,4
do do theo (7:8,9) ta co:
3n - 2 3m-1
0,] + 0,025. --+ 0,05. -- = 0,425 :::::> n + 2m = 10
2 2
Suy fa n = 10 - 2m ==>
m < 5 In = 2,3,4. (m "* I)
Khi In = 2 thi n = 6
CH3CHO va
ill =3 thl II =: 4
CHrCH:z-CHO va C
3
H
7
COOH
m =4 thl n = 2
CHr CHr CH
2
-CHO va CHJCOOH
- Theo (7,8,9) thl 56 mol CO
2
= 56 mol H
2
0
=0,1 + 0,025.n + 0,05m =0,1 + 0,025 (0 + 2m) =
= 0,1 + 0,025.10 = 0,35 mol.
::: 0,35.44 = 15,4; = 0,35.18 = 6,3 gam. m
eol
m
H10
90
Co ba hlfP chat X,Y,Z dlu chi chua C,ll,O. X co khoiltlfJ1lg phan tli nho
! Z, nhung khoi lU([1Ig phan tu cua Y giln gap doi clla Z. Dun mlng h6n hf!P
1 X,Y vOi dung dich NaOll thu tftWc cheft D duy nhat.
Chat Z co mf;lch cacbon thang, chi chua cac nhom chue co hUro linh dljng.
phtIn fmg het vOl Na thi so mol H
2
bay ra luon lu6n bling so" mol Z dii phan
Khi cho Z tac dlfng vOl CuO dot nong tao ra san phdm co kha niing tham gia
in ung frang guung. Cho 1,18 gam Z tac dr;lng het vOi NallCO
J
thll dUf!c khi
1 va 1,40 gam chat D. Viet cong thuc cau U;lQ clla eac chat X,Y,Z.
LOi ghii
- Xac d!nh Z: VI Z co chUa C,H,O, tac vm Na va NaHCO), suy ra Z phai
1hom chua COOH va co the c6 OB. Z Ii} (HO)n-R(COOH)m ta c6:
n+m
(HO)nR(COOH)m + (n + m)Na (NaO)nR(COONa)m + -"2- H 2
I (n+m)f2
56 mol Z =56 mol H
2
n + m =2.
Z + CuO andchit; suy ra Z chua -CH
2
0H n =: m = I
HO-R-COOH + NaHC0
3
HO-R-COONa + H
2
0 + CO2t
(Z) (D)
Cu 1 mol Z I mol D thl kh6i luqng tang 22 gam.
x mol Z x mol D thl kh6i luqng tang 1,40 - 1,18::: 0,2,2g
Oz = x == 0,22 : 22 == 0,01 mol.
:::j M
z
=1,18: 0,01 = 118 = R + 17 +45
R == 118 - 62 = 56 :=j R 13 C4Hs
ITer clla Z: co -CH
2
0H:
HO-CH
r
CH
r
CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH M
z
= 118
- M
x
< M
L
rna X + NaOH t<;tO fa D } duy nhat
illl y - 2rl
L
'! NaOH tao ra D ..1..

Suy ra X 13 este nOi pht\n tll clia Z, con Y la cste do hai phfm t:i Z Ung
v6i nhau. erer ella chung la:
o
II
o
/C"" II
CH
2
0
fH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-\
i I
!
CH2 CH2
I
C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2 i
II
""CH;
(X) o (Z)
M
x
= M
z
- M;H
1
0=100 M
z
= 2M
x
- 2MH
1
0 = 200
I
Bai 91.
Dot chay hoan toa(l 1,31 gam chat hiiU C(J X clzua C,H,O, co cong thirc
phtin tit trung vOi cong th:uc dun gidn nhtit, thu dUf!c 2,42 gam iC0
2
va 0,81 gam
1/
2
0.
, I
I
Cho X tac dlfng l'ln dung dich No.Oll vila du thu dUf!c mUQl natri cua axit A
va dUf!c hon hf!p B g6m hai rulfU thu9c cung mljt day d6ng ddng.'
Lay 1,24 gam h6n hlfP B cho hoa hoi hoan loan thu duqc1the tich hoi dung
b{l7lg the tich cua 0,84 gam nitu do ucung dilu '
Khi cho cung mljt /Ul;mg axil A nhu nhau phan (mg het VOl dung dich
NaHCO
J
hoij.c vOi Na thi the tich khi CO
2
thu dUf!c /uon lu6n gap 1,5 kin the tich
khi hidro do trong cung di'lu nhu nhau.
1, Xtic dinh cong thuc phan tit cua X.
2, Xac dinh cong tlz'ftc phan tu co thecua cac rulfU trong B.
3, Gill su A la hqp chat co thephan Ujp dUlfC til ngu6n th'!c vf;it, A luung do'i
quen thu(k trong culjc song hang ngay, duqc dung /rollg pha chi'
nUt7c gid; khat co v! chua, hay viii cong thuc cau tl;lo cua A, tit suy ra cau tf;lo
cua X.
LOi giai
I) Xae e6ng thuc phan tt'r clla X
me = (2,42/44).12 == 0,66
mtl = (0,81/18).2 =0,09
mo = 1,31 - 0,66 - 0,09 =0,56
2) X + NaOH --- mu6i cua axit + 2 fltqu
cstc.
X la ta co:
x : y : z = 0,055 :' 0,09: 0,035
=: 11 : 18 : 7
CfPT ella X 13: Ci
I
H
1S
0
7

