!

 



 


    

( ! )
http://saaid.net/Doat/hasn/index.htm

"# $ % * ) ( + ! -

 
3 * /  7  5   
 *+@? 3= < 3 9  "

G% D% -E
F #AB!

@?  :H1997 J@K
@?  :O - 1427 -
2006 G


...

...

 ) 868 775 255 159 /

(:

... ...



-1

-2

-5
-6

-3
-4

-7
-8
-9
-10
-11
-12
-13

   

.




.


.


:
o

.

.

.


.



.


.

.

10


.


.

.
. .

27 : 1427

11

   

... ...
.




.
...

.

... .

12




:


.


.



.

.

13



.

.



.


" "
.


.

14







.



.

.


..

15

4 : 1997

16

17

 #$ 

:
.1
.
.2
.
.3
.

:

.1

.
.2
.

18

.3
.4
.5

.6

.

.


.

.

.

.


...

19


.






.

20

21

& #
' :) )

22

23

' :) )

.


.
Forster "

" . Orr
" :
" .
"

".
Edwards " :
...
.

24



".



.

" " .
.

" " .

...

.
Goodspeed "

25



.

".




.



.

.
.

26

 Prochazka "

".

:

-1

-2

-3

-4

) (

.

. "
"
.

.

27


.

.

.
.



.


.
" :
"

28

+* '
Transfer Strategy

Newmark "
/
/ ".
Catford "
) source
" ( language "SL )

" ." ( target language "TL

.

29

 Halliday "
SL TL

".
Pinchuch "

" .
Kelly "
".
" " text
. " "

.

.

.


.

30


SL
.TL
Translation is simply the attempt to replace a
textual material in the Source Language (SL) by an
equivalent textual material in the Target Language
(TL).

. Widdowson "



" .

.

:
:
.SL

31

 :
.TL

.
" " Transfer
Strategy :
SL SL Rethink TL


.


.
"
"
SL TL


.

32

 .


.


.

) (:


.

.Sport
:
Sport Rethink

33


... .
:Writer
Writer Rethink
Bank
.

:.
:
Bank Land along the side of a river Rethink
Book

.
:
Book To Reserve Rethink

: :

34

 " "

.
.inter-governmental committee
" " .draft
:
The seven-state inter-governmental committee has
discussed the draft resolution.
:
I move the adoption of the following resolution.
move
adoption :
) ( ) (.
:

35


.

: : /
: : /
: : :
: : /
: / : / :
: : /
: / : :
: :
: : / .
:
This is particularly true for the human element.
Behavior and awareness of affiliation thus his
individual interest is suited with the common
interest are considered main determinate of
productivity
differentials
between
various
communities.

36


:
: analysis
SL
. :
: synthesis

TL
.

.

" ".

37

 .
Translator's Role

.



.

.


. well-versed
.

.

38

 .
" "
) ( .


" " .

.

.

.

.

.


.

39



.

.
Justin O'Brien
" : .

".



literary taste
. " Nabocov

".

.

40


.


.

.


.



.


.

.

41

 .

.


.

.

monolingual skills

listening speaking reading
.writing

Bilingual Speaker Competent
.Translator

.

42


.

.

.

.
SL
.TL
Assumption

.
Not any bilingual speaker is a competent
translator.

.

43


.


.
.


.

44

0 '
Kinds of Translation

Jakobson

.intralingual translation
.

.

.interlingual translation

. .
)
(
. .

45


.intersemiotic translation

.

.
interlingual
translation :
-1 :Written Translation
.




.
-2 :Oral Interpretation

46


.
.

.
:
: :At-Sight Interpreting
.
SL
TL
.
: :Consecutive Interpreting

47

 ...
.


.
.
: :Simultaneous Interpreting


.
SL
.TL

.

.

quick response

48

 concentration
relaxation
consistence
.vocabulary
.self-confidence



. :
.

.

. : .
....

49

10)6 ) #31023
Levels of Language Analysis

.
.

:
This table is out of place.
table
...

. :
-1 :Lexical Meaning


.

50

 : linguistic meaning
.technical meaning
interpretation
commentator ...
.

.

.
:
-2 :Textual Meaning


... .

. pure " "
" .
"
:

51

pure language
pure man

pure mathematics

pure sciences

pure water

pure gold

pure Egyptian

pure angels

contain " " " " .

:
to contain a crisis

to contain an enemy




" .
harsh " " "
:
harsh language

to contain feelings
to contain involvement
to contain acts

52

harsh words
harsh clothes
harsh man

.
:
far-reaching

broad-minded

:
to lower pause / muffle

to devalue currency

to moderate interest rate
to curtail government spending

to curb inflation

wide-spread
knowledgeable
patient forbearance
merciful

53


:
-3 :Contextual Meaning

. :

.
" "

. :
The football world cup will be held at USA in
coming June.

