Tm tt: Xy dng phng trnh vt l ton hc ca thit b pht vi ba. Trnh by mt s phng php phn tch, m phng. I.

Gii thiu. Vn o lng p ng ca mt mng hoc h thng thng c xem xt nh mt bi ton ti u ho ca mch c tham s tng ng hoc mt m hnh. Trong lnh vc cng ngh viba, vic p dng cc phng php m phng trn c s xy dng cc phng trnh vt l, ton hc l mt ch nghin cu c quan tm trong thi gian gn y. Trong phm vi tiu lun ca em ch xin trnh by mt s phng trnh vt l, ton hc ca cc thnh phn tiu biu trong thit b pht vi ba. II. Xy dng phong trnh vt l ton hc. 1. L thuyt mng vi ba. Thit b vi ba tch cc hoc th ng c th xem nh mt mng nhiu cng. Nhng mng nhiu cng ny cn gi l mng N cng. Nu u vo v u ra ca mt mch viba N cng bit, tn s v p ng trong min thi gian c th c xc nh. Chng hn, nu mt cng ca mt transistor b ngn mch, p ng tn s ca phn cn li mng hai cng c th bit c t mng 3 cng ban u. Hn na, mch vi ba gm nhiu linh kin c lp kt ni vi nhau, p ng tn s c th t c t phn tch cc linh kin . C nhiu phng php xy dng p ng tn s ca mt mng viba tuyn tnh. Trong phm vi tiu lun ny, ch xem xt mng vi ba tuyn tnh nh mt hp en nhiu cng. Xem xt hnh v sau:

Hnh 1. Mng vi ba N cng

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Cc cng c nh s t 1, 2, 3, N. Ngoi ra, mi cng u c mt cc c ni t. Ii l k hiu dng cc cng, Vi l k hiu in p cc cng. 1.1. Ma trn dn np. Ma trn dn np ca mt mng c nh ngha l: trong :

Ma trn dn np c tnh ton bng phng php phn tch cc nt ca mng v sau tnh ton dng vo cc cng. Ma trn tr khng tng ng c nh ngha l:

Mi linh kin trong thit b c ni vi mt h thng ln. Do , tr khng ca c mt h thng ln c th xem xt nh mt vect:

Quan h gia dng in v in p c th hin qua phng trnh:

trong :

v:

[z] l ma trn tr khng v

l ma trn dn np tng ng. 1.2. Ma trn tn x. Xt mt mng 1 cng nh hnh v:

Hnh 2. Mng mt cng Ta nh ngha cc bin:

trong , du * th hin l s phc lin hp. T , ta tnh c cc gi tr:

T hnh 2 ta c:

Tnh ton, bin i ta thu c:

H s phn x :

Cng sut tiu tn trn ti :

Xt mt mch nhiu cng nh hnh v sau :

Hnh 3. Mng nhiu cng. Ma trn tn x ca mch nhiu cng c th nh ngha bng phng trnh :

trong [a] v [b] l ma trn ct trong cc thnh phn l bin ca sng ti v sng phn x. Nu mch N cng, ma trn [S] l ma trn vung bc N. Khi tr khng ra ca mch to tn hiu c ni vi mch nhiu cng tr thnh in p phc ti v phn x ca ng dy truyn ti. Do ta c th vit :

T cc phng trnh trn ta c :

v h s phn x c th tnh c :

Cng sut tiu tn trn tt c cc cng :

trong iu kin khng tn hao cng sut, ta c :

trong [U] l ma trn unita bc N. T phng trnh trn ta c :

i vi mch tng h v i xng, ta c th vit gn li :

Ta c th vit phng trnh dng tng qut :

tnh ton ma trn tn x S, ta lm theo tun t nh sau : - Tnh ma trn dn np [Y] s dng php phn tch nt v tnh dng nt. - Ly nghch o ma trn dn np [Y] c ma trn tr khng [Z]. - Bnh thng ho [Z] s dng cng thc :

trong [zc] l ma trn ng cho. - Tnh ma trn [S] t :

Gii phng trnh trn ta c:

Trong mch xu chui, tt c cc ma trn tng ng vi mch l ma trn i xng, tc l:

1.3. Bin i ma trn tn x da trn dch mt phng tham chiu. Xem xt hnh 4, khi mt phng tham chiu b dch chuyn t mng n mt v tr mi c nh du bi cc k t: tj: j= 1,2,, N. Ma trn tn x mi ca mng c cho bi
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trong :

trong k l hng s lan truyn ca sng ti cng th k.

Hnh 4. Mng nhiu cng dch chuyn. Tt c cc thnh phn ca ma trn tn x l th ng, tng h khng th la chn c lp. Xt mng hai cng nh hnh 5.