X la este phai co It nhfft 2 nhom
- CrPT eua X Iii CIIHIS07, m6i nhom este eo hai nguyen tu oxi, suy ra s6
nh6m cste trong X kh6ng vuqt qua 3 nh6m.
131
- S6 mol nrqu ::: 56 mol N
z
= 0.&4: 28 ::: 0,03 mol.
M JUlJU ::: 1,24 : 0,03 ::: 41,33 suy ra phai e6 CH)OH
hai ruqu thu<)c day d6ng dAng ruqu no dan chilc. c611g lh{re nrgu t1l11
hai la CJ-lln+IOH (n > 1 ),56 mol Cll3 n61a y, 56 mol clla CH)OH 130 x, ta c6:
T6ng 56 mol hai nrqu : x + y ::: 0,03 (1)
T6ng s6 gam hai ruqu :32 x + (14n + 18 ) Y-:; 1,24 (II)
=::) In ::: (0,02/y) + 1 I III
Vi hai nrqu duQ'c t).o ra ttr m<)t este X kh6ng vuqr qua 3 11n e5le, 5UY ra co 3
kha nang la: 2x::: y. X=y, x =2y tlrc 13.: x}y =:; 0,5; 1; 2.
Thay vao (I) ta duqc y =0,01; 0,015; 0,02. thay cae gia tJi nay clla y van (In) ta
co:
y 0,01 0,015 0,02
n 3 1,3 (lO<.li) 2
hai nrqu trang B co la:
CH)OH va C)H
7
0H vm x ::: 2y
CH)OH va vm 2x = y
3, Axit A chi chua C, H, 0.
A + NaIl CO) --+ VCO
l
Ma VC0
2
::: 1,5 VB! tilc la
}
VCO
l
< 2 VH
l
A+Na --+ VB
2
A co nhom -01-1.
c6ng thuc t6ng qu;it A la (HO)m- R(COOIl)n ta co:
(HO)mR(COOH),,+ nNaHCO) --+ (HO)mR(COONa)n + nCO
l
+ nHlO (1)
a mol na
(HO)rnR(COOH)" + (n+m) Na --+ (NaO)mR(COONa)" + (n+m)/21I
l
t (2)
a mol (n+m ;.O,5.a
1,5(n+m).0,5.a I n:::3ml
Thea c6ng thue lIi ella X thi ta c6 s6 tIi oxi la 2n +m = 7 (sa ill
nhu VI ttr axit thanh este veri fUqu dan chue thl 56 h.rqng tIi oxi
trang axit va trang e5te In bang nhau), rut ra dlI?C chi co m ::: 1 va n ::: 3 la hQP lY.
A c6 3 nhom COOH va 1 nh6m OB : HO- RC (COOHh.
lneo cac ket qua atren: CTPT clla X : C
11
H
I7
0
7
Hai n1qu 2 mol CH)OH va 1mol C)B
7
0H ( x ::: 2y )
1 mol CH)OH va 2mol (2x = y )
th) 56 nguyen t6 cacbon trang cac g6c n1qu lu6n lu6n btmg 50 56 nguyen tIi
cacbon [rang g6c axit In 11-5=6.
axit la HO-C)HiCODH)o
- Theo bai A duqc tach ra ttr thl.Jc duqc dung trong mr6c giai khat t).o ra
vi chua, A la aXlt citric: '
OH
I
IIOOC-C1h-y-CH
2
-COOH
COOH
Suy ra crCT Clla X c6 1[1:
N u cap nrau:
yOOCHJ OOC]H7
1I
ell
,Oll := 0,02 := x
H2 eH
I 2
HO-C(-COOC]H
7
HO-y-COOCI IJ
r.CiJl,OJl = 0,01 := y
yIl
2 yH2
(x := 2y)
COOClh COOCH]
N u cap
1I
Cff
,Off := 0,0 1 X
yOOC2H
5
yl-12 yH2
nC,lf,OIl := 0,02 = y
IIO--COOCH] HO-
y
-COOC
2
H
5
(2x::: y) yH2 yl-h
COOC
2
H
5 COOC
2
1I
5
Hili 92.
Hqp chat X chua niim nguyen Itf, tTong do co C, H, 0, N, cachon chiem
?3,166%, hidr6 chiem 1,4157% theo kh6i lUtfTlg.
Cho 1,554 gam X lac he: );m NaND} lId Hel thu dul,Tc 44,8ml (dktc)
m(it chdt khi khong mill! ,khong mu!, khong chtiy, dt5ng thili tlJO ra chat hUll ClY Z
khong chua nitu.
Nung nong 1,554 gam X vOl Na di chuyin cac nguyen t6 trong X thilnh
de cluft vo cu dun gidn, sau {to hod vila nuac Ihu dUf!c dung dich Y.
Lay m(it it dung djch Y elw p!:dn U'ng het VOl khi clo thi dUljc .!ung dich co
khd nang Ia xanh ho tinn bl)t.
o. Lay mt it dung dfch r elw pJrdn ti'ng voi dung dlcJa dUltJ /;IU'iCti F cht,
ill;'4 klr if.Ja miw xari.Jz kh6ng hi mat rna'u frOilg axit lIet .iming du.
_Lay 1/2 dung dich Y clw tac dl;lng vm Br2 vila du thi san phdm I'fJo ra phdn
vila het vOi 40ml dung dich Na1SzO] 0,1 moUl.
1) Xac dinh cong thuc phiin tli cua X.
2) Nlu X Iii htfP chat quan tn;mg cua C(/ the con nguOi thi XCii cong thuc
tlJo nhu the1ll10?
LOi giai:
* x+ NaNO
z
+ HCi --j. Z (kh6ng chua nito) + khi khOng
Khi d6 phai 13. N
z
. =: 0,0448 : 22,4 ==0,002 mol. n
N2
Xphai chua nh6m amino: NH
z
. Ta c6 phan ung :
R-NH
z
+ NaNO
z
+ HCl R-OH + NaCl + Nzi + H20
s6 gam nita trong X bang 1(2 s6 gam nita bay ra .Ta co s6 gam
nito c6 trong 1,554g X la: (0.002.28)(2=:0.028 gam.
%Nita trong X =: (0.028/1.554).100=1.8018%
* Ok phuong trlnh philn (rng minh hQa:
fO
(C, H. N, 0, I) ;- Na ---=---t Nal + NaCN
+) 2r- + Oz 1
2
+ 2Cl- 1
2
lam xanh h6 tinh bt
2r- + 2Fe
3
+ --)0 1
2
+ 2 f-c
2
+
Fe2+ + 6CN- --)0 mau xanh
+ 21" + Brz. --j. 2Br- + Iz
1
2
+ 2Na2Sz03 --j. 2NaI + Na2S406
1
n/ =: -n
Na
so := 1/2 .0.04.0.1 ::;- 0,OO2mol
2 22 J 2
Do ntu cho toan b dung d!ch Y phan ung dU<;1c 0,002 . 2 =0.004 mol
)6 gam 1
2
co trong 1,554 gam X =. 0,004.254 := 1,016gam.
%1 = 1,016.100:::: 65 3797
1,554 '
%Oxi trong X =100 - 23,166 - 1,4157 - 1,8018 - 65.3797 =B,2368%
Di;\l X 13. CxHyOzN.l p ta c6:
.. __ = = I" -II 4'1'4
x.y.z.t.p .' -' --' ..
12 1 16 14 127
CTDGcua X lil CI5 H.,04NI4
2) Theo cCmg thuc tren thi X chua iot Neu X co vai tro qUaIl .trQng trong
(:a the con ngl101. thl c6 the X IA Yl;l cAp iot eho co the. X co the la
tyroxin:
l' I
0
NH2 :
I I
I
Bai93
i
Hf!P chat A chua C, H, 0, co CelU t{lo m{lch thdng_ Khi chb 0,52 gam chtfJ A
tac dl;lTlg hit vOi dung dich AgNO
J
b"ong amoniac, thu dUlfc Ag. Xu 1i
dung d!ch thu dUlfc sau phan fmg (rang 1H;lc bling ariJ, thu dUlfC chat hiiu Cd B
(chua C, H, 0). S6nhom tacboxyl trong m9t phan tU B nhiiu hun trong m9t phan
tU A lO: m9t nhom.
MiJ.t khac, cu 3,12gam chat A phan itng het vOi Na tl}o ra, 672 ml khi hi4ro
(dktc). Viii cong thuc ca'u ft!-o co thl co cua A.
!
LUi giai
A tham gia phan U'ng tnlng A phii chua nh6m
i
-CHO. A la
R(CHO)n'
R(CHO)n + 2n[Ag(NH
3
)2]OH --j. R(COONH
4
)n + 2nAg-l- + 3nNH
3
+ HzO (1)
R(COONH
4
)n + nH+ -)- R(COOH)n + + (2)
Theo (1, 2) th'i cu ml)t nh6m CHO sau phan U'ng tcing b'.lc bien th3.nh ml)t
nh6m COOH. n = 1.
1 1,08
Vi n =1 ntn thea (1) s6 mol A == IflnAg = -.-= O,005tkol
i 2 108
Suy ra M
A
= 0.52 ::0,005 = 104.
- s6 mol A ling v6i Nz. = 3,12 : 104 = 0,03 mol
- Vi A phan ltng vqi Na. do ngoal rnl)t nh6m --ClIO thl trong A con phii
c6 OH, COOH d
/CHO /CHO
R:-fOHht + (n +'m) Na + (n + m)/2H
2
t (3)
"(COOH)m "
(COOH)m
n+m
0,03 mol
Theo bai s6 mol H
2
= 0,672/22,4 = 0,03 => 0,03.(n+m)/2 =0,03
Va.y n + m =2. C6 ba kha nang xAy ra:
. /CHO
R
"(0H}z
11<;
--.:::