Nahmad
:From Arabic Press
:

54



.


.
:

Modern Farming
The Minister of Agriculture stated that he would
keep before him the raising of the standard of
agriculture in the country, and that he would spare
no effort to place, as far as possible, the most
recent innovations achieved by modern science
within reach of the farmers, through the
employment of mechanical aids, with one aim in
view and that was the facilitating and building up
of an up-to-date well-organized agriculture.


.

55

 .
:
: ) (
) ( farming
.agriculture
:
.
) (
.farmers
:
mentioned .said
.stated

.
: " " ) (

. country
.

56


.
: results
.outcomes
innovations
.


.
: in view
.

) ( .
.
: up-to-date
"
" .
.redundancy

57


:
-3 :Suggestive Meaning
.
:
On seeing the ghost, they stood motionless.
motionless .

.
.
:

:

.


.

58

 .Snow White :
:
The girl is as fair as Snow White.
:
The girl is as white as snow.
:
.
.
:



.

59

 7+'
Translation Techniques

Translation Equivalent
.Formal Correspondent

:
-1
:Transliteration

:
intifada

jihad

:
technology

democracy

)
( .Arabicization

60

 -2 :Translation Equivalent
:
candid camera

contact lenses

:
haste makes waste

still water runs deep

-3 :Formal Correspondent
:
to float currency

the first lady

to launder money
) (
cold war

the premier
) (
black market

61



.
:
The door of the class
:


.

:

.
.

.
:
She got seriously ill last night.
:

62


.

.

.

.


.

.


.


.

63


) (
) ( .

.


" "
.

.
) (
.
.
.

.
.

64


Functional Shift
"
".
"Functional Shift is a translation procedure
involving a change in the grammar from SL to
TL".

SL
.
content words
nouns verbs
adjectives .adverbs

.

:
: :
He admires her greatly.
- : .

65

 : . : . ) ( :
.
: . :
The situation has deteriorated very sharply.
:
. . . . . : :
The decision was made for the good management
of the company.
.

66

The conference recommended the early

implementation and speedy operation of the
project.
) (
.
:
:

.
The conference reviewed the achieved progress
(progress achieved) in the projects being
implemented.
: :
The President recommended that a committee
should be formed for handling that matter.
) (
.
: :

67

I should like to make a slight reference that the

University has lavishly given out insignificant
prizes to all graduates.

.
Brutal as he is, sometimes he betrays signs of
unequalled delicacy.

.
: :
the achievements of the past decades

The lady in black

Mubarak of Egypt

68

 stress .
:

His statement is a :
completely false There is absolutely no :
truth in his statement

word order .



.

69

< 9: 823

Language Deviation
"

".
"A linguistic deviation is the deviation from the
expected norms of the language".

:
:

.
:
.

" : ".
.
" : "
.

70

 " : "
:
:
.
"
" .
:


!
" " .

:
?How to steal a bank
.
to steal
"

71

 ... " . .
" ." to rob
:
: .
:
?How to rob a bank
:
:

:

72

' 9> : 3:!

!?Translation: An Art or a Science

.

.

.
Cleary

.

"
" .

73

 . Cleary
.
Savory
. " :


" . Savory


.

" " .faithfulness


.
Dil Nida "
" .
Nida
.

74


.
Dil

.
.
Nida

. Nida actual
process scientific study.
"
" "
comparative linguistics

." semantics " "

Nida

75


.
McGuire
" " normative theory
"
" . McGuire Nida
"

" .


.

Newmark .
Newmark
. Newmark
" " "
Law of Translation
.

76

 " . "
Nida Leipzig

".
Newmark "


... ".

.
) ( McGuire

.



.

77



.
Nida .
:
-1 .
-2 .
-3

.

.
) (

.


.

78




.

.

.



.

79

0$ :'
Rules of Translation

.

.
" -1

) ( ".
"It is impossible to obtain unexceptionably and
exhaustively determined translational rules".

" -2
".
"The translator may add to or delete from the
translated text with sound discretion".

. :

80

:
He played a prominent role and exerted a highly
appreciated effort.
" " played :
.exerted :

:
Among other people, Abu Bakr was the most
ascetic and the most modest; the noblest in
manners, the plainest in apparel, and the most
frugal in food.
:
. :

.
:
The good attribute, highly appreciated qualities
and noble merits you do possess presage a bright
future.

81

 :
you possess
.do :

:
heavy rain and clouds
heavy rain.clouds
" -3

".
"Literal Translation is sometimes a valid and
legitimate method WHEN syntactic relations are
also EXPLICIT thematic relations".
:
It is threefold disgrace for a man to be in misery
for want of food.
:

.

82


:

.
:
My friend was stung by a bee yesterday.
:
.
. :

.
:
Tom is in a dire need of that medicine whenever he
gets nervous..
:
.
. :
.

.

