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Primary Network Design Manual
Primary Network Design Manual
Primary Network Design Manual
REVISION LOG
Version 1 First issue Prepared by Dave Charlesworth Date October 2007
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CONTENTS
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.6.1 1.6.2 1.6.3 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 2.3.2 2.4 2.4.1 2.5 2.5.1 2.6 2.6.1 2.6.2 2.6.3 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.11.1 2.11.2 2.12 3 3.1 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 OVERVIEW CONNECTION TO THE TRANSMISSION NETWORK GSP SUPPLY GROUPS PRIMARY NETWORK VOLTAGES 11KV NETWORK INFEED NETWORK PHASE ARRANGEMENTS EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS 132kV Network 66kV and 33kV 11kV (or 6.6kV) DESIGN PRINCIPLES INTRODUCTION CONNECTIVITY PLANNING STANDARDS SINGLE CIRCUIT SUPPLIES Design Principles Design Criteria TRANSFER CAPABILITY Design Criteria COMPLEXITY Design Criteria NETWORK RESILIENCE Flood Storm Malicious Acts SECURITY OF SENSITIVE SUPPLIES SEASONAL AND CYCLIC LOAD LOSSES DISTRIBUTED GENERATION PROTECTION, CONTROL AND AUTOMATION Introduction Design Criteria ASSET AND CONFIGURATION STANDARDS SUBSTATION LAYOUTS INTRODUCTION General Information Complex Sites Fault Throwing Switches
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6 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 11 11 12 13 13 15 15 17 19 21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 24 25 25 26 27 28 28 28 28 29
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3.2 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3 3.2.4 3.2.5 3.3 3.4 3.4.1 3.4.2 3.4.3 3.4.4 3.4.5 3.5 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 4.1.4 4.1.5 4.2 4.2.1 4.2.2 4.2.3 5 5.1 5.1.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 5.3 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3
132KV NETWORKS Double Busbar Substations Simple Radial 132kV Substation Arrangements 132kV Mesh Substations 132kV Double Circuit Transfer Arrangements 132kV Single Circuit Transfer Arrangements 66KV NETWORKS 33KV NETWORKS General 33kV Source Substations Radial Networks Special Radial Arrangements Rural 33kV Networks 11KV SWITCHBOARD NETWORK CONNECTIVITY GENERAL INFORMATION Overview Flexibility Cascade Tripping Voltage Levels Engineering Recommendation P18 Complexity of 132kV Circuits PREFERRED ARRANGEMENTS Sub Transmission Networks Radial Distribution Networks Ring Networks NETWORK EQUIPMENT TRANSFORMERS Standard ratings and Impedances Tapping range Vector Group Standard Connections OVERHEAD LINES 132kV Network 66kV Network 33kV Network UNDERGROUND CABLES 132kV 66kV 33kV
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5.4 5.4.1 5.4.2 6 6.1 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3 6.1.4 6.1.5 6.1.6 6.2 6.2.1 6.2.2 6.3 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.4 6.5 6.5.1 6.5.2 6.5.3 6.5.4
SWITCHGEAR Specifications Switchgear Ratings GUIDANCE NOTES ENGINEERING RECOMMENDATION P2/6 Class of Supply Group Demand Typical Network Arrangements First Outage Requirements Second Outage Requirements Interpretation of Multiple Sites FIRM CAPACITY First Outage Second Outage PROTECTION ISSUES Pitfalls with multi-substation ring networks Protection issues with teed rural networks RING NETWORKS PRIMARY NETWORK DESIGN Transformer Replacement 132/33kV, 120MVA transformers Transformers with Dual Secondary Windings (132/11/11kV or 66/11/11kV) Switchgear Fault Ratings
95 95 95 97 97 97 97 98 98 100 102 107 108 109 110 110 112 113 116 116 117 117 118
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1 1.1
1.2
It is common practice for more than one DNO, or DNOs and generators, to share a GSP connection points. At shared sites it is the convention that the transmission operator owns the 132kV busbar and the DNOs own the equipment in their circuit bay up to the busbar isolator busbar clamps (or gas barrier for GIS switchgear). At GSPs connecting just one DNO it is the convention for the DNO to own the 132kV busbar and the transmission operator to own their own transformer bays up to the busbar isolator busbar clamps (or gas barrier for GIS switchgear). Operational and Planning arrangements between the DNO and the Transmission Network Operator are defined in the Grid Code.
1.3
1.4
triple in the case of 132/11/11kV units) and thus enables various options in the configuration of the 11kV winding (see section 1.5).
1.5
Comments
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1.6
EARTHING ARRANGEMENTS
as an external resistance connected between the earthing transformer primary winding neutral point and the substation earth. The position of the zero sequence impedance affects network voltages during earth faults With an external NER and a zero impedance fault the faulted phase is at earth potential with minimal volt drop in the transformer winding, causing the healthy phases to rise in voltage to line voltage levels relative to earth potential. With earth fault current limited by the zero sequence impedance of the earthing / auxiliary transformer primary winding, its neutral point solidly earthed and a zero impedance fault, the faulted phase will be at earth potential. However, the internal volt drop in the transformer winding will be relatively high (ie its terminal volts will decrease significantly) resulting in minimal neutral earth voltage displacement, hence the non faulted phases have a minimal phase to earth voltage increase. Current policy on the method of earthing, and earth fault current limits, are described in Central Networks Application Guide Primary Transformer Earthing.
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2 2.1
current configuration and the risk associated with making a change to the network. Alternative strategies have been defined from this work which will feed into the investment plans:
Strategic action - programmes of network wide proactive change where investment is justified; Selective action - retrospective upgrade of the network in high impact areas to achieve significant benefits at acceptable cost; and Opportunistic action - upgrade opportunities taken at marginal extra cost where other issues drive network change.
The following sections cover each of the design principles in detail, describing the reasoning behind each one and the design criteria that have been concluded.
2.2
Comments Section 27 frequency and voltage requirements DNO / TSO obligations DNO / Customer obligations Harmonics
ER G5/4
ER G59/1
ER G75/1
CN Power System Operations Manual Planning levels for harmonic voltage distortion and the connection of non-linear equipment to transmission and distribution systems in the United Kingdom. Recommendation for the connection of private generating plant to the Public Electricity Suppliers distribution systems. Recommendations for the connection of embedded generating plant to public distribution systems above 20kV or with outputs over 5MW.
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Table 2 Planning Standards (Continued) ER P2/6 Security of Supply. ER P18 Complexity of 132kV Circuits ER P14 ER P24
Preferred switchgear ratings. AC traction supplies to British Rail.
Single phase traction supplies Planning limits for voltage fluctuations caused by industrial, Flicker commercial and domestic equipment in the United Kingdom. Planning limits for voltage unbalance in the United Kingdom for Unbalanced 132kV and below. Load A guide for assessing the rise of earth potential at substation Earthing sites.
2.3
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CN operates sections of the primary network with single circuit supplies and switched alternatives to: 1. avoid interconnection of two GSPs 2. avoid overstressing of the network 3. provide low cost 33kV supplies to rural areas where voltage regulation is problem The Design Criteria does not rule out the use of single circuit primary supplies, however, it does reduce the absolute number of customers placed at risk and also limits the combined risk of customer numbers and restoration times. Where supply circuits are not paralleled the customer is effectively served by a single circuit primary network with supplies restored by a switched alternative. During a fault outage the minimum time for supply restoration is defined by ER P2/6 and restoration will be either local manual, remote manual, remote automated or local automated as required for compliance. All restoration methods result in loss of supplies to customers during switching time. Remote restoration relies on the integrity of the control system and its communications. Local manual restoration is relatively slow due to travelling times. The time threshold for Customer Interruptions (CIs) under the Information and Incentives Project (IIP) is 3 minutes, thus where automated restoration is available supplies will normally be restored without incurring CI penalties. Delays in restoration over the three minute period also results in the application of Customer Minutes Lost (CML) penalties, providing an additional incentive to restore supplies quickly. Local manual restoration will therefore tend towards high CML penalties. CI risk increases proportionately to the number of customers supplied from the connection point, CML risk is a product of customer numbers and time to restoration. These principles are designed to minimise exposure to IIP risk by reducing both the number of customers supplied by a single primary circuit and restoration times In view of the above the preferred arrangement is to operate with parallel connections wherever possible as: 1. It avoids supply losses providing improved service to the customer 2. avoids the requirement for automation schemes where failure may result in CIs (and potentially CMLs) 3. Local manual restoration times are excessive resulting in CMLs
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2.4
TRANSFER CAPABILITY
In order to meet the requirements of ER P2/6 the majority of the primary network requires a minimum of two feeder circuits to each substation or group of substations (supply group). Although loss of both feeder circuits is rare these incidents have the potential for producing high CI and CML counts.