i
+) Neu n = 2. => m =.: 0 t.a co
M
A
::: 104
Suy ra R la C)H
s
: C6 cae dIU t'.l0 la:
C(lIz-C(H-CH
2
-CI 10 ; Il2-CH
z
-C(H-CHO; CH)-H-C(H-CHO
OH OU OH OH OB OH
+) Neu m::: 2 :=) n=O ta co:
/CHO
R MA =104 => R==-15 v6 Ii
'(COOW
2
+) N u n =- In ::: 1 ta co :
/CHO
M
A
::: 104 => R ::: 13
R-OH
'taGH
A Hi:
HOOC-CH-eHO
I
OH
Rai94.
Co mt)t hOIl ht!P A gom hai axil X, Y deu thutJc day dong Mng cua axil
khong no, mi;lch ha, chua mt)t lien ktt dO;. Cho a gam hon h'!P A tac vo; 500
ml dung d!ch Na1CO
J
1M, sau phan fmg phai dung 350mI dung djch Hel2M mOi
phan itng hit vOi luqng mlf; cacbonat con duo
Mijt khac, khi dot chtiy hodn toaTl a gam hon h'!P A, rai dan loim bi! san
ph6m chay qua binh 1 chua H
2
S0
4
dijc, Toi qua binh 2 chila dung d{ch NallH dijc
du, thi dt) tang khoi IlllflJg cua binh 2 nhiell hrm dt) lling kh6i llllfllg cua binh 1 la
31,4 gam.
1) Tinh gia hj cua a.
2) Viet cae cong thuc Call c6 thl c6 CUll X, Y. Neu gUi thitt chung liz
dong d6ng lien liep cua nhall.
Liri giai.
cong thue ella X la )CQOH, cua Y la CmH2m-,COOH; n, m 2.
1) 2C):l:lnolCOOH + -j- 2C
n
H
2n
_, COONa + CO
2
+ H
2
0 (1)
2C,,,H
1
:n.;COOH + -> ICOONa + CO
2
+ HzO (2)
'2ECl + Na
2
CO} --". 2t'hC1 + CO
2
+ HzO (3)
C"l,H2n_1COOB -I- 311/20
2
--)- (n+l)C0
2
+ nH
2
0 (4)
CmH2m_1COOH -I- 3m/20
z
-7 (m+l)C0
2
+ mH
2
0 (5)
x, y lil 56 mol ella X va Y. S6 mol HCl::: 0,35 .2::: 0,7.
S6 mol Na
2
CO) =: 0,5 . 1 =: 0,5 mol.
(3): 56 mol NazCOj con thlla::: 11256 mol HCl =: 1/2.0,7 =: 0,35
Thea (1,2): 56 mol X, Y = 2.56 mol Na
2
CO) phan Ung v6i A :::
::: 2.(0,5 - 0,35) =: 0,3 mol
theo 56 mol axit, ta c6 x + y =: 0,3mol. (I)
- S6 gam h6n hqp A:
a=: (1411 + 44)x + (14m + =
=14(nx + my) + 44 (x + y)
- Blnh 1 giG' nuoc: S6 gam HzO ::: (nx + my).18
- Blnh 2 gifr CO2 : S6 gam COz = 44[(n +.1)x + (m + l)y]
Thea bai thi s6 gam COz han s6 gam H
2
0 13 31,4 gam.
44[(n + l)x + (m + l)y] - 18(nx + my) = 31,4
hay nx + my = 0,7 (n)
1l1ay de gfa trj a(II), (1) vao thuc tinh a atrtn ta co:
a ::: 14(nx + my) + 44 (x + y)
a == 14.0,7 + 44 _0,3 = 9,8 + 13,2 = 23garn.
2) Xac djnh cr ella axit: M ",y ::: 23 : 0,3 = 76,67
Thea c6ng thuc ta co 14n + 44 ::: 76,67
- 76,67 - 44 2 33
S
uy ra n::: 14 =,
chi c6 n =2 va axil thu hai m = n + 1 =3
cac axit la CHz=CH- COOH, axit thu hai c6 lA:
CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-COOH; CH
2
=C(-COOH;
CH)
Hai 95.
DUll n6ng 9,7 gam h6, hi/P' A gom hai chat x, Y tJwc day dong d&ng cua
hrombenzen voi dung dfch fV:lOH:Yir; rip sua! cao. Sau plaIn U-flg th6i kM CO? Ili
qua dung djch dln du; dzi'':;'c d,,;t :f)'ili! .chua ox; cua X wi Y. Chi.l kiln hl/p }wj
dan xlUit ,wly Ili/inh h:,..; /,6 'It
1 phan "(fIg vita hit vOi 60ml dungl d!ch NaOH O,5M.
Pha'n 2 aem deit cluly holm toan, dAn cae san phtim chd.y liin luqt di qua
lf11g lUling du' H
2
S0
4
d(ic, binh 2 df!1lg dung djch Ba(OH)2 duo
) Tnh 56' gam bin1l1 va binh 2 tang them.
) Tim cong thue pluin tri clla X, Y, neu Ii kho'i hoi cua X so vOi Y fa 0,92.
Lffi giaL
cong thu-c cua X V3 Y !a CnH
1n
.
7
Br va c",Hzm_1Br, n, m 6; rn > n.
__ 1
:nHln-
JBr
+ 2NaOH ---+ CnH1n_-,ONa + NaBr + H7.
0
(1)
1
=m
H
Zm_7
Br
+ 2NaOH C
m
Hlm10Na + NaBr + HzO (2)
=n
H
zn_10Na + CO
2
+ H
2
0 -+ c"Hln_70H + NaHCOJ (3)
=rn
H
Zm_70Na + CO
2
+ HzO Cn,H zm_10H + NallCO) (4)
)i?-t s6 mol X, Y la x, y, thl 56 mol dAn chua oxi co trong m6i phan se la
/2.
Phan (mg v(rj NaOH:
C H -
7
0H + NaOH c..H1n_70Na + H20 (5)
n Zn
C H _ 0H + NaOH \-mHlm.10Na + HzO (6)
m Zm 7
Thea 56 mol NaOH b (5,6) ta co:
xf2 + yf2 = 0,06. 0,5 => x +- y == 0,06 (I)
Thea s6 gam hOn hl!}J A (140 + 73)x + (14m + 73)y :::: 9,7 (II)
3n - 4
C"H _ 0H + -2-- O
2
neoz + (n-3) H20 (7)
ln 7
3m-4
c",H _ 0H +- -2- O
2
-)- mCO
z
+ (m-3) HzO (8)
lm 7
1) Bloh 1 giii HlO. S6 gam binh 1 Uing blmg s6 gam HzO elm cae ph!m ling
56 nlol H 0:::: len - 3).x/2 + (m - 3).y/2].l8 =9[(nx + my) - 3(x t y)
2
TiI phuang trlnh (II) ta co: 14 (nx 1- my) + 73(x + y) == 9,7
9,7 - 73.0,06 0 38
:::::> nx + my == == .
14
s6 gam blnh 1 lang =: 9(0,38 - 3. 0,06) -== 1,8gam
Blnh 2 giiJ COl' S6 gam bloh 2 tang thrm bing s6 gam CO2 ella cac phan
,8).
<:::""
X y]
S6 gam COz = 44. n'
2
+ m'
2
= 22.(l/x + my) =
[
== 22. 0.38 == 8,36 gam
I
2) M
x
.y = 9,7: 0,06 = 162 VI ta >n suy ra M
x
== 140 + 73 < 162
:::::> n < 6,63, :::> n =6.
x la Ct,H
5
Br M
x
== 157 My';: 157/0,92 == 171
My::: 14m + 73 => m;: 7. Y la
LCH]
19/ 19.J '

