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XEMINA KHOA HC

MO TN HIU TRONG CC H THNG THNG TIN S

NGI THC HIN: ON TH THANH THO B MN: CNG NGH TRUYN THNG

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Mc tiu

Bo co nu tm lc tng quan v h thng thng tin s v nhng yu t lm nh hng n cht lng truyn dn trong h thng thng tin s.

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NI DUNG

1 2

TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN S

MO TN HIU

3
4

CC BIN PHP KHC PHC

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TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN S

nh ngha "tn hiu": l mt tp thng tin hay d liu. nh ngha tn hiu thng dng trong in t: tn hiu l mt hm ca bin thi gian trong bin thi gian l bin c lp. C nhiu cch phn loi tn hiu:

Tn hiu tng t l tn hiu c bin lin tc, tc l c th nhn mt gi tr bt k trong mt khong no .

Tn hiu s l tn hiu c bin ri rc, tc l ch nhn M gi tr trong M l mt s hu hn.

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TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN S

S khi tiu biu ca h thng thng tin s

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TNG QUAN V H THNG THNG TIN S

Tham s cht lng c bn ca h thng thng tin s

- chnh xc truyn tin thng c nh gi qua t l li bt (BER: Bit-Error Ratio) thng c hiu l t l gia s bt nhn b li v tng s bt truyn trong mt khong thi gian quan st no . BER 103 - Tc truyn tin: Kh nng truyn tin nhanh chng ca mt h thng thng tin s thng c nh gi qua dung lng tng cng B ca h thng, l tc truyn thng tin (c n v l b/s) tng cng ca c h thng vi mt chnh xc cho.
Ngoi cc yu cu v cc tham s c tnh nguyn tc ni trn, cc h thng thng tin s cn c thm yu cu v tnh bo mt v tin cy (kh nng lm vic ca h thng vi BER khng vt qu gi tr xc nh). Cc yu t v tnh kinh t cng c mt vai tr to ln
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MO TN HIU

Mo tn hiu pht sinh do sai lch gia c tnh bin -tn s v/hoc c tnh pha-tn (hay c tnh gi chm) ca hm truyn tng cng ca h thng so vi c tnh c thit k nhm trit tiu ISI trong qu trnh truyn dn tn hiu s (theo tiu chun Nyquist th nht). H qu l u ra h thng xut hin ISI v do BER tng.

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MO TUYN TNH

Mo tuyn tnh
Mo tuyn tnh l mo gy ra cho tn hiu bi cc phn t tuyn tnh trn knh truyn, trong cc phn t tuyn tnh l cc phn t m php ton biu din quan h u ra theo u vo tha mn tnh cht xp chng. Hay c tuyn bin vo-ra l mt ng thng.
Ni chung, cc phn t th ng trn cc knh (tr diode) u c th xem l cc phn t tuyn tnh, min l tn hiu li vo khng qu ln. Knh fading a ng do vy l mt phn t tuyn tnh, gy mo tuyn tnh tn hiu.

Mo tuyn tnh c cc nguyn nhn sau:

Cc mch lc ch to khng hon ho Do mi trng truyn : -Dy kim loi : tn s cng cao tiu hao cng nhiu nhng tng khng u m ln nt, mp m. - Mi trng v tuyn : Fading
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MO TUYN TNH
Hm truyn tng cng ca h thng c mo tuyn tnh c dng: Trong : - C(f) l tch ca cc hm truyn ca cc b lc pht v thu c thit k nhm tha mn tiu chun Nyquist th nht. - M(f) tng qut l mt hm truyn c c tnh bin -tn s khng bng phng v/hoc c c tnh pha-tn khng tuyn tnh th hin tc ng ca cc yu t nu trn.

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MO TUYN TNH

Di tc ng ca mo, thay v ging nh phn pht, constellation tn hiu thu gm mt tp cc cm im. Vic tn ti cc cm im trn constellation ca tn hiu thu l du hiu chc chn cho thy c ISI gy bi mo tn hiu. Cm im cng rng, mo tuyn tnh cng ln.