83

 .
:
This is Ali
:

:
He was here
:

Meaning-
bound .
" -4 :

.


".

84

"Translation Unit: The pedagogically easiest to

handle translation is the sentence, because it
reveals a self-contained network of the often
complicated inter-play of lexis and syntax. The
sentence
is
a
syntactically
structured,
communicatively controlled, context-sensitive
combination of linguistic signs that are formally
marked off from other sentences of the same text
by means of punctuation marks".

.
"

".

.

.

85



. )

( .

.



.

.


.

86


.

.


.

.
.
:
The following measures have profoundly shaken
French institutions in a way that has not been
known in local government for a century: what has
remained of government supervision has been
abolished; control of procedural legality has been
reorganized and regional audit offices established;
executive power has been transferred to the
chairman of deliberative assemblies; regions with
full powers have been created; powers of
economic intervention have been extended to
regional and local authorities; powers previously

87

exercised by the State have been transferred in

complete stages to the various types of authorities;
corresponding State resources have been
transferred to these authorities; specific local
characteristics have been introduced into
legislation; a territorial civil service has been
created and previous devaluation regulations have
been adapted to the new relations between the
State and the local authorities.

" .
."
-5

.
:
o
o
Untranslatability occurs when it is impossible to
build functionally relevant features of the situation

88

into the contextual meaning of the TL text.

Broadly speaking, this falls into two inter-related
categories:
o Cases where the difficulty is linguistic,
o Cases where the difficulty is cultural.


.
. " "
Denys Davies :
:

:
The headmaster's lower jaw dropped in
astonishment and Tureifi escaped punishment.
lower jaw
punishment escape

.
:

89

:
Haneen is a man blessed of God
God

.
:

.
:
and that Haneen was a holy man who would not
frequent the company of someone unless he had
perceived in him a glimmering of spiritual light.
good
holy . spiritual

light .
" "

.

90


.
" "
.Le Gassick
:

.
:
On other occasions she had said that a real
madness overcame her daughter when she got very
angry and she nicknamed her tempers the
"Khamsin", after the vicious and unpredictable
summer winds.

:
and she called her the "Khamsin", after the known
winds

" "
.

91


.

.

92

93

& #?
@0A ' B3

94

95

@0A ' B3

SL TL
.

semantic equivalent







.

.

96


.


.

:
My father is a teacher
:


.




...
.

97

 .

. "
" Everything is
! translatable and nothing is

98

 -1)G F.DE.
Selecting Proper Meaning

.
.


.
.

.
.
privatization
" " "
" " " .
affixes
prefixes suffixes
.

99



.
.
" : " .
Islamization " "
. "
" .
:
seaside holiday maker
the complicated nature of
long experience
- - great love
to brief mention
astonishment


.

:

100

 - section
- record
authority agency - organization

.


. :
Dozens of people were killed.
dozen " " " " .
" :
"!!
" " .
:
.
:
Several plots are assigned to private investors in
new cities.
.
plot
" " . :

101



.
:
Sleeping policemen help reduce car accidents.
.
sleeping policemen
. :
.

snake
serpent house
home .




.

102

103

 -2E)GJ  8 ?H

Cultural or Environmental Differences




.
untranslatability
SL .TL

boy friend girl friend

.


.
porridge
pork dinner-jacket pulloversari
kimono .

104

 " " "

" " " " " " "
.

1transliteration
.
. "
" iddat :
the period during which a divorced or widowed
woman cannot be married (according to Islam).
.
.

" "
. :

" :
".
Denys Davies:
1

.57

105

And Hajj Abdul Samad said: I'll divorce my wife if

Zein hasn't got himself married and a real
proper marriage it is too.

.
"
"
.
2

.


"
" !!

:

.:
2

106

His "Lila" this time was a young girl from among

the Bedouin.
Lila


.


.
"

"
.

" " .
" " "
".

.
.

107

 " "
.
.
.
:
3

.

.

.

.
" " "
" .
Newmark
"
3

.55 :

108

 " .



.



.

109

 -3 M)+ K3L
Word Usage

.
" " :

:
) (

.


) / ( .

.
scarlet red .

broken

110

 collarbone .fractured clavicle

purchase buy gratuity
.tip

neutral
offspring issue
kids .children


:
INFORMAL
FORMAL
home
abode

edifice
impecunious
sufficient
deceased
beverage

building
poor
enough
dead
drink

garments

clothes

111

start / begin
look into
find out
stop
try
tell
use
live

commence
investigate
ascertain
desist
endeavor
notify
employ
dwell

live
put up with
read
think
open

reside
tolerate
peruse
deem
inaugurate

use
find out
give
end

utilize
discover
furnish
terminate

112


.


.
.

British American

.