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Class D supply groups with group demand between 100MW and 300MW require a minimum of three main supply circuits, (or two main circuits and sufficient transfer capability) to maintain supplies to up to one third of customers in the group during outage of two main circuits. It is possible to remain compliant with ER P2/6 and disconnect supplies to up to 200MW of demand (approximately 100,000 customers) during the time to restore the planned outages. Restoration of planned works may be several weeks during construction works, this is an unacceptable IIP risk. Normally such incidents occur while one circuit is out of service for maintenance or during network modifications and the second circuit trips on fault. The severity of the incident depends on the type of fault and the item of equipment that has faulted. An overhead line fault due to lightning disturbance, followed by a successful auto re-closes, will cause a short time interruption (< 3 minutes). However, a transformer fault on one circuit during an outage for transformer replacement on the other has the potential for a prolonged loss of the main supply to a substation for several days or weeks. The risk to customers supplies for a double circuit outage is reduced by: 1. Reducing the number of customers of each supply group 2. Increasing the number of main supply circuits into the supply group 3. Increasing transfer capability between supply groups Transfer capability can be utilised during a planned outage, and prior to supply loss, to reduce the number of customers at risk. During emergency conditions it is usually possible to increase the number of customers transferred to adjacent supply groups by utilising abnormal running arrangements. For transfer capacity to be effective the distance between substations of adjacent supply groups must also be considered. Excessive distances may result in reduced transfer capability due to voltage regulation. After all transfer capability has been exhausted the use of LV mobile generation can be considered to supply the remaining customers. Generation has little impact on IIP risk of the primary network as the timescales involved in obtaining and connecting the generation is excessive. To make any substantial impact on IIP risk the means to restore supplies must be available within a few hours.
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Higher capacity 11kV generation is unproven and not recommended as a strategy for supply restoration as: 1. 2. 3. 4. Costs are excessive, both rental and fuel, Requires provision of an adequate network earth, Ability of protection systems to operate correctly at low fault levels is suspect, Physical size is prohibitive in locating a suitable connection point, and lack of existing connection points into the network
An active spares policy is also essential for mitigating long term outage risk due to faults as manufacturing timescales for main equipment items are in the order of 6 to 10 months. However, this will have little impact on IIP risk during routine network outages, eg construction works or maintenance due to excessively long installation times.
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The following criteria in Table 4 show minimum levels of retained demand and transfer capability during second outage conditions (fault outage during planned outage): Table 4 - Transfer Capability
Group Demand (MVA) Minimum Demand retained immediately post fault (% of prefault demand) 0 20 50 100 % demand to be retained / transferred within Worst case residual demand requiring generation support MVA 50 45 60 0 Notes
15mins 30 45 60
3 hours 40 60 70
18 hours 50 70 80
Notes: 1. Where possible designs shall be used that reduce the risk of customer interruptions during a planned outage by, a. automated transfer within 3 minutes of the fault outage occurring due to the characteristics of the network b. automated transfer within 3 minutes by auto load transfer scheme c. pre fault transfer (if possible without increasing the probability of loss of supplies to the customers transferred) 2. During the normal and abnormal running arrangements described above all connected consumers shall be supplied within statutory voltage limits. 3. Appropriate measures must be in place post first circuit outage to safeguard against cascade tripping of the remaining circuit(s) due to overload (operation of overcurrent protection) in the event that a second circuit is lost. 4. ER P2/6 requires all consumers to be restored immediately (ie, loss of supply not exceeding 60 seconds) for group demands exceeding 300MW. Where this is achieved by transferring demand at single circuit risk the demand per transfer circuit shall not exceed 100MVA. The worst case generation support is based on maximum demands. In practice planned outages are normally between the period April to October when maximum demands are typically 80% of the winter MD.
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2.5
COMPLEXITY
Networks have generally become complex where there are a limited number of circuits from the source substation to the load centre. As demand has grown firm circuit capacity has become inadequate requiring capital investment in new circuits. Rather than provide new circuit capacity from the source substation networks have been interconnected and operated with multiple parallels so that the circuits of one section of network provides mutual support for another. Although this practice provides a cost effective solution for each incremental step of interconnection the network becomes less robust as increase in demand results in increasing reliance on the circuits emanating from the source substation. Complex networks are an impediment to real time decision making leading to delays in restoration times. Protection, the safety system behind the power system, has to function effectively during normal, abnormal and extreme network operating conditions. Complex networks generally have an elevated number of credible running arrangements making them difficult to asses, especially in relation to identifying fault level scenarios. Protection schemes and settings become complex and often entail a great deal of compromise with a consequential elevation of risk of incorrect operation (or non operation) and human error during commissioning and maintenance. Generally complex networks connect large numbers of customers with risk of extremely high IIP penalties. The simplest network arrangement is a double circuit transformer feeder with a parallel on the transformer secondary circuit. Any failure on one circuit either due to a fault, or human error during planned works, is unlikely to affect customers supplies. A mesh arrangement, including a simple cross bay arrangement, has circuit breakers connected across two supply circuits and is thus susceptible to a common mode failure. Work on the network during planned outage of one circuit results in increased risk of loss of supplies as active protection components (CTs) of the live circuit are connected in the work zone of the circuit under outage. Complex network arrangements generally suffer from the following disadvantages:
high risk of faults caused by human error; can be impossible to grade with standard back up protection;
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some arrangements are impossible to grade using standard main protection schemes (distance protection); power flows cannot be predicted without computer analysis and are difficult to manage in real time; difficult to establish which items of equipment have failed (in real time) due to multiple protection relay operations resulting in supply restoration delays, and; difficult to manage network planned outages due to the limited number of feeder circuits into the network from the supply source, outages can produce unacceptable network risks.
Categorisation of complexity:
Simple transformer feeders category 1 single substation with cross bay, ie 3 transformer supplied from 2 circuits category 2 series of substations connected in a ring, each substation using a cross bay arrangement to control the ring circuit. One teed circuit may be connected to the ring circuit between substations provided that; o it is terminated by transformer(s), and, o the teed circuit does not interconnect with another ring network category 3 Where up to 4 circuits are interconnected remote from the source substation, using an approved means of interconnection, eg, interconnection of two ring networks. category 4 either; o Where up to 4 circuits are interconnected remote from the source substation where the means of interconnection is not approved, eg, interconnecting circuits without discrete protection of the interconnector o As above with more than one interconnection point o Where the number of interconnected circuits exceeds 4.
Note: category 3 networks do not include networks comprising three or more circuits directly connected from a source substation to an approved interconnection point, eg, an embedded double busbar substation. Such circuits are classed as sub transmission networks and are acceptable provided the means of interconnection is approved. Interconnecting circuits normally operated as open points are not deemed to add to network complexity and thus are not included in any of the above classifications.
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2.6
NETWORK RESILIENCE
Network assets are designed to be resilient under most operational conditions, however, under extreme circumstances network performance may be compromised particularly due to floods, storms and malicious acts. Where network performance is vulnerable under these extreme circumstances the feasibility of enhancing the design should be considered. For specific guidance refer to the relevant Central Networks asset manual.
2.6.1 Flood
Areas within the 1 in 200 year flood contour should be avoided when locating future substation sites. For all new primary substation sites measures shall be taken to ensure that 1 in 1000 year flood levels do not reduce network security and critical operational equipment (and access to it) shall be installed above the 1 in 1000 year contour level. A list of typical critical equipment is provided below; primary equipment terminations relay / control panels telecoms / scada equipment and its communication connections marshalling kiosks terminal pillars batteries and chargers, including LVAC supplies transformer tapchange and cooling LV supplies
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Where possible the ground level of buildings, compounds and access routes shall be raised to mitigate the risk. Existing sites which are vulnerable to flooding will have flood protection measures incorporated into the design of future modifications based on the flood risk. Flood risk will be assessed by the site position relative to flood contours, e.g. the 1000 year flood contour.
2.6.2 Storm
Experience has shown the areas that are most at risk from storms. In these areas network design will take account of this higher risk and use design measures that reduce the incidence of damage.
2.7
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2.8
2.9
LOSSES
The effect of network losses should be considered during connectivity design and when specifying equipment, however, this must be balanced with equipment and installation costs. Some factors influencing losses are: Utilisation lower circuit utilisation results in lower losses for an equivalent circuit resistance (losses are proportional to the square of the current) Circuit resistance (losses are proportional to resistance), thus larger conductor size will result in reduced losses Transformer losses, - the subject of transformer losses is complicated in that they are subject to both iron and copper losses. Iron losses can be reduced by using more expensive core steels and reducing flux density (increasing the size of the core) and copper losses by increasing the cross sectional area of the windings, all these methods increase manufacturing costs. For a particular transformer the iron losses are proportional to the voltage across the winding and thus are practically constant when a transformer is energised regardless of demand, copper losses are proportional to the square of the transformer loading (I2R). Other influences on losses are;
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o Paralleling transformers, the greater number of transformers on the network the higher the standing iron loss, however, copper losses are reduced as the demand per transformer is reduced. o Direct 132/11kV transformation has a potential benefit of reducing iron losses when compared with 132/33kV followed by 33/11kV transformation, however, this will normally be offset by increases in 11kV network losses, o Transformer impedance this affects circuit losses, particularly on long circuits. High transformer impedance tends to increase VAr flow in the circuits and hence circuit copper losses.
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There is always the possibility that the main protection system will fail to operate and so back up protection is required to cover for this eventuality. In order to reduce costs the requirements for back up protection is not as onerous as that of the main protection schemes. Some forms of main protection inherently provide back up protection for adjacent zones (distance protection) whereas others do not (unit protection).