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Mt s bin php khc phc mo tuyn tnh

a) San bng thch nghi trn min thi gian

Hm truyn tng cng ca h thng khng c san bng c th vit c di dng:

trong C() l hm truyn tha mn tnh cht truyn khng c ISI cn H(,t) th hin cc tc ng khng mong mun ca knh truyn. Mt cch tng qut th l mt hm ph thuc c bin thi gian.

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Mt s bin php khc phc mo tuyn tnh

V bn cht, b san bng l mt mch in c mc thm vo li ra mch lc thu nhm b p cc sai lch ca hm truyn tng cng ca h thng so vi hm truyn cho php truyn khng c ISI. Ti mt thi im t no , nhn chung H(,t) c dng khng bng phng v bin , khng tuyn tnh v pha. Mch san bng c tc dng l phng c tnh bin -tn s ca H() cng nh b p nhm duy tr c tnh pha-tn tuyn tnh ca c tnh tng cng ton h thng. Mt cch tng qut, hm truyn ca mch san bng E() cn phi c thit k c dng bng 1/ H(). Khi , hm truyn tng cng ca c h thng c k n mch san bng c dng:

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Mt s bin php khc phc mo tuyn tnh

b) Phn tp
- Phn tp theo khng gian l vic s dng nhiu anten thu (thng l 2 anten). Mt khi 2 anten c t cch nhau xa th vic xy ra phainh do truyn dn a ng i vi cc anten c th xem nh c lp vi nhau. Nh phn tp theo khng gian, xc sut mo tuyn tnh ng thi trn c 2 anten cng gim thp, nh vy c th lm gim tc ng ca mo.
- Bin php phn tp kinh t hn thng c s dng l phn tp theo tn s. Phn tp theo tn s c bit kinh t nu nh: (i) tuyn v tuyn c mt knh d phng; (ii) knh d phng ny cho mt hiu qu ci thin tha ng khi c s dng nh knh phn tp. - Phn tp gc, trong trn cng mt anten ngi ta b tr hai hay nhiu u thu sng nhm hng cc sng truyn ti anten thu theo nhiu gc ti khc nhau
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Mt s bin php khc phc mo tuyn tnh

c) Truyn dn a sng mang

i vi cc h thng c ph tn hiu qu rng dn n rt kh m bo bng phng ca c tnh ng truyn, bin php c th c p dng l truyn dn a sng mang. Lung bt cn truyn c bin i thnh nhiu lung con song song v mi mt lung con c iu ch bng mt sng mang ring bit. Nh vy, bng tn hiu rt rng c tch thnh nhiu bng con, trong c tnh tn s ca h thng d m bo bng phng hn. c im: tnh kinh t (do phi s dng mi mt h thng con cho mi mt lung con); ph chim ca tn hiu tng cng trong trng hp ny ln hn mt cht so vi trng hp truyn dn mt sng mang.

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Mt s bin php khc phc mo tuyn tnh

d) M ha chng nhiu
Cc li bt gy nn do san bng v phn tp khng trit tiu c hon ton ISI cn c th c sa tip bng cc m chng nhiu.

V bn cht, m ha chng nhiu vi cc phn t d dng pht hin v sa cc bt li. Tr gi ca phng php ny l vic tng tc bt truyn dn v do m rng ph chim ca tn hiu.

e) Tri ph
Thc hin tri rng ph tn hiu cn truyn phn pht v nn (gii tri) ph phn thu. Trn c s ny cho php h thng lin lc tt trong cc iu kin c nhiu mnh, thm ch che du tn hiu chm vo trong nn nhiu, nh i phng thm ch rt kh pht hin c khi no c, khi no khng truyn tin.

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Mt s bin php khc phc mo tuyn tnh

f) Ghp knh phn chia tn s trc giao (OFDM)

Nguyn l c bn ca OFDM l chia mt lung d liu tc cao thnh cc lung d liu tc thp hn v pht ng thi trn mt s cc sng mang con trc giao. V khong thi gian symbol tng ln cho cc sng mang con song song tc thp hn, cho nn lng nhiu gy ra do tri tr a ng c gim xung. Nhiu xuyn k t ISI c hn ch hu nh hon ton do vic a vo mt khong thi gian bo v trong mi symbol OFDM.