. radio :
to
immigrant squatter teenager lengthy
advocate to locate to belittle live wirehot air
third degree cold war .mass meeting


OK : I guess to check up on to
win out.to lose out

113



. :
BRITISH
AMERICAN
bank holiday
legal holiday

petrol
gas

sweets
candy

tap
faucet

side walk
druggist
subway
desk clerk

pavement
chemist
underground
receptionist

Foreign Secretary
.Secretary of State
Chancellor of
Exchequer Secretary of

114

 .the Treasury
Secretary State of War
... Secretary of War.


.

.
:
: ":"l
BRITISH
AMERICAN
signalled
signaled
traveller
traveler
: " "-or ":"-our
BRITISH
AMERICAN
labour
labor
colour
color

115

 : " "-ize ":"-ise

BRITISH
AMERICAN
civilise
civilize
naturalise
naturalize
" "-ize
" "-ization
.
: " "-e- " "-ae- ":"-oe-
BRITISH
AMERICAN
mediaeval
medieval
diarrhoea
diarrhea

.
: " "-ection ":"-exion
BRITISH
AMERICAN
inflexion
inflection
reflexion
reflection
.

116

:"-re" " -er" :

BRITISH
AMERICAN
centre
center
metre
meter
:
BRITISH
AMERICAN
tyre
tire

enquiry
inquiry

programme
program

pyjamas
pajamas
( )
pretence
pretense
-
practise
practice

draught
draft
-
offence
offense

kerb
curb

defence
defense

grey
gray

cigarette
cigaret

cheque
check

117

storey
axe
catalogue
nought
entrust
enclose
enrol
fulfil

story
ax
catalog
naught
intrust
inclose
enroll
fulfill

118

( )

 -4)Q P)NO
Gender
masculine feminine
.

. :
a new book
a new magazine


.


male .female
:

woman
man
girl
boy
mother
father

119

daughter
sister
aunt
niece
queen
she

son
brother
uncle
nephew
king
he

sex
.
" "-ess

:

Host
Author
Prince
Actor

hostess
authoress
princess
actress

teacheress ... doctoress.

120


.
:
Generic Name Name of Male
Name of Female .Name of Young

dog
cow .
foal
colt.filly
:

bears
cats

bear
tom cat

cattle/calf
deer
dogs

bull
buck/stag
dog

bear
queen/cat/
pussy
cow
doe/hind
bitch

cub
kitten

121

calf
fawn
)pup(py

calf

cow

bull

-duckling
cub
gosling
kid
foal
cub
piglet
chick

jennet
duck
vixen
goose
nanny
mare
lioness
sow
hen

-pup
lamb

doe
cow
ewe

jackass
drake
dog
gander
billy
stallion
lion
boar
rooster/
cock
buck
bull
ram

dolphin/
porpoise/
whale
donkey
ducks
fox
geese
goat
horses
lions
pig
poultry/
chicken
rabbit
seal
sheep

he sex
it female she male

.

122

he
she
it
she, he
it, he
it, she
it, she, he

son boy man
daughter girl woman
tree chair table
cousin teacher doctor
ram buck bull
ewe sow goose
dog cat bear

she car
boat engine plane hovercraft

gender
sex
!

.

123

 .

she

.

:
The doctor lost his hat

The doctor lost her hat

:
The doctor went to the hospital
:

"

".
"Gender in English is rather the exception than the
rule".

124

 -5 823
Number
:
cat/cats ... man/men :
- :verbs
The man comes .
The men come .
- :demonstratives
these men / this man

present tense
singular .plural
third person singular :
He comes

I come / they come etc.

past tense :to be
I was

125

They were


countables
uncountables
cat book road butter petrol bread
.


indefinite articles a
bread





.an
) (uncountable ).loaf (countable


.some
) (
.
:

126

 Cat is
:
Butter is

. :
?Would you like some giraffe
.
.

:
A petrol I like very much is Brand X.

" " a kind of " " a
.piece of :
a love
an oil
a mutton
disobediences

loaf / bread

127

 a soap a
cake of soap
soap loaf
.
:cake
Would you like a cake? LOAF
Would you like some cake? BREAD

collectives
:
The committee have decided
England have won the World Cup.

:
The committee have decided
:
...
:
The committee has decided

128

 :
/ ...


.demonstratives

" " :
scissors trousers ... pliers .
" " . :

three cats : seventy dogs
... .
one scissors .ten scissors

.these scissors

police .clergy

129

 thirty police thirty

policemen
. )
.( committee people
) thirty people these people
... ( . .cattle
dozen "
" . :
a dozen eggs
) a score a gross (.
a lot :many
a lot of men are
kind of:
these kind of people
:
. :
. .
.
:

130

vice chairman
:

:
You are industrious students
:




.

131

 -6 8 9R23
Tense
"
".

)"Tense is the correspondence (relationship
between the FORM of VERB and our own
CONCEPT of TIME; past, present or future".
:
He likes / takes present
He liked / took past
the perfect
... the progressive
auxiliaries to be .to have

.