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3 3.1
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3.2
132KV NETWORKS
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Unit type busbar protection will be used for the main busbars with conventional overall and discrimination zones. Figure 3.1 Double Busbar 132kV Substation, 4 SGTs
Main Busbar SGT Reserve Busbar
Circuit
SGT
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Circuit
SGT
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Figure 3.3 shows a standard bay arrangement suitable for connection of one outgoing circuit. Unless there are special circumstances no more than one circuit per bay will be connected. During major substation reorganisation banked circuits will be separated to provide one switchbay per circuit. Figure 3.3 Standard Bay Layout
Main Busbar
Reserve Busbar Isolator
Reserve Busbar
Circuit Isolator
Circuit
Where it is not practicable to provide a separate bay for a new circuit the arrangement in figure 3.4 may be used to provide additional security. This arrangement also provides the opportunity to operate a circuit that would otherwise exceed the maximum number of addresses specified in ER P18, ie, a 5 address circuit can be operated as 2 x 3 address circuits. Each feeder circuit shall have dedicated feeder protection. Figure 3.4 Banking of 2 circuits at one bay
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Figure 3.6 shows the application with a transformer having double secondary (11kV) windings. The principle of operation of the 132kV network is as described in the previous example. Figure 3.6 Radial Transformer Feeder with 132/11/11 Transformer
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The arrangement of 3.7 is generally designed for transformation to two lower voltage networks, eg, 132/33kV and 132/11kV using the principles shown in figure 3.5. It also provides an alternative to the arrangement of figure 3.6 (using 4 x 132/11kV, 30MVA transformers) with the benefit of standardised voltage control and improved security during planned transformer outages. Figure 3.7 Radial Transformer Feeder with Banked Transformers
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Where private communication systems are available between the transformer substation and the supply source the arrangement shown in figure 3.8 may be used eliminating the need for the transformer circuit breakers. Future provision should be made for installation of a circuit breaker as a contingency for loss of the private communications. This arrangement is most suitable for cable connected substations where pilot cables have been laid alongside the power cables. Figure 3.8 Radial Transformer Feeder on Cable Circuit
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Open Mesh Arrangements Figure 3.9 shows a 2 transformer mesh substation, whereas a radial arrangement would typically have both circuits connected to the same remote substation the ring arrangement may be supplied from more than one source provided that both sources are in the same GSP supply group. Figure 3.9 Single Switch Open Mesh, 2 Transformers
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Position of mesh corner CTs are shown for mesh corner 1 and line CTs for circuit 1, the same principle is used for mesh corner 2 / circuit 2. Figure 3.10 shows a 3 transformer arrangement with a third feeder circuit. Position of protection CTs are shown for MC 2. MC 1 and MC3 arrangements are as described in figure 3.9. All circuits must be connected to the same GSP supply group. See figure 3.16 for arrangement with circuit 2 connected into a different supply group to circuits 1 and 3. Figure 3.10 Double Switch Open Mesh, 3 Transformers
GT1
Position of Mesh corner protection CTs for MC 2 Position of Feeder circuit protection CTs for circuit 2
GT2
GT3
A Mesh Corner 2
Mesh Corner 3
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Closed Mesh Arrangement Figure 3.11 shows a four switch closed mesh arrangement. This design was originally used for interconnecting transmission circuits and is still used by transmission operators. Examples can be found on the 132kV network but in many cases the arrangement is not appropriate for a distribution network and other alternatives should be considered (see figure 3.12). Figure 4.3a, 4.3b and 4.3c shows typical network 4 switch mesh network arrangements. A four switch mesh arrangement is normally used to interconnect two double circuits from a supply source with ongoing feeder circuits and local transformation. Many existing sites interconnect double circuits from different GSPs and thus have to be operated with open points on the circuit isolators, others do not comply with the criteria for number and combination of circuits connected to each mesh corner and have bespoke hardwired auto reclose systems. Although a 4 switch mesh arrangement is the most common a higher number of circuit breakers could be used to increase the number of discrete connection points if required. Figure 3.11 Four Switch Closed Mesh
A A
Circuit
A A
Circuit
Circuit
132kV
Circuit
A A
Circuit
Circuit
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Line Circuit Breakers The substation arrangements of figures 3.9, 3.10 and 3.11 all require some form of communication between substations so that local protection schemes (busbar and transformer protection) will trip circuit breakers at remote substations prior to auto isolation and reclose. Where the communication system is rented from a third party (typically overhead line circuits using rented BT circuits) it may be cost effective to replace the circuit auto isolator (at all circuit ends) with circuit breakers and manually operated circuit isolators. Figure 3.12 shows the equivalent arrangement as figure 3.9 to achieve this, the same principal holds for the arrangements of figures 3.10 and 3.11. The circuit breakers may be live tank with a single set of post CTs (as shown) or a dead tank circuit breaker could be used with CTs mounted in the bushing turrets providing the facility to overlap the circuit and busbar protection zones. Figure 3.12 Mesh Substation with Line Circuit Breakers
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Figure 3.14 shows how four transformers are connected. Figure 3.14 Double Circuit Transfer with Banked Transformers
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GT1
GT2
132kV
132kV
Circuit to GSP 2
Circuits to GSP 1
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The arrangement of figure 3.16 provides transfer capability where a cross bay is used to provide a secure transformer mid point connection. In this case the demand of the single substation may exceed 100MW, remaining P2/6 compliant on transformer capacity but requiring a third circuit to cater for a double outage of the incoming supply circuits. Figure 3.16 Single Circuit Transfer, Ring Network
GT1
GT2
GT3
132kV
132kV
Circuit 3 - GSP 2
Circuit 1 - GSP 1
Circuit 2 GSP 1
3.3
66KV NETWORKS
66kV primary networks are used in CN West only. Network configuration is similar to that of the 132kV network except that impedance earthing is used, thus phase to earth fault currents are relatively low and potential rise of earth potential can be easily controlled.
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These characteristics allow the use of fault throwers (that are precluded at 132kV) and the use of unearthed overhead line feeders. In many respects the 66kV network is a hybrid of the 132kV and 33kV networks and is generally designed to supply rural areas with a minimal number of supply points. Due to the lengths of circuit a 33kV supply network would to be prohibitive due to poor voltage regulation. The 66kV network suffers from three main disadvantages; 1. It prohibits interconnection of 132kV networks resulting in low capability for load transfer during outages particularly between GSPs 2. 66kV overhead line designs must conform to IEC 60826 (Overhead Transmission Lines at 45kV and Greater) leading to increased network costs when compared to a 33kV alternative. 3. Operating with an additional primary voltage level to 132kV and 33kV results in another level of network overheads in expertise, spares, data holding etc. Due to the above this network should not be designed to expand beyond its existing geographical boundary. During asset replacement, or when network reinforcement is required, the feasibility of uprating to 132kV should be explored.
3.4
33KV NETWORKS
3.4.1 General
3.4.1.1 Characteristics of 33kV Networks 132kV and 33kV networks characteristics are different resulting in changes to the approach to connectivity design as highlighted below; 1. Reduced earth fault current due to impedance earthing enabling; a. potential for reduced rise of earth potential b. smaller sites with higher earth mat resistance c. the use of fault throwers as a means of communication of transformer faults to remote substations 2. Circuit MVA capacities reduced (same current level results in 25% MVA capacity compared to 132kV) generally leading to fewer customers connected per circuit and acceptability of higher fault rates and less costly protection methods. 3. More susceptible to voltage regulation problems resulting in reduced feed area
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33/11kV Substation designs are provided to cater for the following types of 33kV network: 1. Urban 2. Semi Urban 3. Rural The radial networks described in section 3.3 and 3.4 typically apply to urban and semi urban networks and comprise of direct circuits or circuits with no more than one tee connection. These arrangements may apply to rural feeders in some circumstances particularly where voltage regulation becomes an issue but generally rural supplies enable a greater number of substations to be connected from a pair of standard 24MVA or 40MVA circuits. Rural circuit arrangements, both radial and ring, are shown in section 3.5 Urban: Urban network arrangements apply to cities or large towns with one or more BSPs within the urban area. Circuits are generally cable connected and a single substation demand is expected to approach the limits of its dedicated circuit capacity. Typically this will be a substation with 2 x 24MVA or 2 x 40MVA 33/11kV transformers with radial connected circuits. Semi Urban: Semi urban networks are generally similar in topology to urban networks but would typically supply large towns or business parks / industrial areas remote from the BSP. Circuits are typically a mixture of underground and overhead construction. In many cases circuits are simple dedicated connections to a single 33/11kV substation supplying a high demand areas. As networks develop it is not unusual to find teed or banked circuits to other substations, in some cases single circuit supplies to outlying rural areas. In many cases double circuit wood pole overhead lines are in service, these suffer from insufficient clearances between circuits requiring double circuit outages when working in proximity to the conductors. All future designs using wood pole construction shall be single circuit.
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Rural: Rural networks are typically overhead construction providing supplies to small towns or villages. Substation demand is normally relatively low and several substations may be supplied by a pair of feeder circuits, a large proportion of substations will be connected by single circuit at 33kV with restoration at 11kV by transfer of open points. 3.4.1.2 Pole Mounted Air Break Switch Disconnectors The justification for pole mounted ABSDs must be made on the basis of the economic benefit in reducing IIP risk against increased installation costs and capitalised costs of inspection and maintenance. Reduction in IIP risk shall be made on the basis of; Numbers of customers affected, Length of circuit and unit length fault rate, For firm connections the percentage of time customers are at risk during planned outages, IIP bonus / penalty regime 3.4.1.3 Pole Mounted Auto Reclosers PMARs should only be considered were standard protection schemes at circuit terminations provide unsatisfactory clearance times. 3.4.1.4 Ring Main Units (RMU) The switchgear arrangements shown in this section may be provided using RMUs where a cost effective equivalent arrangement to the examples shown are available.
