Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

Review - Oxidation Reaction: 8. Oxidation primary alcohol --> aldehyde 9. Oxidation secondary alchol --> ketone 10. Oxidation aldehyde --> acid

New Reactions: 6. Reduction: aldehyde + hydrogen --> pri. Alcohol. 6. Reduction: ketone + hydrogen --> sec. Alcohol 14. Hemiacetal Synthesis: alcohol + aldehyde or ketone --> hemiacetal 15. Acetal Synthesis: hemiacetal + alcohol --> acetal

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

Reduction: aldehyde + hydrogen --> pri. Alcohol Form of addition reaction.

H3C

H2 C

C H

O + H2

Reduction: aldehyde + hydrogen

Break hydrogen bond

H H2 C

H H2 C O C H

H3C

C H

O + H2

H3C

H H2 C O C H

H3C

Reduction: aldehyde + hydrogen

Break double bond and use electrons to bond with hydrogen.

H H2 C O

H
H2 H O H C H3C C H

H 3C

C H

Reduction: aldehyde + hydrogen

Brief Method

H3C

H2 C

O C H

+ H

H2 H O H C H3C C H

Hemiacetal and Acetal Functional Groups

Hemiacetal: alcohol and ether on same carbon Acetal: Two ethers on same carbon
OH O H3C C H2C H CH3
H3C H3C O C

H3C H3C O C

CH3 O CH3

OH CH3

Hemiacetal Synthesis: aldehyde + hydrogen

Alcohol + aldehyde --> hemiacetal Ethanal + methanol Alcohol oxygen becomes an ether Carbon double bond oxygen becomes an alcohol

H H3 C C H O + H C 3 O

H
CH3

H3C

C H

Synthesis of Acetal Functional Group

Acetal: alcohol plus hemiacetal (ether synthesis) Acetal: Two ethers on same carbon

H
H

O H3C C H

H
O CH3 +

H3C

O C O H

CH3

H3C

O
H3C

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

Aldehyde and Ketone Reactions

Hemiacetal and Acetal Reactions

Ques. 13: Complete the following reactions:
H2 C H3C C H O + hemmiacetal H 3C OH a.

b.

H2 C H3C C H

acetal O + 2 H 3C OH

O + c. C H3C CH3 HO

H2 C CH3

hemmiacetal

HO d. H3C H2 C O C

CH3 + CH3 HO

H2 C CH3

acetal