. shall will
modal auxiliaries
can may .

132

 ) shall ( will

.
will
:
:

I will come if you ask me

:
:

She will sit for hours

That will be John

:
Oil will float on water
shall threat
:promise
You shall have it tomorrow
The teacher shall punish me
shall will
.

133


:
I am flying to Paris tomorrow
I am going to ask you a question

Term starts on Monday
/
He is about to speak

will shall .


ex-wife fiance
grandfather
!pluperfect

134


:
Past Simple: He came yesterday.
Past Progressive: He was coming yesterday.
Past Perfect: He had come the day before.
Past Perfect Progressive: He had been coming the
day before.

reported speech
sequence of
tenses :
He said he went to London everyday.
:
I go to London everyday.
went
said said
.
present tense
:

135

The ancient Greeks discovered that the world is

round, but Romans maintained that it was flat.
is was
.
is was .

.
:
:
:

I wanted to ask you something.

?Could you pass me the salt
: :
I wish I knew.
I wish I had one.
: :
If John comes, I shall leave. Real
If John came, I should leave. Unreal
) came ( should

136


.
.

. " " "
" . " "
" " .


.

:


.


:
I had breakfast at seven this morning.

137

 :
I have had my breakfast.

:
John arrived at four this afternoon.
:
John is here now.

:
We learned that yesterday / We found that out
yesterday.
:
We know that


:
Shakespeare depicted Hamlet as indecisive.
:

138

Shakespeare depicts Hamlet as indecisive.

.

.


.

:
He arrived
:
He is here now

:
I understood / I caught on

139

 :
I understand
" " he is here "
" I understand

.


.

:
He studies
He studied
He will study
He is studying
/ He was studying
/ He will be studying

140

 He has studied
He had studied
He will have studied

. :

:
Allah was, is and will be forgiving
" "
. :
Allah is Oft-Forgiving
:

:
I know you to be honest
:

- :

141

I have known him to be honest

.
:

:
Ali did not come

.:

:

The lazy will not succeed

.

.

142

 )(1
The Verb #
:
:
o base form: walk / eat
o "-s" form: walks / eats
o past tense form: walked / ate
o present participle (-ing) form: walking / eating
o past participle form: walked / eaten
form tense

.
present participle (-ing) form
past participle form
.:
There's a broken window in the kitchen.
.

Most of people singing were women.

.

143

 ) ( infinitive form
.non-finite forms of the verb
:


. :
He deals the cards


He deals with problem

He looks for the book

He looks at the book

He relies on his friends

His poverty deprived him of schooling

144




.
:
to discuss
" " :
:
to look for
" "

:
" " :

to authorize / to sanction

" "
:
" " :
" "

145

to depend on

to attend
to come to

 :
to acquire / to obtain / to get
" " :
:
to permit
" "


.
)
... ( . :
.
They discussed many topics, among them peace in
the Middle East.
.
They looked for your pencil in every classroom.


.

146

 " " to help (someone) : "

" to help (someone) in (doing :
) .something :
?Did the book help you

!
!Yes, it helped me in teaching

" "
" "
. :
)to listen (to
) (
)to inform (of
) (
)to participate (in
) (
)to help (in
) (
)to work (for
) (

147

0 -7> SK3L
Collocation
Collocation
" :

".
Collocation is the "habitual co-occurrence of
individual lexical items".


:
-1 :




-2 :

heavy labor
runaway inflation
economic situation
inflationary pressures

148



/
-3 :

nerve cell
government securities
eyeball

To pay a visit
To score a victory
To read a paper
To attend a lecture
To tender (one's) resignation
To deliver a speech

.collocation
noun .

149


.

collocation .

:
....

" "
.

.
" " " "
:
heavy smoker
:
big smoker

150


"
" . " :
free of charge
:
free of cost / payment / etc.
" " :
strong coffee

powerful coffee
" : "
" " " " "
" ....
collocation


:
)to crow (cocks
) (
)to miaow/mew (cats
) (

151

( )
( )
( )

to hoot (owls)
to bark (dogs)
to roar (lions)

:
a loaf of bread

a knob of butter

a slice / piece of cake

/
a bar / piece / square of chocolate
) (
a bolt / length / piece of cloth
/ " "
a lump of coal

an ear / sheaf of corn

a speck / particle of dust

a wisp / bank / patch of fog

a sliver / splinter of glass

152


a blob of glue

a blade of grass

a lock / strand / wisp / tuft / mop / shock of hair
/
a bale of hay
/
a piece / area of land

a ray / beam / shaft of light

a dose of medicine

a sum of money

a piece / scrap of paper

a grain of rice

a coil / length / piece of rope
/
a grain / pinch of salt

a grain of sand

a cloud / blanket / column / puff / wisp of smoke

a flake / blanket of snow

153

a bar / cake of soap

a slab / block of stone
a grain / lump of sugar
a bead / drop of sweat
a reel of tape
a reel / strand of thread
a blob of wax
a grain / sheaf of wheat
a strand / piece / length of wire