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Transformer 2
Transformer 1
CIRCUITS
CIRCUITS
3.4.2.2 Switchgear Extension When all spare feeder bays have been used it is permissible to bank two circuits on one feeder switch provided both circuits are of the same type, the thermal rating of the feeder bay (including CTs) is adequate, the resultant configuration is compliant with ER P2/6, and, the circuits can be suitably protected. When the above conditions cannot be met and further connections are required an assessment should be made for extending the switchboard, if possible with the same type of switchgear. Normally the existing switchgear is obsolete and unless decommissioned units are available the only means of extension is by a joggle box busbar connection. In many instances particularly with outdoor weatherbeater type switchboards this is impracticable and uneconomic. If the existing switchboard is due for asset replacement it should be replaced at this time by a new board. If the existing switchboard is not due for asset replacement a new section of board should be installed and interconnected as shown in figure 3.18.
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The configuration enables firm double circuit connections between bus sections 1 and 2, 1 and 3, and, 2 and 3. Also firm triple feeder connections can be made if required. When the original section of board becomes due for asset replacement the configuration should be retained with the original switchboard only being replaced. The interconnector circuit shall have circuit breakers at each end and be protected by a unit protection scheme that trips the interconnector only and maintains supplies to the switchgear busbars The number and position of feeder bays on the new section of switchboard should be assessed at the time and shall provide sufficient circuit breaker bays for one feeder circuit per bay and spares for anticipated future bays within the timescales of the development plan. Provision of a second switchboard should also be considered when uprating transformer capacity at a site using the same criteria as above. Figure 3.18 33kV Switchboard Extension
3.4.2.3 Outdoor 33kV Substations Outdoor substations suffer from; malicious acts (vandalism and theft) risk of trip due to wildlife, eg, birds, cats etc higher maintenance costs, and, higher safety risk due to exposed live busbars
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Interconnector
Extension of 33kV outdoor substations should not be considered as they are normally time expired with relatively poor condition infrastructure.
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Figure 3.19a
11kV
Figure 3.19c
11kV
T1
T1
33kV A
33kV A
33kV
Circuit 2
Circuit
Circuit
Circuit 1
Figure 3.19b shows the requirement where another circuit is banked at the supply source or teed along the route of the circuit. All transformers sharing the common connection point must have auto isolation facilities. Note: cable joints for teeing from 400sq mm cable are not available, if this arrangement is required it will be necessary to either bank the second circuit at source or tee at the remote 33/11kV substation as shown in figure 3.19c. 3.4.3.2 Overhead Connected Circuits: Figure 3.20a shows a standard transformer connection supplied by overhead line, from either a dedicated supply or where a second circuit is banked at the supply source or teed at some point on the circuit. Figure 3.20b shows the arrangement for an ongoing circuit connection within the 33/11kV substation.
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FT
A 33kV A
FT
33kV
Circuit 2
Circuit
Circuit 1
Where suitable private communications exist between the substation and supply source intertripping may be used and rather than fault throwers for transformer protection. 3.4.3.3 Mixed Circuits Mixed Overhead Line and Cable Connected Circuits Figure 3.21a Figure 3.21b
Ongoing cable circuit: The substation in figure 3.21a is supplied by overhead line with an ongoing cable circuit. The substation connected to circuit 2 arranged as figure 3.19a or 3.19b.
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Circuit 1 to be protected by distance protection with zone 1 set to reach 80% up to the tee point with zone 2 reaching into transformer T1 HV winding and into circuit 2. Auto reclose is required for zone 1 faults only. A fault thrower is used for communication with the source circuit breaker for transformer faults. Transformer isolation provided by local intertripping to LV circuit breaker and HV auto isolation. The ongoing circuit 2 will normally be protected by hi-set protection at CB A. Auto reclose shall not be provided on this cable circuit. Ongoing overhead circuit: The substation in figure 3.21b is supplied by cable with an ongoing overhead circuit. The substation connected to circuit 2 arranged as figure 3.20a. Circuit 1 to be protected by distance protection with zone 1 set to reach 80% up to the tee point with zone 2 reaching into transformer T1 HV winding and into circuit 2. Auto reclose shall not be provided on circuit 1 (cable). Communication with the source circuit breaker (circuit 1) for transformer faults will be provided by pilot wire intertripping. Transformer isolation provided by local intertripping to LV circuit breaker and HV auto isolation. The ongoing circuit 2 protected by hi-set protection at CB A with auto reclose.
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11kV
11kV
T1
T2
T1
FT
A A
FT
A
FT
33kV
33kV
Circuit 1
Circuit 2 (banked)
The preferred method of connection to a 33kV switchboard is one feeder per circuit breaker. However, when networks develop it is sometimes necessary for two feeders to share one common circuit breaker. Circuit operation is similar in principal to a teed feeder. Normally circuits are banked to utilise the relatively high thermal capacity of the feeder bay, typically 800A or 1250A (and in some instances 2000A), that is not available from a tee connection. Banked connections shall not be used where the variance in circuit impedance of the two circuits exceeds 20%. The arrangement of figure 3.22 shows two circuits banked to one circuit breaker at the supply source. Substations A and B are shown with the overhead connection arrangement but the principle holds for cable connected. Substation B may be a single transformer site or one of 2 (or more) transformers connected to the lower voltage switchboard.
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T1
T2
FT
FT
33kV M M
Circuit 1 BSP1
Circuit 2 BSP2
One particularly useful application of this arrangement is to supply two 33/11kV substations from a double circuit would pole line and still maintain a firm supply to both substations during a double outage of the circuit, see figure 4.14. This is a preferred arrangement for 33/11kv substations located approximately midway (typically 30% to 70%) between two BSPs supplied from the same GSP. The arrangement of figure 3.23 provides facility for feeding through the primary substation during supply failure to one of the BSPs to energise that BSP 33kV busbar.
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3.4.4.2 BSP interconnecting circuits The three diagrams of figures 3.24a, 3.24b and 3.24c show applications of interconnecting circuits between BSPs that supply 33/11kV transformers. The substations may be single transformer substations or may be one circuit of two or more feeding the substation. The normal running arrangement is to supply the 33/11kV transformer from one or the other BSP, and by moving open points it is possible to transfer load between BSPs. A direct interconnector between two BSPs has limited application under normal network operation as the load on a 33kV busbar is usually much higher than the interconnector circuit capacity. However, situations arise during developments of the network, particularly when new BSPs are installed and connected to existing 33/11kV substations, where interconnections become available. During emergency operation, say for loss of the infeed into a BSP, backfeeding the 33kV busbar (after transferring as much load as possible) can drastically reduce the number of customers off supply. BSP Interconnecting Circuit Arrangements Figure 3.24a Figure 3.24b Figure 3.24c
Figure 3.24a shows the requirements for connection when both circuits are overhead construction and the tee point is remote from the BSPs and the 33/11kV substation. The arrangement has the disadvantage that a fault on the section from the tee point to the open point will interrupt supply to the transformer. Pole mounted ABSD near the tee point may be used if it can be justified on the balance of cost and IIP risk, see section 3.3.1.3.
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Figure 3.24b shows a similar arrangement to 3.24a with the tee point at the 33/11kV substation. In this case motorised isolators (A1 and A2) are used to provide the open point. Both isolators are motorised for remote operation and during normal operation one will be open and one closed. Load transfer is possible by transferring the open point. This arrangement can be used as BSP interconnector when both isolators are closed. Figure 3.24c is a variation of 3.24b, where one circuit is cable connected and the other overhead line, providing auto reclose of the overhead line section of circuit. Feeder protection at one BSPs will be required to detect faults through to the circuit breaker at the other, without operating for faults on the 11kV side of the transformer. Arrangements of figures 3.24a and 3.24b are suitable for cable connected circuits by replacing the fault thrower with pilot wire intertripping.
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A 33/11kV substation may be selected as a rural hub for future uprating to a BSP. Initially the substation can be supplied by 2 x 33kV cable circuits, or possible 2 x 132kV circuits running at 33kV feeding into a 33kV switchboard. 3.4.5.2 Ring Networks Simple ring networks are advantageous where two or more 33/11kV substation may be supplied by two feeder circuits from the same BSP. Two transformer substations are connected into the 33kV network as shown in figure 3.23 but for a ring network the bus section circuit breaker is closed. Typical network arrangements are shown in figure 4.19 and 4.20a.
3.5
11KV SWITCHBOARD
11kV switchboard arrangements are the same as shown for 33kV switchboards as shown in figure 3.21. Care must be taken when designing large capacity 11kV substations (particularly high capacity 132/11kV) that all feeder circuits can be connected into the substation without excessive derating. Substations in urban areas, where most or all of the circuits are cable, may be prone to excessive de-rating of cables due to; 1. close proximity of other cables and 2. de-rating effects of laying cables deeper Cable identification and repair is made increasingly difficult by laying cables at multiple depths in close proximity. Cable tunnels or trenches overcome some of the above problems but are easy targets for malicious acts and are not recommended.
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4 4.1
4.1.1 Overview
The arrangements shown in this section are provided to assist in designing the primary network for compliance with the design principles of section 2 and standard arrangements of section 3. Drawings are representative of connectivity and do not show all substation equipment. Extensions and modifications to the primary network should be designed with consideration for capital and revenue costs balanced against operational resilience. In general simple radial feeds are preferred unless a specific case can be made for more complex arrangements.
4.1.2 Flexibility
The ability to restore supplies during loss of main network circuits is determined by the availability of transfer capability. Speed of restoration is determined by the method of switching ranging from automated to local manual. On load transfer capability (ie without customer disconnection) is possible only where two adjacent networks are; of the same network voltage, the same vector group, the same phase rotation.
unplanned trip in reality it reduces the number of customers at risk per circuit and eliminates the risk of cascade tripping caused by severe overload (and eliminates the risk of damage to network assets).