X lil: va Y 13:
CH3
Dai 96.
Cho hai chat hiiucO' X va YlIeU chi chua C, H, 0, trong m6i chtit oxi chiem
53,33% vI kh6i IUlfTlg. ghi dot c.hay hoan toan 0,02 mol hon h(1p X va Y can 0,05
moloxi. Khollllqng phtih tu clIa Y gtip 1,5 ron kh6i lUlfYlg phdn tu cua X. Khi cho
so' molbling nhau clla X vel Y tac dlfng vOi NaOH thi Y ra kh6i lUf!1Jg muoi
gap 1,647liin kh6i luqng mu6i tq.o ra til X.
1) Tim c6ng thucdtm gian, c6ng thuc phtin tli va cong thuc cifu ti;to clla X
...d Y, bilt rling khi dun nong Y vOi CuO l{lo ra san phdm co 1cha nang tham gia
phdn ling frang glltmg. I I
2) Tinh kho,luqnk ella X va Y eo frong 0,02 mol h6n hf/P c,.ia chung.
L<ri giai
I
1) cOng thue gian ella X va Y la ta eo:
16z
%0 = .100 == 53,33. Suy fa y:::: 14z - 12x
2
122 + Y + 16z
Khi z == 1 x == 1; 'j. = 2. eOng thuc dOl1 g:an clla X va Y Ia CH20
+) eOng thue phan tU x Ia (CHzO)n Mx == 30n
cOng thue phan tir Y 130 (CH
2
0)m =:) My = 30m
Theo dt bai My ::: 'I ,5M
x
=> 30m::: 1,5 . 30n => m =r: l,5n (I)
+) Phan U'ng d6t chay:
I
+ nOz nC02 + n H20 (1)
x nx
- I
'1\
C 1I
2m
O
rn
+- 010
2
mCOl + m H;:O
( 4.J
m
y my
s6 mol X lil x, s6 mol Y Iii y, ta co: x + y:=; 0,02
(II)
Thea phan lfIlg (1, 2) va s6 mol O
2
ehay: nx + my -= 0,05 (III)
0,05 - O,02n
Tu cae phlto'ng trInh (II) va (In) ta co y=
m-n
Vl y la s6 mol cua Y nen 0 < Y< 0,02
. 0,05 - 0,0211
Kt.!!...Y.2Jl ta c6 ---- > rna m -n :::; 1,5n - m :::; 0,5n > 0
m-n
n{l:n y > 0 0,05 - 0,02n > => n <: 2,5
. 0.05-o,n2n 0,05-- O,02n
Khl Y< 0,02 ta e6 ---=-.----- < 0,02 :=) < 0,02
m-n 0,511
:=) Il > 1,67.
V 0 < Y< 0,02 :=;, 1,67 < n < 2,5 =:- n :::; 2.
CTPT ella X la (CH
2
0h tue la
Suy fa m == 1,5n = 1,S. 2 = 3 :=) crPT CI'Ia YIn. C3H60 3
'V} d X va Y phan Ung v{1i NaOH t<;10 fa mu6i, X va Y chi co la
axit este.
Ma theo CD'Yf ella X thi c6 c6 hai cA'u t'.10 :
CH
3
COOH HCOOCH
3
tue la RCOOR' trong do R == CH3; H.
Pha.n ti'r Y chi chua ba nguyen lU Y ding chi co the chti'a rnl>t nhom
este. Y la R
1
COOR
2
.
RCOOR' + NaOH -+ ReOONa + R'OH
(3)
arnol a
R,COOR
2
+ NaOH -+ R.COONa -+- R20H
(4)
a mol a
'Theo bili ta co: (R , + 67).a = ! ,647 .(R -I- 67).a
Hay R
1
== 1,647 R +
}'.hi X lit 'J;1P :=. 1) =:> R: = 68 :5 loZ!i VI
d6 My == Vt -I :'-'2:-;- -1- R:1, > lYl C,l'b()) :;: 90
13 HeOOe' ",,1'" '7. ::: 4:=i
Khi do then e6ng thuc R,COOR
2
:= 90 =-."> My = 45 + 44 + R
2
= 90
R2 = 1 tue lil H
R, phai ehCfa mt nguyen tlr oxi. Vi Y b! oxi hoa boi CUO fa :lndehit,
suy fa Y co nhom -CH
2
--OH.
eong thue cfiu Cli3 Y HO-CH
2
-CH
1
.--COOH
va eua ". la HCOOCH
3
2) Tfnh s6 gam X, Y: thay n = 2; In = 3 v;,w phvangtrlnh (III) ta dltqc h:
x + Y = 0,02 (II) x =0,01 va y =: 0,01

