Mechanical Properties of Materials

Lecture 3

Tensile Properties
z

Tension test most common for determining mechanical properties:

z z z z z

Strength Ductility Toughness Elastic Modulus Strain Hardening

Test Specimen as per standards

Tensile Test

Gauge length Diameter

= 50 mm = 12.5 mm

Stress = Force / Area Strain = L / L

Tensile Test
z

Stages during elongation

Stress-Strain Curve
Engineering Stress = Applied Load / Original A Engineering Strain = L / Original L For Soft & Ductile Materials Not Easy to determine point of Yielding. Point obtained by 0.2% offset Necking starts after UTS
Youngs Modulus = Stress / Strain (Modulus of Elasticity)

Ductility
z

Extent of Plastic deformation material undergoes before Fracture. Measurement z Total Elongation of specimen z Reduction of Area

True Stress & Strain

z

z z

Engineering Stress based on Original Cross section Area Instantaneous A changes with Elongation Engg. Stress Not represent Actual Stress

TRUE STRESS = Load / Instantaneous A TRUES STRAIN = L / Instantaneous L

True Stress Strain Curve

Strain hardening

Material Types
z z z

Perfectly elastic Elastic and perfectly plastic Elastic and Plastic with strain hardening

Typical Stress-Strain Curves

Resilience & Toughness

z

Resilience: Amount of energy stored in material up to elastic limit per unit volume Toughness: Amount of energy stored in material up to fracture per unit volume

Hardness
z

Resistance to permanent indentation.

z

Good hardness generally mean that the material is resistant to scratching and wear. It is also an indication of strength.

Not a fundamental property as the resistance to indentation depends on the shape of the indenter and on the load applied. Hardness Tests
z
z z z

Brinell Test Vickers Test Knoop Test Rockwell Test

Other important properties

z

z z z z z

Ductility: Extent to which material can sustain plastic deformation before rupture. Gold is most ductile material. Brittleness: undergoes a very little plastics deformation before rupture. Malleability: Ability to be flattened into thin sheets without cracking. Stiffness: Ability of material to resist deformation. Poissons ratio: ratio of lateral to longitudinal strain. Impact strength

Effect of temperature on properties

Surface Roughness

Center-line average value (Ra) Root-mean-square-average value (Rq) Peak to valley height (Ry)

Surface Roughness

Lay Pattern