:
an army of ants

a swarm of bees
:
a flock / flight of birds

a herd of cattle

a litter of cubs

154

 :
a herd of deer

a school of dolphins

a herd of elephants

a shoal of fish
/
a gaggle of geese

a herd / flock of goats

a pack of hounds

a swarm / colony of insects
/
a litter of kittens
:
a pride of lions

a troop of monkeys

a litter of puppies
:
a flock of sheep

a pack of wolves

155


:
a company / troupe of actors
/
a bunch of amateurs

a wad / roll of banknotes
/
a hail of bullets

a batch of cakes

a pack / deck of cards

a clutch of eggs

a team / panel of experts
/
a sea of faces
) (
a squadron of fighter planes

a bunch / bouquet of flowers

a bunch / cluster of grapes

a bunch of keys
) (

156

a sheaf / bundle of papers

a spate of protests

a team / crowd / gaggle of reporters
/ /
a spate of rumors

a fleet of ships

a flight of steps

a gang of terrorists

a gang / band / pack of thieves

a party of tourists
/
a clump of trees

an army of volunteers

157

 -8)P EAJ
Idioms
"

".
"An idiom is a fixed group of words with a special
meaning which is different from the meanings of
the individual words".


. similes
metaphors
proverbs and sayings
jargon .slang and colloquialisms
.

158

 .

.
:

.

" " "

" " " .

" : ".



.

159


.

. .
.

.
.


.


.

.
:

160


:
When you get a shame, away go from eyes

:
When the ass kicks, never tell
:

:
Empty hands lead to / cause sadness
:
A light purse makes heavy heart
.
:
:
"."yuppie

161

 :
) Indian summer
(.
" :
TL
".
:
to take the gloves off

to rain cats and dogs

to pay through the nose

to bring (one's) heart into his mouth

to take the cake
) (
to smell a rat

to have no stomach

to lose (one's) temper
/
to be in advance

to move heaven and earth

162

behind one's back

to clear the air
strike while the iron is hot

a chip off the old block

to give one his head

diamonds cut diamonds

out of sight, out of mind
always has been, always will be


if you want a thing well done, do it yourself


divide and rule

east or west, home is best

charity begins at home

163

 -9&)GJ
Abbreviations

abbreviations
acronyms
.


:
"

word compound noun

phrase
" . " "g
" "gram
."25 g" : " "BBC " British
."Broadcasting Corporation

.

164




. " "cont.
" "contd. "."continued

:
: :
m= meter

p.= page

F= Fahrenheit

N= North

:
continued

usually

volume

British

165

:
=cont.
=usu.
=vol.
=Brit.

Honorable

=Hon.

) (
Thurs.= Thursday

:
:
asst.= assistant

dept.= department

=jct
junction

=km
kilometer

tbsp.= tablespoonful

=Sgt
sergeant


:
:
:
MP
Member of Parliament

166

CD
compact disc
HRH His/Her Royal Highness

United States of America

very important person

revolutions per minute

USA
VIP
rmp

" "a " "an

.

.
:
Bachelor of Science
:
BSc

167

 :
.
" :
."acronyms :
BASIC Beginner's
All-purpose
Symbolic
Instruction Code
:

OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting

Countries

TEFL teaching English as a foreign language

NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization

AIDS
acquired immune deficiency syndrome



.

168


.

.
:

. .

.


.
.

169

 .
.
:
The structural imbalances of world economy, the
inequities of per capita income against GNP and
GDP, the inadequacies of economic machinery and
the deficiencies of economic laws are mainly
attributed to narrow-minded policies in some
countries.
GNP GDP
. :




.

170

 -10 U .
Compound Nouns

.
nouns :verbs
adjectives .adverbs
compound nouns affixes

.
"

+
".
)"A compound noun is a noun plus noun (N+N
combination, in which the second element is the
head (H) of construction and the first element is a
kind of modifier (M)".

modifier " :

171

 ".
:
: Adjective:
fierce dog

.
: Adverb:
the dog barked loudly

.
: Phrase:
the dog with a long tail

.

172


.

:
-1 :two words
post office

Health Care

-2 hyphenated
:word
attention-getter

-3 :one word
mailman

postman

173


.

meaning-relationship
. :
shoe polish

forest fire

armchair

moonlight


.
. :
:

race horse
:
horse race

:
pocket watch

174

:
) (

watch pocket

.

. "
." adjective plus noun

.
Rule "
".
"Any adjective plus noun construction is
potentially ambiguous".

"."the-ing form compound noun
)present participle (ing
" " )gerund (ing

175

 " " .
.
) " " (
.
:
dancing teacher
dancing : noun
" " )
( . adjective "
" ) (
.
:
flying field
flying : "
" .
" "
.
:
swimming suit

176

 swimming " "

. " "
.