S6 gam X =: 0,01 . 60 =0,6gam
2x. + 3y = 0,05 (III)
S6 gam Y 0,01 . 90 = 0,9gam
Hai 97.
1/0'" h'!P X gom Izai clult him Cd A, B, no m{}ch hJ chua ctit: nguyen tf)' C,
1/j 0 vd chi c6 cae nhnm chuc -0// va -COOll .Chat A co hai nhom chue va
chat B chi co m(Jt nhom chuc..Nlu cho 15 gam hon JlllP X tac dl;lng hit vm No
thlfy bay fa 3,36 lit l/2 (dktc), con dl trung hoa 15 gam ho" hqp X ctin diing ,f.OO
ml dung dieh NaOl/. Khi d6t chay rnoi chat A B dlu thu JUlIc s6' mol CO}
bLing s6' mol H
2
0. Bitt rang A va B kh6ng phai la dong phan cua nhau. g6c
Izidrocacb{)n trong A co khoi lUlJn'! Lan hem goc hidrocacbon trong B_
1) Xac dinh cong thuc pJuin tii va cau tflo cua A, B.
2) Dun /long Jujn h(jp X vOi H
1
S0
4
dijc vOi 1400C co thl xtiy ra phan ling
giua 2 phdn tit A vm nhau, mflt phdn til A vOl mflt pluin tii B, viet cac
phuong trinh phan zmg tren.
Lai giai.
Ki g6c hidrocacbon cua A la R, theo bai A c6 hai nhom ehtrc, A
e6 111:
R(OH)2 , R(COOHh HO-R-COOH.
Kf hieu g6c hidroc(lcbon eua B la R', bai thl mR > mR' ; VI B chi c6
mt nhom chue, B co the 13 R'OB RCOOH.
Theo cae ki thl h6n hqp X e6 111 mllt trang cae Ic;la nang sau:
(I) R(COOH)2 va R'OH (3) HO-R-COOB va R'COOH
(2) HO-R-COOH va R'OH (4) R(OHh va R'COOH.
Khi phan Ung v(ri NaOH chi co nhom -COOH:
Cmg : R(COOH).. + nNaOH -+ RtCpONa)n + nH20
) phan ung tren thi s6 mol nhom -COOH == 56 mol NaOH
== 0,4 .0,05 :::: 0,2mol
him tfng vm Na thi ca nhom -COOll va -OH phim ling:
,--R(COOH)m + (n+m)Na -+ -I- 0,5(n+m)H2
phan tfng tren thl t6ng 56 mol nhom -COOH va -OH gnp dOi s6 mol H2
4:::: 2.0,15 == 0,3 mol
lR-llim.l. Vi A, B. no, m<;lch ha nell ta co:
khi chay t<;\o ra (n + 2)mo1C02va (n + 1)moUIl)
=mH
2m
+
I
-Ol-l khi chay ra m molC0
2
va (m + 1)molH20
'm gia thiet VI 56 mol CO
2
va 56 mol H
2
0 kbOng nhau.

-JO-R-COOH l do 56 mol OH cua A bang
J
s6mol COOH.
t'OH Ma s6 mol COOH ::::.0,2 mol
6ng t6 56 mol -OH va -COOH trang A :::: 0,2 . 2:::: 0,4 rna d A va B
,3 mol tcing 56 hai nhom nay. truang hqp (2) bj
!l!QQ.l.
I H,O-R-COOH } S6 mol-OH bang 56 mol A
R COOH :::: 0,3 - 0,2:::: 0,1 mol
[Jg 56 mol-COOH va -OIl la 0,3.
5mol COOH :::: 56 mol NaOH :::: 0,2.
ra 56 mol B :::: 0,3 - 2 . 0,1 :::: 0; 1
56 gam X :::: (R + 62) . r, i + (i<.' + 45). 0,1 :::: 15 =:> R + R' :::: 43
, /R'=H
VI M
R
> mR' =:) R < 43(2 = 21,5

Sco 2 car:
R'::::H= I HCOOH (B)
{
R =C
J
H
6
:::: 42 C
3
H
6
(OH)COOH (A)
R: .- =15 -+ CH)OOH (B)
{
R =,C
1
H
4
= 28 -+ C
1
11
4
(OH)COOH (A)
1,\'1
Truong hQQ.1.
Ala R(OH)2 } nB :::: n
COOII
:::: n
NaOH
:::: 0,2, suy ra
B iii R 'COOH nA :::: 112no
B
:::: 1.'2(0,3-0,2) == (1),05 mol
mx :::: rnA + rnB :::: (R +134).0,05:::: (R' + 45).0,2 = 15
=:> R+ 4R' :::: 86
Vi R >R' =:> R' + 4R" < R + 4R' = 86
=:> 5R' < 86 =:> R' < 86/5 =:> R/ < 17,2
Chi co hai gia tr! R' == 15 R' :::: 1.
- Neu R' :::: 15 lbi R :::: 86 - 4. 15 :::: 36 khOng c6 g6c phu hqp
- Neu R' :::: 1 thi R =82 c6 g6c Ct,H
IO
khOng no.
Hili 98.
Dot chay hoan toan 8)96 lit (dktc) h6n hfIP khi A g6m hai( olefin kt tiep
nhau frong day dong ddng.Cho san phdm dot chay di qua binh 1 d,fng HzSO" diJc,
sau do qua binh 2 dtptg NaOH dijc. Dtj timg kh6'j IUlf1Jg cua bz'nh 2 IUn hlYn binh 1
ld39 gam.
1) Xac d!nh cong thlle phan tu va tinh thdlZh phti'n % the,o thl tich hai
olefin c6 frong h6n hfIP A.
2) Cho A hlfP nuac khi co xue tac dUlfc h6n hlfP rUflu B. suat phdn
(mg hfIP nuuc cua cd hai olefin deli bling 50%. TrQn h6" hlfP B vcn lumg du h6n
hfIP axitfomic va ax;t axetic Ijoi dun nong trung s'! co mijt eua H
1
S'1" dije liim xuc
tac, sau phdn (mg thu dUlfC 11,811 gam h6n hfIP bon este.
sud! cz1a hai phdn fmg t!;lo thanh este cua cung mlJt IOl;li ruO'l!- bling
nhau, va bling 60% doi v6i IOl;li rulJU co it nguyen tu cacbon, bling 55% doi vOi IOl;li
rUl!" co songuyen tu cacbon nhilu hlY1J:
Tinh khtfi IUlf1Jg m6i axit dti gia phan itng este hoa.
LOi ghii
c6ng thuc eua hai olefin la C,.H
2n
va (n 2). S6mol hai o'ietin ::::
8,96 : 22,4::: 0,4 mol
1) Phan Ung chay:
CnH2I: + 3n/2 O2 -+ nC0
2
+ nH
2
0 (1)
x
nx nx
1,11
-.::::
"'"'
;!!il,
!,li!
,