Hnh 5. Mng hai cng. Ma trn tn x c cho bi:

Do iu kin tng h, [S] phi i xng. Do :

Bin i ton hc ta c:

Tc l nu S11 dng phc, S12 c th tnh ton c t cc phng php. Nu mng l tng h, ta c cc kt qu :

trong : 21, 22 l cc gc pha tng ng vi S21 v S22. 1.4. Chui ma trn ABCD. Chui ma trn c s dng trong trng hp mng vi ba xu chui. Mng c th gm ton l cc mng hai cng hoc nhiu cng. Nu mt mng n cch li, ma trn ABCD th hin quan h gia in p v dng in ra vi

in p v dng in vo. Xt mt mng nhiu cng nh hnh v

Hnh 6. Mng nhiu cng in p vo v dng in c k hiu ln lt l V1, V2., VN v I1, I2..IN. in p ra v dng in c k hiu ln lt l VN+1,V2N v IN+1,.., I2N. Quan h gia cc tham s vo ra c th hin qua phng trnh ma trn sau:

trong [A], [B], [C] v [D] l cc ma trn N x N. Vi mng hai cng c th thu gn phng trnh trn thnh :

Vi mng hai cng tng h nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 7. Mng hai cng tng h ta c th vit phng trnh tr thnh: hoc dng tng qut:

trong l ma trn ng nht thc bc N. Nh cp trn, ma trn ABCD rt hu ch khi xt s p ng ca chui kt ni cc mng hai cng. Xt chui gm hai mng hai cng nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 8. Bin i hai mng n l Xt ma trn ABCD ca tng mng n l l [T1] v [T2]. D nhn thy l ma trn ABCD ca chui hai mng ghp ni l : Nu chui gm nhiu hn hai mng ghp ni th vn p dng c cng thc trn.
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Nh xt trn, mt xu chui cc mng hai cng c th thu gn thnh mt mng hai cng nh tm ma trn ABCD. Xt mt mng hai cng tng ng c cp ngun vo v c ti ZL nh hnh v sau:

Hnh 9. S bin i mng hai cng Ta c in p ra:

T tnh c tr khng vo:

v tr khng ra:

H s phn x nhn t u vo v u ra ln lt l:

H s khuch i in p c cho bi cng thc:

H s khuch i cng sut c tnh ton:

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trong :

l cng sut nhn c u vo ca mng v: l cng sut nhn c ti. H s bin i cng sut:

trong PAG l cng sut m ngun c th p ng. S dng cc in p v dng in thng thng ho, ta c th nh ngha ma trn ABCD thng thng ho. Mng nhiu cng c th thay th bng mt tp cc tr khng ZIi (i=1,2,,2N). Sau , ta c th nh ngha mt tp in p v dng in thng ln lt l vi v ii . Do ta dn n phng trnh ma trn sau:

trong [An], [Bn], [Cn] v [Dn] l cc ma trn vung N x N. Vi mng hai cng c th thu gn li:

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Quan h gia hai ma trn thng ho v khng thng ho c th hin qua phng trnh:

trong [ZIN] l ma trn ng cho ca cc thnh phn thc ZI1, ZI2,,ZIN v [ZI2N] l ma trn ng cho ca cc thnh phn thc ZI(N+1), ZI(N+2),, ZI(2N). Trong trng hp mt mng hai cng n gin, ta c th thu gn li:

Quan h gia ma trn tn x v ma trn thng ho ABCD c th hin qua cng thc:

2. M hnh tham s S ca transistor. Transistor c c trng bi tham s S ca mng bn cc

Hnh 10. Ba cu hnh ca transistor: (a) ngun chung; (b) cng chung; (c) mng chung. thun tin cho vic m hnh ho transistor, ta coi n nh l mt thit b ba ca (three port device).

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Hnh 11. Transistor nh mt thit b ba ca. Ngi ta xy dng c ma trn S ca sng ti v sng phn x nh sau:

Cc cng 1, 2, 3 ln lt l cng, mng v ngun. Ma trn S p ng cc iu kin sau:

S
j= 1

ij

= 1 vi i = 1,2,3 = 1 vi j = 1,2,3

S
i =1

ij

Hai phng trnh trn i din 6 phng trnh trong 9 tham s S c xc nh.