:
They are moving vans.
.
main verb are
moving vans . :

are moving
:

:
They are hunting dogs.
:

177

 are hunting dogs

. :

are hunting .

noun
.adjective :
English Teacher
English :
:
" "
:
" "
:
dark room
dark :
" "
:

178

" "

Black board
black :
"
"
:
" "

. :
football game

basketball playground

life assurance policy


. :
French language conference

179

 )
( )
(
:foreign car dealers :
the :
:new house furniture
the excellent director's :
:secretary

.




.

.

180

 head of construction
modifier .
:

" " "
" . :
seven-year-long talks
:
10

a ten-page report
:

the French-educated woman

peace loving forces

widening gap

Chamber of Commerce Annual Convention

181


Cairo International Book Fair

T.V. Gulf war survey

next month parliamentary elections

:
Purpose of Activity:
To provide urban governorate Management
Information System (MIS) department heads with
an opportunity to examine and discuss the
administration of computer centers and the
management use of computer-based information
systems designed to assist local administration and
local development programs with counterparts in
other countries which have analogous development
experience and needs.
:
:

182

183

 -11R D
Affixes

.affixes

prefix
suffix

.


.

.
.

184

 .

:
anti/dis/establish/ment/ari/an/ism
" :
" .

.

.
happy " "
adjective .
un-
unhappy " "
adjective .
-ness happiness
" " .noun
)
( .

185

 :
: :Prefix
.


.
:
"anti-" -1 " / " :

/

"bi-" -2:
" - " ...:
/

186

antisocial
antiseptic
antifreeze

bi-monthly
bi-annual

 " - / " :

bilingual
bicentric

"dis-" -3 "
" :
disbelieve
/
disagree
/
disappear

disappoint

dislike

disorder

disable

"ex-" -4:
" - " :

/

export
extract

187

 " - " :

ex-wife
ex-president

"in-" -5 :
insane

inconvenient


. " "il-
":"l
illegal

illogical

" "im- ":"p
impossible

improper

" "ir- ":"r
irreligious

irresponsible

188

 "mal-" -6 " /
" :

malnutrition

maladministration

malpractice

maltreat

"mis-" -7 " " :
misdirect

misbehave

misunderstand

mismanagement

mistrust

miscalculate

"post-" -8 " " :

189

postwar
postgraduate

 "pre-" -9 " " :

"re-" -10 " / " :







"un-" -11 :
- " " :

190

premature
pre-record
prearrange

reassure
rebroadcast
rebuild
recount
rejoin
rearrange
redial

unable
unimportant
unmarried

uncommon
unqualified
untruth
unfair

- " / " :


-

uncover
unpack
untie

: :Suffix
.


. " "-less

.
grammar .meaning
:

191

 - :Derivational
) ... ( .
" "-or actor
.
-2 :Inflectional

.
" "-s .
.

:
""actor + s

) (
)
( :

192

 : :
-1 " "-ment :
argument

disappointment

payment

-2 " "-tion/-sion :
invention

relation

confusion

discussion

-3 " "-ation/-ition :
limitation

declaration

composition

competition

-4 " "-ance/-ence :

193

issuance
insurance
dependence
reference

-5 " "-or/-er :

visitor
governor
owner
manager

-6 " "-ship :

friendship
leadership
membership

-7 " "-hood :
neighborhood

adulthood

194

brotherhood

-8 " "-ness :


-
-9 " "-ty/-ity :

-
: :
-1 " "-less :

195

kindness
thickness
foolishness

cruelty
loyalty
oddity
equality

careless
hopeless
childless
thoughtless

 -2 " "-ful :



-
-3 " "-al :

doubtful
peaceful
plentiful

formal
original
accidental

-4 " "-y :

healthy
hungry
guilty

-5 " "-ous/-ious/-eous :
dangerous

glorious

courageous

196

 -6 " "-ical/-ic :
atomic

poetic

economical

historical

-7 " "-able/-ible :
agreeable

favorable

responsible

convertible

-8 " "-ive :

attractive
progressive
selective

: :
-1 " "-en :

197

hasten
soften
threaten

-2 " "-ise/-ize :
privatize

computerize

legalize

-3 " "-ify :

: :
-1 " "-ly :

198

simplify
purify
beautify

safely
quickly
dangerously

E: -12 $0

Punctuations
" :


".


.

.


.

199



.
:
He entered the room expecting to find his guest,
but found - an empty room.
" " "
" . :

.
:
While feeling his way in the dark, thunderbolts fell
unceasingly over his head.
" ":

:
It is indeed hard to overestimate the value of
language in communication but it is even harder to

200

overestimate its value in thinking. Language is tied

to the very process of thought.
.
" : " " ":

/
.