1
Iii'
II!
II:
;1,
'\
!Ji
:,}:I I
i,li
I:,!!
"II
Hi!'I'
!'I':,I
,11
1

1
!i:il
II'
1:1
1
, '
"1"1
,I ,I
p11 i I
1
1
'
1 ,\",,1 ,1 :
:!!Ii
li;'(
1
l:il'l
!II
I
,:111
1'1'1
Iii i
Ib: '
!II: ,
III'
) l
1IIII
'!II:
I'111 '
lill
i'II'
l
1,1
:11 'II
,I,
'I'"
I'lii
,ii,
I11 III
1/111
i'III/
i,,1111
II
II
Iii
III!I
liilll
1'1'1
illl,I!1
I,! I
"I,! :
! 1':1 i
1: 1
'')"", ,:1
CIli-I H21l.4 + (3n+3)/2 O
2
---+ (n+I)CC'2 + (n+1)H20 (2)
(n+l)y (n+l)y
y
s6 mol CnH
2n
la x; s6 mol Cnt,H2n.4Ia Y, ta c6:
x + y ::..: 0,4
(I)
Kh6i luqng b111h 1 tang = mill) == L8[nx + (n+l)y]
Kh6i luqng blnh 2 ting::: 44(nx + (n+l)y]
Theodebaitac6:44[nx+(n+l)y] - 18[nx+(n+1)y] == 39
(II)
Hay 25n.(x + y) + 26y == 39
Giai (1), (ll) ta duqc: y = 1,5 - O,4n
VI 0 < y < 0,4 , suy fa 2,75 < n < 3,75 n == 3
_They n = 3 vao (Ill), ta dlt<;1c y == 1,5 - 0,4 . 3 == 0,3 moi
x == 0,4 - 0,3 =0,1 mol
%C H ::: (0,1/0,4) .100 = 25%; %C
4
Hg =: (0,3/0,4).100 == 75%
3 6
2) U'ng hqp nu6c:
C
3
H
6
+ H20
H1SO. )
C
3
H
7
0H (3)
C
4
Hg + H
2
0
_!.!../O. )
C
4
H
9
0H (4)
Vl sullt hqp nu& la 50% suy ra:
n
c
II 01(
1 1
==
0,1
--.50
100
== 0,05 mol; nc I( 0

== 0,15mo1
- Phan tffig este ;:03:
C H 0H + HCGOH 117"<;0.) HCOOC
3
H
7
+ H
2
0 (5)
3 7
C:,Hl)H + CH
3
00H CH
3
COOC3H7 + H20 (6)
C
4
H
9
0H + HCOOH - HCOOC4H9 + H20 (7)
C
4
H'IOH +- CH
3
00H CH
3
COOC4H9 + H20 (8)
bai sullt tham gia phan {mg este hoa cua C3H70H 1:1 60%, s6
mol C
3
H
7
0H phan lmg := (0,05/100).60 =0,01mol.
Hi?u suftt eua C
4
H
9
0H la 55%, s6 nol C4H90H phan tffig 13:
0,15.55/100 = 0,0825 mol.
_Thea cae phuang tnnh U'ng (5, 6, 7, 8) ta co tdng so mol hai axit phan
tffig tdng s6 mol hai nrqu. phan ling va btmg so mol H20.
Suy ra n HIO == = 0,03 + 0,0825 = 0,105
- Ap dl;1ng dioh bao toan kh6i hrqng eha de phan U'ng (5, 6, 7, S) ta c6:
nRl1\1U + maxll =. fnC'le + ;n1I
1
()
0,03 .60 + 0,0825.74 + mOUil = 11,811 + 18.0,105
18 + 6,105 + muir = 11,811 + 1,89 = lJ,701
m
ouil
phan lIng =13,701 - 7,905 = 5,796.
- s6 mol HCOOH dii phan u-ng la a; s6 mol CH
3
COOH la b, ta e6:
a + b == 0,105 } a = 0,036
46a + 60b = 5,796 b == 0,069
mHCOO
H
== 0,036.46 == 1,656 gam
nlClIlCOOJl = 0,069.60 =4,14 gam
Hai 99.
Co b:l hifP chat x, Y, Z diu co clfu tl;1O mCJch thdng, trong do X la andehit
no oem chilc, Y La rW!lI t101l chlie, Z La mljt ankan.
lIon hlfP A g6m cd ba chdt X, Y, Z. Khi tach Z ,.a khoi A thi dUl!c hon hl!P
R g6m X va Y.
Tn?n X va Z voi nhau dU(fc hon hfJ1J C.
Cho hon hr;p A tac dl;lng vita hit v6i V lit (dktc) hidro co niken dot nong
him xuc tac, toan b(l san phdm sinh ra eho tae het vat natri, dlll!c 5,04 lit
hidro.
Dot ehay hoan toan 0,9 mol hon hifP B, tim dUt!c 70,2 gam nllae va 277.2
gam CO
z
.Ltlf!1lg COz nhll eung thl( dll(fc kid dot ehay het a mol chat Z.
Khi tr(ln X va l' theo bat ki Ii nao, r6i dem dot choy 0,9 mol hon hlfP de"u
thu dU(fc 277,2 gam CO
2
,
Khi dot ehay mljt thl tich hU-l xae dlnh clia hon hlfP C, eho dil ti l hai chat
trong C fltay doi bat ki, thay kho'i lUf;mg nlltre ;u6n luon khong d6i. (Biet eac thl
tfch khi dlu do adie'u tieu chuan).
1) Tinh a
2) Lp cong thlic phan tu cua cae ehat lid thanh pha'n phd'n tram theo so
mol cua chung co frOllg luSn hfJP B.
3) Tinh V.
LOi giai. 1
) Tfnh a.
) 56 mol CO
2
thu duqc khi d6t chay 0,9 mol hOn hqp g6m X,Y:
= 277,2: 44 = 6,3 mol. n
eol
56 mol CO
2
kh6ng phl;! thul;>C vao ti X vaY. Suy faXva Y 06 cung s6
lI'r cacbon trong phAn tir :
D6t chay 0,9 mol X,Y thu dUqc 6,3 mol CO
2
d6t 1,0 mol X.Y thu duqc (6,3.1)/0,9 =.7 mol
andehft X va m9U Y deu la C;.
+) Khi J6t chay hOn hqp C thi lugng ntIC1C fa kh6ng phI) thuc vao t;
ehit X va hidrocacbon Z , suy ra X va Z c6 cung s6 luang nguyen tU hidrC'
lful tv .
r. X In andehit rno dem chuc c6 c6ng thuc chung 13 CnH
2n
O rna n = 7,
( 130 C;H
I4
0. Z c6 14 nguyen fir hidra trang pha.n tir. Thea de l:iai, Z la
IC la c6 c6ng thuc chung C
n
H
2n
+
2
, suy fa 2n+2 =14, tlIe n= 6.
Z la
-:6 phan lIng chay Z: Ct,H
14
+ 9,5 O
2
----)0 6 CO
2
+ 7 H
2
0 (1)
I mol ------)0 6 mol
a mol (- 6,3 mol
a 6,3: 6 = 1,05 mol.
Xac d!uh c(')fig thl1C va thanh phful clla cac cha't trong h6n hqp B:
'-Ihu tren d1i bitt hOn hqr B g6m andehit c,H
14
0 va nIqu m<.'ch dan
:> 7 nguyen tv cacoon. Nqu Y la C;HbO.
b J) b
C,HbO +
(
7 + 4" -"2 O2 ----)0 7C02 + "2 H20 (2)
x 7x b/2y
C-']H
I4
0 + 10 O
2
----)0 7CO
z
+ 7H
2
0 (3)
y 7y 7y
s6 mol fUqu Y la x; s6 mol andehit X la y.
Thea dt bai ta c6: x + y =..: 0,9 (1)
ox 70,2
S6moIH
2
0: bx+ 14y=7,8 (II)
lar.
- Thea phuang triah (II) nc'u b = 14 tue In khi x va Y la d6ng phful ella nhau,
thi ta eo 14x + 14y =7,8 x + Y =7,8/14::: 0,56 trai vai gilt thit cho x + y =0,9.
Ho;;tc dt;ra va-a phan lIng chay (1 )(2), khi d6 s6 mol H
2
0 phai btmg s6 mol CO
2
,
Thea de bai 56 mol H
2
0 = 3,9; s6 mol CO
2
::: 277,2/44 =6,3.
,
V Y la ruqu kh6ng no, hIc la b < 14. Nhu ttt phuang trlnh (II), ta co :
bx + by < bx + 14y < 14x + 14y
b(x + y) < 7,8 b < 7,8/0,9 ::: 8,67.
Trang cae hqp chat CxHyO
z
thl y lU6n lu6n 13 s6 chan; b Ia. s6 ehan, nho
han 8,67. Suy ra c6ng thuc Y eo the 13 cae eha.'t sau :
y
KhOng Ia'y gia tIi VI khi d6
b
8
kh6ng c6 ruqu tuang U'ng.
6
4
Nhu e6 ba :
Op thu nhat: f11<JU la C;HgO x + y = 0,9 (1) - } x = 0,8 88,9%
andehit la c,H
I4
0 8x + 14y = 7,8 (II) y =0, I=:> 11.1 %
I
Op thlI hai: ruqu c,H60 x + Y = 0,9 } x =0,6 ::::) 66,7%
andehit la c,H
I4
0 6x + 14y =7,8 y =!0,3::::;. 33,3%
cap thu ba: ru<Jl1la c,H
4
0 x + y = 0,9 } x ='0,48 53,3%
andchit 130 C,H
I4
0 4x + 14y = 7.8 y::: 0,42 46,7%
3) Tinh V St;r fl)ng hqp H
2
phl;! thuC vao mue d khCmg no cua f11qu. V1
hOn hqp B duqc ra khi tach Z ra khoi hOn hqp A, suy fa ti I gilia X va. Y Lrong B,
cling chinh la ti I cua ehung atrong A.
N u la cap thu nhat ta co S(J d6 sau.
4H2 ,+Na 'j
c,HgO + ----)0 ) c,H1sONa + I(2H;2
x' 4x' x'
H
2 +Na
C;H
I4
0 + --+ c,HI60 c,H
I5
0Na + I/2H
2
j
l .
y' y' y'
..J
'----r--'
l(2(x' +y') = 5,04 = 0225
4x'+y' x'+y':::0,45 22,4 ,
147