Trong hnh v sau:

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Hnh 12. Cu hnh ngun chung cng 3 c ni t, do to nn cu hnh ngun chung, ta c:

trong ST l ma trn S thu gn ca transistor khi cng 3 ni t. Kt hp 4 phng trnh trn vi 6 phng trnh ta c 10 phng trnh cn thit xc nh 9 tham s S 3 cng. 3. Mch to dao ng. 3.1. Dao ng v iu kin n nh. Mt mch dao ng phi tuyn c th c i din bi mt s tng ng gm mt tr khng phi tuyn ZNL song song vi mt ti ZL sau:

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Hnh 13. S tng ng mch to dao ng phi tuyn Biu thc dng in trong mch: p dng nh lut Kiecsp 2 cho on mch PP:

Ta c: V I0 khc 0 nn ta c:

T Re(ZL) > 0 do Re(Z NL) < 0. Mt khc, thit b phi c mt in tr m c th to dao ng. Tn s dao ng c xc nh bi X T(I0, 0) = 0 p ng yu cu l tr khng ca thit b phi ngc vi tr khng ca ti. Mch to dao ng c th i din bng h s phi tuyn Y L. Trng thi dao ng c th xc nh bng cc phng trnh:

Mt mch dao ng l s kt hp ca mt mch nhiu cng tch cc v mt mch nhiu cng th ng.

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Hnh 14. Cu hnh tng qut b dao ng Vi mch tch cc ta c phng trnh:

Vi mch th ng ta c phng trnh:

Khi hai thit b tch cc v th ng ghp ni vi nhau, ta c iu kin dao ng:

Tng hp hai phng trnh trn ta c:

hoc:

trong [I] l ma trn n v. V [a] 0 dn ti :

trong ma trn M tho mn iu kin :

l iu kin yu cu ca mch dao ng n cng tn hiu cng sut ln.

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iu kin dao ng ca mch dao ng n cng tn hiu cng sut nh l:

Trng thi dao ng c th thit lp ngay sau khi cc iu kin ban u c p ng. Ta xem xt mt mng hai cng tch cc ni vi hai tr khng th ng nh hnh v:

Hnh 15. Mng hai cng tch cc Thit b tch cc c th m t bi ma trn:

trong khi , mch th ng c m t bng:

iu kin dao ng:

c phng trnh tng ng l:

T iu kin ban u, ta c hai phng trnh:

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phi ng thi tho mn p ng iu kin dao ng. 3.2. Cc kiu mch dao ng transistor v cu trc. Mch dao ng c th chia thnh hai loi chnh: mch dao ng tn s c nh v mch dao ng tn s thay i c. Mch dao ng transistor trong thit b viba c th gm mt mch nhiu cng song song hoc ni tip nh hnh v:

Hnh 16. Cu hnh chung mch dao ng transistor: (a) ni tip;(b) song song 3.2.1. B cng hng l phn t phn hi ni tip. Hnh v sau l cc cu hnh khc nhau ca b cng hng in mi nh l mt phn t hi tip ni tip.

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Hnh 17. Cu hnh b cng hng ni tip Xt mt v d trong hnh v sau:

Hnh 18. S xc nh Z3. H s phn x c tnh ton tr thnh:

Do ta c h phng trnh:

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Thay th b3 trong phng trnh v bin i, ta c ma trn S hai cng thu gn nh sau:

3.2.2. B cng hng l phn t hi tip song song. Trong s ny, transistor c dng nh mt thit b hai cng hoc ba cng.

Hnh19. Transistor c dng nh thit b hai cng Trong trng hp ny, u vo v u ra ca mch vi transistor mc kiu ngun chung c thit k sao cho c h s khuch i cao nht xung quanh tn s dao ng f0. Trong s ny, mt phn tn hiu ra c hi tip v tn hiu vo qua b lc cng hng in mi. Chiu di l1 v l2 c th iu chnh dch pha xung quanh vng lp, bao gm mch khuch i v mch phn hi, tng ng vi mt s nguyn ln 2 (rad) ti f0, tc l:

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trong A, R v C ln lt l pha ca b khuch i, b cng hng v phn cn li ca mch hi tip ti f0. iu kin khc c dao ng l tn hiu vng h nh phi tho mn:

Hnh 20. Transistor c dng nh thit b ba cng Trong GA, LR v LC l h s khuch i, tn hao ca b lc cng hng v tn hao trong phn t phn hi tnh theo dB. Ta c c cc kt qu:

4. Mch dao ng bng rng iu chnh c. Mch dao ng bng rng iu chnh c c s dng rng ri trong cc thit b truyn thng bng rng. Mt c im quan trng ca mch dao ng in t iu chnh c bao gm hiu chnh c di tn (bng tn), tc hoc kh nng thay i nhanh chng tn s ca b dao ng v hiu chnh tuyn tnh tnh ton theo MHz/V hoc MHz/mA ph thuc vo yu t l trong mch dao ng th in p hay dng in c hiu chnh. C hai dng mch dao ng bng rng iu chnh c thng c s dng: VCO (hiu chnh p) v YTO (hiu chnh dng). S phn tch v thit k ca mch dao ng bng rng iu chnh c phc tp hn rt nhiu so vi mch dao ng tn s c nh. iu quan trng l phn t tch cc, chng hn nh transistor, c th sinh ra in tr m
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hoc h s phn x ln hn 1 trn bng tn thit k, do c tnh ca phn hi song song hoc ni tip. Phn t xc nh tn s, chng hn nh Varactor it c th hiu chnh theo in p hoc dng in trong iu kin dao ng c th p ng vi bng thng thit k.