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4.2
PREFERRED ARRANGEMENTS
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4.2.1.1 Replacement of Double Busbar Substation Figure 4.1 Existing 132kV Sub Transmission This arrangement exists where supplies to city demand centres were originally provided by local generation. BSP 1 would originally be a generation infeed substation with a 132kV double busbar switching station to provide supplies to BSPs 2,3 and 4. To maintain supplies after closure of the generation station a new GSP and interconnecting 132kV circuits were constructed at a remote location. In most cases a double busbar arrangement is not required at BSP 1 substation and a more cost effective solution can be found when asset replacement is required. Typical alternative arrangements to be considered are shown in figures 4.2a and 4.2b. Figure 4.1
BSP 2
BSP 3
Up to 4 busbar sections
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Figure 4.2a Mesh Replacement for 132kV Sub Transmission In this arrangement the double busbar substation of figure 4.1 is replaced by 2 open mesh arrangements (auto isolation not shown). For loss of any two supply circuits from the GSP all BSP transformers will remain connected or will be re-connected after reclose sequence is complete. Figure 4.2a
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Figure 4.2b Single Busbar Switching Arrangement for Sub Transmission This is an alternative to figure 4.2a. Although this arrangement increases the number of 132kV circuit breakers at BSP 1 it may be more cost effective due to simplification of protection and elimination of intertripping between the GSP and BSP1. It also has the advantage that a fault or planned switching between BSP1 and other BSPs does not affect other circuits and interconnection between other GSPs can be accommodated with capability of on load transfer. Figure 4.2b
Cct 1
BSP 3 Cct 3 Tower line 1 GSP 132kv s/s BSP 2 BSP 4 Cct 4 Cct 2 Typically 4 busbar sections Tower line 2 BSP 1 Alternative supply from GSP 2
Tower line 3
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4.2.1.2 Replacement of Closed Mesh Substations Figure 4.3a, 4.3b and 4.3c Existing 132kV Closed Mesh Arrangements The networks shown in figure 4.3a and 4.3b are typical network arrangements with interconnection of circuits using a closed mesh arrangement. Figure 4.3a shows an arrangement with teed radial circuits and figure 4.3b shows a ring network. Many closed mesh substations are either over complex for the network requirements, and / or, at a point of interconnection between two GSPs with the open point on the mesh corner isolator of the interconnecting circuit. Transfer capability is thus restricted to dead transfer by deenergising the mesh corner (including any circuit connected to that mesh corner), see figure 4.3c. In many cases the arrangement of figure 4.4 provides a more cost effective and flexible alternative. Figure 4.3a
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Figure 4.3b
BSP 1
GSP 132kv s/s Cct 1 Cct 3 Cct 4 BSP 3 Cct 2 Typically 4 busbar sections BSP 4 BSP 2 mc 4 mc 1 mc 3 mc 2
Figure 4.3c
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Figure 4.4 132kV Interconnection Between GSPs, Double Circuit Transfer In this arrangement BSP 2 has 2 circuit breakers normally run in the open position. GSP 1 supplies BSP 1 and BSP 2, GSP 2 supplies BSP 3. BSP 2 demand can be transferred to GSP 2 by opening the motorised isolator and closing the circuit breaker. This operation is simplified where transformer circuit breakers are installed at BSP 2. Also BSP 3 demand can be transferred to GSP 1 by closing the circuit breakers at BSP 2. Protection is simplified to standard transformer feeder protection. The circuit breakers used purely for on load switching only, feeder protection provided at the GSP circuit breakers. Where intertripping exists between any substations on the circuit between GSP 1 and 2 (eg, Network Rail connection) it will be necessary to install feeder protection at the open CB at BSP 2. The arrangement can also be used with four circuits from the same GSP source if required particularly if more BSPs are connected. The in line circuit breakers providing a means of breaking the circuits (reducing the number of ends and addresses) for compliance with ER P18. Figure 4.4
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Figure 4.5 - 132kV Interconnection Between GSPs, Single Circuit Transfer Method 1 This arrangement enables transfer of BSP 2 demand at single circuit risk. In this example the transfer is reliant on the circuit 1 to BSP 3 being available. Typically this connection is required when the demand of BSP 1 and BSP 2 exceeds 100MW for compliance with ER P2/6 (class D supply). Where the two source substations are from different GSPs the interconnecter also provides GSP transfer capability. Figure 4.5
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Figure 4.6 - 132kV Interconnection Between GSPs, Single Circuit Transfer Method 2 This is similar to 4.5 above, the single interconnecting circuit providing mutual second outage support to either network. Figure 4.6
BSP 1
M
Source Substation 1
BSP2
BSP 3
M
Source Substation 2
BSP4
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Figure 4.8 Simple dual feed arrangement, used at all voltage levels. Figure 4.8
Figure 4.9 Double Circuit Radial Network More than one substation sharing feeder circuits. Can be utilised at all voltage levels but typically employed at 132kV in rural areas where the capacity of the circuits substantially exceeds the demand at each substation. Where total demand exceeds 100MW interconnection with other networks is required to meet the requirements of ER P2/6. Lower voltage interconnection between substations on the same higher voltage network can be utilised during transformer outages but not circuit outages. This example shows the maximum number of substations that can be connected within the limitations of ER P18. Figure 4.9
Source Substation
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Figure 4.10 Double Circuit Radial Network with Tee Combination of arrangements 4.7 and 4.8 above. Typically employed at 66kV and 33kV. Figure 4.10
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Figure 4.11 Three Transformer Substation Supplied From Same Source (GSP or BSP) This arrangement shows a transformation point with three circuits supplied from the same source. A three circuit supply provides higher transformer utilisation than an equivalent two circuit supply; each transformer can be loaded up to 67% nominal load compared to 50% with a two circuit feed. Actual firm capacity during first outage condition is dependant not only on the least rating condition of the remaining circuits supplying the demand but also their ability to share demand in proportion to their rating. 11kV busbar: For 132/11 or 33/11kV networks feeding an 11kV busbar: It is normal practice to operate with one transformer feeding an isolated section of busbar (created by open bus section switch) to reduce fault level within the rating of the 11kv network. The number of customers connected to the isolated section of busbar (single circuit feed) shall not exceed the limits stated in the design criteria of section 2 (Design Principles). 33kV busbar: Generally for 132/33kV networks feeding a 33kV busbar the fault rating of the switchgear is the limiting factor and is generally adequate to enable all three transformers to be paralleled. Where fault level exceeds the switchgear rating a reduction in fault level can be obtained by operating with one transformer on open standby. Typically the numbers of customers connected to the busbar at this voltage level will necessitate an automated changeover scheme to be employed for loss of a circuit. Figure 4.11
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Figure 4.12 - Three Transformer Substation Supplied From Diferrent Source (GSP or BSP) A variation of 4.11 above where the third circuit supplied from another source substation. In this example load sharing is likely to have more impact than in example 4.11 Single GSP supply source: Where the two source substations are connected to the same GSP it is preferable to operate the network with parallel supplies, ie, no open points. This may not be possible due to fault level restrictions at the lower voltage switchboard, typically a problem at 11kV but may also be at 33kV or 66kV. If parallel operation is planned network studies should be carried out to ensure that reverse power flows across transformers are not likely to occur in normal operation or during circuit outages. The tapchange control scheme may also need replacing. Different GSP supply source: Where the source substations receive their supplies from different GSPs it will be necessary to operate with an open point as reverse power flows are more likely to occur and are difficult to predict. Where the transformers supply an 11kV network the open point will typically be at position 3 and the transformer supplied from Substation 2 and the 11kV network will be at single circuit risk for faults on the primary network. Where the transformers supply a 33kVor 66kV network from the 132kV network the open point will typically be at position 2 and the transformer supplied from Substation 2 will be on open standby. 132kV networks supplied from GSPs with 132kV Static VAR compensation, or other forms of capacitive switching installed, should not be operated with transformers energised and off load. In these circumstances the open point should be preferably be at position 3 leaving the transformer energised and on load. Care should be taken to ensure demands do not exceed the limit on customers at single circuit risk. Open points at position 1 (plus at points 2 or 3) are used occasionally to de-energise the transformer and reduce iron losses.
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Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13 33/11kV Substations Supplied from Two BSPs This arrangement normally applies to 33kV networks with transformation to 11kV. This circuit arrangement has the advantage of providing transfer capability between source substations. During circuit outages at either source substation the demand at substation 3 can be transferred (on single circuit risk) if required to the other. The arrangement also has a benefit that under fault outage conditions at one of the source substations demand naturally migrates to the other source due to changes in network impedance (the source substation with depleted infeed capability will have a higher than normal impedance). The normal open point provides a means of feeding Substation 2 busbar from substation 1 (or vice versa) during emergencies. Single GSP supply source: Normally in this application the transformers would be paralleled on the lower voltage switchboard and no open point is required. Different GSP supply source: If the two supply sources are in different GSP groups the bus section switch on the lower voltage busbar can be opened (if required) to prevent excessive circulating currents or fault level.
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Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14 - 33/11kV Substations Supplied from Two BSPs (Double Circuit) This is a similar arrangement to 4.13 above but supplies 2 substations. This is particularly useful at 33kV where a double circuit wood pole overhead line interconnects two BSPs. Note: proximity work on one circuit of double circuit wood pole overhead line requires both circuits to be de-energised. Figure 4.14
Substation 3
Source Substation 1
Source Substation 2
Substation 4
Figures 4.15a and 4.15b 11kV Network Infeed at a BSP Where transformation to 11kV is required at a BSP two methods may be employed to achieve this. The arrangement shown in 4.15a uses a local 33/11kV substation supplied from the BSP 33kV switchboard. The arrangement in 4.15b utilises the 132kv network to derive the 11kV supply by direct 132/11kv transformation.