1,:1
I:
:!I
iJ

ill
,II 1:1'
II
iii
l
iiil:

I: '
III,
11),
ii,'II:
ill
Ii
I, 'I!
Iii
II: !
II
1
]'1
Iii'
;Ii
illl!
II
'I'
ii:
!I
iii
:11
1:'1
'i'
II
ill i
I
:11 i
II I
II
1
I
III;
1:,1' I,
III
I" ,
Iii I
1 '
:1,:',',:1,11
"I'
':;,1
I'"
1:1
1:
1
I,!I
I"
1'1
::(,
Theo t1
. 1
Cso
.
mo
I'
(1 C.1p
-
t
h'
L1 n
h'
at ta co:
,
-
X'
= -
0,8
= 0,8 yay
} x' = 0,4
'. y' 0,1 .
y' =0,05
Suy fa s6 mol II;! -= 4 . 0,4 . 0.05 = 1,65 mol
V = 1,65. 22,4 = 36,96 lit
Neu 13 c{}p thCr hai ta co sa d6 sau.
5H
J
+Na j
+ ----.) + 1/2H
2
x' 5x'
HI
j
+ C
7
H
1t
,O
+ InH
2
y' y'
'---y-----J
5x' + y'
x = 0,3
T; J a hai: x'/y' = 0.6/0,3 2 =:>
{
y' = 0,15
x'+y' = 0,45
=:> n lll = 5x' + y' = 5.0,3 .0,15 = 1,65 =:> V =36,96 11t
Ii'! cap thu ba Tlte1ng ttf nhtr trcn ta co:
nl/ 6x'+y'
l
max'+y'=0,45
x' = 0,24 nIII = 1,65mol
:=)
0,48

x'/y'= 0,42 y' == 0,21 V =36,96lft
100.
HlfP chat A la este chl chua m(>t lOfli nhom chuc. A dUllc tflo bOi axil J( va
Uf!ll Y, diu la nhfrng hlfP chat no. Trong phiin Iii' cua A co chua hai vong d9
c

tit 6 Ira lin). Cong thue don gidn cua A lQ (C
ll
,lJlJJ.7S0 7.J1I' Xac d;nh e{mg
'Iue phiin tii cua A, til d6 xcii: dinh cong Ihue phan IU cua X, Y va viet eong thitc
ii'u t(,lO eua mt)t este irng vOi X, Y d6.
Lm giai.
. - Thea c6ng thtlc dan gi.l.:J clla A, ta c6 c6ng thue pha.. ti'r clia A Iii :

- VI A chi c6 mt 10<,li chuc este, c<')ng thuc trtn c6 la:
(C(I hay (I)
- Vi X, Y la d.c hI!!) chat no, suy fa A Ii'! este no, do do hai yang co trong A Ia
hal yang no, hay wang dlfang v61 2 lien n. V'/J.y c6ng thvc cua A co
CpH
2
Pf-2_2,,(COO), hay CpH
2P2
(COO)1 (II)
(a 13 56 hrqng lien kc't IT trang g6c hidracacbon; theo tren ta co a = 2).
Ap c6r.g thue (1I) d6i \/6i cha't A dL1qc viet a (I), ta co:
p -7 5n }
, =:> 2.7,5n-2=13,75n => n = 1,6
t - 3,75n .
Thay n = 1,6 v?w (I), ta duqc c6ng thli'c phan llr A 13 C
ls
H
n
O
J2
. A 130 estc
6 Un. c6ng thirc cua X 13. R(COOH)n ; clla Y Ii'! R'(OH)m'
Ta co:
m R(COOH)n + n R'(OH)m Rm(COO)nmR'm + nrnH
2
0 (lll)
n.m=6
n",,;, 1 2 3 6
m,,",,,, 6 3 2 1
co 4 tNang hqp phai xet:
Twang haP 1.
- A d\r\1c bOi axit no don chuc (n= 1) va nrqu no 6 (m =6). Khi do c6ng
thli'c A theo (III) c6 d<;\ng (RCOO)6R'.
- Vi A chi co 18 cachon, suy ra R chi c6 Ii'! II CH
J

a) Ncu R =Ji thl Ala (HCOO)6R' == C

1R
H
n
0
J2
R' la: C
12
H
I6
VI A chua hai yang d<!c kh6ng nho hem 6 suy ra
trang g6c R' phai co hai yang 6 qmh tuc la:
0-0
- V N<;ru co 6 nhern -OH c6 Ii'!:
Hcao oaCH
OH OH