Hnh 21. Mch in tng ng ca mch dao ng bng rng iu chnh c. Qu trnh phn tch s dng tn hiu nh ca tham s S l xc nh in tr m trong bng thng thit k. Tuy nhin ti u ho cng sut, cn phi s dng mt k thut phi tuyn chng hn nh mt m hnh phi tuyn. t c in tr m ln nht trong mch dao ng, tr khng ti phi l phn t in tr duy nht. Ni mt cch khc, tr khng ni vi tip im phi l in tr tn hao thp. nhn bit mt mch dao ng in t iu chnh c, nht thit phi c mt hoc nhiu cm khng ni vi transistor c th hiu chnh in t. Mc d bt k cc ca transistor c th s dung ni ti, cc mng ca FET v cc gp ca BJT thng c s dng. Phn t hiu chnh in t c th t mt trong hai cc. Bc u tin trong thit k mch dao ng gm xc nh X 2(), X3() v R2 phn t hiu chnh c th nhn vo mt tr khng c phn thc m trong tn s thit k. Trong mch dao ng bng rng iu chnh c, vn khng ch l xc nh tn s cc i m cn cng sut ra. Do lm cho dn n s khc bit vi vic thit k b dao ng tn s c nh. Khi mt ti vi h s phn x 2 c ni vi u ra, hai cng c th chuyn thnh mt cng nh cng thc:
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trong SijT l mng hai cng tham s S. Quan h gia cc tham s S c cho trong cng thc:

trong :

Quan h ny c s dng phn tch in tr m ca mt thit b c s kt hp gia 2 v 3. Quan h tng t c th c s dng ti u ho tr khng 2 v 3 ca in tr m. Hnh 22 ch ra h s khuch i phn x ca mt 0,5 m GaAs FET ti u trong di tn 6-18 GHz.

Hnh 22. H s khuch i phn x ca 0,5 m GaAs FET Sau y xt mt mch dao ng iu chnh c c th loi YIG. Mch dao ng iu chnh c YIG thng c s dng nh ngun tn hiu bng rng khi yu cu bng tn v nhiu pha thp. Trc y thng s dng it Gunn nhng gn y c thay th bng GaAS FET v BJT. u im vt tri ca s thay th l hiu sut cao hn v vn hnh

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 tn s thp hn. Trong khi it Gunn khng dao ng khi tn s di 5Ghz th transistor YTO c th thp ti 0,5GHz. M hnh ca mt mch cng hng YIG c th xem xt trong hnh 23.

Hnh 23. Mch cng hng YIG. Gi tr ca cc thnh phn ph thuc vo s t ho. Tn s cng hng 0 ca mch l mt chc nng tuyn tnh p dng trong t trng xp x bc 1. S YTO s dng GaAs FET v BJT c th hin trn hnh 24.

Hnh 24. YTO s dngGaAs FET v BJT V YIG l mt mch cng hng h s Q cao, iu kin pha v dao ng c th d dng c p ng v trng thi dao ng n nh c th t trong phm vi in tr m ca di tn. Trong iu kin tn s
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ln, c tnh Q cao, hay ni cch khc l gi tr rt cao ca dX/d c th gip ta tho mn yu cu trn. III. Kt lun. Trn y l mt s phng trnh vt l ton hc ca mt s linh kin trong thit b pht vi ba. Cc phng trnh trn l c s tin hnh cc phng php m phng. Mt s phng php c s dng nh cc thut ton s dng nhiu tp hp trong o lng, thut ton l1. Kt qu thu c t cc nghin cu ny s c p dng pht trin cc thit b vi ba ngy cng hin i, hiu sut cao trong tng lai.

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TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Nguyn Ngc San, Nhn Dng Cc H Thng Tuyn Tnh Lin Tc, NXB Bu in 2008. 2. Nguyn Ngc San, Hong Minh, Nguyn Thu Anh, c Lng Tham S M Hnh H ng Hc, NXB Bu in 2008. 3. Michel Jeruchim, Philip Balaban, Simulation Of Communication Systems Second edition Kluwer 2002. 4. Inder Bahl, Microwave solid state circuit design, WileyInterscience 2003.

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