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MO PHI TUYN

Mo phi tuyn gy bi cc phn t phi tuyn (khng tha mn tnh cht xp chng, c c tuyn vo-ra l mt ng khng thng).
Cc ngun gy mo Cc mch khuch i cng sut nh (mo phi tuyn c th b qua) Cc mch khuch i cng sut ln (HPA) Mch trn (mixer) s dng diode Mch hn bin
Tnh phi tuyn ca knh truyn c th gy bi nhiu loi mch in trong h thng nh cc b khuch i, cc b trn tn, cc b hn bin v nhiu loi mch in khc. Cc b khuch i cng sut nh v cc mch trn tn nhn chung c phi tuyn khng ng k v hon ton c th b qua mo phi tuyn gy bi chng, trong khi cc b khuch i cng sut (KCS) my pht c cng sut kh ln li gy nn nhng mo phi tuyn khng th b qua c.
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MO PHI TUYN GY RA DO B KCS

Tc ng tri rng ph v tp m phi tuyn

Lm dch chuyn v tr cc im tn hiu trn mt phng pha Tc ng gy ISI phi tuyn

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MO PHI TUYN GY RA DO B KCS

- Tn hiu u vo ca b KCS l x th tn hiu ra sau b KCS s l y

- S m rng ph tn hiu do mo phi tuyn

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MO PHI TUYN GY RA DO B KCS

- Biu

Symbol gc thu c sau mo phi tuyn

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KHC PHC MO PHI TUYN

S DNG BACK - OFF LN

Chn im lm vic mc tn hiu tng i thp, tc l chp nhn mt li cng sut ln tnh t cng sut bo ha ca b khuch i

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KHC PHC MO PHI TUYN

K THUT MO TRC Nhim v ca b mo trc l o chc nng phi tuyn ca b khuch i cng sut cao HPA. Phn loi theo cch sa i tn hiu truyn i v cc cng ngh ng dng. - Mo trc tn hiu - Mo trc d liu - Mo trc tng t - Mo trc s

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KHC PHC MO PHI TUYN

K THUT MO TRC

Nguyn l mo trc Nhim v ca b mo trc l o chc nng phi tuyn ca b khuch i cng sut cao HPA, nh vy tng p ng ca hai thit b l tuyn tnh.

Uplink Channel

IMUX

x(t)

SP

y(t)

HPA

z(t)

OMUX

Downlink Channel

NU(t)

ND(t)

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KHC PHC MO PHI TUYN

K THUT SAN BNG

nk ak Channel yk rk Equalizer ak Detector

k a

TE()=C().H().E()=C(): hm truyn h thng khi c san bng Trong : C() l hm truyn khi khng c ISI H() th hin cc tc ng khng mong mun ca knh lin tc E() hm truyn ca mch san bng = 1/H() Do cc knh v tinh c c tnh bin i kh r rt theo thi gian nn ti cc thi gian nn ti cc thi im khc nhau H(,t) c th c dng khc nhau do vy cc mch san bng cn phi hot ng theo mt thut ton cho php iu chnh E(,t) bm theo s bin i ca H(,t).

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KHC PHC MO PHI TUYN

A W GN

Tn hiu phc T n h p h c
(M -Q A M M ))

Knh ISI (hoc mo phi tuyn)

San bng BP phc

Quyt nh
+

Constellation 4-QAM sau khi truyn qua knh

Constellation ca tn hiu 4-QAM ti u ra mch san bng tuyn tnh s dng thut ton LMS

Constellation 4-QAM ti u ra mch san bng Nron s dng thut ton lan truyn ngc BP.
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KT LUN

- Bo co trnh by tng quan v h thng thng tin s, mo tn hiu trong h thng v nhng gii php khc phc. - Bo co mang tnh trnh by tm lc v l thuyt thng tin ch cha i su nghin cu c th tng loi mo.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. TS.Nguyn Quc Bnh, K thut truyn dn s, NXB QND 2. Proakis J.G v Salehi M, TS.Nguyn Quc Bnh (dch), Cc h thng thng tin hin nay, HV KTQS 3. Digital Transmission Theory, Mc Grow Hill, 1987 4. John G Proakis McGraw Hill,Digital communications fourth edition

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Cm n cc /c lng nghe v trao i!