:
The OAU conference recommended that domestic
investment should be enhanced and that tourism
and other hard currency resources should be
promoted, particularly as capital inflows into the
continent are diminishing; limiting its capacity to
industrialize.
diminishing
" /
" :

201

 ) /
( .

.
.
.
:
Several countries in the Sahel, after the stimulus of
earlier years provided by a gradual recovery from
the long drought and by parallel diversification
efforts, suffered a significant setback in 1978
because of renewed drought conditions.
) (
.
.

:

1978

202



.
:
Nervously, they await the supreme accolade: a
visit from the patron of the London Gardens
Scheme.

.
" " :

.

.
:


.

203

 " "
: .
Some countries are chronically mismanaged;
wrong government policies would destroy the-then
vigorous nation.

204

 -13 03+
Style

.

.

:
:

.
:
The Government and People of Kuwait
:

.
:

205


.
:
Heart is governed and directed by passion
:

:

:
.
:
In his speech on the state of security in the Gulf,
the American Secretary of Defence declared
:

...

206

 .
:

...
:
Since it took its course, the Nile River flows into
the Mediterranean Sea.
:

:

:
Convinced that something was wrong, the director
decided to investigate the matter further.
:

.
:

207


.
:
In his speech delivered yesterday, the President
stressed the need to
...
.
In his small-sized book, the author touched on the
rules of translation.
.
: " : " " "

" "and " "or .
:
Ahmed bought books, pens, cards and notebooks.
:
.

208


) (.

.
:
.
:

adverbs
" :
" " : " " " "
" "
".

" : " " " "
" " ".
.
:
Oil has gushingly welled out.

209

:


.
:

.
auxiliary main
verb
. :
The clouds have soon faded away.
:

210

 :
.
:
:

.by
. by

" "
. :
The notes were written by the committee.
:
.

.
" "
:
.
) ( .

211

 :


. :
English is spoken all over the world.
:
.
:
.
:

.

. :
The law was twice amended.
:

212

:
:
-1 " " against
. :
We will fight against the enemy.

:
The parents should vaccinate their children
against cholera.

:
The judgment was against him.

.
.
" "

213


" : "
. :

:

-2
cover .
" " .
. :
KUNA correspondent covered the news of the
Yemeni war.
:

.
:

214

" " .
:

-3 reach
.
:
The Egyptian Minister of Information reached
Kuwait yesterday evening.
:

" "reach
. " "
.
" " .:

:
-4 via
via means of communication

215

 :

:
I sent a message to him via Ahmed.
:

:

-5 " " according
. :
POW's will be transferred on Sunday, according to
the news agencies.
:

" "

" " " " " " .:

216

 .
:

:
The meeting will be held tomorrow, according to
the British officials.
:

:

:
According to George, she's really good teacher.
:

:

-6 cancel " ":

217

The agreement shall be cancelled as from Friday

evening.
:

" "

" " .
" "
. " "
" " . :

-7 still " " .:

Meetings are still convened in the Security
Council.

:
Efforts are still exerted to heal the breach in
Lebanon.

218

 " "
. :

. "
" " " " "
" " . :

219

W.
: :
1- Abboud, Peter F. and McCarus, Ernest N.
(editors). Elementary Modern Standard
Arabic. London: Cambridge University
Press. (1986).
2- Collins Co-build English Usage. London:
Harper Collins Publishers. (1992).
3- Crystal, David and Davy, Derek.
Investigating English Style. New York:
Longman Group Limited. (1986).
4- Greenbaum, Sidney and Whitcut, Janet.
Guide to English Usage. London:
Longman Group UK Limited. (1988).
5- Johnson-Davies, Denys. The Wedding of
Zein (Translation). London: Heinemann.
(1969).
6- Le Gassick, Trevor. Midaq Alley
(Translation). Washington, D.C. :Three
Continents Press, Inc. (1981).

220

7- Leech, Geoffrey and Svartvik, Jan. A

Communicative Grammar of English.
London: Longman Group Limited. (1975).
8- Lyons, John. Semantics. London; New
York: Cambridge University Press. (1977).
9- Mouakket,
Ahmed.
Linguistic and
Translation. Syria: Dar Tlass for Studies.
(1988).
10- Nahmad, A. M. From the Arabic Press.
London: Lund Humphries. (1970).
11- Newmark, Peter. A Textbook of
Translation. Prentice Hall International
(UK) Ltd. (1988).
12- Nida, E. A. Towards a Science of
Translating. Netherlands: Leiden, E. J.
Prill. (1964).
13- Swan, Michael. Practical English Usage.
London: Oxford University Press. (1995).

221

 : :

-1 . . : ) .
.( 1979
-2 ) ( . .
: .( 1992 ) .
-3 . . : ) .
.( 1979

222

\  [

97 / 10464
ISBN: 997-19-4236-0

223