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Figure 4.15a The advantages of this arrangement are; 33/11kV transformer capacity can be flexible to meet the 11kv demand, ie, use of 7.5/15MVA or 12/24MVA units, Reduced installation costs of 33/11kv transformers compared with 132/11kV, Typically there will be some means of transferring the 33/11kV substation to another 33kv feed during a double outage on the 132kV network feeding the BSP. Two levels of voltage control between the 132kV network and the 11kV network. Figure 4.15a
Figure 4.15b The advantages of this arrangement are; The use of 132/11kV transformation frees capacity on the 132/33kv transformers Using the winter ratings of standard transformers, 90MVA at 132/33kv and 30MVA at 132/11kV, the aggregate firm (cyclic) rating of this arrangement is 156MVA and matches the winter maximum post fault rating of the majority of existing 132kv overhead lines (Lynx conductor - 160MVA). Figure 4.15b
132/11kV
Source Substation
132/ 33kV
132/11kV
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Figure 4.16 Alternative arrangement to 2 x 132/11/11kV or 3 x 132/11kV Substation This is an alternative to either a three transformer substation with cross bay, or, a two 132/11/11kV transformer connection. With respect to the former it enables firm supplies into the 11kV network. Typically a three transformer arrangement is operated with two transformers in parallel and one transformer connected to an isolated section of network to avoid overstressing. With respect to the latter it removes the potential problem of voltage control due to load imbalance on the two secondary windings. Figure 4.16
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Figure 4.17 Two 33/11kV Substations Supplied by 3 Circuits This arrangement is typically used on 33kV networks to supply 2 x 24MVA firm capacity 33/11kV substations. The direct feeds are 24MVA circuits and the shared feed a 40MVA circuit. The arrangement can be utilised effectively to connect a new 33/11kv substation where a double circuit overhead line presently supplies a single substation. Both 24MVA circuits should be connected to the same section of 33kV busbar at the source substation (ie, in a separate protection zone to the 40MVA circuit). The resultant arrangement will allow proximity work to be carried out on the double circuit line with supplies maintained on the 40MVA circuit. Any potential shortfall in capacity if the aggregate substation maximum demand exceeds 40MVA can normally be resolved by transfers, timing of outage, or, generation. Figure 4.17
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Figure 4.18 33kV Tee Connections Rural radial connected network. Two ongoing circuits from one primary substation. This type of network would normally be protected by HISET protection (main protection) and would be set to reach into the transformer at Primary 1. This sets the reach of the HISET protection along the ongoing circuit and if the circuit impedance is high (long rural circuits) will not reach the transformers a Primary 2 or 3 (see section 6.3.2). The remaining section of circuit being protected on IDMT protection. IDMT protection is not acceptable as a circuit main protection and in such circumstances it will be necessary to use other types of protection. Figure 4.18
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Source Substation
The preferred arrangement is to extend the ring through a mesh substation as shown for SUB 1. When extending the ring in this way the circuits to the new substation must be adequately rated to supply all remaining connected substations in the event of an unplanned outage at any point of the ring.
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Teed circuits (SUB 2) terminated by transformers with no interconnection into other networks are permissible provided that; 1. no more than one tee per section of ring is connected (ie, one tee connection between two cross bay circuit breakers), and, 2. the main protection scheme will clear all faults within main protection clearance times (see section 2.14). Where circuits are teed from ring circuits protected by distance schemes the remote ends of the tee section may not be fully protected within main protection fault clearance times as zone 2 reach is defined by the characteristics of the ring circuit and is set to reach 50% (by circuit impedance) into the following protection zone. The implications for protection of the tee section are that; 1. The impedance of long tee circuits may exceed the zone 2 setting leaving the remainder of the circuit with zone 3 clearance times. Zone 3 is regarded as back up protection only. 2. As there are two sources of fault current to the tee point the distance protection appears to see the fault to be electrically at a further distance than it actually is and protection under reach occurs. Thus in the most severe cases sections that appear to be adequately protected with zone 2 clearance times will trip in zone 3 clearance times. Under reach at a point electrically mid way between the two sources of a simple ring will cause an under reach of 50% the impedance (and hence length) of the tee circuit. Under reach is more problematic when the tee point is further away from the electrical midpoint of the ring network, thus circuits teed from the first section of a ring network are the most vulnerable to this effect. Rural 33kV Ring Network: Figure 4.20a shows an application for a 33kV rural ring network. Primary substations 3 and 4 form part of a ring network supplied from BSP 1. The ring between BSP 1 and BSP2 must contain an open point. The circuit to one transformer of Primary 2 is teed from the ring and the problems of under reach as discussed above may apply to the tee section. This can be overcome by applying zone 1 and zone 2 settings to the ring network and protecting the tee section with a PMAR with hi-set protection as shown in figure 4.20b Primary 1 has a single circuit supply and thus has restrictions on the number of customers connected.
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Rural 33kv Ring Networks Figure 4.20a Rural 33kV Ring Network
Figure 4.20b Rural 33kV Ring Network, Protection Issues for Tee Connection
4.2.3.2 Interconnection of multi-substation ring networks A maximum of two ring networks may be interconnected to form a more complex ring provided that the interconnection is either; 1. A closed four switch mesh, or, 2. by a single or double circuit between two substations (one from each ring network) provided that each interconnecting circuit has discrete protection with circuit breakers at either end.
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Figures 4.21a, 4.21b and 4.21c show examples of interconnection using a 4 switch mesh, a double circuit and a single circuit respectively. Figure 4.21a 4 switch mesh interconnection
4.2.3.3 Single Substation Ring Network Figure 4.22 shows the application of circuit breakers to create a secure mid point to the primary connection of three transformers. The principal can be extended for connection of more transformers if required. A practical limit is at the point when the rating of n-1 transformers exceeds that of n-1 circuits. Figure 4.22 Three Transformer Firm Connection from 2 Circuits
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Connecting the third transformer in this way is relatively expensive in terms of protection. When compared to a radial network the double cross bay typically requires distance protection towards the supply source with accelerated intertripping and mesh corner protection and auto reclose. A further consideration is that a three (or more) transformer site may overstress the lower voltage switchboard and / or network requiring open points on the lower voltage switchboard (hence single circuit outage risk) to reduce fault levels. An alternative is to use four transformers in two pairs and remove the cross bay arrangement.
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5 5.1
Note: In practice, fault levels at the primary winding connection are normally lower than the assumed values. This will provides some headroom for connection of generation, and in some cases paralleling of more than 2 transformers.
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Table 6 - Standard Transformer Ratings and Impedances Voltage Ratio (kV) 132/66 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/33 132/11 132/11/11 Nameplate % Impedance (tolerance of +/-10%) Rating On rating At 100MVA (MVA) base 90 13.5 15.0 90 90 120 120 30 2 x 30 13.5 20.0 18.0 27.0 30.0 18.0 (primary winding) 9.0 (secondary winding) TBC TBC 35.0 24.0 17.0 15.0 Notes
66kV network rated at 17.1kA 15.0 33kV network rated at 25kA 22.2 33kV network rated at 17.1kA 15.0 33kV network rated at 25kA 22.5 33kV network rated at 17.1kA 100.0 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA) 60.0 primary When paralleled across 2 transformers (one 30.0 secondary winding each). secondary 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA) TBC TBC 87.5 100.0 70.8 100.0 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA) 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA) 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA) 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA) Low impedance unit for use where 33kV fault level low 11kV network rated at 13.1kA (250MVA)
Note: the above table is based on all 11kv networks having a minimum fault capacity of 250MVA. Items in bold are preferred sizes.
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Tap Positions 19 19 19 19 17 19 17
Range per tap 1.67% 1.67% 1.67% 1.67% 1.43% 1.67% 1.25%
Notes
Notes: 1. On circuits where target busbar volts cannot be achieved using the standard tapping range it is permissible to use a tap range of -17.16% and +5.72% (17 tap positions of 1.43%).