SuyraA HCOo--9-----P

HCOO OOCH
b) R Ii'! CH
J
-:
Tucmg tt! thl R' la CfjH
6
, kh6ng tht chua bai yang no 10i;li.
'rttemg hop 2.
A Wi axil no hai Ian axil (n = 2) va ruqu no ba IAn nrgu (m ::: 3).
Theo phim ling fa estf" va e6ng thue pMm tli ella A, ta de dang tlm dugc
va ruqu C)H'j(OH). Estc c6 tht Ia:
0
/C--O, Il--C"
CH ''''..
I 2 0 0 CH
2
CH
I II II J I 2
CH
2
CH-CH2-O-C-CH
1
-CH -C-O-CH -eH
"'.. /' 2 2 . CH
C-O "'.. /' 2
" O--C
o "
o
rntO'ng hqp 3.
A bCri axil no ba Uin (n == 3) va ruqu no 2 lc\n. Tuang ttf nhlf truClng hgp 1
Ig hqp 2. Ta tim dugc:
<\xil X la C3H'j(COOH)J va nrqu Y la Estc co the la:
b) AgClO
J
+ Ol2 --; AgCl + CiO
z
+ O
2
c) KC/O
J
+ HfSOld) KClO" +KHS0
4
+ Cl0
2
+ H
2
0
d) KC/O
J
+ HJC
2
0
4 -+ K2C10" + CO
2
+ CiO
z
Ciiu 2.
1. Chi dUCfc dung Cu(Oll)z ld hoa chat duy nhat ca'n lay them, hay chi ro
phuO'1Jg phap ra 4 19 d1f1Jg 4 dung djch etanol, etanal, axit glixerin dii
I
hoa tan trong nwtc.
I
2. Cho naphtalen tac dl;lng v6i RNO) c6 H
2
S0
4
lilm xuc tac, thu dUl!c sdn
phdm chua 2 nh6m nitro. Viii cau tl}o cua san phdm. I
II
3. Til toluen hily diiu cht axit p-aminoben.r.oic. II
II
Cau3.
II
II:
Cho hon hqp X g6m Cu
2
0 va Fe10J vao dung dieh H
2
S0
4
2M. khuay di'v.
il :
cho cac phan ling hoim toiln, sau d6 Iflc dUCfc 3,2 gam ch(ft ran kh6ng tan va du9'c I
dung dich Y. Th6i khi NH
J
du velo Y, lay ktt tua n.c ngoai kh6"g khf 0- 30rrc 1m
I
kh{ii 11l{11lg khong tI6i, khoi IUlfng chat ran thu dUl!c 6dng 1/2 khat IUlfTIg hon
CHz-COO-CH
1
I I
CH-COO-CH
2
I
CH
2
-COO-O-I
z
I
CH2-COO-CH
2
I /
CH-COO-CH
2
I I
CH
z
-COO-CH
2
Tntang hop 4.
A b&i axil 6 va ruqtl 1 Ian bi 10<;\1
hf.JP X dil dung. Lay 1/10 d1,mg dfch f pha loang thanh 1000mi dw!c dung dfch co
!
pH:O.
II
(I) Viit cac phuong tn'nh phdn (eng dii xdy ra.
b) Tinh s6' gam honi hf!iJ X va so lit dung dfch H
2
S0
4
2M da dung. Iii
.' Cdu 4.
Dot chay hOall toa), 1,34 gam chat A chi tim duc;c 2,2 gam CO
2
va 0,9 gam II:
I
0. A co cong thuc phdn tLl trimg v6i cong thuc d(m gidn nhpt. A tac dlfrig VOl H
2 I
anhidrit axetic tl}o ra este 2 ltln este; A kh6ng phdn (mg v6i AgNO) trong NH
J
.
Khi tac dl}ng v,6i dung d!(;h axil vo C(f Ioang tit A chi thu dUl!c rrletllnol vel hl!P chat
ill
B, chat nay vua tham giaphdn ung trang gUO'ng, vlia phdn ling vOi andehit axetic
ra este 3 ldn. Khi bj oxi hoa nhang fhi B chuyln thanh axil cacboxylic C;
ami! cua axil nay phon cmg vtri B:-
2
frong 51! c6 mtJ.t cua NaOH t'?-o Tfl amoniac va
Oa. glixerandehit
Xlic dinh c6ng 11kc c:fu tl}o cua A, B, C va viit tat cd cac phuong trinl: i
De thi Mon H6a (tho; gum lam bai 180 phllt) I
phon (mg. Bilt B va C c6 cung s6luCfllg cacbon va dlu c6 it hl111 A mt nguyerl tu
I
cacbon
I
Cau 1.
1. Neu cac ml;lc dich chinh cua vifC sit dl}ng Criolit trong qUii trinlr san Cho H::: 1 C::: 12 o :::!6 Cu = 64 Fe :::56
hom til qu(illg boxit. I

2. Gidi th{ch qua trinh phd huy cua thanh nhom tTong dung djch NaOH.
3. lloan chinh cae phurmg trinh phdn ,mg sau:
a) IlgO + ell --+ HgCl + ClzO
z
151

ca.!llY.
+) C1PT eLla A Iii.
1
H-loCH
3
CJl,C- --11 I H flO-H
t) IIi'OI I
H OB If' H OB HOB I
fE----i I-l
ttl-
OH
. Ir Oli -0 -eHJOH H
CH2 --0
(A (8)

COOH

CHO
H OH 2
H+OB
Br
2
/NaOH
IG]
.
- ..
IIt
OiI
OH
H-r0
1I

CH
2
0H
CJI
2
0H CH
2
0H
(C) amit glixerandchit
100 CAU H(H vA BAI IIOA JnJu CO
Tnc gia: ','RAN THJ\CHVAN
ell.ilJ.. tr6.ch nhim xllat ban:
Giam doc: PI L\M VAN AN
T8ng bien tp . NGUYEN NELl' Y
Bien t(ip :
NGO NGQC Al'T
SJa h/m in.: HOANG VINll
Ve bill: IHNNH LlfdNG
In 2000 cuon , khr> 14,5 x 20,5 xi in 1. S6 xuat him
214/726-97CXB. In x(,ng va n9P 1t1U thang 1/1998
1"";
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
"\(
I
I
I
I
I
I