132/11kV transformers in CN West may be either Yy or Yd connected dependant on location (see CN West LTDS)
Secondary Connection
5.2
OVERHEAD LINES
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Rise of earth potential at the base of metallic supports, or cable sheath of any underground cable, must comply with BSEN 50341 clause 6.2.4. Where un-earthed single circuit wood pole overhead lines are used care is required to ensure that substation rise of earth potential does not exceed 650V under all operating conditions. Re-conductoring: When re-conductoring any circuit the replacement conductor should be sagged to provide the maximum thermal rating of the conductor type within the constraints of the overhead line design (tower design, condition etc). When re-conductoring existing overhead lines where the existing phase conductors are single Lynx the feasibility of replacing with UPAS should be considered. When re-conductoring existing overhead lines where the existing phase conductors are twin Lynx, Zebra or Finch the feasibility of replacing with RUBUS should be considered. Circuit ratings are shown in the Table 9 below: Table 9 Overhead Line Ratings Conductor Pre fault rating Post fault 24 Type / size (MVA) hour rating (MVA) Conductor 50 65 75 50 65 75 temp C Season 2 Lynx / 175 mm Winter 111 126 134 132 150 160 ACSR Spring / 103 119 128 123 142 153 Autumn Summer 89 108 118 106 128 141 2 Zebra / 400 mm Winter 191 216 231 227 257 275 ACSR Spring / 178 205 221 211 244 263 Autumn Summer 154 186 204 183 221 243
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Table 9 Overhead Line Ratings (continued) Conductor Pre fault rating Post fault 24 P27 rating Type / size (MVA) hour rating (MVA) (MVA) Conductor 50 65 75 50 65 75 50 65 temp C Season POPLAR / 200 Winter 120 137 146 143 163 174 128 145 2 mm AAAC Spring / 112 129 140 133 154 166 119 138 Autumn Summer 97 117 129 115 139 153 103 125 2 UPAS / 300 mm Winter 159 180 193 189 214 230 169 192 AAAC Spring / 147 171 185 176 203 220 157 182 Autumn Summer 128 155 170 152 184 203 136 165 Winter 218 247 265 259 294 316 232 263 RUBUS / 500 2 mm AAAC Spring / 203 235 254 241 280 302 216 250 Autumn Summer 175 213 234 209 253 279 186 227 Notes:
75
Post Fault ratings may be applied for up to 24 hours provided that circuit loadings were initially below the pre fault ratings (84% of post fault rating) Post fault ratings are based on 12% exceedence, P27 ratings are based on 3% exceedence P27 ratings are reduced to 96% based on feeding city or industrial loads All ratings are based on supplying demand with a minimum of 2 circuits, for single circuit supplies (eg a non firm customer supply) the level of permitted exceedence reduces to 0% with subsequent reductions in ratings. AAAC conductor ratings based on L2 type aluminium alloy Wind Speed 0.5 metres / second, solar radiation = 0
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Seasons are o Summer - May / June / July / August, ambient temperature 20 C o Spring / Autumn - March / April / September / October / November, ambient temperature 9 C o Winter - December / January / February, ambient temperature 2 C
Ratings above calculated using EATL Spreadsheet OHRAT2 using the cyclic loadings below (based on ACE Report 104, Figure G5).
demand at or above (% of Imax) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Input
0.00 0.25 0.84 2.19 4.98 11.0 20.0 33.0 47.0 61.0 79.0 89.0 97.0 100.0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
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5.3
UNDERGROUND CABLES
5.3.1 132kV
Most 132kV cables are installed on circuits that are predominately overhead to prevent a wirescape where all the circuits meet at GSPs, or, relatively short underground cable sections crossing development areas. For these applications cable ratings shall not be less than the maximum rating of the associated overhead line system for all seasons of summer, spring / autumn and winter for all conditions of pre and post fault and P27. The overhead line system rating being defined as the maximum thermal rating that can be applied to the existing conductor type (normally 75 C). All cables must have sufficient thermal independence to be fully loaded simultaneously. Where a BSP, or group of BSPs, are to be supplied by cable circuit only the rating of the circuit will be determined by the initial and future anticipated demand. Consideration should be given to the benefits of providing a cable with a higher rating than initially required to facilitate future developments and provide enhanced emergency performance against the marginal cost increase bearing in mind the relatively high cost of excavation compared to cable cost. For the purposes of calculating cycle rating the load curve defined in section 5.2.1 should be used. In any event the minimum conductor size shall be 400 mm2 (copper conductor, XLPE insulation).
5.3.2 66kV
Under Preparation
5.3.3 33kV
See section 3.4.1 of the Network Design Manual
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5.4
SWITCHGEAR
5.4.1 Specifications
Switchgear shall comply with the following Central Networks specifications; 132kV and 66kV Outdoor Circuit Breakers Technical Specification, 132kV and 66kV Disconnectors, Earthing Switches, and Fault Throwing Switches Specification 33kV Indoor Metal Enclosed Technical Specification 11kV Indoor Metal Enclosed Technical Specification
It is generally preferred that all switchgear shall be ENA approved, if not ENA approved the switchgear type must be approved by CN Network Engineering. 66kV and 132kV switchgear shall comply with ENATS 41-37 33kV and 11kV switchgear shall comply with ENATS 41-36 Substation switchgear arrangements using air insulated busbars and overhead connected open terminal switchgear is preferred at 132kv and 66kV although cable connected indoor GIS switchgear is permissible when constrained by limitations of space or if a necessity to obtain planning consents. All 33kV and 11kV substation switchgear shall be metal enclosed cable connected.
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For 33kV switchboards at least one feeder switch per section of busbar shall be of the same rating as the busbar (a minimum of 2000A) for possible future use as a switchboard interconnector. 66kV and 33kV circuit breakers shall have a minimum 3 phase symmetrical and single phase fault breaking capacity of 31.5kA. This should be increased to 40kA where the X/R ratio exceeds 18.85 (DC time constant of 60mS). 132kV circuit breakers shall have a minimum 3 phase symmetrical fault breaking capacity of 31.5kA and single phase break capacity of 40kA. The 3 phase break capacity shall be increased to 40kA where the X/R ratio exceeds 18.85 (DC time constant of 60mS). 11kV circuit breakers shall have a minimum 3 phase symmetrical and single phase fault breaking capacity of 25kA.
Unless otherwise stated, fault ratings are 3 second ratings based on an X/R ratio of 18.85 (60mS DC time constant). For further details refer to Network Design Manual section 3.3.4.2
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6 6.1
The class of supply determines the restoration requirements under first and second outage conditions. For each increase in classification level security of supply requirements become more onerous and increasing levels of investment are required for compliance.
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6.1.2.1 Interpretation of Group Demand Area Boards are now Distribution Network Operators (DNOs) The definition of group demand refers to load estimates that where adopted by the Electricity Council pre privatisation. The practice of adoption ceased on privatisation and load estimates are not adopted by any external organisation. The actual and forecast maximum demands published by the DNOs in their Long Term Development Statement should be used for ER P2/6 purposes.
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BSP B shows a typical 132kV feed arrangement to a Class C supply group. This would be a relatively small BSP with group demand between 12MW and 60MW. Substations sites for this application would typically have 2 x 30MVA, 132/11kV transformers or 2 x 60MVA, 132/33kV, transformers with supplies paralleled at the 11kV or 33kV busbar (as appropriate) by bus section switch. BSP C shows a typical 132kV feed arrangement to a Class D supply group (group demand 60MW to 300MW) with a group demand up to 100MW. BSP D shows a larger Class D supply group with a group demand exceeding 100MW. Figure 6.1
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The entire supply group falls into Class E of ER P2/6 and all consumers must remain connected for a double outage. Thus a minimum of 3 permanently connected circuits are required to supply such a supply group. Figure 6.2
BSP B
Primary A1
BSP A
Primary A3
Double feed 33kV network Class C Group demand 12-60MW No second outage requirement
BSP C
Primary A2
Open point - manual close (3hrs) Single feed 33kV network Class C Group demand 12-60MW backfed at 33kV No second outage requirement
BSP D Double feed 132kV network Class D Group demand 60-300MW for group demand <100MW No second outage requirement Open point remote close (15mins) Open point manual close (3hrs)
Double feed NGT network Class E Group demand >300MW (immediate restoration >2 fully rated infeeds)
NGT 275kV or 400kV 132kV 33kV 11kV
Double feed 132kV network Class D Group demand 60-300MW for group demand between 100MW and 150MW restoration of GD less 100MW for group demand between 150MW and 300MW restoration of one third of GD (restoration required within 3 hours)
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GSP B BSP B
GSP A
BSP A
BSP C
BSP D
GSP D
GSP C
132kV
6.1.6.2 Interdependent Supplies Supplies to substation sites are defined as interdependent when the loss of the two most critical supplies to one substation site reduces transfer capability of adjacent substation sites. In figure 6.4 all four BSPs have group demands in excess of 100MW. GSP A normally supplies BSP A by a double circuit network connection; similarly GSP B normally supplies BSP B by double circuit network connection. However for a group demand in excess of 100MW there is a requirement to restore supplies (as stated in table 1 of ER P2/6) within 3 hours. The interconnector between BSP A and BSP B provides transfer capability to both sites. It should be noted that for class D supplies there is no requirement to restore supplies to all customers (group demand) other than in the time to restore arranged outage. Also, an interconnector between two GSPs would normally be operated with an open point to avoid parallels across the two supply groups. A double circuit outage between GSP A and BSP A results in the loss of transfer capability to BSP B and thus reduces security at BSP B. Hence supplies to BSP A and BSP B are interdependent.
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Supplies to BSP C and BSP D are essentially the same as the above example with the exception that both BSPs are supplied from the same GSP. In this case it is unnecessary to operate the network with an open point on the interconnector circuit. Figure 6.4 Interdependant Supplies
Although supplies to each substation are interdependent the risk at each site can be managed so that the risk of losing supplies to both sites is minimal. Groups of interdependent circuits should be identified and planned outages restricted to one critical circuit at a time.
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6.1.6.3 Shared Supplies Where more than one substation site shares a supply network then the class of the shared section of the network is defined as the total demand from the source of supply up to the tee point. In figure 6.5 BSP A and BSP B have group demands that fall into class C and thus in isolation a double circuit to each BSP is adequate. In this example the total group demand on the two circuits from GSP A to the tee point exceeds 100MW and is thus a class D supply. Any transfer capability between BSP A and BSP B has no benefit as supplies to both BSPs are lost for a double outage. The example of BSP C and BSP D is similar except that BSP C is a class D substation and the combined demand on the circuits between GSP C and the tee point exceeds 300MW (class E). Figure 6.5 Shared Supplies
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Both cases fail to meet the ER P2/6 standard. If circuit capacities allow it would be simple to achieve compliance by installing a single circuit interconnector between BSP A and BSP D to form an interdependent network as shown in figure 6.6. Figure 6.6 Use of Interconnector for P2/6 Compliance
BSP A can be supplied from BSP D during a double outage of the circuits from GSP A, (supplies to BSP B would be lost). BSP D can be supplied from BSP A during a double outage of the circuits from GSP C, and, BSP C can be supplied by the single circuit from GSP B. Due to the interdependence of the circuits in this example not more than one planned outage is allowed at any time on any of, the two circuits from GSP A, the two circuits from GSP C, the single circuit from GSP B to BSP C, and, the interconnector between BSP A and BSP D.
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Another example of a shared supply is shown in figure 6.7. This is a ring network typically used for 132/11kV distribution. In this example the aggregate group demand, after diversity, of all the BSPs results in a class D group demand on the two circuits feeding the network from GSP A. The circuit from GSP C to BSP C, normally operated with an open point, providing a third feed into the network. Figure 6.7 - Ring Network
Class D
GSP A BSP B
BSP A
132kV
Again restrictions on planned outages apply, no more than one planned outage should be allowed at any time on the two main circuits from GSP A and the interconnector from GSP C.
6.2
FIRM CAPACITY
The interpretations above describe how substation sites and the networks feeding them are classified. This section deals with the ability of the network to meet requirements during outages. The ability of a substation site (or circuit) to comply with the ER P2/6 security standard is dependant on the demand restored, relative to group demand, within the time limit requirements of the class of supply.
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Where a parallel connected network is used to feed a substation site an unplanned outage of any one circuit may result in the overload of components of the remaining circuits. This is acceptable provided the designed overload capability of that network component is not exceeded. Generally transformer and cable ratings include overload capability in their rating data. It is acceptable for an overload condition, due to a fault outage, to create a small amount of accelerated insulation ageing and therefore reduce the potential life of the asset. However, network components with low thermal inertia (joints etc) are prone to sudden failure and result in further unplanned circuit outages and loss of supplies to customers. Also excessive transformer overloads may result in an over temperature trip condition. If a potential overload condition does exist, and transfer capability is relied upon to reduce demand following the unplanned outage, the transfer must be completed within the designated short time overload capability of the remaining circuit components. Generation contribution factors are determined by table 2 of ER P2/6. Only generation that has the capability of remaining connected during the fault period, or, can be reconnected at declared export capability within the required timescales defined in the table 1 of ER P2/6 for the class of supply, shall be considered as contributing to security of supply. Great care should be taken when relying on generation to meet the requirements of P2/6. Generation output can be depleted without notice at any time leaving the network in a state of none compliance. Replacement network capacity could typically take up to a year to install where additional transformer capacity is required and several years for additional overhead circuit capacity.
Table 1 of ER P2/6 states that for a class D supply a loss of supply not exceeding 60 seconds is considered as an immediate restoration. Designing a network using this criterion can result in up to 300MW of demand reliant on a single circuit feed. Assuming an average demand per customer of 2kW any short term interruption could affect up to 150,000 customers. This level of customer service is deemed unacceptable. The maximum numbers of customers supplied at single circuit risk is stated in section 2.2 (Table 3) of this manual.
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6.3
PROTECTION ISSUES
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This moves the demarcation of cover between zones 1 and 2 and more importantly between zones 2 and 3. Figure 6.9 shows this effect between zones 1 and 2 with a definite zone 1 section (blue) a definite zone 2 section (red) and a section that can be either (green). Figure 6.8 Distance Protection Under Reach
SUB 3 SUB 1
Sub 2, Zone 1 Single circuit feed Sub 2, Zone 1 Under reach Sub 1, Zone 1 Single circuit feed Sub 1, Zone 1 Under reach
SUB 2
Supply 1
Supply 2
Zone 3 Main Protection Zones: Figure 6.9 shows a ring network protected by distance protection where the limit of zone 2 reach of SUB 1 is to 50% between SUB 2 and SUB 3. Zone 1 of SUB 2 will reach 80% into the circuit towards SUB 3 thus providing a 20% error margin against zone 1 reach beyond SUB 3 and a 30% error margin between SUB 2 main protection and SUB 1 Zone 2 back up protection (on the circuit between SUB 2 and SUB 3). This sets the maximum zone 2 reach for SUB 1 along the tee section to SUB 4. In some instances zone 2 reach falls short of the end of the circuit. Also due to the under reach problem described above the zone 2 reach will vary in practice. When supplied from a single source (either SUB 1 or SUB 2) the whole of the tee circuit may be protected in zone 2 times, but when supplied from both substations the furthest section from the tee point may appear to both SUB 1 and SUB 2 protection schemes as a zone 3 fault. Where this occurs the tee connection point should be made at the nearest substation and the ongoing circuit connected through a circuit breaker, or the ring extended to loop through the substation as shown in figure 4.19, section 4.2.3.1.
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6.4
RING NETWORKS
The arrangement in figure 6.11 below shows a multi-substation application that serves the same function as the radial equivalent in figure 6.12. Ring Network Figure 6.11
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Some features of the each design are shown in Table 11 below: Table 11 Features of Ring and Radial Networks Condition Feature Ring Radial Single circuit outage One transformer at each end of One transformer from each (fault) circuit disconnected initially but substation disconnected. All auto restored. network now at single circuit risk. Double circuit outage The worst case scenario is a All supplies disconnected. (fault during planned planned outage on one of the outage) circuits from the source substation and a fault on the second circuit from the source. In all other cases some supplies are maintained, at best just one substation being disconnected. Complexity (ER P18) No P18 issues, the ring can be A maximum of two teed circuits extended within the limits of are allowed on a circuit between thermal rating and voltage source substation and remote regulation. substation to comply with ER P18 maximum addresses rule (maximum of 4 addresses). Susceptibility to Human Circuits that are under outage Circuits protection is generally Error contain active protection independent. equipment. Error can result in loss of supplies to customers Voltage regulation An outage of one of the first A single outage increases sections of circuit from the demand on the remaining circuit supply source into the network and load doubling, thus increased results in all of the network volt drop in the circuits. Although demand supplied from the the effective circuit length does other. This not only increases not change the number of the demand on each section of paralleled transformers in service circuit but also the distance at each substation is reduced from source substation to the (typically by 50%, 2 transformer last BSP on the ring and may substation). Thus voltage result in excessive voltage regulation is likely to be no better regulation. than the equivalent ring network.
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Date of Issue: October 2007 The master version of the this document resides in the E.ON UK Documentum database CAUTION any other copy may be out of date Central Networks plc
Table 11 Features of Ring and Radial Networks (Continued) Condition Feature Ring Radial Flexibility (Overhead line Ring connection possible at any Tee off available at any point of circuits) point but expensive heavy duty main circuit route. (may need (DJT) tower required to achieve tower replacement from this. suspension to tension tower). Flexibility (cable circuits) Feasible to construct with single Tends to require double circuit circuits between substations to connections to the main feeder form a ring. circuit. Tee / ring point into Ring connection may be Generally requires cable for one substation (overhead possible by overhead circuit. Other with overhead connection) connection, conversely may connection require cable for both circuits depending on relative position of substation and main circuit connection point Costs Circuits All circuits must be sufficiently Smaller conductor size possible rated to supply several on tee circuits compared with substations (very expensive). main route. Costs Main plant Cross bay of 2 x isolators and 1 x No cross bay costs circuit breaker required at each site, thus increased costs (very expensive). Costs Protection Distance protection and mesh High voltage network protected corner protection with auto by low cost DOC scheme at reclose required for each feeder transformation points. circuit due to cross bay. Possible additional cable and sealing end costs if cross bay cannot be established by simple overhead connection. The main advantages of ring networks are; 1. circuits and transformers are independent and a circuit fault does not result in a permanent outage of its associated transformer(s). 2. a circuit fault tends to deplete security less than an equivalent radial network
Version: 1
Date of Issue: October 2007 The master version of the this document resides in the E.ON UK Documentum database CAUTION any other copy may be out of date Central Networks plc
3. secure mid point transformer connections can be made available from two supply circuits (ie for 3 transformer substation) 4. This arrangement can be achieved with single circuit supplies with direct routes between substations However, there are several disadvantages; 1. Cross Bay costs are relatively high 2. there is a greater risk of human error during protection testing / maintenance as active components of one protection zone are physically connected into an adjacent zone. 3. network extension connections are generally not as flexible as radial equivalents 4. extension to the ring require circuits ratings capable of supplying several substations rather than being rated just for the new substation being connected. 5. Loss of the first circuit from the source may result in poor voltage regulation for the last substation connected. For a substation near the supply source on a ring network the distance from supply source around the ring could be almost twice that of the furthest substation of an equivalent radial network.
6.5
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Date of Issue: October 2007 The master version of the this document resides in the E.ON UK Documentum database CAUTION any other copy may be out of date Central Networks plc
Where replacement by the preferred standard transformer results in a fault level that exceeds 95% of the lower voltage network asset fault rating the high impedance equivalent unit should be used (where available). If the use of a higher impedance unit still results in excessive fault level the LV assets affected should be replaced and the preferred standard transformer used. Where replacement by the preferred standard transformer results in the inability to provide the LV busbar target voltage under all normal operating conditions (first outage and second outage where appropriate) with the transformer operated at its maximum thermal rating (peak demand for a cyclic load) a lower impedance standard transformer, or, a transformer with an extended tapping range, or both, may be used (where available).
There use should be limited to high load density areas, eg city centres or high demand customers, where load transfers are available to adjacent substations (see section 2.4).
Parallel Connection Arrangements for 132/11/11 transformers Figure 6.13 Figure 6.14
11kV
11kV
GT1
GT2
Circuit 1
Circuit 2
Version: 1
Date of Issue: October 2007 The master version of the this document resides in the E.ON UK Documentum database CAUTION any other copy may be out of date Central Networks plc